title: Sparstolonin B attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptosis, necrosis and inflammation in cultured rat left ventricular tissue slices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemia/reperfusion results in tissue damage, a rapid increase in cytokines and chemokines and inflammatory cell infiltration. Herein we investigated the ability of a selective TLR2/4 antagonist, Sparstolonin B (SsnB), to protect rat cultured left ventricular tissue (LV) slices from hypoxic injury by inhibiting the myocardial inflammatory response independent of inflammatory cell infiltration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Media Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured to reflect hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity and cell injury with and without SsnB. Incubation with SsnB (15 and 30 μM) significantly reduced by 20 and 40%, respectively, the amount of LDH released from the hypoxic LV slices. TUNEL staining showed that SsnB significantly attenuated the levels of hypoxia-induced apoptotic cells from 61.5 ± 4.0 to 27.0 ± 2.1 (15 μM SsnB) and 23.5 ± 2.2 (30 μM SsnB) cells/unit area. Similarly, the Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of ischemic areas in untreated hypoxic LV slices was increased 17 fold from 0.26± 0.09 to 4.41 ± 0.43%, while in hypoxic slices incubated with 15 and 30 μM of SsnB, the PAS positive ischemic areas were increased by only 6.4 fold to 1.66 ± 0.39% and 3.8 fold to 1.00 ± 0.22%, respectively. Rt-PCR confirmed that MCP1 and IL-6 expression during hypoxia was elevated by 2 and 4 fold, respectively, while their up-regulation was significantly inhibited (i.e., < 0.7 fold increase) by SsnB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The selective TLR2/4 antagonist, Sparstolonin B, can substantially protect LV myocardium via its ability to inhibit injury resulting from hypoxic myocardial-generated inflammation. Accordingly SsnB has potential as a therapeutic agent for the attenuation of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shaiban
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jubair
authors.forename: Dawei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Daping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Janicki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy; D009336:Necrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C491766:Ccl2 protein, rat; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; D015850:Interleukin-6; C495343:Tlr2 protein, rat; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C561322:sparstolonin B; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase