title: Electrospun polyurethane/hydroxyapatite bioactive scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: the role of solvent and hydroxyapatite particles.
abstract: Polyurethane (PU) is a promising polymer to support bone-matrix producing cells due to its durability and mechanical resistance. In this study two types of medical grade poly-ether urethanes Z3A1 and Z9A1 and PU-Hydroxyapatite (PU-HA) composites were investigated for their ability to act as a scaffold for tissue engineered bone. PU dissolved in varying concentrations of dimethylformamide (DMF) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvents were electrospun to attain scaffolds with randomly orientated non-woven fibres. Bioactive polymeric composite scaffolds were created using 15 wt% Z3A1 in a 70/30 DMF/THF PU solution and incorporating micro- or nano-sized HA particles in a ratio of 3:1 respectively, whilst a 25 wt% Z9A1 PU solution was doped in ratio of 5:1. Chemical properties of the resulting composites were evaluated by FTIR and physical properties by SEM. Tensile mechanical testing was carried out on all electrospun scaffolds. MLO-A5 osteoblastic mouse cells and human embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cells, hES-MPs were seeded on the scaffolds to test their biocompatibility and ability to support mineralised matrix production over a 28 day culture period. Cell viability was assayed by MTT and calcium and collagen deposition by Sirius red and alizarin red respectively. SEM images of both electrospun PU scaffolds and PU-HA composite scaffolds showed differences in fibre morphology with changes in solvent combinations and size of HA particles. Inclusion of THF eliminated the presence of beads in fibres that were present in scaffolds fabricated with 100% DMF solvent, and resulted in fibres with a more uniform morphology and thicker diameters. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the Young׳s Modulus and yield strength was lower at higher THF concentrations. Inclusion of both sizes of HA particles in PU-HA solutions reinforced the scaffolds leading to higher mechanical properties, whilst FTIR characterisation confirmed the presence of HA in all composite scaffolds. Although all scaffolds supported proliferation of both cell types and deposition of calcified matrix, PU-HA composite fibres containing nano-HA enabled the highest cell viability and collagen deposition. These scaffolds have the potential to support bone matrix formation for bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tetteh
authors.affiliation: Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Delaine-Smith
authors.affiliation: Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK. Electronic address: g.reilly@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK.
authors.forename: I U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Rehman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D004126:Dimethylformamide / Q000737:chemistry; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D005663:Furans / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012997:Solvents; C018674:tetrahydrofuran; D004126:Dimethylformamide; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Electrospinning; FTIR characterisation; Hydroxyapatite; Mesenchymal stem cell; Osteoblast; Polyurethane