title: Nonlinear structured-illumination enhanced temporal focusing multiphoton excitation microscopy with a digital micromirror device.
abstract: In this study, the light diffraction of temporal focusing multiphoton excitation microscopy (TFMPEM) and the excitation patterning of nonlinear structured-illumination microscopy (NSIM) can be simultaneously and accurately implemented via a single high-resolution digital micromirror device. The lateral and axial spatial resolutions of the TFMPEM are remarkably improved through the second-order NSIM and projected structured light, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the lateral and axial resolutions are enhanced from 397 nm to 168 nm (2.4-fold) and from 2.33 μm to 1.22 μm (1.9-fold), respectively, in full width at the half maximum. Furthermore, a three-dimensionally rendered image of a cytoskeleton cell featuring ~25 nm microtubules is improved, with other microtubules at a distance near the lateral resolution of 168 nm also able to be distinguished.
authors.affiliation: Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Chung
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Hsiang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Da Sie
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yvonne Yuling
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fan-Ching
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.affiliation: School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan ; cydong@phys.ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chen Yuan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan ; Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan ; Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shean-Jen
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging; (180.4315) Nonlinear microscopy; (190.4180) Multiphoton processes