title: Benevolent characteristics promote cooperative behaviour among humans.
abstract: Cooperation is fundamental to the evolution of human society. We regularly observe cooperative behaviour in everyday life and in controlled experiments with anonymous people, even though standard economic models predict that they should deviate from the collective interest and act so as to maximise their own individual payoff. However, there is typically heterogeneity across subjects: some may cooperate, while others may not. Since individual factors promoting cooperation could be used by institutions to indirectly prime cooperation, this heterogeneity raises the important question of who these cooperators are. We have conducted a series of experiments to study whether benevolence, defined as a unilateral act of paying a cost to increase the welfare of someone else beyond one's own, is related to cooperation in a subsequent one-shot anonymous Prisoner's dilemma. Contrary to the predictions of the widely used inequity aversion models, we find that benevolence does exist and a large majority of people behave this way. We also find benevolence to be correlated with cooperative behaviour. Finally, we show a causal link between benevolence and cooperation: priming people to think positively about benevolent behaviour makes them significantly more cooperative than priming them to think malevolently. Thus benevolent people exist and cooperate more.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Capraro
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kalliopi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mylona
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Niblo
mesh_terms: D000533:Altruism; D026686:Beneficence; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005716:Game Theory; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations