title: TGF-β mediated DNA methylation in prostate cancer.
abstract: Almost all tumors harbor a defective negative feedback loop of signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation, including DNA methylation, are fundamental to normal cellular function and also play a major role in carcinogenesis. Recent evidence demonstrated that TGF-β signaling mediates cancer development and progression. Many key events in TGF-β signaling in cancer included auto-induction of TGF-β1 and increased expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), suggesting that DNA methylation plays a significant role in cancer development and progression. In this review, we performed an extensive survey of the literature linking TGF-β signaling to DNA methylation in prostate cancer. It appeared that almost all DNA methylated genes detected in prostate cancer are directly or indirectly related to TGF-β signaling. This knowledge has provided a basis for our future directions of prostate cancer research and strategies for prevention and therapy for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA ; Department of Urology, the University of California at Irvine, CA 92868, USA ; The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of California at Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Chung
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, the University of California at Irvine, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Xaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, the University of California at Irvine, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Atreya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago IL 60614, USA.
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of California at Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Farahnaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rahmatpanah
authors.affiliation: The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of California at Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of California at Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.affiliation: The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of California at Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mercola
keywords: DNA methylation; DNMT; Erk activation; TGF-β; prostate cancer; tumor development and progression