title: Influence of a prudent diet on circulating cathepsin S in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased circulating cathepsin S levels have been linked to increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. However, whether cathepsin S is a modifiable risk factor is unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of a prudent diet on plasma cathepsin S levels in healthy individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Explorative analyses of a randomized study were performed in 88 normal to slightly overweight and hyperlipidemic men and women (aged 25 to 65) that were randomly assigned to ad libitum prudent diet, i.e. healthy Nordic diet (ND) or a control group (habitual Western diet) for 6 weeks. Whereas all foods in the ND were provided, the control group was advised to consume their habitual diet throughout the study. The ND was in line with dietary recommendations, e.g. low in saturated fats, sugars and salt, but high in plant-based foods rich in fibre and unsaturated fats.The ND significantly decreased cathepsin S levels (from 20.1 (+/-4.0 SD) to 19.7 μg/L (+/-4.3 SD)) compared with control group (from 18.2 (+/-2.9 SD) to 19.1 μg/L (+/-3.8 SD)). This difference remained after adjusting for sex and change in insulin sensitivity (P = 0.03), and near significant after adjusting for baseline cathepsin S levels (P = 0.06), but not for change in weight or LDL-C. Changes in cathepsin S levels were directly correlated with change in LDL-C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with a habitual control diet, a provided ad libitum healthy Nordic diet decreased cathepsin S levels in healthy individuals, possibly mediated by weight loss or lowered LDL-C. These differences between groups in cathepsin S were however not robust and therefore need further investigation.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jobs
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Adamsson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jobs
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nerpin
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingelsson
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ärnlöv
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala Science Park, Sweden. ulf.riserus@pubcare.uu.se.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Risérus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D066273:Diet, Western; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000178:diet therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009752:Nutritional Status; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D014280:Triglycerides; D002403:Cathepsins; C028217:cathepsin S