title: The Bristow and Latarjet procedures: why these techniques should not be considered synonymous.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent shoulder instability is commonly associated with glenoid bone defects. Coracoid transfer procedures, such as the Bristow and Latarjet procedures, are frequently used to address these bone deficiencies. Despite the frequent synonymous labeling of these transfers as the "Bristow-Latarjet" procedure, their true equivalence has not been demonstrated. Therefore, our purpose was to compare the biomechanical effects of these two procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight cadaveric specimens were tested on a custom shoulder simulator capable of loading nine muscle groups and of accurately orienting the joint throughout shoulder motion. The specimens were tested in the intact state, following Bristow and Latarjet reconstructions of a capsulolabral injury (0% glenoid defect), and following each procedure after creation of 15% and 30% glenoid bone defects. The reconstruction order was randomized. In each condition, joint stiffness (anterior stability) and occurrence of dislocation were assessed in shoulder adduction and abduction with neutral and external rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences (p < 0.05) in joint stiffness or stability were found between the Bristow and Latarjet reconstructions for the 0% glenoid defect in any joint position. However, substantially greater joint stiffness occurred following the Latarjet procedure, as compared with the Bristow procedure, for the 15% and 30% glenoid bone-loss conditions in adduction with neutral rotation, adduction with external rotation, and abduction with external rotation (average across the three joint positions: 8.6 ± 4.4 N/mm versus 3.9 ± 1.26.7 N/mm [p = 0.034] with 15% bone loss and 7.5 ± 4.4 N/mm versus 3.4 ± 1.5 N/mm [p = 0.045] with 30% bone loss). The Latarjet reconstruction restored the stiffness that had been measured in the intact state in eleven of the twelve tested conditions, whereas the Bristow procedure was successful in only four of the twelve conditions. In addition, during instability testing, three more specimens dislocated following the Bristow reconstruction, compared with the Latarjet procedure, in the 15% defect condition and five more dislocated in the 30% defect condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Bristow and Latarjet procedures are not equivalent in terms of their effects on glenohumeral joint stiffness and stability in cases of glenoid osseous deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Bristow and Latarjet procedures have equivalent stabilizing effects in unstable shoulders with preserved glenoid osseous anatomy. However, the Latarjet procedure confers superior stabilization in the setting of substantial glenoid bone loss.
authors.affiliation: Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada. E-mail address for G.S. Athwal: gathwal@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Joshua W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.affiliation: Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada. E-mail address for G.S. Athwal: gathwal@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Degen
authors.affiliation: Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada. E-mail address for G.S. Athwal: gathwal@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada. E-mail address for G.S. Athwal: gathwal@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Athwal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*