title: An otx/nodal regulatory signature for posterior neural development in ascidians.
abstract: In chordates, neural induction is the first step of a complex developmental process through which ectodermal cells acquire a neural identity. In ascidians, FGF-mediated neural induction occurs at the 32-cell stage in two blastomere pairs, precursors respectively of anterior and posterior neural tissue. We combined molecular embryology and cis-regulatory analysis to unveil in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis the remarkably simple proximal genetic network that controls posterior neural fate acquisition downstream of FGF. We report that the combined action of two direct FGF targets, the TGFβ factor Nodal, acting via Smad- and Fox-binding sites, and the transcription factor Otx suffices to trigger ascidian posterior neural tissue formation. Moreover, we found that this strategy is conserved in the distantly related ascidian Phallusia mammillata, in spite of extreme sequence divergence in the cis-regulatory sequences involved. Our results thus highlight that the modes of gene regulatory network evolution differ with the evolutionary scale considered. Within ascidians, developmental regulatory networks are remarkably robust to genome sequence divergence. Between ascidians and vertebrates, major fate determinants, such as Otx and Nodal, can be co-opted into different networks. Comparative developmental studies in ascidians with divergent genomes will thus uncover shared ascidian strategies, and contribute to a better understanding of the diversity of developmental strategies within chordates.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, Campus Luminy, Marseille, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France; CNRS, UMR 7232, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roure
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, Campus Luminy, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lemaire
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, Campus Luminy, Marseille, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France; CNRS, UMR 7232, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darras
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D001757:Blastomeres; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development; D002938:Ciona intestinalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005775:Gastrula / Q000254:growth & development; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D055457:Nodal Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D055457:Nodal Protein; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors