title: Experimental infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus).
abstract: Historically, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) rarely resulted in infection or clinical disease in wild birds. However, since 2002, disease and mortality from natural HPAIV H5N1 infection have been observed in wild birds including gulls. We performed an experimental HPAIV H5N1 infection of black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) to determine their susceptibility to infection and disease from this virus, pattern of viral shedding, clinical signs, pathological changes and viral tissue distribution. We inoculated sixteen black-headed gulls with 1 × 10(4) median tissue culture infectious dose HPAIV H5N1 (A/turkey/Turkey/1/2005) intratracheally and intraesophageally. Birds were monitored daily until 12 days post inoculation (dpi). Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected daily to detect viral shedding. Necropsies from birds were performed at 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 12 dpi. Sampling from selected tissues was done for histopathology, immunohistochemical detection of viral antigen, PCR, and viral isolation. Our study shows that all inoculated birds were productively infected, developed systemic disease, and had a high morbidity and mortality rate. Virus was detected mainly in the respiratory tract on the first days after inoculation, and then concentrated more in pancreas and central nervous system from 4 dpi onwards. Birds shed infectious virus until 7 dpi from the pharynx and 6 dpi from the cloaca. We conclude that black-headed gulls are highly susceptible to disease with a high mortality rate and are thus more likely to act as sentinel species for the presence of the virus than as long-distance carriers of the virus to new geographical areas.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramis
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Amerongen
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van de Bildt
authors.forename: Loneke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leijten
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanderstichel
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
authors.forename: Thijs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuiken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046091:Charadriiformes; D002988:Cloaca / Q000821:virology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000502:physiology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D009426:Netherlands; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000821:virology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D017201:Virus Shedding