title: Spinal cord--skeletal muscle cocultures detect muscle-relaxant action of botulinum neurotoxin A.
abstract: The mouse LD50 assay is routinely used for potency testing of botulinum toxins. Unfortunately, this test is associated with severe pain and distress in animals and requires large quantities of mice. Here we used cocultures of spinal cord and muscle tissue as an alternative for probing botulinum toxins. Cocultures were prepared from mouse embryonic tissue (C57/BL6J) and cultured for 24-27 days. In these cultures spontaneous muscle activity was quantified in sham- and botulinum toxin-treated cultures for up to 3 days by video microscopy. At a concentration of 58 fmol/L or higher, incobotulinumtoxin A significantly reduced the frequency of muscle contractions within 24 hours after incubation. Hence, nerve-muscle-cultures are similar sensitive as the mouse LD50 assay. The limit of detection, as observed in our study, is close to the most sensitive cell-based bioassays, capable to detect concentrations of botulinum neurotoxin A between 30 and 50 fmol/L. However, spontaneous muscle activity of individual cultures displayed considerable fluctuations when evaluated on a day-to-day basis. Generally, the authors would like to emphasize, that in its present form, this in vitro assay might be too laborious for botulinum toxin potency testing. Thus, methodical improvements to decrease data variability are the next milestone to be passed towards developing this model into an assay that can be utilized for reducing animal experimentation.
authors.affiliation: Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Veit-Simon
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Eckle
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drexler
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grasshoff
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiermann
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Antkowiak
mesh_terms: D023401:Animal Use Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A