title: Mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) fruit extract in rodents.
abstract: Unripe fruit of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) (soursop) is used in traditional African medicine for the treatment of neuralgia, rheumatism, and arthritic pain. This study sought to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of lyophilized fruit extract of Annona muricata (AM) in rodents. The analgesic activity was evaluated using the mouse writhing, formalin, and hot-plate tests while the anti-inflammatory action was investigated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema tests. Pretreatment with AM (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) produced dose-dependent (P<.001) inhibition of writhes and formalin-induced pain in the late phase. AM and morphine produced time-course increase in pain threshold in hot-plate test. However, the analgesic effect elicited by AM was reversed (P<.05) by naloxone pretreatment. Similarly, the time-dependent increase in paw circumference induced by carrageenan was inhibited by AM treatment with peak effect (0.23±0.10 cm; P<.001, 200 mg/kg; 6 h), which was comparatively similar to that of diclofenac treated. Further, the xylene-induced ear edema was significantly reduced by AM (50 or 100 mg/kg) pretreatment; however, the anti-inflammatory effect elicited by AM was prevented by pretreatment of mice with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (20 mg/kg, i.p., nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor) 15 min before AM (200 mg/kg, p.o.). The in vitro cyclooxygenase assay also showed that AM produced concentration-dependent inhibition of both cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 activity by 39.44%±0.05% and 55.71%±0.12%, respectively, at 100 μg/mL. In conclusion, A. muricata possesses analgesic effect through interaction with opioidergic pathway and anti-inflammatory property through inhibition of chemical mediators of inflammation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Idi-Araba Lagos, Nigeria .
authors.forename: Ismail O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Ishola
authors.forename: Olufunsho
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Awodele
authors.forename: Abayomi Micheal
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Olusayero
authors.forename: Charles O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Ochieng
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D029061:Annonaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D051379:Mice; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002351:Carrageenan
keywords: carrageenan; cyclooxygenase; formalin test; inflammation; naloxone; nitric oxide