title: Phenolic compounds in grains, sprouts and wheatgrass of hulled and non-hulled wheat species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of sprouts and young plantlets in human nutrition is increasing because they often contain phytochemicals and other high value nutrients. This is also the case for wheat, although there is no literature for hulled wheat species. Thus we determined total polyphenols, phenolic acids (PAs), fibre and minerals in grains, 5-day-old sprouts and 12-day-old wheatgrass of einkorn (cv. Monlis), emmer (cvs Augeo, Rosso Rubino, Zefiro), spelt (cvs Pietro, Giuseppe), durum wheat (cv. Creso) and soft wheat (cv. Orso).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grains of einkorn and emmer contained twice bound PAs as compared to soft and durum wheat and spelt, with p-coumaric acid accounting for about 50% of total bound PAs. In wheatgrass, differences between species for bound PAs decreased due to a decrease in einkorn and emmer and an increase in soft and durum wheat. In all species, total phenols and free PAs increased passing from grains to sprouts and wheatgrass. Neutral and acid detergent fibre content increased with sprouting only in einkorn and emmer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our evidence suggests that the grains of einkorn and emmer and the sprouts and wheatgrass of all Triticum species might potentially be valuable for the development of functional foods.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74-06121, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benincasa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Via Carlo Lerici, 1, I-64023, Teramo, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galieni
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Via Carlo Lerici, 1, I-64023, Teramo, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Chiara
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Manetta
authors.affiliation: CGS Seeds, 05021 Acquasparta, Terni, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74-06121, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guiducci
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Via Carlo Lerici, 1, I-64023, Teramo, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pisante
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Via Carlo Lerici, 1, I-64023, Teramo, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stagnari
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000032:analysis; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000032:analysis; D007558:Italy; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000032:analysis; D011422:Propionates; D036226:Seedlings / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D013045:Species Specificity; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D000067348:Whole Grains / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D011422:Propionates; D014131:Trace Elements; D008274:Magnesium; C017616:phenolic acid; C495469:p-coumaric acid
keywords: einkorn; emmer; phenolic acids; spelt