title: Influence of PEEK surface modification on surface properties and bond strength to veneering resin composites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the impact of mechanical and chemical treatments of PEEK on surface roughness (SR), surface free energy (SFE), and tensile bond strength (TBS) to veneering resin composites.
  
  
  METHODS
  PEEK specimens (N = 680) were fabricated and divided into treatment groups (n = 170/group): 1. air abrasion (AIA); 2. etching with piranha solution (PIS); 3. air abrasion + piranha acid etching (AIP); and 4. no treatment (NO). Ten specimens of each treatment group were assessed with a contact angle measuring device and profilometer to determine SFE and SR, respectively. The remaining 160 specimens of each group were divided into subgroups according to coupling method (n = 32/subgroup): 1. Monobond Plus/ Heliobond (MH); 2. Visio.link (VL); 3. Clearfil Ceramic Primer (CCP); 4. Signum PEEK Bond (SPB); and 5. control, no coupling (CG). Specimens were veneered using Signum Composite/SiCo or Signum Ceramis/SiCe (both: n = 16), incubated in water (60 days at 37°C) and thermocycled (5000 cycles of 5°C/55°C). TBS was measured and data analyzed by three- and one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant effect of surface treatment (p < 0.001) and coupling agent application (p < 0.001) on TBS was observed. AIA specimens with/without PIS showed the highest SFE, SR, and TBS. No differences were measured between PIS and NO, and between AIA and AIP. When no coupling agent was used, no adhesion was obtained. CCP resulted in low adhesion values, whereas MH, SPB, and VL exhibited increased TBS. No significant impact of the veneering resin composite on TBS was found (p = 0.424).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AIA and AIP combined with VL, SPB, and MH can be recommended for clinical use.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keul
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liebermann
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schmidlin
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.forename: Bogna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stawarczyk
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D001577:Benzophenones; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008768:Methylmethacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013500:Surface Tension; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D001577:Benzophenones; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; D007659:Ketones; D008689:Methacrylates; D008768:Methylmethacrylates; C076808:Monobond S; D011108:Polymers; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; D014867:Water; C017492:methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; C063834:polyetheretherketone; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C040415:heliobond; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C033158:sulfuric acid