title: Incomplete bladder emptying is associated with febrile urinary tract infections in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate lower urinary tract dysfunction in pre-toilet trained infants with and without history of febrile UTI (f-UTI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-toilet trained infants with f-UTI (Group 1) from pediatric nephrology and urology clinics, and those without f-UTI (Group 2) from infant-care centers were enrolled for the present study. Infants in Group 1 underwent four-hourly (4-H) observations for at least one month after treatment for UTI. Voided volume (VV) and post-void residual urine (PVR) were measured by weighting diaper and suprapubic ultrasound after finishing voiding, respectively. Average PVR was defined as the mean value of PVR during 4-H observation. Interrupted voiding was defined as two or three voidings within 10 min. Voiding efficiency was defined as VV/(VV+PVR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ages of Group 1 (n=64) and Group 2 infants (n=56) were 10.6±7.5 months vs 10.2±5.1 months, respectively (p=0.70). Group 1 infants had significantly higher voiding frequency (3.0 times±1.2 vs 2.6 times±0.9, p=0.04), average PVR (14.5 ml±14.2 vs 8.9 ml±8.8, p<0.01) and lower voiding efficiency (71.2%±20.5 vs 80.2%±18.5, p=0.01) than Group 2. ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cutoff values for PVR and voiding efficiency to differentiate Group 1 and Group 2 infants were 10 ml and 80%, respectively. Group 1 infants had significantly more repeat elevated PVR (≧10 ml) and repeat low voiding efficiency (≦80%) than Group 2 (44.8% vs 22.4%, p=0.03; 62.0% vs 28.6%, p<0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-toilet trained infants with f-UTI were associated with elevated PVR and lower voiding efficiency than normal controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J-D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan; Medical College of Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S-J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan; Medical College of Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan. Electronic address: krissygnet@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: S S-D
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Infant; Pre-toilet trained; UTI; Urinary tract infection; Voiding dysfunction