title: Sulphate fertilization ameliorates long-term aluminum toxicity symptoms in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne).
abstract: Effects of the oxanion sulphate on plant aluminum (Al(3+)) detoxification mechanisms are not well understood. Therefore, holistic physiological and biochemical modifications induced by progressively increased doses of sulphate fertilization in the presence of long-term Al(3+) stress were investigated in the aluminum sensitive perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cvJumbo). Plant growth inhibition induced by Al(3+) was decreased in response to increasing doses of sulphate supply. Aluminum concentrations measured in roots of perennial ryegrass by atomic absorption spectrometry declined significantly with increasing sulphate concentrations. In parallel, we determined a rise of sulphur in shoots and roots of perennial ryegrass. Inclusion of up to 360 μM of sulphate enhanced cysteine and glutathione biosynthesis in Al(3+) (1.07 μM) treated plants. This increase of thiol-containing compounds favored all modifications in the glutathione redox balance, declining lipid peroxidation, decreasing the activity of superoxide dismutase, and modifying the expression of proteins involved in the diminution of Al(3+) toxicity in roots. In particular, proteome analysis by 1D-SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS allowed to identify up (e.g. vacuolar proton ATPase, proteosome β subunit, etc) and down (Glyoxilase I, Ascorbate peroxidase, etc.) regulated proteins induced by Al(3+) toxicity symptoms in roots. Although, sulphate supply up to 480 μM caused a reduction in Al(3+) toxicity symptoms, it was not as efficient as compared to 360 μM sulphate fertilization. These results suggest that sulphate fertilization ameliorates Al(3+) toxicity responses in an intracellular specific manner within Lolium perenne.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile. Electronic address: cristian.wulff@uantof.cl.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wulff-Zottele
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisahn
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bromke
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile.
authors.forename: Hernán
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vera-Villalobos
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Falko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frenzel
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giavalisco
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribera-Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Doctoral Program in Science of Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Ligia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zunino
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Productions Sciences, Section of Agricultural-Chemistry Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Immcolata
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stohmann
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Maria de la Luz
authors.initials: Mde L
authors.lastname: Mora
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D005308:Fertilizers; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006109:Poaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D013431:Sulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D013431:Sulfates; D000535:Aluminum; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine
keywords: Aluminum; Glutathione; LC-MS/MS; Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.); Sulphur