title: Online reports of foodborne illness capture foods implicated in official foodborne outbreak reports.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditional surveillance systems capture only a fraction of the estimated 48 million yearly cases of foodborne illness in the United States. We assessed whether foodservice reviews on Yelp.com (a business review site) can be used to support foodborne illness surveillance efforts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained reviews from 2005 to 2012 of 5824 foodservice businesses closest to 29 colleges. After extracting recent reviews describing episodes of foodborne illness, we compared implicated foods to foods in outbreak reports from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Broadly, the distribution of implicated foods across five categories was as follows: aquatic (16% Yelp, 12% CDC), dairy-eggs (23% Yelp, 23% CDC), fruits-nuts (7% Yelp, 7% CDC), meat-poultry (32% Yelp, 33% CDC), and vegetables (22% Yelp, 25% CDC). The distribution of foods across 19 more specific food categories was also similar, with Spearman correlations ranging from 0.60 to 0.85 for 2006-2011. The most implicated food categories in both Yelp and CDC were beef, dairy, grains-beans, poultry and vine-stalk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on observations in this study and the increased usage of social media, we posit that online illness reports could complement traditional surveillance systems by providing near real-time information on foodborne illnesses, implicated foods and locations.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Electronic address: onelaine@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Elaine O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Nsoesie
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kluberg
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brownstein
mesh_terms: D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D061108:Social Media; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Disease surveillance; Foodborne diseases; Foodborne illness; Gastroenteritis; Population surveillance; Social media