title: Cytochrome P450 2D6 based electrochemical sensor for the determination of codeine.
abstract: Considering the enzymatic activity of the cytochrome P450 2D6 on substrates such as codeine, the current paper includes the development of an enzymatic biosensor for detection of this drug. Home-made screen-printed electrodes were used as electrochemical transducers of the biosensor, in which the enzyme was covalently attached to the carbon surface of the working electrode, this type of modification being the most suitable for the immobilization of the biological element. Chronoamperometric measurements were carried out under optimum conditions of pH and working potential, pH 7 and +200 mV vs. screen-printed Ag/AgCl electrode, giving a reduction signal related to the concentration of codeine in solution. Consecutive additions of a solution of codeine were performed to obtain calibration curves in order to validate the electrochemical method in terms of precision and calculate its capability of detection. These biosensors were used for the determination of codeine in urine and commercial pharmaceutical samples.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Asturias-Arribas
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain. Electronic address: malomillo@ubu.es.
authors.forename: M Asunción
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alonso-Lomillo
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Renedo
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
authors.forename: M Julia
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arcos-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002138:Calibration; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003061:Codeine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000652:urine; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D002244:Carbon; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D003061:Codeine
keywords: Biosensor; Codeine; Cytochrome P450 2D6; Screen-printed electrode