title: Drug Resistance Mutations Alter Dynamics of Inhibitor-Bound HIV-1 Protease.
abstract: Under the selective pressure of therapy, HIV-1 protease mutants resistant to inhibitors evolve to confer drug resistance. Such mutations can impact both the dynamics and structures of the bound and unbound forms of the enzyme. Flap+ is a multidrug-resistant variant of HIV-1 protease with a combination of primary and secondary resistance mutations (L10I, G48V, I54V, V82A) and a strikingly altered thermodynamic profile for darunavir (DRV) binding relative to the wild-type protease. We elucidated the impact of these mutations on protein dynamics in the DRV-bound state using molecular dynamics simulations and NMR relaxation experiments. Both methods concur in that the conformational ensemble and dynamics of protease are impacted by the drug resistance mutations in Flap+ variant. Surprisingly this change in ensemble dynamics is different from that observed in the unliganded form of the same variant (Cai, Y. et al.J. Chem. Theory Comput.2012,8, 3452-3462). Our comparative analysis of both inhibitor-free and bound states presents a comprehensive picture of the altered dynamics in drug-resistant mutant HIV-1 protease and underlies the importance of incorporating dynamic analysis of the whole system, including the unliganded state, into revealing drug resistance mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Biomedical Science Tower 3 , 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Wazo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Myint
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.
authors.forename: Celia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schiffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Biomedical Science Tower 3 , 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Rieko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ishima
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.
authors.forename: Nese
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurt Yilmaz