title: Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of the green fruit extract of Solanum integrifolium Poir.
abstract: The green fruit of Solanum integrifolium Poir. has been used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic remedy in Taiwanese aboriginal medicine. The goal of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of the green fruit extract of S. integrifolium. A bioactivity-guided fractionation procedure was developed to identify the active partition fraction. The methanol fraction (ME), with the highest phenolic content, exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against LPS-mediated nitric oxide (NO) release and cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 macrophages. ME also significantly downregulated the expression of LPS-induced proinflammatory genes, such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2/MCP-1, and CCL3/MIP1α. Moreover, ME significantly upregulated HO-1 expression and stimulated the activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Pretreatment of cells with the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin and MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 attenuated ME's inhibitory activity against LPS-induced NO production. Taken together, this is the first study to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of green fruit extract of S. integrifolium and its activity may be mediated by the upregulation of HO-1 expression and activation of ERK1/2 pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lisu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Crop Improvement Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien 97365, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-Tsun
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiou-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Jiuan
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3327-828X
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D032322:Solanum / Q000737:chemistry*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018925:Chemokines; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000431:Ethanol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D000432:Methanol