title: Direct costs associated with chronic kidney disease among type 2 diabetic patients in India.
abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate the direct costs of medical care among hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A total of 209 (M:F, 133:76) patients were divided into groups based on the severity of kidney disease. Group 1 subjects had undergone renal transplantation (n = 12), group 2 was CKD patients on hemodialysis (n = 45), group 3 was patients with CKD, prior to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (n = 66), and group 4 (n = 86) consisted of subjects without any complications. Details about expenditure per hospitalization, length of stay during admission, direct medical and nonmedical cost, expenditure for the previous two years, and source of bearing the expenditure were recorded in a questionnaire. Diabetic patients with CKD prior to ESRD spend more per hospitalization than patients without any complications. [Median ₹ 12,664 vs. 3,214]. The total median cost of CKD patients on hemodialysis was significantly higher than other CKD patients (INR 61,170 vs. 12,664). The median cost involved in kidney transplantation was ₹ 392,920. The total expenditure for hospital admissions in two years was significantly higher for dialysis than transplantation. Patients on hemodialysis or kidney transplantation tend to stay longer as inpatient admissions. The source of funds for the expenditure was mainly personal savings (46%). The expenditure on hospital admissions for CKD was considerably higher, and so, there is a need to develop a protocol on a cost-effective strategy for the treatment of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetology, M.V. Hospital for Diabetes and Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes), Royapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satyavani
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetology, M.V. Hospital for Diabetes and Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes), Royapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kothandan
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetology, M.V. Hospital for Diabetes and Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes), Royapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetology, M.V. Hospital for Diabetes and Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes), Royapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; India; cost estimates; type 2 diabetes