title: Environmental tobacco smoke exposure among smokers and non-smokers receiving outpatient substance abuse treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) has been linked to numerous health problems. While research has demonstrated high prevalence of tobacco use among individuals receiving treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs), no studies have examined ETS among individuals receiving treatment for SUDs, paying specific attention to non-smokers who may be at risk for high exposure to ETS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=261) enrolled in outpatient substance abuse treatment completed a survey, in which 14 items were used to quantify ETS exposure and smoking policies across several environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among smokers, 85% reported that their significant others also smoked as compared to 15% among non-smokers (χ(2)=6.624, p<.05). A logistic regression examined the characteristics that predicted smoking in the home. The overall model was significant, (χ(2)=36.046, p<.0005) with variables that independently predicted smoking in the home included having less than a high school diploma, being female, and living with a smoker. Income, age, and living with children were not found to be significant. Overall, 42% white collar workers 26% of service workers and 30% of blue collar workers reported no exposure to ETS. Sixty-seven percent of smokers strongly agreed or agreed that the hazards of secondhand smoke have been clearly demonstrated versus 58% of non-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers and non-smokers enrolled in outpatient substance abuse treatment are frequently exposed to ETS at home, work, and in social settings. The dangers of ETS should be addressed among this population through education, smoke-free policies, and cessation resources, with help from their treatment facility.
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati, School of Social Work, United States. Electronic address: acquavsa@ucmail.uc.edu.
authors.forename: Shauna P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Acquavita
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Doughty St., Suite 190, Charleston, SC 29407, United States.
authors.forename: Erin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, 3255 Eden Avenue, 141 Health Professions Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0582, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hargraves
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stitzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Environmental tobacco smoke; Smoking bans; Substance abuse