title: Right ventricular fatigue developing during endurance exercise: an exercise cardiac magnetic resonance study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolonged intense exercise has often been associated with the impairment of right ventricular (RV) function after activity, whereas this is rare for the left ventricle (LV). The effect of prolonged exercise on the heart has not been adequately measured during exercise itself.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed real-time cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at rest and during incremental exercise in 14 male endurance athletes (mean ± SD; age = 36 ± 6 yr, BMI = 23.1 ± 1.94 kg·m) 1-3 wk before (baseline) and immediately after a 150-km cycling event (end-of-race) to measure LV and RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (EDV and ESV), ejection fraction (EF), and ventricular-arterial coupling (stroke volume [SV]/ESV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  End-of-race RV EDV was unchanged from baseline at rest but was significantly increased during near-maximal exercise (235 ± 18 vs 217 ± 24 mL, P < 0.0001). Resting RV ESV was higher end-of-race (100 ± 16 vs 93 ± 15 mL, P = 0.009), which became more appreciable during near-maximal exercise (75 ± 15 vs 60 ± 14 mL, P < 0.0001). RV EF, although unchanged at rest, was significantly decreased during near-maximal exercise (68% ± 5% vs 73% ± 4%, P = 0.001). LV volume measures were similar at baseline and end-of-race. Therefore, the effect of endurance activity on the RV and LV was significantly different (P < 0.0001). Cardiac output increased to similar values at near-maximal exertion before and at the end of the race. However, whereas LV SV/ESV was unchanged, RV SV/ESV was attenuated end-of-race (P = 0.02 for interaction with race setting).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intense endurance exercise does not affect LV volume or function but results in RV dilatation and reduced RV EF, which becomes even more significant during exercise. Alterations in RV ventricular-arterial coupling suggest that this may be an expression of exercise-induced RV contractile impairment rather than changes in autonomic or loading conditions.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM; 2Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, University of Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM; 3Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM; 4Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM; and 5St. Vincent's Hospital Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, AUSTRALIA.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Claessen
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghysels
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vermeersch
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dymarkowski
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: LA Gerche
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heidbuchel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D006441:Hemoglobin A / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010807:Physical Endurance; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D020107:Troponin T; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D006441:Hemoglobin A; D003404:Creatinine; D003402:Creatine Kinase