title: Surge capacity principles: care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST consensus statement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article provides consensus suggestions for expanding critical care surge capacity and extension of critical care service capabilities in disasters or pandemics. It focuses on the principles and frameworks for expansion of intensive care services in hospitals in the developed world. A companion article addresses surge logistics, those elements that provide the capability to deliver mass critical care in disaster events. The suggestions in this article are important for all who are involved in large-scale disasters or pandemics with injured or critically ill multiple patients, including front-line clinicians, hospital administrators, and public health or government officials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Surge Capacity topic panel developed 23 key questions focused on the following domains: systems issues; equipment, supplies, and pharmaceuticals; staffing; and informatics. Literature searches were conducted to identify evidence on which to base key suggestions. Most reports were small scale, were observational, or used flawed modeling; hence, the level of evidence on which to base recommendations was poor and did not permit the development of evidence-based recommendations. Therefore, the panel developed expert opinion-based suggestions using a modified Delphi process. Suggestions from the previous task force were also included for validation by the expert panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This article presents 10 suggestions pertaining to the principles that should guide surge capacity and capability planning for mass critical care, including the role of critical care in disaster planning; the surge continuum; targets of surge response; situational awareness and information sharing; mitigating the impact on critical care; planning for the care of special populations; and service deescalation/cessation (also considered as engineered failure).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future reports on critical care surge should emphasize population-based outcomes as well as logistical details. Planning should be based on the projected number of critically ill or injured patients resulting from specific scenarios. This should include a consideration of ICU patient care requirements over time and must factor in resource constraints that may limit the ability to provide care. Standard ICU management forms and patient data forms to assess ICU surge capacity impacts should be created and used in disaster events.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hick
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Einav
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hanfling
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kissoon
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dichter
authors.forename: Asha V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Devereaux
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Christian
mesh_terms: D032921:Consensus; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D004190:Disasters; D006801:Humans; D058873:Pandemics; D055872:Surge Capacity / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy*