title: Visual relations children find easy and difficult to process in figural analogies.
abstract: Analogical reasoning, the ability to learn about novel phenomena by relating it to structurally similar knowledge, develops with great variability in children. Furthermore, the development of analogical reasoning coincides with greater working memory efficiency and increasing knowledge of the entities and relations present in analogy problems. In figural matrices, a classical form of analogical reasoning assessment, some features, such as color, appear easier for children to encode and infer than others, such as orientation. Yet, few studies have structurally examined differences in the difficulty of visual relations across different age-groups. This cross-sectional study of figural analogical reasoning examined which underlying rules in figural analogies were easier or more difficult for children to correctly process. School children (N = 1422, M = 7.0 years, SD = 21 months, range 4.5-12.5 years) were assessed in analogical reasoning using classical figural matrices and memory measures. The visual relations the children had to induce and apply concerned the features: animal, color, orientation, position, quantity and size. The role of age and memory span on the children's ability to correctly process each type of relation was examined using explanatory item response theory models. The results showed that with increasing age and/or greater memory span all visual relations were processed more accurately. The "what" visual relations animal, color, quantity and size were easiest, whereas the "where" relations orientation and position were most difficult. However, the "where" visual relations became relatively easier with age and increased memory efficiency. The implications are discussed in terms of the development of visual processing in object recognition vs. position and motion encoding in the ventral ("what") and dorsal ("where") pathways respectively.
authors.affiliation: Methodology and Statistics Unit, Department of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claire E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: Methodology and Statistics Unit, Department of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rosa A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Alberto
authors.affiliation: Methodology and Statistics Unit, Department of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Max A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Boom
authors.affiliation: Department of Quantitative Psychology, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA ; Department of Psychology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Paul A L
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: de Boeck
keywords: analogical reasoning; item response theory; rule difficulty; transformation salience; working memory