title: Lower subcortical gray matter volume in both younger smokers and established smokers relative to non-smokers.
abstract: Although established adult smokers with long histories of nicotine dependence have lower neural tissue volume than non-smokers, it is not clear if lower regional brain volume is also observed in younger, less established smokers. The primary goal of this study was to investigate neural tissue volume in a large group of smokers and non-smokers, with a secondary goal of measuring the impact of age on these effects. We used voxel-based morphometry to compare regional gray matter volume in 118 individuals (59 smokers, 59 age- and gender-matched non-smokers). Younger smokers had significantly lower gray matter volume in the left thalamus and the left amygdala than their non-smoking peers (family-wise error-corrected clusters, P < 0.05). There was no correlation between smoking use variables and tissue volume among younger smokers. Established smokers had significantly lower gray matter volume than age-matched non-smokers in the insula, parahippocampal gyrus and pallidum. Medial prefrontal cortex gray matter volume was negatively correlated with pack-years of smoking among the established smokers, but not the younger smokers. These data reveal that regional tissue volume differences are not limited exclusively to established smokers. Deficits in young adults indicate that cigarette smoking may either be deleterious to the thalamus and amygdala at an earlier age than previously reported, or that pre-existing differences in these areas may predispose individuals to the development of nicotine dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.|Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Colleen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Max M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.|University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.|Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.|Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.|Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hartwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000473:pathology; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D020534:Parahippocampal Gyrus / Q000473:pathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000473:pathology*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gray matter; nicotine; smoking; voxel-based morphometry