title: Temporal-controlled release of bovine serum albumin from chitosan nanoparticles: effect on the regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in stem cells from apical papilla.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The controlled delivery of bioactive molecules is crucial for the regulation of stem cell differentiation. In this study, we examined the effects of temporal-controlled release of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from chitosan nanoparticles (CSnp) to regulate the alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) in stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP).
  
  
  METHODS
  BSA-loaded CSnp were synthesized by 2 methods to achieve the variant temporal-controlled release: (1) the encapsulation technique (BSA-CSnpI) and (2) the adsorption technique (BSA-CSnpII). After characterization of the size, charge, and release kinetics, SCAP were cultured in the presence of these bioactive molecule-loaded nanoparticles. SCAP viability was analyzed at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, and ALP activity was analyzed every 7 days until 21 days to determine the effect of these bioactive molecule-releasing nanoparticles on the cytotoxicity and differentiation potential, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BSA-CSnpI and BSA-CSnpII presented distinct in vitro release profiles of BSA in a time-controlled manner. Cell viability was significantly enhanced over time in the presence of BSA-CSnpI and BSA-CSnpII (P < .01), when compared with BSA nonloaded CSnp. ALP activity was significantly higher (P < .01) in the presence of BSA-CSnpI after 3 weeks than in BSA-CSnpII.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BSA-loaded CSnps were synthesized and characterized in this study. Based on the physical/chemical interaction of BSA with CSnp (encapsulation or surface adsorption), different time-controlled release profiles were observed that influenced the ALP activity of SCAP in vitro. This study highlighted the potential of temporal-controlled bioactive molecule release technology in the differentiation of stem cells in dentin pulp regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Suja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Anibal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diogenes
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: anil.kishen@dentistry.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishen
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002214:Capsules; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D048271:Chitosan / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003771:Dental Papilla / Q000166:cytology; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology; D004337:Drug Carriers; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D012709:Serum Albumin; D048271:Chitosan; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: Alkaline phosphatase activity; bovine serum albumin; chitosan nanoparticles; stem cells from apical papilla; temporal-controlled release