title: Definition of metrics to evaluate cochlear array insertion forces performed with forceps, insertion tool, or motorized tool in temporal bone specimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to achieve a minimal trauma to the inner ear structures during array insertion, it would be suitable to control insertion forces. The aim of this work was to compare the insertion forces of an array insertion into anatomical specimens with three different insertion techniques: with forceps, with a commercial tool, and with a motorized tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temporal bones have been mounted on a 6-axis force sensor to record insertion forces. Each temporal bone has been inserted, with a lateral wall electrode array, in random order, with each of the 3 techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forceps manual and commercial tool insertions generated multiple jerks during whole length insertion related to fits and starts. On the contrary, insertion force with the motorized tool only rose at the end of the insertion. Overall force momentum was 1.16 ± 0.505 N (mean ± SD, n = 10), 1.337 ± 0.408 N (n = 8), and 1.573 ± 0.764 N (n = 8) for manual insertion with forceps and commercial and motorized tools, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering force momentum, no difference between the three techniques was observed. Nevertheless, a more predictable force profile could be observed with the motorized tool with a smoother rise of insertion forces.
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Department, Unit of Otology, Auditory Implants and Skull Base Surgery, Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Cedex 13, 75651 Paris, France ; Sorbonne University, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1159, 75005 Paris, France ; INSERM, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UMR S 1159, 75018 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yann
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4635-0658
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne University, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1159, 75005 Paris, France ; INSERM, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UMR S 1159, 75018 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6357-2207
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kazmitcheff
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne University, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1159, 75005 Paris, France ; INSERM, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UMR S 1159, 75018 Paris, France ; Sensory Organs Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2286-7265
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Seta
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne University, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1159, 75005 Paris, France ; INSERM, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UMR S 1159, 75018 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5884-6103
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miroir
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Department, Unit of Otology, Auditory Implants and Skull Base Surgery, Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Cedex 13, 75651 Paris, France ; Sorbonne University, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1159, 75005 Paris, France ; INSERM, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UMR S 1159, 75018 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrary
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Department, Unit of Otology, Auditory Implants and Skull Base Surgery, Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Cedex 13, 75651 Paris, France ; Sorbonne University, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1159, 75005 Paris, France ; INSERM, "Minimally Invasive Robot-Based Hearing Rehabilitation", UMR S 1159, 75018 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sterkers
mesh_terms: D003051:Cochlea / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D058117:Neural Prostheses; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery