title: Improving academic self-efficacy, school connectedness, and identity in struggling middle school girls: a preliminary study of the REAL girls program.
abstract: Girls struggling to be successful in middle school are often dealing with negative life experiences that affect their ability to achieve academically. Frequently, their academic failures and problem behaviors are associated with feeling overwhelmed by difficult and challenging life circumstances. In the absence of intervention, these patterns may contribute to girls chronically underperforming in school, dropping out of school, and becoming involved in delinquent and high-risk behaviors. This article describes a quasi-experimental, mixed-methods study of the REAL Girls program. REAL Girls was designed to help struggling middle school girls develop resilience--particularly academic self-efficacy, school connectedness, and identity--and achieve successful outcomes in school and life. In this study, using a crossover design, 48 girls identified as experiencing academic failure, school behavior problems, or truancy participated in one of two implementations of this 3-day intervention. Findings based on both quantitative and qualitative data suggest that REAL Girls contributed to positive increases in academic self-efficacy, school connectedness, and identity. Repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t tests suggest significant increases in each outcome variable, both immediately after program delivery and 2 weeks later, and effect size estimates suggest moderate to large program impact. Focus groups conducted 90 days after implementation of the program confirmed the quantitative findings and support the efficacy of the REAL Girls program and approach.
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA mjmann@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Megan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Alfgeir L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kristjansson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D015397:Program Evaluation; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012574:Schools; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support
keywords: at-risk girls; gender-responsive middle schools; resilience; youth development