title: The Effect of Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Overall Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: Increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption is associated with reduced risk of major diseases. However, it is unclear if health benefits are related to increased micronutrient intake or to improvements in overall diet profile. This review aimed to assess if increasing FV consumption had an impact on diet profile. In the systematic review, 12 studies revealed increases in micronutrient intakes, whilst the meta-analysis confirmed macronutrient findings from the systematic review showing no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in energy (kcals) in seven studies (mean difference = 1 kcals [95% CI = -115, 117]; p = 0.98), significant decreases in total fat (% energy) in five studies (Mean difference = -4% [95% CI = -5, -3]; p = < 0.00001) and significant increases in fiber in six studies (Mean difference = 5.36 g [95% CI = 4, 7]; p = < 0.00001) and total carbohydrate (% energy) in four studies (Mean = 4% [95% CI= 2, 5]; p = < 0.00001). In conclusion, results indicate that increased FV consumption increases micronutrient, carbohydrate and fiber intakes and possibly reduces fat intake, with no overall effect on energy intake. Therefore health benefits may act through an improvement in overall diet profile alongside increased micronutrient intakes.
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition and Metabolism Group , Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition and Metabolism Group , Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK.
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition and Metabolism Group , Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK.
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group , Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK.
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition and Metabolism Group , Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK.
authors.forename: Jayne V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Woodside
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: Fruit and vegetables; dietary intake; macronutrient; micronutrient; randomized controlled trials