title: The birth of an infant decreases group spacing in a zoo-housed lowland gorilla group (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).
abstract: Changes in group composition can alter the behavior of social animals such as gorillas. Although gorilla births are presumed to affect group spacing patterns, there is relatively little data about how these events affect gorilla group cohesion. We investigated how members of a western lowland gorilla group (n = 6) at Lincoln Park Zoo (Chicago, IL, USA) spaced themselves prior to and after the birth of an infant, to investigate changes in group cohesion. Gorillas were housed in an indoor-outdoor enclosure in which access to the outdoors was permitted when temperatures exceeded 5°C. We recorded spatial locations of each group member using 30-min group scans on tablet computers with an electronic map interface, as well as noting their access to outdoor areas. Data from the 4 months following the birth was compared to a control period corresponding to early pregnancy. We measured distances between all possible group dyads for each scan and subsequently calculated a mean distance between all group members. An ANOVA revealed that access to the outdoors had no effect on group spacing (F(1,56) = 0.066, P = 0.799). However, the presence of an infant resulted in a significant reduction in inter-individual distance (F(1,56) = 23.988, P = 0.000), decreasing inter-individual spacing by 12.5%. This information helps characterize the behavioral impact of a new birth on captive gorilla social structure and could potentially inform future management of breeding gorilla groups.
authors.affiliation: Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kurtycz
authors.forename: Marisa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shender
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000502:physiology*; D006127:Group Structure; D008297:Male; D019370:Observation; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012929:Psychological Distance; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Western lowland gorillas; group cohesion; group composition; proximity; social spacing