title: Resistance to cigarette smoke is increased in periodontal ligament cells by attachment to collagen and fibronectin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The toxic effects of cigarette smoke often presents in smokers as increased incidence and severity of periodontal disease. These patients demonstrate symptomatic inflammation, increased probing depth, and tooth loss likely attributable to the direct effects of cigarette smoke on periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. The goal of this in vitro study is to investigate the direct effects of smoking on PDL fibroblasts, focusing on cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and cell survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  PDL cells were plated for various times on tissue culture plastic, PDL-derived ECMs, collagen Type I, or fibronectin. Cells were exposed to various concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) at different times during the cell attachment process. Subsequently, cell survival was quantified using calcein-acetoxymethyl ester compound and a fluorescent plate reader.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exposure to CSE, PDL cell survival increased with increased cell attachment time to plastic. These observations were independent of soluble factors present in PDL cell-conditioned media. PDL-derived ECMs and collagen Type I-pretreated plates promoted increased cell survival after 1 day of cell attachment. Fibronectin-pretreated plates demonstrated increased cell survival after 3 days of cell attachment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell-ECM interactions increase survival of PDL cells exposed to CSE. It is suggested that the increased survival is attributable to PDL cells altering their ECM, potentially by depositing collagen and fibronectin. This may imply that cells embedded in an ECM would be more resistant to the toxic effects of cigarette smoke, leading to increased cell death near the exposed edges of a wound.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Lallier
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maturin
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stoute
authors.forename: Tyrous
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D014026:Nicotiana; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005353:Fibronectins; D012906:Smoke; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Cell biology; collagen; connective tissue; fibroblasts; fibronectins; smoking