title: A health risk assessment of reclaimed municipal wastewater for industrial and miscellaneous use.
abstract: The study evaluated the safety of reclaimed water using health risk assessment and biotoxicity tests. The reclaimed water was produced from reverse osmosis and used in industrial and miscellaneous purposes. The health risk assessment was conducted based on the concentrations of detectable pollutants in reclaimed water in a hypothetical scenario. The estimated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks are lower than the generally accepted level. Biotoxicity evaluation included three genotoxicity tests, a chronic toxicity test using medaka fishes, and a subchronic toxicity test using mice. The reclaimed water is not genetically toxic, and does not cause significant chronic effects on these model organisms. These results confirm the safety of using reclaimed water from municipal wastewater treatment plants.
authors.affiliation: Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.) E-mail: cpchu@sinotech.org.tw.
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.) E-mail: cpchu@sinotech.org.tw.
authors.forename: Y D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.) E-mail: cpchu@sinotech.org.tw.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.) E-mail: cpchu@sinotech.org.tw.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.) E-mail: cpchu@sinotech.org.tw.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Sciences, National Chiayi University, 300, Syuefu Rd., Chiayi, 600, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hsiung
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Sciences, National Chiayi University, 300, Syuefu Rd., Chiayi, 600, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Program for Translation Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.) E-mail: cpchu@sinotech.org.tw.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Environment Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., 6F, 280, Xinhu 2nd Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei, 114, Taiwan (R.O.C.) E-mail: cpchu@sinotech.org.tw.
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Water Resource Planning Institute, Water Resource Agency, 1340, Jhong-Jheng Rd., Wu-Fong, Taichung, 413, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D009990:Oryzias; D059027:Recycling; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical