title: Latent classes of posttraumatic stress and growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Potentially traumatic events may lead to different patterns of posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth. The objective of the present study was to identify subgroups with different patterns of posttraumatic reactions, and to determine whether these subgroups differed in terms of personal and social resources and indicators of adjustment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used survey data collected 10 months after the 2011 Oslo bombing attack to investigate patterns of reactions among ministerial employees (N=1970).
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied latent class analyses with covariates to extract subgroups of individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three classes of individual reactions were extracted, and these were similar among those who were and those who were not physically proximate to the bombing attack: "High stress/high growth" (27% and 11%, respectively), "Low stress/high growth" (74% and 42%, respectively), and "Low stress/low growth" (only among the not physically proximate: 47%). The classes differed in terms of gender, neuroticism, and social support as well as life satisfaction and daily functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogeneous patterns of posttraumatic reactions were found. Physical proximity is not necessary to experience posttraumatic stress or growth after political violence. Among individuals with low stress, posttraumatic growth may not encompass higher life satisfaction or functioning.
authors.affiliation: a Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies , 181 Nydalen, 0409 Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Marianne Skogbrott
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: Gertrud Sofie
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hafstad
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blix
authors.forename: Trond
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heir
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D054042:Bombs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology
keywords: adjustment; person-centered approach; posttraumatic growth; posttraumatic stress