title: Association of the degree of adiposity and duration of obesity with measures of cardiac structure and function: the CARDIA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine whether there are independent influences of a greater degree of adiposity and longer duration of obesity on cardiac structure and function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants of CARDIA were 18-30 years when they underwent a baseline examination in 1985-86. Seven follow-up examinations were conducted every 2-5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 2,547 participants who underwent an echocardiogram at the year 25 examination and were not obese at baseline, 34.4 and 35.5% were overall (BMI ≥ 30 kg m(-2) ) and abdominally obese (waist circumference: men: >102 cm; women: >88 cm) at year 25, respectively. A greater degree of overall and abdominal adiposity at year 25 were each associated with a greater left ventricular (LV) mass (P < 0.001), LV volume (P < 0.001), LV mass-to-volume ratio (P < 0.001), left atrial dimension (P < 0.001), and ejection fraction (P < 0.05) after adjustment for duration of obesity and other risk factors. In contrast, a longer duration of overall obesity was associated with a greater LV mass (P = 0.003) and a trend for a lower ejection fraction (P = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A greater degree of adiposity is strongly associated with concentric LV remodeling in midlife, while the cumulative effects of a longer duration of overall obesity during young adulthood contribute to concentric remodeling predominantly by increasing LV mass.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jared P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Norrina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Bethany B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gidding
authors.forename: Joyce M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Cora E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Joao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Jones
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Loria
authors.forename: Tiffany M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Powell-Wiley
authors.forename: Shishir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018450:Disease Progression; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009929:Organ Size; D012307:Risk Factors; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult