title: Diaphragmatic hernia after liver transplantation in children: case series and review of the literature.
abstract: A diaphragmatic hernia (DH) is a rare complication of pediatric liver transplantation (LT), with multiple factors implicated in the pathophysiology. It is a potentially life-threatening condition in the absence of early recognition and surgical treatment. A DH after LT has been reported in 16 patients in 7 case series. We report 10 cases from our institution and review the published literature to understand the underlying pathophysiology. The study sample included all children (<18 years of age) who underwent LT from October 1989 to August 2013 at our center and subsequently presented with a DH. Among 4433 LT procedures performed in this time period, 1032 were for children. Ten DH cases were recognized, and risk factors were assessed. The mean age at diagnosis was 4.9 years, all patients with a DH received left lateral segment split grafts, and the mean graft weight was 248 ± 41 g with a mean graft-to-recipient body weight ratio (GBWR) of 3% ± 1.22% (range = 1.7%-5.0%). The mean cold ischemia time was 510.7 ± 307.6 minutes (range = 60-900 minutes). Six patients had a primary abdominal muscle closure, 3 had a temporary Silastic mesh closure, and 1 had a skin closure only. Postoperative ascites and pleural effusion did not appear to be significant risk factors. All 10 children presented with a right posterolateral DH, with 1 also having a left DH. The small bowel was herniated in the majority. All patients underwent prompt surgical intervention without complications. An early age, a split graft, and a high GBWR may be risk factors for a DH. A high index of suspicion and prompt surgical intervention minimize complications.
authors.affiliation: Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver Studies, Liver Transplant Surgery, King's College Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: Niteen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tapuria
authors.forename: Shirin Elizabeth
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Khorsandi
authors.forename: Eugenia Pareja
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Ibars
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vilca-Melendez
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rela
authors.forename: Nigel D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Heaton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001201:Ascites / Q000473:pathology; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D061646:Operative Time; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome