title: Mini-review: perspective of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: The microbiome is a new center of attention for studies on the pathogenesis of human disease by focusing on the alterations of all microorganisms living in a particular site or system of human body, referred as microbiota. Evidence suggests that microbiota could contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of chronic diseases, including cancers, both locally and remotely. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed and/or proven for the microbiota's role in tumorigenesis, such as via induction of chronic inflammation, genotoxicity, bacterium-mediated cell proliferation, and activation of procarcinogens. Emerging data suggest that indigenous microbiota in the urinary tract may play an important role in the tumorigenesis of urothelial carcinoma, similar to other tumors. Future studies are needed to adequately define the microbiota composition and correlate its change with urothelial carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Weisheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY ; Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY ; Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY ; Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Gene by Gene, Ltd. Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nossa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Yingfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Fang-Ming
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY ; Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY ; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY ; Department of NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY ; Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Zhiheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pei
keywords: Microbiome; bladder cancer; microbiota; urothelial carcinoma