title: Respiratory viruses are continuously detected in children with chronic tonsillitis throughout the year.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the oscillations on the viral detection in adenotonsillar tissues from patients with chronic adenotonsillar diseases as an indicia of the presence of persistent viral infections or acute subclinical infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fluctuations of respiratory virus detection were compared to the major climatic variables during a two-year period using adenoids and palatine tonsils from 172 children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and clinical evidence of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome or recurrent adenotonsillitis, without symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI), by TaqMan real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of detection of at least one respiratory virus in adenotonsillar tissue was 87%. The most frequently detected viruses were human adenovirus in 52.8%, human enterovirus in 47.2%, human rhinovirus in 33.8%, human bocavirus in 31.1%, human metapneumovirus in 18.3% and human respiratory syncytial virus in 17.2%. Although increased detection of human enterovirus occurred in summer/autumn months, and there were summer nadirs of human respiratory syncytial virus in both years of the study, there was no obvious viral seasonality in contrast to reports with ARI patients in many regions of the world.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiratory viruses are continuously highly detected during whole year, and without any clinical symptomatology, indicating that viral genome of some virus can persist in lymphoepithelial tissues of the upper respiratory tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Proença-Módena
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Buzatto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Paula
authors.affiliation: Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tamara H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Saturno
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luana S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Delcaro
authors.affiliation: Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirela C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Prates
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamashiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiana C P
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Valera
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eurico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Electronic address: wtalima@fmrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Wilma T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Anselmo-Lima
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000821:virology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*
keywords: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy; Adenotonsillectomy; Adenovirus; Bocavirus; Enterovirus; Respiratory syncytial virus; Rhinovirus; Viral seasonality