title: Injurious tail biting in pigs: how can it be controlled in existing systems without tail docking?
abstract: Tail biting is a serious animal welfare and economic problem in pig production. Tail docking, which reduces but does not eliminate tail biting, remains widespread. However, in the EU tail docking may not be used routinely, and some 'alternative' forms of pig production and certain countries do not allow tail docking at all. Against this background, using a novel approach focusing on research where tail injuries were quantified, we review the measures that can be used to control tail biting in pigs without tail docking. Using this strict criterion, there was good evidence that manipulable substrates and feeder space affect damaging tail biting. Only epidemiological evidence was available for effects of temperature and season, and the effect of stocking density was unclear. Studies suggest that group size has little effect, and the effects of nutrition, disease and breed require further investigation. The review identifies a number of knowledge gaps and promising avenues for future research into prevention and mitigation. We illustrate the diversity of hypotheses concerning how different proposed risk factors might increase tail biting through their effect on each other or on the proposed underlying processes of tail biting. A quantitative comparison of the efficacy of different methods of provision of manipulable materials, and a review of current practices in countries and assurance schemes where tail docking is banned, both suggest that daily provision of small quantities of destructible, manipulable natural materials can be of considerable benefit. Further comparative research is needed into materials, such as ropes, which are compatible with slatted floors. Also, materials which double as fuel for anaerobic digesters could be utilised. As well as optimising housing and management to reduce risk, it is important to detect and treat tail biting as soon as it occurs. Early warning signs before the first bloody tails appear, such as pigs holding their tails tucked under, could in future be automatically detected using precision livestock farming methods enabling earlier reaction and prevention of tail damage. However, there is a lack of scientific studies on how best to respond to outbreaks: the effectiveness of, for example, removing biters and/or bitten pigs, increasing enrichment, or applying substances to tails should be investigated. Finally, some breeding companies are exploring options for reducing the genetic propensity to tail bite. If these various approaches to reduce tail biting are implemented we propose that the need for tail docking will be reduced.
authors.affiliation: 1SRUC,West Mains Road,Edinburgh EH9 3JG,UK.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Eath
authors.affiliation: 1SRUC,West Mains Road,Edinburgh EH9 3JG,UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arnott
authors.affiliation: 1SRUC,West Mains Road,Edinburgh EH9 3JG,UK.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: 3Danish Agriculture & Food Council,Pig Research Centre,Axeltorv 3,1609 Copenhagen V,Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: 3Danish Agriculture & Food Council,Pig Research Centre,Axeltorv 3,1609 Copenhagen V,Denmark.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lahrmann
authors.affiliation: 3Danish Agriculture & Food Council,Pig Research Centre,Axeltorv 3,1609 Copenhagen V,Denmark.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.affiliation: 4MTT Agrifood Research Finland,Economic Research,Kampusranta 9,FI-60320 Seinäjoki,Finland.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Niemi
authors.affiliation: 1SRUC,West Mains Road,Edinburgh EH9 3JG,UK.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Large Animal Sciences and Department of Food and Resource Economics,University of Copenhagen,Grønnegårdsvej 8,1870 Frederiksberg C,Copenhagen,Denmark.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandøe
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000145:classification / Q000600:supply & distribution; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D013037:Spatial Behavior; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D013623:Tail / Q000293:injuries*