title: Quantification of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in meconium for detection of alcohol abuse during pregnancy: Correlation study between both biomarkers.
abstract: This article presents results from 47 meconium samples, which were analyzed for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) for detection of gestational alcohol consumption. A validated microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method in combination with GC-MS developed in the Institute of Forensic Science (Santiago de Compostela) was used for FAEE and the cumulative concentration of ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate and ethyl stearate with a cut-off of 600ng/g was applied for interpretation. A simple method for identification and quantification of EtG has been evaluated by ultrasonication followed solid phase extraction (SPE). Successful validation parameters were obtained for both biochemical markers of alcohol intake. FAEE and EtG concentrations in meconium ranged between values lower than LOD and 32,892ng/g or 218ng/g respectively. We have analyzed FAEE and EtG in the same meconium aliquot, enabling comparison of the efficiency of gestational ethanol exposure detection. Certain agreement between the two biomarkers was found as they are both a very specific alcohol markers, making it a useful analysis for confirmation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: pamela.cabarcos@usc.es.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cabarcos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tabernero
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luís
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Míguez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science, Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana María
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bermejo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martello
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Giovanni
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiarotti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002138:Calibration; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004951:Esterification; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008872:Microwaves; D009226:Myristates / Q000032:analysis; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D013228:Stearates / Q000032:analysis; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005965:Glucuronates; D009226:Myristates; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D013228:Stearates; C093924:ethyl glucuronide; C032396:ethyl myristate; C026345:ethyl stearate; C007680:ethyl palmitate
keywords: Ethyl glucuronide; Fatty acid ethyl esters; Meconium; Microwave assisted extraction; Solid phase extraction