title: A novel protocol of continuous navigation guidance for endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although considered a standard neurosurgical procedure, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is associated with a relatively high complication rate that is predominantly related to malpositioning of the trajectory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop an advanced navigation protocol for ETV, assess its possible benefits over commonly used ETV trajectories, and apply this protocol during surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  After development of our advanced protocol, the imaging data of 59 patients who underwent ETV without navigation guidance was transferred to our navigation software. An individualized endoscope trajectory was created according to our protocol in all cases. This trajectory was compared with 2 standard trajectories, especially with regard to the distance to relevant neuronal structures: a trajectory manually measured on preoperative radiological images, as performed in all 59 cases, and a trajectory resulting from a commonly used fixed coronal burr hole. Subsequently, we applied the protocol in 15 ETVs to assess the feasibility and procedural complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our individualized trajectory resulted in a significantly greater distance to the margins of the foramen of Monro, and the burr hole was located more posteriorly from the coronal suture in comparison with the standard trajectories. The advanced ETV technique was feasible in all 15 procedures, and no major complications occurred in any procedure. In 1 patient, a fornix contusion without clinical correlation was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that the proposed navigation protocol for ETV optimizes the distance of the endoscope to important neuronal structures. Continuous endoscope and puncture device guidance may further add to the safety of this procedure.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Neurosurgery, and ‡Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; §Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Moreno
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.forename: Aygül
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mert
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kiesel
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bukaty
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Furtner
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reinprecht
authors.forename: Engelbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Knosp
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolfsberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D020542:Third Ventricle; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult