title: [60]Fullerene derivative modulates adenosine and metabotropic glutamate receptors gene expression: a possible protective effect against hypoxia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter, is involved in learning and memory processes but at higher concentration results excitotoxic causing degeneration and neuronal death. Adenosine is a nucleoside that exhibit neuroprotective effects by modulating of glutamate release. Hypoxic and related oxidative conditions, in which adenosine and metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved, have been demonstrated to contribute to neurodegenerative processes occurring in certain human pathologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) were used to evaluate the long time (24, 48 and 72 hours) effects of a [60]fullerene hydrosoluble derivative (t3ss) as potential inhibitor of hypoxic insult. Low oxygen concentration (5% O2) caused cell death, which was avoided by t3ss exposure in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, gene expression analysis by real time PCR of adenosine A1, A2A and A2B and metabotropic glutamate 1 and 5 receptors revealed that t3ss significantly increased A1 and mGlu1 expression in hypoxic conditions. Moreover, t3ss prevented the hypoxia-induced increase in A2A mRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As t3ss causes overexpression of adenosine A1 and metabotropic glutamate receptors which have been shown to be neuroprotective, our results point to a radical scavenger protective effect of t3ss through the enhancement of these neuroprotective receptors expression. Therefore, the utility of these nanoparticles as therapeutic target to avoid degeneration and cell death of neurodegenerative diseases is suggested.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giust
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Da Ros
authors.forename: Mairena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Albasanz
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; D020011:Protective Agents; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D000241:Adenosine; C069837:fullerene C60