title: Trajectories of Sleep and Its Predictors in the First Year Following Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how sleep patterns change over the first year following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to determine whether specific demographic and disease characteristics predict the trajectories of sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three patients with first-ever mild to severe TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep measured by actigraphy for 7 consecutive days in the first, third, sixth, and twelfth months following TBI: Chinese versions of Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory-II (CBDI-II) measured at the same time points. Data were analyzed with a linear mixed model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep efficiency (the ratio of sleep time to the total time spent in bed) showed a significant upward trend during the study period. Scores on the Chinese version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the CBDI-II as well as the use of analgesics significantly predicted the slope of change in sleep efficiency over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor sleep efficiency is a common symptom in the first year among patients with first-ever TBI. Healthcare providers should consider both mental health and pain issues when dealing with sleep complaints in patients with TBI.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Tsai and Chiu); Sleep Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (Drs Chen and Chaung) and Department of Neurosurgery (Drs Lee, Chen, Lu, Wei, and Chen), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sinwu Branch, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan (Dr Chiu).
authors.forename: Pin-Yuan
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Pei-Shan
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Ning-Hung
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li-Pang
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Chaung
authors.forename: Cheng-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ching-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hsiao-Ting
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Yu-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Kuo-Chen
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Hsiao-Yean
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013624:Taiwan; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult