title: Ophthalmic imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The last two decades have seen a revolution in ophthalmic imaging. In this review we present an overview of the breadth of ophthalmic imaging modalities in use today and describe how the role of ophthalmic imaging has changed from documenting abnormalities visible on clinical examination to the detection of clinically silent abnormalities which can lead to an earlier and more precise diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is based on published literature in the fields of ophthalmic imaging and with focus on most commonly used imaging modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New imaging techniques enable non-invasive evaluation of ocular structures at a resolution of a few micrometres. This has led to a re-evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ocular disease, which were previously defined by clinical findings without significant reference to imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lack of formal training and clinical guidelines regarding use of new imaging techniques in diagnosing and monitoring various ocular conditions. Lack of large normative databases and interchangeability issues between different commercial machines can hinder the detection of disease progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imaging devices are being constantly refined with improved image capture and image analysis tools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical applications of new techniques and devices have yet to be determined using systematic scientific research methods.
authors.affiliation: NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre (Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology), London, UK.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ilginis
authors.affiliation: NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre (Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology), London, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre (Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology), London, UK praveen.patel@moorfields.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Praveen J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods
keywords: fluorescein angiography; fundus autofluorescence; indocyanine green angiography; ophthalmic imaging; optical coherence tomography; scanning laser ophthalmoscope