title: Spatial-explicit modeling of social vulnerability to malaria in East Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite efforts in eradication and control, malaria remains a global challenge, particularly affecting vulnerable groups. Despite the recession in malaria cases, previously malaria free areas are increasingly confronted with epidemics as a result of changing environmental and socioeconomic conditions. Next to modeling transmission intensities and probabilities, integrated spatial methods targeting the complex interplay of factors that contribute to social vulnerability are required to effectively reduce malaria burden. We propose an integrative method for mapping relative levels of social vulnerability in a spatially explicit manner to support the identification of intervention measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a literature review, a holistic risk and vulnerability framework has been developed to guide the assessment of social vulnerability to water-related vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in the context of changing environmental and societal conditions. Building on the framework, this paper applies spatially explicit modeling for delineating homogeneous regions of social vulnerability to malaria in eastern Africa, while taking into account expert knowledge for weighting the single vulnerability indicators. To assess the influence of the selected indicators on the final index a local sensitivity analysis is carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that high levels of malaria vulnerability are concentrated in the highlands, where immunity within the population is currently low. Additionally, regions with a lack of access to education and health services aggravate vulnerability. Lower values can be found in regions with relatively low poverty, low population pressure, low conflict density and reduced contributions from the biological susceptibility domain. Overall, the factors characterizing vulnerability vary spatially in the region. The vulnerability index reveals a high level of robustness in regard to the final choice of input datasets, with the exception of the immunity indicator which has a marked impact on the composite vulnerability index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We introduce a conceptual framework for modeling risk and vulnerability to VBDs. Drawing on the framework we modeled social vulnerability to malaria in the context of global change using a spatially explicit approach. The results provide decision makers with place-specific options for targeting interventions that aim at reducing the burden of the disease amongst the different vulnerable population groups.
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Schillerstraße 30, Salzburg 5020, Austria. stefan.kienberger@sbg.ac.at.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kienberger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagenlocher
mesh_terms: D000351:Africa, Eastern / Q000208:ethnology; D062305:Geographic Mapping; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011157:Population Dynamics / Q000639:trends; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000208:ethnology*