title: Trigeminal induced arousals during human sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arousals caused by external stimuli during human sleep have been studied for most of the sensorial systems. It could be shown that a pure nasal trigeminal stimulus leads to arousals during sleep. The frequency of arousals increases dependent on the stimulus concentration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different stimulus durations on arousal frequency during different sleep stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten young healthy volunteers with 20 nights of polysomnography were included in the study. Pure trigeminal stimulation with both different concentrations of CO2 (0, 10, 20, 40% v/v) and different stimulus durations (1, 3, 5, and 10 s) were applied during different sleep stages to the volunteers using an olfactometer. The application was performed during different sleep stages (light sleep, deep sleep, REM sleep).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of arousals increased with rising stimulus duration and stimulus concentration during each sleep stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trigeminal stimuli during sleep led to arousals in dose- and time-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany, hno@heiser-online.com.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heiser
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baja
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: J Ulrich
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hörmann
authors.forename: Raphael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: Boris A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Stuck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000294:innervation; D064367:Olfactometry; D017286:Polysomnography; D011897:Random Allocation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide