title: An inevitable wave of prescription drug monitoring programs in the context of prescription opioids: pros, cons and tensions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an effort to control non-medical use and/or medical abuse of prescription drugs, particularly prescription opioids, electronic prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP) have been introduced in North-American countries, Australia and some parts of Europe. Paradoxically, there are simultaneous pressures to increase opioid prescribing for the benefit of individual patients and to reduce it for the sake of public health, and this pressure warrants a delicate balance of appropriate therapeutic uses of these drugs with the risk of developing dependence. This article discusses pros and cons of PDMP in reducing diversion of prescription opioids, without hampering access to those medications for those with genuine needs, and highlights tensions around PDMP implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDMPs may help alleviate diversion, over-prescription and fraudulent prescribing/dispensing; prompt drug treatment referrals; avoid awkward drug urine test; and inform spatial changes in prescribing practices and help designing tailored interventions. Fear of legal retribution, privacy and data security, potential confusion about addiction and pseudo-addiction, and potential undue pressure of detecting misuse/diversion - are the major problems. There are tensions about unintended consequence of excessive regulatory enforcements, corresponding collateral damages particularly about inadequate prescribing for patients with genuine needs, and mandatory consultation requirements of PDMP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this era of information technology PDMP is likely to flourish and remain with us for a long time. A clear standard of practice against which physicians' care will be judged may expedite the utilisation of PDMP. In addition, adequate training on addiction and pain management along with public awareness, point-of-supply data entry from pharmacy, point-of-care real-time access to data, increasing access to addiction treatment and appropriate regulatory enforcement preferably through healthcare administration, together, may help remove barriers to PDMP use.
authors.affiliation: Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute, Australian National University, Building 63, corner of Mills & Eggleston Roads, Canberra, ACTON ACT 0200, Australia. mofizul.islam@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: M Mofizul
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: McRae
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid