title: Pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, increases orthodontic tooth movement in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pantoprazole, is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) prescribed for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal disorders, which in high doses has been suggested to decrease calcium absorption leading to hypocalcaemia and therefore osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to assess whether pantoprazol, could alter the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A time course study was established using 72 rats which were divided into six groups of 12 samples each (four: vehicle; eight: pantoprazole + vehicle). Pantoprazole at a dose of 200 mg/kg suspended in carboxymethyl cellulose (0.25 percent) was administered by a gastric tube. The upper incisors and first molars were ligated by a 5 mm nickel-titanium closed-coil spring to deliver an initial force of 60 g. Animals were euthanized two weeks after orthodontic treatment followed by assessment of tooth movement and histomorphometric evaluation of the detached maxillae. Lateral skull radiographs were obtained once a week, starting from the first day to the 6(th) week of the study. OTM and bone density data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and repeated measures ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant changes in OTM measurements and optical density were observed in vehicle-receiving animals during the study (P=0.994). OTM was significantly increased after six weeks pantoprazole therapy which continued until the 7(th) week of the experiment (P=0.007). Optical density significantly increased in the pantoprazole-treated rats after six weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long term PPI therapy at high doses could lead to osteoporosis and enhanced OTM.
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Houman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alimoradi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Yasaman
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kheirandish
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahroo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Etemad-Moghadam
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alaeddini
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alipasha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meysamie
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Amir Reza
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fatahi Meybodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dehpour
keywords: Pantoprazole; Proton pump inhibitors; Radiography; Rats; Tooth movement