title: Detection of AGEs as markers for carbohydrate metabolism and protein denaturation.
abstract: Approximately 100 years have passed since the Maillard reaction was first reported in the field of food chemistry as a condensation reaction between reducing sugars and amino acids. This reaction is thought to progress slowly primarily from glucose with proteins in vivo. An early-stage product, called the "Amadori product", is converted into advanced glycation end products. Those accumulate in the body in accordance with age, with such accumulation being enhanced by lifestyle-related diseases that result in the denaturation of proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated that intermediate carbonyls are generated by several pathways, and rapidly generate many glycation products. However, accurate quantification of glycation products in vivo is difficult due to instability and differences in physicochemical properties. In this connection, little is known about the relationship between the structure of glycation products and pathology. Furthermore, the interaction between proteins modified by glycation and receptors for advanced glycation end products is also known to induce the production of several inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, those inhibitors have been developed over the world to prevent lifestyle-related diseases. In this review, we describe the process of protein denaturation induced by glycation and discuss the possibility of using the process as a marker of age-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food and Regulation Biology Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kawayou, Minamiaso, Aso-gun, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food and Regulation Biology Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kawayou, Minamiaso, Aso-gun, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun-Ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shirakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food and Regulation Biology Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kawayou, Minamiaso, Aso-gun, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Rei-Ichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food and Regulation Biology Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kawayou, Minamiaso, Aso-gun, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Narumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moroishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food and Regulation Biology Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kawayou, Minamiaso, Aso-gun, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan.
authors.forename: Mime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
keywords: AGEs; aging; diabetic complications; glycation; post-translational modification