title: Ultrasonographic features of vascular closure devices: initial and 6-month follow-up results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonographic findings for various types of vascular closure devices (VCDs) immediately after the angiographic procedure and at 6-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 18 VCDs including Angio-Seal (n=4), FemoSeal (n=8), ExoSeal (n=3), Perclose (n=2), and StarClose (n=1) in this study. Four patients were implanted with 2 VCDs at the each side of bilateral femoral arteries, while the remaining 8 patients were inserted 1 VCD at the right femoral artery. Ultrasonography was performed within 10 days and at approximately 6 months after the angiographic procedure. Ultrasonographic morphology of the attached VCD and its relationship with the arterial wall were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial ultrasonography revealed the attached VCD as the relevant unique structure with successful deployment and hemostasis. Follow-up ultrasonography demonstrated partial absorption of hemostatic materials in cases of Angio-Seal (n=3), FemoSeal (n=5), and ExoSeal (n=3), changes in the soft tissue surrounding the femoral artery in case of Angio-Seal (n=1), arterial intimal hyperplasia in cases of FemoSeal (n=3), and no gross changes as compared with the initial ultrasonographic findings in cases of Perclose (n=2) and StarClose (n=1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial ultrasonographic evaluation reflected the unique structure of each VCD, with most of them being easily distinguishable. Follow-up ultrasonography revealed various changes in the affected vessels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Jung
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3941-6989
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hae Woong
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6042-4951
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2713-4490
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Chul
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5282-9329
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Tae
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3737-3850
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hwa
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0207-2772
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Joo
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6210-9720
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Mi
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7332-3853
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Hemostasis; Ultrasonography; Vascular access devices