title: Identification of marker compounds for Japanese Pharmacopoeia non-conforming jujube seeds from Myanmar.
abstract: Jujube seed is a crude drug defined as the seed of Ziziphus jujuba Miller var. spinosa Hu ex H.F. Chou (Rhamnaceae) in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP). Most of the jujube seed in the Japanese markets is imported from China, with the rest obtained from other Asian countries. Here we confirmed the botanical origins of jujube seeds from both China and Myanmar by a DNA sequencing analysis. We found that the botanical origins of the crude drugs from China and Myanmar were Z. jujuba and Z. mauritiana, respectively. Although the jujube seed from China conforms to the JP, that from Myanmar does not. A method for discriminating jujube seeds from China and Myanmar using a chemical approach is thus desirable, and here we sought to identify a compound specific to Z. jujuba. Jujuboside A (1) was identified as a compound specific to Z. jujuba. To establish a purity test of Jujube Seed in the JP against Z. mauritiana, we fractionated the extract of Z. mauritiana seeds and identified frangufoline (2) and oleanolic acid (4) as the marker compounds specific to Z. mauritiana. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the latter compound was useful for testing by TLC analysis. The established TLC conditions were as follows: chromatographic support, silica gel; developing solvent, n-hexane:EtOAc:HCOOH = 10:5:1; developing length, 7 cm; visualization, diluted sulfuric acid; R f value, 0.43 (oleanolic acid).
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zaima
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamakura
authors.forename: Akane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamato
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Dong Hyo
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Tsuguo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokokura
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goda
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hakamatsuka
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruyama
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002681:China; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007564:Japan; D002052:Myanmar; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010602:Pharmacopoeias as Topic; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D012503:Saponins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D031957:Ziziphus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; C105635:frangufoline; C087808:jujuboside A; D009828:Oleanolic Acid