title: Potentially inappropriate medication use in older patients in Swiss managed care plans: prevalence, determinants and association with hospitalization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence and determinants of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use and association with hospitalizations in an elderly managed care population in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using health care claims data of four health insurers for a sample of managed care patients 65 years of age and older to compare persons on PIM with persons not on PIM. Beers' 2012 and PRISCUS criteria were used to determine the potential inappropriateness of prescribed medications. The sample included 16'490 elderly patients on PIM and 33'178 patients not on PIM in the time period of January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2012. Prevalence estimates are standardized to the population of Switzerland. Associations between PIM and hospitalizations were examined by multivariate Cox regression analyses controlling for possible confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated prevalence of PIM use in our managed care sample was 22.5%. Logistic regression analysis showed that number of different medications used in the previous year, total costs in the previous year and hospitalization in the previous year all significantly increased the likelihood of receiving PIM. Multiple Cox regression analysis revealed that those on cumulative levels of PIM use acted significantly as a factor related to greater hospitalization rates: the adjusted HR was 1.13 (95% CI 1.07-1.19) for 1 PIM, 1.27 (95% CI 1.19-1.35) for 2 PIM, 1.35 (95% CI 1.22-1.50) for 3 PIM, and 1.63 (95% CI 1.40-1.90) for more than 3 PIM compared to no PIM use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of PIM in managed care health plans are widely found but seem to be much lower than rates of non-managed care plans. Furthermore, our study revealed a significant association with adverse outcomes in terms of hospitalizations. These findings stress the need for further development of interventions to decrease drug-related problems and manage patients with multiple chronic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Helsana Group, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Helsana Group, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rapold
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blozik
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Senn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000592:standards*; D019338:Polypharmacy; D000067561:Potentially Inappropriate Medication List / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology