title: Images as drivers of progress in cardiac computational modelling.
abstract: Computational models have become a fundamental tool in cardiac research. Models are evolving to cover multiple scales and physical mechanisms. They are moving towards mechanistic descriptions of personalised structure and function, including effects of natural variability. These developments are underpinned to a large extent by advances in imaging technologies. This article reviews how novel imaging technologies, or the innovative use and extension of established ones, integrate with computational models and drive novel insights into cardiac biophysics. In terms of structural characterization, we discuss how imaging is allowing a wide range of scales to be considered, from cellular levels to whole organs. We analyse how the evolution from structural to functional imaging is opening new avenues for computational models, and in this respect we review methods for measurement of electrical activity, mechanics and flow. Finally, we consider ways in which combined imaging and modelling research is likely to continue advancing cardiac research, and identify some of the main challenges that remain to be solved.
authors.affiliation: Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College of London, London, United Kingdom; Dept. Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Pablo.Lamata@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lamata
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casero
authors.affiliation: Dept. Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carapella
authors.affiliation: Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steve A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Niederer
authors.affiliation: Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jürgen E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Dept. Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D056966:Excitation Contraction Coupling / Q000502:physiology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Computational cardiac physiology; Medical imaging