title: Detection of sulfonamide resistance genes via in situ PCR-FISH.
abstract: Due to the rising use of antibiotics and as a consequence of their concentration in the environment an increasing number of antibiotic resistant bacteria is observed. The phenomenon has a hazardous impact on human and animal life. Sulfamethoxazole is one of the sulfonamides commonly detected in surface waters and soil. The aim of the study was to detect sulfamethoxazole resistance genes in activated sludge biocenosis by use of in situ PCR and/or hybridization. So far no FISH probes for the detection of SMX resistance genes have been described in the literature. We have tested common PCR primers used for SMX resistance genes detection as FISH probes as well as a combination of in situ PCR and FISH. Despite the presence of SMX resistance genes in activated sludge confirmed via traditional PCR, the detection of the genes via microscopic visualization failed.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gnida
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kunda
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziembińska
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luczkiewicz
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Felis
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Surmacz-Górska
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D000077145:Sulfanilamide; D013424:Sulfanilamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D012722:Sewage; D000077145:Sulfanilamide; D013424:Sulfanilamides; D062065:Wastewater