title: LDH is an adverse prognostic factor independent of ISS in transplant-eligible myeloma patients receiving bortezomib-based induction regimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been an adverse prognostic factor for myeloma but does not feature in the International Staging System (ISS). We examined whether elevated serum LDH at diagnosis remains an adverse risk factor independent of ISS for survivals transplant-eligible myeloma patients receiving early/frontline bortezomib-based induction, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven transplant-eligible Chinese patients received three induction regimens [staged approach (N = 25), PAD (N = 19), VTD (N = 33)], followed by ASCT and thalidomide maintenance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five-year overall (OS) and event-free (EFS) survivals were 66.4% and 36.2%. There was no difference in demographics, complete remission/near complete remission (CR/nCR rates postinduction or ASCT, and survivals among patients induced by the three induction regimens. Elevated LDH was associated with male gender (P = 0.006), ISS III (P = 0.042) and serum β2-microglobulin (P = 0.040). Univariate analysis showed that elevated LDH, ISS III, high β2-microglobulin, and failure to attain CR/nCR post-ACST were risk factors adversely impacting both OS and EFS. Multivariate analysis showed that elevated LDH was the only factor impacting both OS (P = 0.007) and EFS (P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this uniformly treated cohort of transplant-eligible myeloma patients, elevated serum LDH is an adverse risk factor independent of ISS for both OS and EFS. Bortezomib-based induction/ASCT regimen had not abolished the adverse impact of elevated LDH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Chor Sang
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chim
authors.forename: Joycelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: Albert Kwok Wai
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.forename: Yok Lam
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kwong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069286:Bortezomib / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012074:Remission Induction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000069286:Bortezomib; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases
keywords: bortezomib-based induction; independent of ISS; lactate dehydrogenase; prognostic factor; transplant-eligible myeloma