title: Links between patterns of racial socialization and discrimination experiences and psychological adjustment: a cluster analysis.
abstract: This study used a person-oriented analytic approach to identify meaningful patterns of barriers-focused racial socialization and perceived racial discrimination experiences in a sample of 295 late adolescents. Using cluster analysis, three distinct groups were identified: Low Barrier Socialization-Low Discrimination, High Barrier Socialization-Low Discrimination, and High Barrier Socialization-High Discrimination clusters. These groups were substantively unique in terms of the frequency of racial socialization messages about bias preparation and out-group mistrust its members received and their actual perceived discrimination experiences. Further, individuals in the High Barrier Socialization-High Discrimination cluster reported significantly higher depressive symptoms than those in the Low Barrier Socialization-Low Discrimination and High Barrier Socialization-Low Discrimination clusters. However, no differences in adjustment were observed between the Low Barrier Socialization-Low Discrimination and High Barrier Socialization-Low Discrimination clusters. Overall, the findings highlight important individual differences in how young people of color experience their race and how these differences have significant implications on psychological adjustment.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Department of Psychology, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Electronic address: ajayi006@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ajayi
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Department of Psychology, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Moin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Syed
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011581:Psychological Tests; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D063505:Racism / Q000523:psychology*; D012951:Socialization; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Cluster analysis; Discrimination; Late adolescence; Psychological adjustment; Racial socialization