title: The blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala, and the house fly, Musca domestica, as mechanical vectors of pathogenic bacteria in Northeast Thailand.
abstract: The Oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and the house fly, Musca domestica L., (Diptera: Muscidae) are synanthropic flies which are adapted to live in close association with human habitations, thereby making them likely mechanical vectors of several pathogens to humans. There were two main aims of this study. The first aim was to determine the prevalence of these two fly species from five types of human habitations including: fresh-food markets, garbage piles, restaurants, school cafeterias and paddy fields, in the Muang Ubon Ratchathani and Warinchamrap districts of Ubon Ratchathani province of Northeast Thailand. Flies collection were conducted monthly from September 2010-October 2011 using a reconstructable funnel trap, containing 1 day-tainted beef offal as bait. A total of 7 750 flies (6 401 C. megacephala and 1 349 M.domestica) were collected. The second aim was to examine the potential of these flies to carry pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria were isolated from 994 individual flies collected using a sweep net (555 C. megacephala and 439 M. domestica). A total of 15 bacterial genera were isolated from the external surfaces, comprising ten genera of gram-negative bacteria and five gram-positive bacteria. The most common bacteria isolated from both species were coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by Streptococcus group D non-enterococci. Human pathogenic enteric bacteria isolated were Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus sp., and Enterococcus sp., of which S. typhi is the first report of isolation from these fly species. Other human pathogens included Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Not only were the number of C. megacephala positive for bacteria significantly higher than for M. domestica, but they were also carrying ~11-12 times greater bacterial load than M. domestica. These data suggest that both fly species should be considered potential mechanical vectors of bacterial pathogens associated with human habitations year-round in this region of Northeast Thailand.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiwong
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Srivoramas
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sueabsamran
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sukontason
authors.affiliation: Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sanford
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sukontason
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D044822:Biodiversity; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004175:Diptera / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D013785:Thailand