title: Ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity in the Spanish population: The Di@bet.es study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine possible associations between ambient temperature and obesity in the Spanish population using an ecological focus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Di@bet.es study is a national, cross-sectional, population-based survey of cardiometabolic risk factors and their association with lifestyle.
  
  
  METHODS
  5,061 subjects in 100 clusters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, demographic and lifestyle survey, physical examination, and blood sampling. The mean annual temperature (°C) for each study site was collected from the Spanish National Meteorology Agency (1971-2000).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence rates of obesity in the different geographical areas divided according to mean annual temperature quartiles were 26.9% in quartile 1 (10.4-14.5°C), 30.5% in quartile 2 (14.5-15.5°C), 32% in quartile 3 (15.5-17.8°C), and 33.6% in quartile 4 (17.8-21.3°C) (P = 0.003). Logistic regression analyses including multiple socio-demographic (age, gender, educational level, marital status) and lifestyle (physical activity, Mediterranean diet score, smoking) variables showed that, as compared with quartile 1, the odd ratios for obesity were 1.20 (1.01-1.42), 1.35 (1.12-1.61), and 1.38 (1.14-1.67) in quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = 0.001 for difference, P < 0.001 for trend).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study reports an association between ambient temperature and obesity in the Spanish population controlled for known confounders.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya, IBIMA, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valdés
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maldonado-Araque
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Torres
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goday
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosch-Comas
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bordiú
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calle-Pascual
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carmena
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casamitjana
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castaño
authors.forename: Conxa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castell
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Catalá
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franch
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaztambide
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Girbés
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomis
authors.forename: Galder
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Alba
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Larrad
authors.forename: Edelmiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Menéndez
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mora-Peces
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pascual-Manich
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serrano-Rios
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Urrutia
authors.forename: Jose Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vendrell
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soriguer
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rojo-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013696:Temperature; D055815:Young Adult