title: A spatial simulation model for dengue virus infection in urban areas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The World Health Organization estimates that the global number of dengue infections range between 80-100 million per year, with some studies estimating approximately three times higher numbers. Furthermore, the geographic range of dengue virus transmission is extending with the disease now occurring more frequently in areas such as southern Europe. Ae. aegypti, one of the most prominent dengue vectors, is endemic to the far north-east of Australia and the city of Cairns frequently experiences dengue outbreaks which sometimes lead to large epidemics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A spatially-explicit, individual-based mathematical model that accounts for the spread of dengue infection as a result of human movement and mosquito dispersion is presented. The model closely couples the four key sub-models necessary for representing the overall dynamics of the physical system, namely those describing mosquito population dynamics, human movement, virus transmission and vector control. Important features are the use of high quality outbreak data and mosquito trapping data for calibration and validation and a strategy to derive local mosquito abundance based on vegetation coverage and census data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model has been calibrated using detailed 2003 dengue outbreak data from Cairns, together with census and mosquito trapping data, and is shown to realistically reproduce a further dengue outbreak. The simulation results replicating the 2008/2009 Cairns epidemic support several hypotheses (formulated previously) aimed at explaining the large-scale epidemic which occurred in 2008/2009; specifically, while warmer weather and increased human movement had only a small effect on the spread of the virus, a shorter virus strain-specific extrinsic incubation time can explain the observed explosive outbreak of 2008/2009.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proof-of-concept simulation model described in this study has potential as a tool for understanding factors contributing to dengue spread as well as planning and optimizing dengue control, including reducing the Ae. aegypti vector population and for estimating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of future vaccination programmes. This model could also be applied to other vector borne viral diseases such as chikungunya, also spread by Ae. aegypti and, by re-parameterisation of the vector sub-model, to dengue and chikungunya viruses spread by Aedes albopictus.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Nilimesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.forename: Joel K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kelso
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. george.milne@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Milne
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014504:Urban Health; D014887:Weather