title: Effects of nano-ZnO on the agronomically relevant Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
abstract: The impact of nano-ZnO (nZnO) on Rhizobium-legume symbiosis was studied with garden pea and its compatible bacterial partner Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841. Exposure of peas to nZnO had no impact on germination, but significantly affected root length. Chronic exposure of plant to nZnO impacted its development by decreasing the number of the first- and the second-order lateral roots, stem length, leaf surface area, and transpiration. The effect of nZnO dissolution on phytotoxicity was also examined. Results showed that Zn(2+) had negative impact on plant development. Exposure of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 to nZnO brought about morphological changes by rendering the microbial cells toward round shape and damaging the bacterial surface. Furthermore, the presence of nZnO in the rhizosphere affected root nodulation, delayed the onset of nitrogen fixation, and caused early senescence of nodules. Attachment of nanoparticles on the root surface and dissolution of Zn(2+) are important factors affecting the phytotocity of nZnO. Hence, the presence of nZnO in the environment is potentially hazardous to the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis system.
authors.affiliation: Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE 19711, United States; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, United States.
authors.forename: Yu Chu
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
authors.forename: Ruimei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-2600, United States.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grusak
authors.affiliation: Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE 19711, United States; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, United States.
authors.forename: Janine D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sherrier
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States. Electronic address: huang@udel.edu.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation / Q000187:drug effects; D063245:Plant Development / Q000187:drug effects; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000187:drug effects*; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D013559:Symbiosis; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Nano-ZnO; Nanotoxicity; Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis; Pea; Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841