title: Comparison of trends and outcomes of carotid artery stenting and endarterectomy in the United States, 2001 to 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the controversy regarding whether carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) may be superior for stroke prevention, it is uncertain how recent clinical evidence, guidelines, and reimbursement policies have influenced the volume and outcomes after these procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a serial, cross-sectional study with time trends of patients undergoing CAS (n=124 265) and CEA (n=1 260 647) between 2001 and 2010 from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. During the 10-year period, the frequency of CEA declined, whereas CAS use slowly increased. After multivariate propensity score-matched analysis, CAS was associated with an increased risk of death (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-2.04), stroke (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.23-1.66), and major adverse events including death, stroke, and myocardial infarction (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13-1.39). In asymptomatic patients, there was no significant difference in major adverse events (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.92-1.20; P=0.16 [P <0.001 for interaction between procedure type and symptom status]) between CAS and CEA. Importantly, there was a significant improvement in CAS outcomes during the course of 10 years (reduction in death [OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.49-0.67; P for trend=0.03] and major adverse events [OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.66-0.84; P for trend=0.05] comparing years 2010 versus 2001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In US hospitals between 2001 and 2010, CAS was associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, partly attributable to selection and ascertainment bias. Asymptomatic patients undergoing CAS versus CEA had similar adjusted rates of major adverse events. CAS outcomes improved significantly during the course of the decade likely attributable to improvements in patient selection, operator skills, and technological advancements.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.). luk9003@med.cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Luke K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Rajesh V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Swaminathan
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Minutello
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Okin
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Min Kyeong
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Xuming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: S Chiu
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Veerasathpurush
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Allareddy
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Harsimran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital (L.K.K., D.C.Y., R.V.S., R.M.M., P.M.O., S.C.W., G.B., H.S., D.N.F.); Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (M.K.L.); Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (X.S.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital-University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (D.J.M.); and Department of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City (V.A.).
authors.forename: Dmitriy N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000401:mortality / Q000639:trends; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000401:mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012306:Risk; D015983:Selection Bias; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
keywords: carotid artery diseases; endarterectomy, carotid