title: Abnormal amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in adolescent depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently emerges during adolescence and can lead to persistent illness, disability, and suicide. The maturational changes that take place in the brain during adolescence underscore the importance of examining neurobiological mechanisms during this time of early illness. However, neural mechanisms of depression in adolescents have been understudied. Research has implicated the amygdala in emotion processing in mood disorders, and adult depression studies have suggested amygdala-frontal connectivity deficits. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is an advanced tool that can be used to probe neural networks and identify brain-behavior relationships.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in adolescents with and without MDD using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging as well as how amygdala RSFC relates to a broad range of symptom dimensions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study was conducted within a depression research program at an academic medical center. Participants included 41 adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 19 years with MDD and 29 healthy adolescents (frequency matched on age and sex) with no psychiatric diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a whole-brain functional connectivity approach, we examined the correlation of spontaneous fluctuation of the blood oxygen level-dependent signal of each voxel in the whole brain with that of the amygdala.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with MDD showed lower positive RSFC between the amygdala and hippocampus, parahippocampus, and brainstem (z >2.3, corrected P < .05); this connectivity was inversely correlated with general depression (R = -.523, P = .01), dysphoria (R = -.455, P = .05), and lassitude (R = -.449, P = .05) and was positively correlated with well-being (R = .470, P = .03). Patients also demonstrated greater (positive) amygdala-precuneus RSFC (z >2.3, corrected P < .05) in contrast to negative amygdala-precuneus RSFC in the adolescents serving as controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired amygdala-hippocampal/brainstem and amygdala-precuneus RSFC have not previously been highlighted in depression and may be unique to adolescent MDD. These circuits are important for different aspects of memory and self-processing and for modulation of physiologic responses to emotion. The findings suggest potential mechanisms underlying both mood and vegetative symptoms, potentially via impaired processing of memories and visceral signals that spontaneously arise during rest, contributing to the persistent symptoms experienced by adolescents with depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Kathryn R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Melinda K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Westlund
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klimes-Dougan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Bryon A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Lynn E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Eberly
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Kelvin O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D020534:Parahippocampal Gyrus / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult