title: Polio eradication. Efficacy of inactivated poliovirus vaccine in India.
abstract: Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is efficacious against paralytic disease, but its effect on mucosal immunity is debated. We assessed the efficacy of IPV in boosting mucosal immunity. Participants received IPV, bivalent 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV), or no vaccine. A bOPV challenge was administered 4 weeks later, and excretion was assessed 3, 7, and 14 days later. Nine hundred and fifty-four participants completed the study. Any fecal shedding of poliovirus type 1 was 8.8, 9.1, and 13.5% in the IPV group and 14.4, 24.1, and 52.4% in the control group by 6- to 11-month, 5-year, and 10-year groups, respectively (IPV versus control: Fisher's exact test P < 0.001). IPV reduced excretion for poliovirus types 1 and 3 between 38.9 and 74.2% and 52.8 and 75.7%, respectively. Thus, IPV in OPV-vaccinated individuals boosts intestinal mucosal immunity.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, India-National Polio Surveillance Project, R. K. Khanna Stadium, Africa Avenue, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Research Center, Haffkine Institute Compound, Parel, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Jagadish M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Ave Appia, Geneva, Switzerland. sutterr@who.int.
authors.forename: Roland W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, India-National Polio Surveillance Project, R. K. Khanna Stadium, Africa Avenue, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bahl
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Ave Appia, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, India-National Polio Surveillance Project, R. K. Khanna Stadium, Africa Avenue, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, India-National Polio Surveillance Project, R. K. Khanna Stadium, Africa Avenue, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunwar
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, India-National Polio Surveillance Project, R. K. Khanna Stadium, Africa Avenue, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vishwakarma
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, India-National Polio Surveillance Project, R. K. Khanna Stadium, Africa Avenue, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Panacea Biotec Ltd., New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Shilpi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Concepcion
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Estivariz
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, India-National Polio Surveillance Project, R. K. Khanna Stadium, Africa Avenue, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Ave Appia, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Natalie A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Molodecky
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Grassly
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pallansch
authors.affiliation: Panacea Biotec Ltd., New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Arani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Ave Appia, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R Bruce
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Aylward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060740:Disease Eradication; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015995:Prevalence; D017201:Virus Shedding / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral