title: Helicobacter pylori from gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer show same phylogeographic origin in the Andean region in Colombia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent report has shown that the phylogenetic origin of Helicobacter pylori based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was significantly associated with the severity of gastritis in Colombia. However, the potential relationship between phylogenetic origin and clinical outcomes was not examined in that study. If the phylogenetic origin rather than virulence factors were truly associated with clinical outcomes, identifying a population at high risk for gastric cancer in Colombia would be relatively straightforward. In this study, we examined the phylogenetic origins of strains from gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer patients living in Bogota, Colombia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 35 gastric cancer patients and 31 duodenal ulcer patients, which are considered the variant outcomes. The genotypes of cagA and vacA were determined by polymerase chain reaction. The genealogy of these Colombian strains was analyzed by MLST. Bacterial population structure was analyzed using STRUCTURE software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H. pylori strains from gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer patients were scattered in the phylogenetic tree; thus, we did not detect any difference in phylogenetic distribution between gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer strains in the hpEurope group in Colombia. Sixty-six strains, with one exception, were classified as hpEurope irrespective of the cagA and vacA genotypes, and type of disease. STRUCTURE analysis revealed that Colombian hpEurope strains have a phylogenetic connection to Spanish strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that a phylogeographic origin determined by MLST was insufficient for distinguishing between gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer risk among hpEurope strains in the Andean region in Colombia. Our analysis also suggests that hpEurope strains in Colombia were primarily introduced by Spanish immigrants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiota
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Rumiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miftahussurur
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Trang Thu Huyen
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Tran Thanh
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Binh
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan; Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaoka
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005838:Genotype; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C074689:VacA protein, Helicobacter pylori; C080866:cagA protein, Helicobacter pylori