title: Cytogenetic biomonitoring in mucopolyssacharosis I, II and IV patients treated with enzyme replacement therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate genotoxicity and mutagenicity in peripheral blood and buccal mucosal cells in mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I, II or VI patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 patients with MPS type I, II and VI attended at the Institute of Genetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and 10 healthy control volunteers were included in this study. Mechanically exfoliated cells from cheek mucosa (left and right side) were used to micronucleus test and single cell gel (comet) assay in peripheral blood cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study detected the presence of genetic damage in peripheral blood for all individuals with MPS treated with ERT, regardless of type of MPS as depicted by tail moment results. In addition, an increased number of micronucleated cells were found in buccal cells of MPS type II patients. It was also observed an increase of other nuclear alterations closely related to cytotoxicity as depicted by the frequency of pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis in buccal mucosa cells of MPS VI patients (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, such results demonstrate that metabolic alterations induced by the enzymatic deficiency characteristic of MPS associated with ERT therapy can induce genotoxicity and mutagenicity in peripheral blood and buccal mucosa cells, respectively. This effect appears to be more pronounced to MPS II.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences .
authors.forename: Joice Marques
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guilheiro
authors.forename: Marcelo Donizetti
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Daniel Araki
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Vania
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Almeida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000473:pathology; D001938:Brazil; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology*; D053144:Cell Nucleus Shape; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002843:Chromatin / Q000473:pathology*; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D004249:DNA Damage; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D056947:Enzyme Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D008059:Mucopolysaccharidosis I / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016532:Mucopolysaccharidosis II / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009085:Mucopolysaccharidosis IV / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin
keywords: Comet assay; genetic damage; micronucleus test; mucopolyssacharodosis