title: Addition of intrarectal local analgesia to periprostatic nerve block improves pain control for transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined intrarectal local analgesia and periprostatic nerve block versus periprostatic nerve block alone for pain control during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We comprehensively searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library trials. Studies comparing the two techniques were identified and pooled for cumulative analysis. The outcome measurements included visual pain scales of three consecutive procedures of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, as well as short-term postoperative complication rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 18 studies that were finally eligible for the quantitative analysis involving 2076 participants. Combined modalities significantly reduced the pain associated with probe manipulation (weighted mean difference -2.06, 95% confidence interval -2.77 to -1.35, P < 0.001), anesthesia infiltration (weighted mean difference -1.45, 95% confidence interval -2.20 to -0.70, P < 0.001) and needle biopsy (weighted mean difference -0.55, 95% confidence interval -0.76 to -0.34, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses assessing different local analgesics showed that local anesthetics are generally more effective than myorelaxant and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lidocaine-prilocaine cream proved the most effective in pain control regardless of the origin of pain. No significant difference of short-term postoperative complications (fever, dysuria, acute urinary retention, hematuria, hematospermia and rectal bleeding) was found between the two techniques. The only side-effect associated with local analgesics was headache reported in studies using glyceryl trinitrate ointment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined modalities show better analgesic efficacy than periprostatic nerve block alone for transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy without increased morbidities. Among the various local analgesics, lidocaine-prilocaine cream seems to offer the best overall efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Department of Urology, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, China.
authors.forename: Jue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yiqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Dalin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xingfa
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xunyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Jinhai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D012007:Rectum / Q000473:pathology*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local
keywords: analgesia; biopsy; meta-analysis; pain; prostate