title: Circulating mucosal associated invariant T cells are activated in Vibrio cholerae O1 infection and associated with lipopolysaccharide antibody responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells found in abundance in the intestinal mucosa, and are thought to play a role in bridging the innate-adaptive interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured MAIT cell frequencies and antibody responses in blood from patients presenting with culture-confirmed severe cholera to a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh at days 2, 7, 30, and 90 of illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that MAIT (CD3+CD4-CD161hiVα7.2+) cells were maximally activated at day 7 after onset of cholera. In adult patients, MAIT frequencies did not change over time, whereas in child patients, MAITs were significantly decreased at day 7, and this decrease persisted to day 90. Fold changes in MAIT frequency correlated with increases in LPS IgA and IgG, but not LPS IgM nor antibody responses to cholera toxin B subunit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the acute phase of cholera, MAIT cells are activated, depleted from the periphery, and as part of the innate response against V. cholerae infection, are possibly involved in mechanisms underlying class switching of antibody responses to T cell-independent antigens.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Taufiqur R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Bhuiyan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Naoshin S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Nishat
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad Rubel
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hoq
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Amena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aktar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: M Arifur
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Taher
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ashraful I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Fahima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richelle C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Calderwood
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Firdausi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qadri
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002771:Cholera / Q000276:immunology*; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055651:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B / Q000032:analysis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D041241:Vibrio cholerae O1 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; C527203:KLRB1 protein, human; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D055651:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B; D002772:Cholera Toxin