title: Gene expression profiling in human lung development: an abundant resource for lung adenocarcinoma prognosis.
abstract: A tumor can be viewed as a special "organ" that undergoes aberrant and poorly regulated organogenesis. Progress in cancer prognosis and therapy might be facilitated by re-examining distinctive processes that operate during normal development, to elucidate the intrinsic features of cancer that are significantly obscured by its heterogeneity. The global gene expression signatures of 44 human lung tissues at four development stages from Asian descent and 69 lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) tissue samples from ethnic Chinese patients were profiled using microarrays. All of the genes were classified into 27 distinct groups based on their expression patterns (named as PTN1 to PTN27) during the developmental process. In lung ADC, genes whose expression levels decreased steadily during lung development (genes in PTN1) generally had their expression reactivated, while those with uniformly increasing expression levels (genes in PTN27) had their expression suppressed. The genes in PTN1 contain many n-gene signatures that are of prognostic value for lung ADC. The prognostic relevance of a 12-gene demonstrator for patient survival was characterized in five cohorts of healthy and ADC patients [ADC_CICAMS (n = 69, p = 0.007), ADC_PNAS (n = 125, p = 0.0063), ADC_GSE13213 (n = 117, p = 0.0027), ADC_GSE8894 (n =  2, p = 0.01), and ADC_NCI (n = 282, p = 0.045)] and in four groups of stage I patients [ADC_CICAMS (n = 22, p = 0.017), ADC_PNAS (n = 76, p = 0.018), ADC_GSE13213 (n = 79, p = 0.02), and ADC_qPCR (n = 62, p = 0.006)]. In conclusion, by comparison of gene expression profiles during human lung developmental process and lung ADC progression, we revealed that the genes with a uniformly decreasing expression pattern during lung development are of enormous prognostic value for lung ADC.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maternal & Child Health Care hospital of Haidian, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jiamei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bangrong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xuebing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Di
authors.affiliation: College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maternal & Child Health Care hospital of Haidian, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Suhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yousheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yanning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Deshan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Medical Genome Facility, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic. Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jen
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maternal & Child Health Care hospital of Haidian, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maternal & Child Health Care hospital of Haidian, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yunping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kaitai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shujun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D059467:Transcriptome