title: Novel therapy for pyridoxine dependent epilepsy due to ALDH7A1 genetic defect: L-arginine supplementation alternative to lysine-restricted diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE) due to mutations in the ALDH7A1 gene (PDE-ALDH7A1) is caused by α-aminoadipic-semialdehyde-dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency in the lysine pathway resulting in the accumulation of α-aminoadipic acid semialdehyde (α-AASA). Classical presentation is neonatal intractable seizures with a dramatic response to pyridoxine. Pyridoxine therapy does not prevent developmental delays in the majority of the patients. We hypothesized that L-arginine supplementation will decrease accumulation of α-AASA by competitive inhibition of lysine transport into the central nervous system and improve neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive functions in PDE-ALDH7A1.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-year-old male with PDE-ALDH7A1 was treated with l-arginine supplementation as an innovative therapy. Treatment outcome was monitored by cerebral-spinal-fluid (CSF) α-AASA measurements at baseline, 6th and 12th months of therapy. Neuropsychological assessments were performed at baseline and 12th months of therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  L-arginine therapy was well tolerated without side effects. CSF α-AASA was decreased 57% at 12th months of therapy. Neuropsychological assessments revealed improvements in general abilities index from 108 to 116 and improvements in verbal and motor functioning at 12th months of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term treatment outcome of this novel L-arginine supplementation therapy for PDE-ALDH7A1 was successful for biochemical and neurocognitive improvements.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: saadet.mahmutoglu@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Saadet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Medical Neurogenetics, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eduard A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Struys
authors.affiliation: Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Lianna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kyriakopoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mamak
mesh_terms: D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000172:deficiency*; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000172:deficiency; D008297:Male; D011736:Pyridoxine; D014803:Vitamin B Complex
chemical_list: D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D001120:Arginine; C089507:ALDH7A1 protein, human; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D008239:Lysine; D011736:Pyridoxine
keywords: ALDH7A1 gene; Alpha-amino adipic acid semialdehyde; Lysine catabolism; Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy; l-arginine