title: Psychometric assessment of the craving to tan questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Researchers and clinicians suggest that excessive tanning may be a behavioral addiction. Given the significance of craving in substance use, craving may be a useful construct to assess in those who tan.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We designed this study to assess the psychometric properties of an alcohol craving measure adapted to measure past-week craving to tan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undergraduate students (n = 421) who reported past-month tanning completed a battery of questionnaires that assessed demographics, tanning-related characteristics, and psychopathology, in addition to the Craving to Tan Questionnaire (CTQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses provided support for a single factor CTQ with good internal consistency, construct validity and convergent validity. CTQ scores were significantly higher among problematic versus non-problematic and dependent versus non-dependent tanners. CTQ scores were also associated with several tanning-related characteristics, such money spent on tanning in a typical month, frequency of tanning, and frequency of tanning-related problems. Additional analyses found that past-week craving to tan was significantly associated with greater obsessive compulsive and body dysmorphic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be useful in clinical settings to identify those experiencing problems with tanning and in research to further clarify the conceptualization of addiction-like tanning. However, the CTQ needs further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, OH .
authors.forename: Lisham
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ashrafioun
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bonar
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055108:Sunbathing / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Craving; questionnaire; tanning; university students