title: Recombinant adeno-associated virus utilizes cell-specific infectious entry mechanisms.
abstract: Understanding the entry and trafficking mechanism(s) of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) into host cells can lead to evolution in capsid and vector design and delivery methods, resulting in enhanced transduction and therapeutic gene expression. Variability of findings regarding the early entry pathway of rAAV supports the possibility that rAAV, like other viruses, can utilize more than one infectious entry pathway. We tested whether inhibition of macropinocytosis impacted rAAV transduction of HeLa cells compared to hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. We found that macropinocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin D blocked rAAV transduction of HeLa cells (>2-fold) but enhanced (10-fold) transduction in HepG2 and Huh7 lines. Similar results were obtained with another macropinocytosis inhibitor, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA). The augmented transduction was due to neither viral binding nor promoter activity, affected multiple rAAV serotypes (rAAV2, rAAV2-R585E, and rAAV8), and influenced single-stranded and self-complementary virions to comparable extents. Follow-up studies using CDC42 inhibitor ML141 and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) siRNA knockdown also resulted in enhanced HepG2 transduction. Microscopy revealed that macropinocytosis inhibition correlated with expedited nuclear entry of the rAAV virions into HepG2 cells. Enhancement of hepatocellular rAAV transduction extended to the mouse liver in vivo (4-fold enhancement) but inversely blocked heart tissue transduction (13-fold). This evidence of host cell-specific rAAV entry pathways confers a potent means for controlling and enhancing vector delivery and could help unify the divergent accounts of rAAV cellular entry mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  There is a recognized need for improved rAAV vector targeting strategies that result in delivery of fewer total particles, averting untoward toxicity and/or an immune response against the vector. A critical step in rAAV transduction is entry and early trafficking through the host cellular machinery, the mechanisms of which are under continued study. However, should the early entry and trafficking mechanisms of rAAV differ across virus serotype or be dependent on host cell environment, this could expand our ability to target particular cells and tissue for selective transduction. Thus, the observation that inhibiting macropinocytosis leads to cell-specific enhancement or inhibition of rAAV transduction that extends to the organismic level exposes a new means of modulating vector targeting.
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Aadra P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McLendon
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Chengwen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA rjs@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: R Jude
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Samulski
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D000229:Dependovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D053586:Virus Internalization