title: Prevalence of sinonasal disease in children with Juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children and is caused by a multitude of well-studied disorders. However, the association between JIA and/or its treatment and sinonasal inflammatory disease (SNID) has never been studied. We therefore investigated this relationship to gain more insight into burdening pathologies connected to JIA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective evaluation according to the Lund-Mackay score of cone-beam computed tomography scans (CBCT) performed in 70 children affected by JIA and compared to CBCT scans of 124 healthy controls was conducted. The prevalence of sinonasal opacification and adenoid hypertrophy in patients affected with JIA was compared with findings obtained in unaffected children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  JIA was significantly associated with SNID (P = .030). Of patients with JIA, 18.6% had SNID, whereas in children without JIA, only 8.1% had SNID. The odds ratio values were 5.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.90-15.26) for treated and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.18-4.83) for untreated JIA. No clear difference was found depending on the duration of JIA. No association was found between adenoid hypertrophy and SNID (P = .816).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that JIA patients, especially when undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, should be subjected to an ear, nose, and throat evaluation. A prospective study including clinical evaluation would be of the utmost importance to provide evidence on which to base comprehensive healthcare for these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  3b.
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Head and Neck Department, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Institutes for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pipolo
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turati
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cressoni
authors.forename: Giampietro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Farronato
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Angiero
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Garagiola
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Di Pasquale
authors.forename: Alberto M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saibene
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Felisati
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000293:Adolescent; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis; Lund-Mackay score; adenoid hypertrophy; cone beam computed tomography; sinonasal disease; sinusitis