title: Human papillomavirus type 1 E1^E4 protein is a potent inhibitor of the serine-arginine (SR) protein kinase SRPK1 and inhibits phosphorylation of host SR proteins and of the viral transcription and replication regulator E2.
abstract: The serine-arginine-specific protein kinase SRPK1 is a common binding partner of the E1^E4 protein of diverse human papillomavirus types. We show here for the first time that the interaction between HPV1 E1^E4 and SRPK1 leads to potent inhibition of SRPK1 phosphorylation of host serine-arginine (SR) proteins that have critical roles in mRNA metabolism, including pre-mRNA processing, mRNA export, and translation. Furthermore, we show that SRPK1 phosphorylates serine residues of SR/RS dipeptides in the hinge region of the HPV1 E2 protein in in vitro kinase assays and that HPV1 E1^E4 inhibits this phosphorylation. After mutation of the putative phosphoacceptor serine residues, the localization of the E2 protein was altered in primary human keratinocytes; with a significant increase in the cell population showing intense E2 staining of the nucleolus. A similar effect was observed following coexpression of E2 and E1^E4 that is competent for inhibition of SRPK1 activity, suggesting that the nuclear localization of E2 is sensitive to E1^E4-mediated SRPK1 inhibition. Collectively, these data suggest that E1^E4-mediated inhibition of SRPK1 could affect the functions of host SR proteins and those of the virus transcription/replication regulator E2. We speculate that the novel E4 function identified here is involved in the regulation of E2 and SR protein function in posttranscriptional processing of viral transcripts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The HPV life cycle is tightly linked to the epithelial terminal differentiation program, with the virion-producing phase restricted to differentiating cells. While the most abundant HPV protein expressed in this phase is the E4 protein, we do not fully understand the role of this protein. Few E4 interaction partners have been identified, but we had previously shown that E4 proteins from diverse papillomaviruses interact with the serine-arginine-specific protein kinase SRPK1, a kinase important in the replication cycles of a diverse range of DNA and RNA viruses. We show that HPV1 E4 is a potent inhibitor of this host cell kinase. We show that E4 inhibits SRPK1 phosphorylation, not only of cellular SR proteins involved in regulating alternative splicing of RNA but also the viral transcription/replication regulator E2. Our findings reveal a potential E4 function in regulation of viral late gene expression through the inhibition of a host cell kinase.
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Emma L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Prescott
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Brimacombe
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom s.roberts@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C471608:E1 protein, human papillomavirus type 1; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; C076036:oncogene protein E2, Human papillomavirus type 1; C056651:oncogene protein E4, human papilloma virus type 1; C087728:SRPK1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases