title: Strategies addressing barriers to clinical trial enrollment of underrepresented populations: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in clinical trials remains a reality while they have disproportionately higher rates of health disparities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify successful community-engaged interventions that included health care providers as a key strategy in addressing barriers to clinical trial enrollment of underrepresented patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature on interventions addressing enrollment barriers to clinical trials for racial and ethnic minorities was performed in Ovid MEDLINE, EBSCO Megafile, and EBSCO CINAHL. The systematic review identified 360 studies, and 20 were selected using the inclusion criteria. An iterative process extracted information from the eligible studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 20 selected studies were analyzed and then grouped by first author, nature of the clinical research initiative, priority populations, key strategies, and study outcomes. Nine of the studies addressed cancer clinical trials and 11 related to chronic medical conditions, including diabetes, hypertension management, and chronic kidney disease. The key strategies employed were categorized according to their presumed impact on barriers incurred at distinct steps in study recruitment: clinical trial awareness, opportunity to participate, and acceptance of enrollment. The strategies were further categorized by whether they would address barriers associated with minority perceptions of the research process and barriers related to how studies were designed and implemented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple and flexible strategies targeting providers and participants at provider sites and within communities might be needed to enroll underrepresented populations into clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Ethics, United States.
authors.forename: Caren
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, United States; Mayo Clinic, Center for Clinical and Translational Science Office for Community Engagement in Research, United States. Electronic address: ballsberry.joyce@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Joyce E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Balls-Berry
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, United States.
authors.forename: Jill Dumbauld
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nery
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Libraries, United States.
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Erwin
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Libraries, United States.
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Littleton
authors.affiliation: NC TraCS Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States; Center for Biobehavioral Health Disparities, United States.
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Interferon Expression Signature Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Harvard Catalyst, Laboratory for Innovative Translational Technologies, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Winston P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups; D018579:Patient Selection; D044469:Racial Groups
keywords: Clinical trials; Minority; Recruitment