title: Effects of chitosan on oxidative stress and related factors in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: In recent world-wide studies, chitosans were tested as a dietary supplement for inhibiting the absorption of certain lipids and bile acids. We previously demonstrated the antioxidative and renoprotective potential of chitosan supplementation in chronic renal failure using 5/6 nephrectomized rats. In this study, we report the effects of chitosan on oxidative stress and related factors in hemodialysis patients. The ingestion of chitosan over a 12-week period resulted in a significant decrease in serum indoxyl sulfate and phosphate levels, compared with the levels prior to the start of the study. The ingestion of chitosan also resulted in a lowered ratio of oxidized to reduced albumin and a decrease in the level of advanced oxidized protein products. In in vitro studies, chitosan solutions were found to bind 38.5% of the indoxyl sulfate and 17.8% of the phosphate, respectively. Further, the oxidized albumin ratio was correlated with serum indoxyl sulfate levels in vivo. These results suggest that the ingestion of chitosan results in a significant reduction in the levels of pro-oxidants, which include uremic toxins, in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby inhibiting the subsequent development of oxidative stress in the systemic circulation. In addition, the long-term ingestion of chitosan has the potential for use in treating hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan. Electronic address: anraku@ph.sojo-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anraku
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Akebono Clinic, 5-1-1 Shirafuji-machi, Kumamoto 861-4112, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiraga
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagumo
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imafuku
authors.affiliation: Nippon Kayaku Food Techno Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-1208, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maezaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iohara
authors.affiliation: DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaneto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uekama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan. Electronic address: motagiri@ph.sojo-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otagiri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D048271:Chitosan / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D054559:Hyperphosphatemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007200:Indican / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010710:Phosphates; D012709:Serum Albumin; D048271:Chitosan; D007200:Indican
keywords: Antioxidant; Binding; Chitosan; Oxidative stress; Renal failure