title: See hear: psychological effects of music and music-video during treadmill running.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of work addressing the distractive, affect-enhancing, and motivational influences of music and video in combination during exercise.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of music and music-and-video on a range of psychological and psychophysical variables during treadmill running at intensities above and below ventilatory threshold (VT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 24) exercised at 10 % of maximal capacity below VT and 10 % above under music-only, music-and-video, and control conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a condition × intensity × time interaction for perceived activation and state motivation, and an intensity × time interaction for state attention, perceived exertion (RPE), and affective valence. The music-and-video condition elicited the highest levels of dissociation, lowest RPE, and most positive affective responses regardless of exercise intensity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attentional manipulations influence psychological and psychophysical variables at exercise intensities above and below VT, and this effect is enhanced by the combined presentation of auditory and visual stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Science and Sport Studies Department, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, USA, jhutchinson@springfieldcollege.edu.
authors.forename: Jasmin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Costas I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Karageorghis
authors.forename: Leighton
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D012420:Running / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult