title: A Pilot Study on Pain and the Upregulation of Myoglobin through Low-frequency and High-amplitude Electrical Stimulation-induced Muscle Contraction.
abstract: [Purpose] It is well known that, in both in vivo and in vitro tests, muscle fatigue is produced by severe exercise, electrical stimulation, and so on. However, it is not clear whether or not low-frequency and high-amplitude modulation specifically affects serum myoglobin or urine myoglobin. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of low-frequency and high-amplitude modulation on serum myoglobin and urine myoglobin. [Methods] The study used whole blood samples and urine produced over 24 hours from the thirteen healthy subjects. [Results] There was a significant increase in serum myoglobin following electrical stimulation at a frequency of 10 Hz compared with the control group. Furthermore, within 24 hours, urine myoglobin also showed a significant increase for the test volunteers subjected to electrical stimulation at the 10 Hz frequency compared with the control group. However, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of hematologic results in subjects treated with electrical stimulation. [Conclusion] These results suggest that increased myoglobin related to muscle fatigue from electrical stimulation, particularly with a current of 10 Hz combined with a high-amplitude, may be partially related to increased muscle damage.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Lim-Kyu
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mee-Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Uk
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Deok
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Woong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Department of Taekwondo Instructor Education, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Taek-Yong
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Judo Training, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Combative Martial Arts Training, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Hyun
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Combative Martial Arts Training, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Welfare, Yongin University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Junghwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: High-amplitude electrical stimulation; Myoglobin; Pain