title: Robotics and regional anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robots in regional anesthesia are used as a tool to automate the performance of regional techniques reducing the anesthesiologist's workload and improving patient care. The purpose of this review is to show the latest findings in robotic regional anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature separates robots in anesthesia into two groups: pharmacological robots and manual robots. Pharmacological robots are mainly closed-loop systems that help in the titration of anesthetic drugs to patients undergoing surgery. Manual robots are mechanical robots that are used to support or replace the manual gestures performed by anesthesiologists. Although in the last decade researchers have focused on the development of decision support systems and closed-loop systems, more recent evidence supports the concept that robots can also be useful in performing regional anesthesia techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robots can improve the performance and safety in regional anesthesia. In this review, we present the developments made in robotic and automated regional anesthesia, and discuss the current state of research in this field.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada bDepartment of Anesthesia, University Pisa, Pisa, Italy cDepartment of Anesthesia, Division of Experimental Surgery & Arnold and Blema Steinberg Medical Simulation Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wehbe
authors.forename: Marilu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giacalone
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hemmerling
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics