title: A common structure underlies low-frequency cortical dynamics in movement, sleep, and sedation.
abstract: Upper-limb movements are often composed of regular submovements, and neural correlates of submovement frequencies between 1 and 4 Hz have been found in the motor cortex. The temporal profile of movements is usually assumed to be determined by extrinsic factors such as limb biomechanics and feedback delays, but another possibility is that an intrinsic rhythmicity contributes to low frequencies in behavior. We used multielectrode recordings in monkeys performing an isometric movement task to reveal cyclic activity in primary motor cortex locked to submovements, and a distinct oscillation in premotor cortex. During ketamine sedation and natural sleep, cortical activity traversed similar cycles and became synchronized across areas. Because the same cortical dynamics are coupled to submovements and also observed in the absence of behavior, we conclude that the motor networks controlling the upper limb exhibit an intrinsic periodicity at submovement frequencies that is reflected in the speed profile of movements.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK. Electronic address: andrew.jackson@ncl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008954:Models, Biological; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*