title: Sleep-related violence and sexual behavior in sleep: a systematic review of medical-legal case reports.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review systematically medical-legal cases of sleep-related violence (SRV) and sexual behavior in sleep (SBS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Pubmed and PsychINFO (from 1980 to 2012) with pre-specified terms. We also searched reference lists of relevant articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case reports in which a sleep disorder was purported as the defense during a criminal trial and in which information about the forensic evaluation of the defendant was provided.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information about legal issues, defendant and victim characteristics, circumstantial factors, and forensic evaluation was extracted from each case. A qualitative-comparative assessment of cases was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen cases (9 SRV and 9 SBS) were included. The charge was murder or attempted murder in all SRV cases, while in SBS cases the charge ranged from sexual touching to rape. The defense was based on sleepwalking in 11 of 18 cases. The trial outcome was in favor of the defendant in 14 of 18 cases. Defendants were relatively young males in all cases. Victims were usually adult relatives of the defendants in SRV cases and unrelated young girls or adolescents in SBS cases. In most cases the criminal events occurred 1-2 hours after the defendant's sleep onset, and both proximity and other potential triggering factors were reported. The forensic evaluations widely differed from case to case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SRV and SBS medical-legal cases did not show apparent differences, except for the severity of the charges and the victim characteristics. An international multidisciplinary consensus for the forensic evaluation of SRV and SBS should be developed as an urgent priority.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy;
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ingravallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy;
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy;
authors.forename: Emma V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; ; IRRCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy;
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pizza
authors.affiliation: Local Health Trust, Bologna, Italy;
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vignatelli
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Centre, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Carlos H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Schenck
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; ; IRRCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy;
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plazzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003416:Criminal Law / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006708:Homicide / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020184:Night Terrors / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D011902:Rape / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D013009:Somnambulism / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D014754:Violence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: criminal law; forensic evaluation; parasomnia; sexsomnia; sleep violence; sleepwalking defense