title: The four-year course of major depressive disorder: the role of staging and risk factor determination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much is still unclear about the mechanisms underlying the course of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to identify risk factors that predict a poor prognosis of MDD while taking into consideration its chronicity at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients with MDD (n = 767), we examined whether baseline clinical factors, sociodemographics, childhood trauma, personality and life events predicted the 4-year course (i.e., sustained recovery, temporary recovery and chronic course) of MDD. Baseline chronicity of MDD was taken into account by testing whether associations were different for patients with nonchronic versus chronic MDD at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with nonchronic MDD at baseline, 27.8% developed a chronic disorder during follow-up, whereas 53.0% of patients with chronic MDD at baseline had a persistent chronic disorder during follow-up. Severity of MDD, childhood trauma and greater age were important general risk factors for a poor prognosis, independent of MDD chronicity at baseline. In contrast, low extraversion was only important for the course of nonchronic MDD at baseline, while higher education and negative life events (in patients with high neuroticism) were only relevant for the course of chronic MDD at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One out of 4 patients with nonchronic MDD progressed to a chronic disorder, while half of the patients with chronic MDD remained chronic during follow-up. Since several risk factors for a poor prognosis differed for patients with nonchronic and chronic MDD at baseline, treatment targets should be adjusted for current chronicity of MDD.
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE)/University Center Psychiatry (UCP), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen.
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boschloo
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schoevers
authors.forename: Aartjan T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Albert M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Hemert
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors