title: Avoiding perceived past resource use of potential competitors affects niche dynamics in a bird community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Social information use is usually considered to lead to ecological convergence among involved con- or heterospecific individuals. However, recent results demonstrate that observers can also actively avoid behaving as those individuals being observed, leading to ecological divergence. This phenomenon has been little explored so far, yet it can have significant impact on resource use, realized niches and species co-existence. In particular, the time-scale and the ecological context over which such shifts can occur are unknown. We examined with a long-term (four years) field experiment whether experimentally manipulated, species-specific, nest-site feature preferences (symbols on nest boxes) are transmitted across breeding seasons and affect future nest-site preferences in a guild of three cavity-nesting birds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the examined species, resident great tits (Parus major) preferred the symbol that had been associated with unoccupied nest boxes in the previous year, i.e., their preference shifted towards niche space previously unused by putative competitors and conspecifics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that animals can remember the earlier resource use of conspecifics and other guild members and adjust own decisions accordingly one year after. Our experiment cannot reveal the ultimate mechanism(s) behind the observed behaviour but avoiding costs of intra- or interspecific competition or ectoparasite load in old nests are plausible reasons. Our findings imply that interspecific social information use can affect resource sharing and realized niches in ecological time-scale through active avoidance of observed decisions and behavior of potentially competing species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland. jukka.forsman@oulu.fi.
authors.forename: Jukka T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Forsman
authors.forename: Sami M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kivelä
authors.forename: Tuomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaakkonen
authors.forename: Janne-Tuomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Seppänen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Blandine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Doligez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D055669:Ecological and Environmental Phenomena; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D046109:Passeriformes; D012621:Seasons; D012919:Social Behavior; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors