title: Test chamber investigation of the volatilization from source materials of brominated flame retardants and their subsequent deposition to indoor dust.
abstract: Numerous studies have reported elevated concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dust from indoor micro-environments. Limited information is available, however, on the pathways via which BFRs in source materials transfer to indoor dust. The most likely hypothesized pathways are (a) volatilization from the source with subsequent partitioning to dust, (b) abrasion of the treated product, transferring microscopic fibers or particles to the dust (c) direct uptake to dust via contact between source and dust. This study reports the development and application of an in-house test chamber for investigating BFR volatilization from source materials and subsequent partitioning to dust. The performance of the chamber was evaluated against that of a commercially available chamber, and inherent issues with such chambers were investigated, such as loss due to sorption of BFRs to chamber surfaces (so-called sink effects). The partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers to dust, post-volatilization from an artificial source was demonstrated, while analysis in the test chamber of a fabric curtain treated with the hexabromocyclododecane formulation, resulted in dust concentrations exceeding substantially those detected in the dust pre-experiment. These results provide the first experimental evidence of BFR volatilization followed by deposition to dust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are ubiquitous in indoor air and dust, leading to human exposure and resultant concerns about their adverse impact on health. Indoor dust has been demonstrated to constitute an important vector of human exposure to BFRs, especially for toddlers. Despite the greater importance of dust contamination in the context of human exposure to BFRs, the mechanisms via which BFRs transfer from source materials to dust have hitherto been subject to only limited research. In this study, a test chamber is utilized to simulate the migration of BFRs to dust via volatilization from source materials and subsequent deposition to dust.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rauert
authors.affiliation: School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harrad
authors.affiliation: Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stranger
authors.affiliation: Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lazarov
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane
keywords: Brominated flame retardants; Migration pathways to dust; Test chamber sink effects; Test chambers; Transfer to dust; Volatilization