title: Antibacterial efficacy of exogenous nitric oxide on periodontal pathogens.
abstract: Current treatments for periodontitis (e.g., scaling/root planing and chlorhexidine) have limited efficacy since they fail to suppress microbial biofilms satisfactorily over time, and the use of adjunctive antimicrobials can promote the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms. Herein, we report the novel application of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing scaffolds (i.e., dendrimers and silica particles) as anti-periodontopathogenic agents. The effectiveness of macromolecular NO release was demonstrated by a 3-log reduction in periodontopathogenic Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis viability. In contrast, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis, caries-associated organisms, were substantially less sensitive to NO treatment. Both dendrimer- and silica-based NO release exhibited substantially less toxicity to human gingival fibroblasts at concentrations necessary to eradicate periodontopathogens than did clinical concentrations of chlorhexidine. These results suggest the potential utility of macromolecular NO-release scaffolds as a novel platform for the development of periodontal disease therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Backlund
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sergesketter
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology at the UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry schoenfisch@unc.edu.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schoenfisch
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D050091:Dendrimers; C104700:PAMAM Starburst; D012821:Silanes; C492568:propyltrimethoxysilane; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; dendrimers; periodontal diseases; periodontitis; silica