title: PTSD prevalence and symptom structure of DSM-5 criteria in adolescents and young adults surviving the 2011 shooting in Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been revised for DSM-5. Two key changes include alteration of the clustering of PTSD symptoms and new PTSD symptom criteria related to negative alterations in cognition and mood. In this study, we empirically investigated these changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We interviewed 325 adolescents and young adults who survived the 2011 youth camp shooting at Utøya Island, Norway. The UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-IV was used to assess symptoms of PTSD. In addition, 11 questions were added to assess the four new symptom criteria within the new DSM-5 symptom categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTSD prevalence did not differ significantly whether DSM-IV (11.1%) or DSM-5 (11.7%) criteria were used and the Cohen׳s Kappa for consistency between the diagnoses was 0.061. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the four-factor structure of the DSM-5 fit the data adequately according to the conceptual model outlined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The homogeneity of this sample of highly exposed subjects may preclude generalization to less severely exposed groups. Also, we did not assess criterion G in regard to symptoms causing clinically significant distress and functional impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of PTSD was quite similar regardless of diagnostic system. The relatively low concordance between the diagnoses has implications for eligibility for a diagnosis of PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: gertrud.hafstad@nkvts.unirand.no.
authors.forename: Gertrud Sofie
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hafstad
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Grete
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dyb
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tine K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: UCLA/Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: UCLA/Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pynoos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017741:Survivors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescents; DSM-5; Factor analysis; Posttraumatic stress disorder