title: CNX-013-B2, a unique pan tissue acting rexinoid, modulates several nuclear receptors and controls multiple risk factors of the metabolic syndrome without risk of hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly and body weight gain in animal models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In addition to their role in growth, cellular differentiation and homeostasis Retinoid X Receptors (RXR) regulate multiple physiological and metabolic pathways in various organs that have beneficial glucose and lipid (cholesterol) lowering, insulin sensitizing and anti-obesity effects. Rexinoids, compounds that specifically binds and activate RXR, are therefore considered as potential therapeutics for treating metabolic syndrome. Apparently many of the rexinoids developed in the past increased triglycerides, caused hepatomegaly and also suppressed the thyroid hormone axis. The aim of this study is to evaluate CNX-013-B2, a potent and highly selective rexinoid, for its potential to treat multiple risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  CNX-013-B2 was selected in a screening system designed to identify compounds that selectively activated only a chosen sub-set of heterodimer partners of RXR of importance to treat insulin resistance. Male C57BL/6j mice (n = 10) on high fat diet (HFD) and 16 week old ob/ob mice (n = 8) were treated orally with CNX-013-B2 (10 mg/kg twice daily) or vehicle for 10 weeks and 4 weeks respectively. Measurement of plasma glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol including LDL-C, glycerol, free fatty acids, feed intake, body weight, oral glucose tolerance and non-shivering thermogenesis were performed at selected time points. After study termination such measurements as organ weight, triglyceride content, mRNA levels, protein phosphorylation along with histological analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CNX-013-B2 selectively activates PPARs- α, β/δ and γ and modulates activity of LXR, THR and FXR. In ob/ob mice a significant reduction of 25% in fed glucose (p < 0.001 ), a 14% (p < 0.05) reduction in serum total cholesterol and 18% decrease (p < 0.01) in LDL-C and in DIO mice a reduction of 12% (p < 0.01 ) in fasting glucose, 20% in fed triglyceride (p < 0.01) and total cholesterol (p < 0.001) levels, coupled with enhanced insulin sensitivity, cold induced thermogenesis and 7% reduction in body weight were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CNX-013-B2 is an orally bio available selective rexinoid that can be used as a novel therapeutic agent for management of multiple risk factors of the metabolic syndrome without the risk of side effects reported to be associated with rexinoids.
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Manoj Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sadasivuni
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Bobbili Madhusudhan
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Jaideep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Mammen O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Anup
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Venkategowda
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sunil
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Mudigere N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Lakshmi
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Sivakumaran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yogeshwari
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Suni K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chacko
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Talanki Lokesh
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Pooja
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Anilkumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dandu
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Chandrashekaran
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harish
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Aralakuppe S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gopala
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Shivakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pratibha
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Baisani S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Naveenkumar
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Puttrevana M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pallavi
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Mahesh Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Yoganand
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moolemath
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Baggavalli P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Somesh
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Marikunte V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Venkataranganna
authors.affiliation: Connexios Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Madanahalli R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jagannath
keywords: CHF; Diabetes; Dyslipidemia; Exercise mimetic; Insulin sensitizer; PPAR pan-activator; Steatosis