title: Movement induced tremor in musicians and non-musicians reflects adaptive brain plasticity.
abstract: Evidence exists that motor dexterity is associated with a higher tremor amplitude of physiological tremor. Likewise, lower frequencies are associated with motor control. So far only case reports of a higher amplitude of physiological tremor in musicians exist. Moreover, no study has investigated lower frequencies during a finger movement task in musicians who can be regarded as a model of motor expertise. We developed a model and derived three hypotheses which we investigated in this study: (1) Tremor amplitude is higher in the range of physiological tremor and (2) higher for frequency ranges of dystonic tremor in musicians compared to non-musicians; (3) there is no difference in tremor amplitude at frequencies below 4 Hz. We measured tremor during a finger flexion-extension movement in 19 musicians (age 26.5 ± 8.2 years) and 24 age matched non-musicians (age 26.5 ± 8.7). By using empirical mode decomposition in combination with a Hilbert transform we obtained the instantaneous frequency and amplitude, allowing to compare tremor amplitudes throughout the movement at various frequency ranges. We found a significantly higher tremor amplitude in musicians for physiological tremor and a tendency toward a higher amplitude during most of the movement in the frequency range of 4-8 Hz, which, however, was not significant. No difference was found in the frequency range below 4 Hz for the flexion and for almost the entire extension movement. Our results corroborate findings that the 8-12 Hz oscillatory activity plays a role in motor dexterity. However, our results do not allow for the conclusion that tremor at the frequency range of 4-8 Hz is related to either plasticity induced changes that are beneficial for motor skill development nor to maladaptive changes as, e.g., focal dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, University of Music, Drama and Media Hannover Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, University of Music, Drama and Media Hannover Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schoonderwaldt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, University of Music, Drama and Media Hannover Hannover, Germany ; Hannover Medical University Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Mareike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chadde
authors.affiliation: Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, University of Music, Drama and Media Hannover Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altenmüller
keywords: EMD; Hilbert spectrum; dystonia; dystonic tremor; inhibition; musician; physiological tremor