title: Immunization against a merozoite sheddase promotes multiple invasion of red blood cells and attenuates Plasmodium infection in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subtilisin-like protease 2 (SUB2) is a conserved serine protease utilized by Plasmodium parasites as a surface sheddase required for successful merozoite invasion of host red blood cells and has been implicated in ookinete invasion of the mosquito midgut. To determine if SUB2 is a suitable vaccine target to interfere with malaria parasite development, the effects of SUB2-immunization on the Plasmodium life cycle were examined in its vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swiss Webster mice were immunized with SUB2 peptides conjugated to Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or KLH alone, and then challenged with Plasmodium berghei. To determine the effects of immunization on parasite development, infected mice were evaluated by blood film and Giemsa staining. In addition, collected immune sera were used to perform passive immunization experiments in non-immunized, P. berghei-infected mice to determine the potential role of SUB2 in parasite development in the mosquito.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following P. berghei challenge, SUB2-immunized mice develop a lower parasitaemia and show improved survival when compared to control immunized mice. Moreover, SUB2 immunization results in an increase in the number of multiply invaded red blood cells, suggesting that SUB2 antibodies interfere with merozoite invasion. Passive immunization experiments imply that SUB2 may not have a major role in ookinete invasion, but this requires further investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By interfering with red blood cell invasion, immunization against SUB2 limits malaria parasite development and confers protection from severe malaria. Together, these results provide proof-of-principle evidence for future investigation into the use of SUB2 as a vaccine or drug target to interrupt parasite development in more relevant human malaria models.
authors.forename: Ryan C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Daisy D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Colón-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. jbosch@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bosch
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D008288:Malaria / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D052940:Merozoites / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000276:immunology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D020860:Subtilisin; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D017780:Malaria Vaccines; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D020860:Subtilisin