title: Relationship between fractional flow reserve and residual plaque volume and clinical outcomes after optimal drug-eluting stent implantation: insight from intravascular ultrasound volumetric analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The underlying cause of FFR reduction and prognostic impact of FFR after optimal DES implantation remain unknown. The study aims were to use intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to investigate the mechanism responsible for reduced fractional flow reserve (FFR) after optimal drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation and to evaluate FFR effect on clinical outcomes after optimal percutaneous coronary intervention with DES.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven patients treated with optimal DES implantation under IVUS and pullback FFR guidance were followed clinically (median 17.8 months). Post-stenting IVUS examination and pullback FFR recording were performed, and angiographic and IVUS parameters associated with reduced FFR were evaluated. The composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and target vessel revascularization, was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analysis showed inverse correlations between post-stent FFR and residual plaque volume index (r=-0.40, p<0.01) and residual percent plaque volume (r=-0.68, p<0.01) in IVUS but no correlation of minimal lesion diameter with quantitative coronary angiography (r=0.07, p=0.50) or IVUS-derived minimal stent area (r=0.02, p=0.84). MACE was observed in 10 patients (10.3%), and FFR after optimal stenting was significantly lower in this group (0.86 ± 0.04 vs 0.91 ± 0.04, p<0.01). The optimal FFR threshold for predicting MACE was 0.90, identified by the receiver operating characteristic curve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced FFR after optimal DES implantation was associated with residual plaque volume identified by IVUS and future adverse cardiac events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan. Electronic address: tuyosiito@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohte
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends*; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000639:trends*
keywords: Clinical outcome; Fractional flow reserve; Residual plaque volume