title: Clinical features and long-term outcomes of intraspinal ependymomas in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to discuss the clinical manifestations, radiological features, treatment, and long-term outcomes of intraspinal ependymomas (Word Health Organization grade II) in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data of 15 pediatric patients who underwent microsurgery for intraspinal grade II ependymomas were retrospectively reviewed. Pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all patients. The diagnosis of grade II ependymomas was based on pathology. All the follow-up data were obtained during office visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were ten males and five females, with a mean age of 13.7 ± 3.4 years. Four tumors were located in the cervical cord, six in the cervicothoracic cord, four in the thoracic cord, and one in the conus-cauda region, respectively. The most common symptom was motor deficits. Gross total resection (GTR) of the tumor was achieved in 12 cases, and subtotal resection (STR) was achieved in three cases. Regrowth of the residual tumor was observed in two STR cases during a mean follow-up period of 44.8 months. STR was performed again in one case due to clinical progression. At the last follow-up, 12 patients experienced an improvement in the neurological function and three patients maintained their preoperative status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric intraspinal grade II ependymomas are amenable to surgical resection before neurological deficits deteriorate. GTR is the best treatment of choice, and the outcome is favorable. Due to uncertain therapeutic efficacy and possible radiation-induced toxicity, postoperative radiotherapy should be considered carefully for cases of STR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China, yangtaoczh@163.com.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chenlong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Yulun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*