title: Unconstrained snoring detection using a smartphone during ordinary sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Snoring can be a representative symptom of a sleep disorder, and thus snoring detection is quite important to improving the quality of an individual's daily life. The purpose of this research is to develop an unconstrained snoring detection technique that can be integrated into a smartphone application. In contrast with previous studies, we developed a practical technique for snoring detection during ordinary sleep by using the built-in sound recording system of a smartphone, and the recording was carried out in a standard private bedroom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental protocol was designed to include a variety of actions that frequently produce noise (including coughing, playing music, talking, rining an alarm, opening/closing doors, running a fan, playing the radio, and walking) in order to accurately recreate the actual circumstances during sleep. The sound data were recorded for 10 individuals during actual sleep. In total, 44 snoring data sets and 75 noise datasets were acquired. The algorithm uses formant analysis to examine sound features according to the frequency and magnitude. Then, a quadratic classifier is used to distinguish snoring from non-snoring noises. Ten-fold cross validation was used to evaluate the developed snoring detection methods, and validation was repeated 100 times randomly to improve statistical effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall results showed that the proposed method is competitive with those from previous research. The proposed method presented 95.07% accuracy, 98.58% sensitivity, 94.62% specificity, and 70.38% positive predictivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though there was a relatively high false positive rate, the results show the possibility for ubiquitous personal snoring detection through a smartphone application that takes into account data from normally occurring noises without training using preexisting data.
authors.forename: Hangsik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Digital Media and Communication Research Center, Samsung Electronics, co, ltd,, Maetan3-dong, Suwon, South Korea. jgirlcho@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Jaegeol
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D040421:Cell Phone; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009622:Noise; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000175:diagnosis*