title: Central and peripheral cardiovascular changes immediately after waterpipe smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco cigarette smoking is a global health problem that kills millions each year. Recently, tobacco smoking using a waterpipe (WP) has become popular worldwide. However, unlike cigarettes, the cardiovascular (CV) risks associated with WP smoking are uncertain. In this study, the immediate effects of WP smoking on central and peripheral CV indices were evaluated in 53 young healthy smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Strain-gauge plethysmography was used to measure forearm blood flow (Bf), vascular resistance (Vr), and venous capacitance (Vc) and outflow (Vf) at rest (R) and after occlusion (Oc), whereas heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured using standard automated auscultatory methods immediately before and after a 30-min WP smoking session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking resulted in HR, diastolic BP, mean arterial BP, rate pressure product and OcVr increases (p < 0.05) 6.6, 3.6, 2.5, 8.0 and 16%, respectively, whereas OcBf and OcVf decreased (p < 0.05) 8.8 and 14.3%, respectively. Additionally, smoking-induced changes in the central CV components correlated (p < 0.05) with changes in the periphery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated changes in the CV central and peripheral components immediately after WP smoking. The correlations between the changes in these components suggest that the periphery is controlled, at least partially, by the same mechanism(s) affecting the central CV components during WP smoking.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences .
authors.forename: Mahmoud A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alomari
authors.forename: Omar F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Khabour
authors.forename: Karem H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Alzoubi
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shqair
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eissenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010991:Plethysmography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Blood flow; blood pressure; cardiovascular function; heart rate; immediate CV changes; waterpipe smoking