title: Fungal diversity, incidence and mycotoxin contamination in grapes from two agro-climatic Spanish regions with emphasis on Aspergillus species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fourteen vineyards from two different agro-climatic regions in Spain were sampled in two consecutive years in order to determinate the grape mycobiota and diversity indexes with the final aim to define the potential mycotoxigenic species from both regions and their relationship.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common fungal genera encountered were Aspergillus (30.0%), Alternaria (53.2%), Cladosporium (11.9%) and Penicillium (2.9%). Black aspergilli presence in the hotter region (south) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the northeast in both years. Among black aspergilli, A. tubingensis seemed to be the better adapted species to environmental conditions, while A. carbonarius was the main potentially ochratoxigenic species in both regions and years, owing to the most relevant percentage of ochratoxigenic isolates. Ochratoxin A (OTA)-positive musts were only detected from southern vineyards, although contamination was always lower than 0.1 µg L(-1) . Finally, none of black aspergilli tested produced fumonisins (FBs) on Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), while 63% of A. niger tested produced FB2 when inoculated on CYA20S, reaching 100% of isolates from the south.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Climate change scenarios in southern Europe point to an increase in temperature and drought. This could promote particularly adapted species such as A. niger, decreasing OTA risk, but this could lead to an increase in FB2 presence.
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Cela
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crespo-Sempere
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gil-Serna
authors.forename: Aleix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porqueres
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marin
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D044822:Biodiversity; D002963:Cladosporium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002980:Climate; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010407:Penicillium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013030:Spain; D013696:Temperature; D027843:Vitis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A
keywords: climate change; fumonisin B2; fungi; grape; ochratoxin A; wine