title: Sorting it Out: Pile Sorting as a Mixed Methodology for Exploring Barriers to Cancer Screening.
abstract: We discuss a mixed methodology for analyzing pile sorting data. We created a list of 14 barriers to colon cancer screening and recruited 18, 13, and 14 participants from three American Indian (AI) communities to perform pile sorting. Quantitative data were analyzed by cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Differences across sites were compared using permutation bootstrapping. Qualitative data collected during sorting were compiled by AI staff members who determined names for the clusters found in quantitative analysis. Results showed 5 clusters of barriers in each site although barriers in the clusters varied slightly across sites. Simulation demonstrated type I error rates around the nominal 0.05 level whereas power depended on the numbers of clusters, and between and within cluster variability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 ; Center for American Indian Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
authors.forename: Hung-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 ; Center for American Indian Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 ; School of Nursing, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
authors.forename: Byron J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gajewski
authors.affiliation: The American Indian Cancer Foundation, and Minnesota Gastroenerology P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55441.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Perdue
authors.affiliation: Center for American Indian Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cully
authors.affiliation: Center for American Indian Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cully
authors.affiliation: Center for American Indian Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 ; Department of Family Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 ; Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
authors.forename: K Allen
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.affiliation: Center for American Indian Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 ; Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
authors.forename: Won S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Center for American Indian Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 ; Department of Family Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 ; Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
authors.forename: Christine Makosy
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Daley
keywords: cluster analysis; multidimensional scaling; multivariable; permutation bootstrapping; pile sorting