title: Ophthalmic complications of dengue Fever: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years there has been a spurt of peer-reviewed publications on the ophthalmic complications of dengue fever. The authors aim to review the ocular manifestations, utility of relevant diagnostic tests, management, prognosis, and sequelae of dengue-related ocular complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature search was conducted on Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Only articles published or translated into the English language were considered, and key data from the full article of each paper was extracted and evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors' search yielded 29 articles. A total of 686 patients with a mean age of 33.4 years (range 14-73 years) were included. Blurring of vision was the most common presenting symptom followed by scotoma. Ocular findings were mostly seen in the posterior pole of the fundus, manifesting as retinal hemorrhages, macular edema, foveolitis, vasculitis, and optic neuropathy. Most patients with dengue-related ophthalmic complications recover spontaneously without any treatment. Patients with severe visual loss or bilateral involvement were treated with systemic steroids and occasionally immunoglobulins. Prognosis of dengue-related ophthalmic complications is favorable; almost all patients had normal or showed improvement in visual acuity and complete resolution of dengue ophthalmic complications was noted in almost all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pathological process of dengue ophthalmic complications is complex and clinical manifestations varied. Ophthalmic complications are usually seen in young adults who often present at the nadir of thrombocytopenia. Despite good recovery of vision and resolution of clinical signs in most patients, ophthalmologists and physicians should be aware and vigilant as isolated reports of cases of dengue ophthalmic complications with poor visual acuity refractory to treatment have been reported.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
authors.forename: Vivien Cherng-Hui
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanjay
authors.forename: Yan Tong
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Koh