title: Reach-to-grasp training in individuals with chronic stroke augmented by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the immediate effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) combined with reach-to-grasp (RTG) training of the paretic hand in individuals with chronic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen participants were randomly assigned to receive LF-rTMS or sham stimulation conditions. All participants underwent RTG training after the stimulation. Corticospinal excitability (CE) of the non-lesioned hemisphere, the total time of the wolf motor function test (WMFT) for dexterity tasks, maximum aperture, and movement time of RTG actions were evaluated at baseline, after the stimulation, and after RTG training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences between interaction (group x time) were found in the total time of WMFT The CE of non-lesioned hemisphere diminished after LF-rTMS and showed moderate correlation with the reduction in time of RTG actions after the stimulation. The total time of WMFT and RTG actions reduced after motor training only in the LF-rTMS group. No change was observed in maximum aperture in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of LF-rTMS combined with RTG training enhanced the training effect as evidenced by faster movement for the dexterity tasks of the paretic hand than RTG training alone. The findings suggested the benefit of LF-rTMS for enhancing the training effects in stroke rehabilitation.
authors.forename: Parinya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vongvaivanichakul
authors.forename: Jarugool
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tretriluxana
authors.forename: Sunee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bovonsunthonchai
authors.forename: Narawut
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pakaprot
authors.forename: Wipawee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Laksanakorn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*