title: Nanoparticle size detection limits by single particle ICP-MS for 40 elements.
abstract: The quantification and characterization of natural, engineered, and incidental nano- to micro-size particles are beneficial to assessing a nanomaterial's performance in manufacturing, their fate and transport in the environment, and their potential risk to human health. Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) can sensitively quantify the amount and size distribution of metallic nanoparticles suspended in aqueous matrices. To accurately obtain the nanoparticle size distribution, it is critical to have knowledge of the size detection limit (denoted as Dmin) using spICP-MS for a wide range of elements (other than a few available assessed ones) that have been or will be synthesized into engineered nanoparticles. Herein is described a method to estimate the size detection limit using spICP-MS and then apply it to nanoparticles composed of 40 different elements. The calculated Dmin values correspond well for a few of the elements with their detectable sizes that are available in the literature. Assuming each nanoparticle sample is composed of one element, Dmin values vary substantially among the 40 elements: Ta, U, Ir, Rh, Th, Ce, and Hf showed the lowest Dmin values, ≤10 nm; Bi, W, In, Pb, Pt, Ag, Au, Tl, Pd, Y, Ru, Cd, and Sb had Dmin in the range of 11-20 nm; Dmin values of Co, Sr, Sn, Zr, Ba, Te, Mo, Ni, V, Cu, Cr, Mg, Zn, Fe, Al, Li, and Ti were located at 21-80 nm; and Se, Ca, and Si showed high Dmin values, greater than 200 nm. A range of parameters that influence the Dmin, such as instrument sensitivity, nanoparticle density, and background noise, is demonstrated. It is observed that, when the background noise is low, the instrument sensitivity and nanoparticle density dominate the Dmin significantly. Approaches for reducing the Dmin, e.g., collision cell technology (CCT) and analyte isotope selection, are also discussed. To validate the Dmin estimation approach, size distributions for three engineered nanoparticle samples were obtained using spICP-MS. The use of this methodology confirms that the observed minimum detectable sizes are consistent with the calculated Dmin values. Overall, this work identifies the elements and nanoparticles to which current spICP-MS approaches can be applied, in order to enable quantification of very small nanoparticles at low concentrations in aqueous media.
authors.affiliation: School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.
authors.forename: Sungyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Xiangyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ranville
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herckes
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Westerhoff
mesh_terms: D004602:Elements; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010316:Particle Size; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004602:Elements; D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water