title: Reduction of an E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella composite on fresh strawberries by varying antimicrobial washes and vacuum perfusion.
abstract: A 2011 outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis, which resulted in the death of two individuals, was associated with contaminated strawberries. A study was conducted to identify antimicrobial washes effective at reducing E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica from the surface of fresh whole strawberries during two-minute immersion washes. Twenty-seven antimicrobial treatments were tested. Vacuum perfusion was applied to strawberries during chlorine and peracetic acid treatments to promote infiltration of sanitizer into porous strawberry tissue. Strawberries were inoculated to 7.1logCFU/strawberry with a seven-strain bacterial composite, consisting of three strains of E. coli O157:H7 and four serovars of Salmonella enterica. Berries were air-dried for 2h and immersed in circulating antimicrobial solutions for 120s at 22°C. Four treatments reduced ≥3.0logCFU/strawberry, including (a) 1% acetic acid+1% H2O2, (b) 30% ethanol+1% H2O2, (c) 90ppm peracetic acid, and (d) 1% lactic acid+1% H2O2. Two additional treatments that reduced 2.8logCFU/strawberry were (a) 40% ethanol, and (b) 1% each of phosphoric+fumaric acids. Eight treatments reduced 2.0-2.6logCFU/strawberry. Five treatments reduced <1.45CFU/strawberry, including (a) 1% citric acid, (b) 1% lactic acid, (c) 1% acetic acid, (d) 0.5% each of acetic+citric acids and (e) 0.5% each of acetic+lactic acids. The use of vacuum perfusion with 200ppm chlorine or 90ppm peracetic acid did not reduce greater populations of pathogens than did the same treatments without vacuum perfusion. Fourteen treatments reduced no more pathogens (p<0.05) than did sterile deionized water. Results from this study provide some options for end-point decontamination of strawberries for retail operations just prior to serving to customers.
authors.affiliation: Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551, United States. Electronic address: joshua.gurtler@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Gurtler
authors.affiliation: Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Residue Chemistry and Predictive Microbiology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Tony Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Residue Chemistry and Predictive Microbiology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Xuetong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D031985:Fragaria / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010463:Peracetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000431:Ethanol; D002713:Chlorine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010463:Peracetic Acid
keywords: Antimicrobial; E. coli O157:H7; Salmonella; Sanitizer; Strawberry