title: The N terminus of the influenza B virus nucleoprotein is essential for virus viability, nuclear localization, and optimal transcription and replication of the viral genome.
abstract: The nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza viruses is a multifunctional protein with essential roles throughout viral replication. Despite influenza A and B viruses belonging to separate genera of the Orthomyxoviridae family, their NP proteins share a relatively high level of sequence conservation. However, NP of influenza B viruses (BNP) contains an evolutionarily conserved N-terminal 50-amino-acid extension that is absent from NP of influenza A viruses. There is conflicting evidence as to the functions of the BNP N-terminal extension; however, this has never been assessed in the context of viral infection. We have used reverse genetics to assess the significance of this region on the functions of BNP and virus viability. The truncation of more than three amino acids prevented virus recovery, suggesting that the N-terminal extension is essential for virus viability. Mutational analysis indicated that multiple regions of the protein are involved in the nuclear localization of BNP, with the entire N-terminal extension required for this to function efficiently. Viruses containing mutations in the first 10 residues of BNP demonstrated few differences in nuclear localization; however, the viruses exhibited significant reductions in viral mRNA transcription and genome replication, resulting in significantly attenuated phenotypes. Mutations introduced to ablate a previously reported nuclear localization signal also resulted in a significant decrease in mRNA production during early stages of viral replication. Overall, our results demonstrate that the N-terminal extension of BNP is essential to virus viability not only for directing nuclear localization of BNP but also for regulating viral mRNA transcription and genome replication.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The multifunctional NP of influenza viruses has roles throughout the viral replication cycle; therefore, it is essential for virus viability. Despite high levels of homology between the NP of influenza A and B viruses, the NP of influenza B virus contains an evolutionarily conserved 50-amino-acid N-terminal extension that is absent from the NP of influenza A viruses. In this study, we show that this N-terminal extension is essential for virus viability, and we confirm and expand upon recent findings that this region of BNP is required for nuclear localization of the protein. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that the N terminus of BNP is involved in regulating viral mRNA transcription and replication of the viral genome. As the NP of influenza A virus lacks this N-terminal extension, these viruses may have evolved separate mechanisms to regulate these processes.
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sherry
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, United Kingdom dj10@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D006801:Humans; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D059386:Reverse Genetics; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014758:Viral Core Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D014758:Viral Core Proteins; C588186:nucleoprotein, influenza B virus