title: Sonographic appearance of thyroid glands in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy or conventional radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to investigate the sonographic appearances of the thyroid glands in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients whose cervical lymph nodes were treated with conventional radiotherapy (RT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). The post-RT sonographic appearances of the thyroid glands in NPC patients were also correlated with the thyroid function.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and three NPC patients who had completed RT of cervical lymph nodes using the anterior cervical field, 30 NPC patients who had completed RT of cervical lymph nodes using IMRT, and 61 healthy subjects were included in the study. Thyroid glands were sonographically assessed for their size, echogenicity, vascularity, and internal architecture. Thyroid function tests were also performed on each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with the patients with abnormal thyroid function, the thyroid glands of the patients with normal thyroid function tended to be homogeneous and to have greater volume and echogenicity index (p < 0.05). Compared with those of the healthy subjects, the thyroid glands of patients previously treated with IMRT and those treated with the anterior cervical field showed significantly lower thyroid volume, lower incidence and number of nodules, and higher vascularity index (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patient's history of previous RT should be taken into consideration in the sonographic examination of the thyroid gland post-RT. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:210-223, 2015.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Sammy C H
authors.initials: SCH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Vincent W C
authors.initials: VWC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Dora L W
authors.initials: DLW
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Laichikok, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Laichikok, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ashley C K
authors.initials: ACK
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Brian C W
authors.initials: BCW
authors.lastname: Kot
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Michael T C
authors.initials: MTC
authors.lastname: Ying
keywords: hypothyroidism; nasopharyngeal carcinoma; radiotherapy; thyroid; ultrasonography