title: Sizing firefighters: method and implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reports new anthropometric information of U.S. firefighters for fire apparatus design applications (Study 1) and presents a data method to assist in firefighter anthropometric data usage for research-to-practice propositions (Study 2).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Up-to-date anthropometric information of the U.S. firefighter population is needed for updating ergonomic and safety specifications for fire apparatus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified sampling plan of three-age by three-race/ethnicity combinations was used to collect anthropometric data of 863 male and 88 female firefighters across the U.S. regions; 71 anthropometric dimensions were measured (Study I). Differences among original, weighted, and normality transformed data from Study 1 were compared to allowable observer errors (Study 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, male firefighters were 9.8 kg heavier and female firefighters were 29 mm taller than their counterparts in the general U.S. population. They also have larger upper-body builds than those of the general U.S. population. The data in weighted, unweighted, and normality transformed modes were compatible among each other with a few exceptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data obtained in this study provide the first available U.S. national firefighter anthropometric information for fire apparatus designs. The data represent the demographic characteristics of the current firefighter population and, except for a few dimensions, can be directly employed into fire apparatus design applications without major weighting or nonnormality concerns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The up-to-date firefighter anthropometric data and data method will benefit the design of future fire apparatus and protective equipment, such as seats, body restraints, cabs, gloves, and bunker gear.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whitestone
authors.forename: Tsui-Ying
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Kau
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whisler
authors.forename: J Gordon
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Routley
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilbur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D061388:Firefighters / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult