title: Immunotherapy in pediatric malignancies: current status and future perspectives.
abstract: Novel immune-based therapies are becoming available as additions to, and in some cases as alternatives to, the traditional treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, surgery and radiation that have improved outcomes for childhood cancer for decades. In this article, we will discuss what immunotherapies are being tested in the clinic, barriers to widespread application, and the future of immuno-oncology for childhood cancer. While in many cases, these therapies have shown dramatic responses in the setting of refractory or relapsed cancer, much remains to be learned about how to integrate these therapies into existing upfront regimens. The progress and challenges of developing immunotherapies for childhood cancer in a timely and cost-effective fashion will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics & Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 4137, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Christian M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Capitini
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: DeSantes
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sondel
mesh_terms: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D010372:Pediatrics
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines
keywords: Toll-like receptors; childhood cancer; chimeric antigen receptors; cytokines; immunotherapy; monoclonal antibodies; natural killer cells; vaccines