title: Purinergic receptors in ocular inflammation.
abstract: Inflammation is a complex process that implies the interaction between cells and molecular mediators, which, when not properly "tuned," can lead to disease. When inflammation affects the eye, it can produce severe disorders affecting the superficial and internal parts of the visual organ. The nucleoside adenosine and nucleotides including adenine mononucleotides like ADP and ATP and dinucleotides such as P(1),P(4)-diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), and P(1),P(5)-diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A) are present in different ocular locations and therefore they may contribute/modulate inflammatory processes. Adenosine receptors, in particular A2A adenosine receptors, present anti-inflammatory action in acute and chronic retinal inflammation. Regarding the A3 receptor, selective agonists like N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine (CF101) have been used for the treatment of inflammatory ophthalmic diseases such as dry eye and uveoretinitis. Sideways, diverse stimuli (sensory stimulation, large intraocular pressure increases) can produce a release of ATP from ocular sensory innervation or after injury to ocular tissues. Then, ATP will activate purinergic P2 receptors present in sensory nerve endings, the iris, the ciliary body, or other tissues surrounding the anterior chamber of the eye to produce uveitis/endophthalmitis. In summary, adenosine and nucleotides can activate receptors in ocular structures susceptible to suffer from inflammatory processes. This involvement suggests the possible use of purinergic agonists and antagonists as therapeutic targets for ocular inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain ; Spanish Cooperative Thematic Research Network in Ocular Prevalent and Chronic Pathology (RETIC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guzman-Aranguez
authors.affiliation: Spanish Cooperative Thematic Research Network in Ocular Prevalent and Chronic Pathology (RETIC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ; Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Medical School, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ; Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gasull
authors.affiliation: Ocular Surface Group, Institute for Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain ; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Diebold
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain ; Spanish Cooperative Thematic Research Network in Ocular Prevalent and Chronic Pathology (RETIC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pintor
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D005123:Eye / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C478920:CF101; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic; C012275:P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate; D000241:Adenosine