title: Relationship between mouthful volume and number of chews in young Japanese females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Modification of eating behavior in Japan is promoted to prevent overweight and obesity, but the effects of such modifications are unclear. This study aimed to clarify the inter- and intra-individual relationship between bite size and number of chews of food.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects comprised of 50 young healthy Japanese women (mean age 19.5 years). Food materials were boiled rice and apple. First, the average bite size and the number of chews per mouthful of food were calculated across the study cohort. The number of chews was counted by the subjects themselves and then self-reported. Correlation between the individual one-bite volume and the number of chews per volume was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Second, the number of chews for three different sized bites of food (half of one bite, one bite, and one-and-a-half bites) were calculated as a prospective observational study. The number of chews for each of the three volumes of food was compared using one way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both food types, there was a negative correlation between individual mouthful volume and number of chews for both food materials. The number of chews per volume decreased as bite sizes increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated an inter- and intra-individual relationship between bite size and the number of chews and suggested that smaller bite sizes were associated with more chews per volume of food.
authors.affiliation: School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; Department of Oral Health, Kobe Tokiwa Junior College, 2-6-2 Otani-cho, Kobe Nagata-ku, Hyogo 653-0838, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Care and Rehabilitation, Subdivision of Oral Health and Welfare, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan. Electronic address: miwa.matsuyama@tokushima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007564:Japan; D027845:Malus; D008409:Mastication; D009055:Mouth / Q000254:growth & development*; D009929:Organ Size; D012275:Oryza; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012639:Seeds; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chewing; Eating behavior; Health promotion; Mouthful volume