title: Study of factors influencing susceptibility and age at onset of type 1 diabetes: A review of data from Continental Italy and Sardinia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of protein tyrosin phosphatase 22 (PTPN22), maternal age at conception and sex on susceptibility and age at onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Continental Italy and Sardinian populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred seventy six subjects admitted consecutively to the hospital for T1D and 1032 healthy subjects as controls were studied in Continental Italy and 284 subjects admitted consecutively to the hospital for T1D and 5460 healthy newborns were studied in Sardinia. PTPN22 genotype was determined by DNA analysis. Maternal age at conception and age at onset of disease were obtained from clinical records. χ(2) test of independence, student t test for differences between means and odds ratio analysis were carried out by SPSS programs. Three way contingency table analysis was carried out according to Sokal and Rohlf.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pattern of association between PTPN22 and T1D is similar in Continental Italy and Sardinia: the proportion of *T allele carriers is 13.6% in T1D vs 6.7% in controls in Continental Italy while in Sardinia is 7.3% in T1D vs 4.4% in controls. The association between T1D and maternal age at conception is much stronger in Sardinia than in Italy: the proportion of newborn from mother aging more than 32 years is 89.3% in T1D vs 32.7% in consecutive newborn in Sardinia (P < 10(-6)) while in Continental Italy is 32.2% in T1D vs 19.1% in consecutive newborns (P = 0.005). This points to an important role of ethnicity. A slight prevalence of T1D males on T1D females is observed both in Continental Italy and Sardinia. PTPN22 genotype does not exert significant effect on the age at onset neither in Continental Italy nor and Sardinia. Maternal age does not influence significantly age at onset in Italy (8.2 years in T1D infants from mothers aging 32 years or less vs 7.89 years in T1D infants from mothers aging more than 32 years: P = 0.824) while in Sardinia a border line effect is observed (5.75 years in T1D infants from mothers aging 32 years or less vs 7.54 years in T1D infants from mothers aging more than 32 years: P = 0.062). No effect of sex on age at onset is observed in Continental Italy while in Sardinia female show a lower age at onset of T1D as compared to males (8.07 years in males vs 6.3 years in females: P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data confirm the importance of ethnicity on susceptibility and on the age at onset of T1D.
authors.affiliation: Fulvia Gloria-Bottini, Patrizia Saccucci, Luca Coppeta, Anna Neri, Andrea Magrini, Bottini Egidio, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fulvia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gloria-Bottini
authors.affiliation: Fulvia Gloria-Bottini, Patrizia Saccucci, Luca Coppeta, Anna Neri, Andrea Magrini, Bottini Egidio, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saccucci
authors.affiliation: Fulvia Gloria-Bottini, Patrizia Saccucci, Luca Coppeta, Anna Neri, Andrea Magrini, Bottini Egidio, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Franco
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Meloni
authors.affiliation: Fulvia Gloria-Bottini, Patrizia Saccucci, Luca Coppeta, Anna Neri, Andrea Magrini, Bottini Egidio, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Manca-Bitti
authors.affiliation: Fulvia Gloria-Bottini, Patrizia Saccucci, Luca Coppeta, Anna Neri, Andrea Magrini, Bottini Egidio, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coppeta
authors.affiliation: Fulvia Gloria-Bottini, Patrizia Saccucci, Luca Coppeta, Anna Neri, Andrea Magrini, Bottini Egidio, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.affiliation: Fulvia Gloria-Bottini, Patrizia Saccucci, Luca Coppeta, Anna Neri, Andrea Magrini, Bottini Egidio, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magrini
authors.affiliation: Fulvia Gloria-Bottini, Patrizia Saccucci, Luca Coppeta, Anna Neri, Andrea Magrini, Bottini Egidio, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Bottini
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Egidio
keywords: Age of onset; Continental Italy; Maternal age; Protein tyrosin phosphatase 22; Sardinia; Sex; Type 1 diabetes