title: Tranexamic Acid Reduces Blood Loss and Transfusion in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty without Tourniquet: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood loss during and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can lead to substantial morbidity and the need for blood transfusions. There are several methods to minimize blood loss and to decrease transfusion rates in patients undergoing TKA. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent with known efficacy for achieving these goals. Currently, many surgeons are performing TKA without the use of tourniquet. Consequently, the aim of the study is to evaluate whether tranexamic acid reduces blood loss during and after TKA without the adjunctive use of above-the-knee tourniquet.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective randomized controlled trial (1:1 fashion) on the use of tranexamic acid versus placebo in 50 patients undergoing TKA (without tourniquet). The treatment group received two (preoperative and postoperative) 15 mg/kg doses. The primary endpoint was blood transfusion rate. We collected data about demographic and procedural characteristics, hemoglobin and hematocrit values, drain blood loss at 24 hours as well as adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no transfusions in the treatment group, whereas 32% of the control group required transfusion (p<0.01). The treatment group had higher hematocrit and hemoglobin levels at 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery (all p<0.01) and lower drain loss at 24hours (363.4±141 vs 626±260ml, p=<0,001). There were no in-hospital or six-month thromboembolic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A double-dose of tranexamic acid was safe and effective, reducing blood loss and preventing the need of blood transfusion in patients undergoing TKA without above-the-need tourniquet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Sirio Libanés, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bidolegui
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Instituto Argentino de Diagnostico y Tratamiento (IADT), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arce
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Sirio Libanés, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lugones
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Sirio Libanés, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Sirio Libanés, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vindver
keywords: Above-the-knee tourniquet; bleeding; blood transfusion; total knee arthroplasty; tranexamic acid.