title: Developing an internationally-applicable service specification for continence care: systematic review, evidence synthesis and expert consensus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Global demographic trends suggest that the incidence of both urinary and faecal incontinence will rise in the coming years, bringing significant health and economic implications for both patients and payers. There is limited organisational evidence to guide payers and providers about service configuration which will deliver efficient guideline-compliant, high-quality patient care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create, using evidence from a systematic review, qualitative data and expert consensus an internationally applicable service specification for continence care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidence was obtained from a systematic and grey literature review of published randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies reporting efficacy of continence service design at the level of the community dwelling patient with either bladder or bowel incontinence, governmental reports and policy frameworks supplemented by data from 47 semi-structured interviews with clinicians, patients, patient-representatives and policy experts from four geographies broadly representative of different healthcare systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of themes related to current and potential future organisation of continence care were identified from the data. A modular service specification with eight core components was created including case detection, initial assessment and treatment, case co-ordination, caregiver support, community-based support, specialist assessment and treatment, use of containment products, and use of technology. Within this framework important key recommendations are: ensure robust referral pathways, shift assessment for case coordination to nurses specializing in continence care, promote self-management and technology, use comprehensive assessment tools and service performance targets based on outcome and operational measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has defined practice gaps in the provision of continence services and described eight core components of a service specification for incontinence that commissioners and payers of health and social care could consider using to provide high-quality continence care. A shift towards a community-delivered, nurse-led model appears to be associated with clinical and cost-effective care for people with bladder and bowel incontinence.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Department of Medicine, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Adrian S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wagg
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Division of Urology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Diane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leichsenring
authors.affiliation: Zonnhuisgroep Amstelland, Elderly Medicine, Amstelveen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Houten
mesh_terms: D032921:Consensus; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D005791:Patient Care / Q000379:methods*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000534:rehabilitation*