title: Lasting personality pathology following exposure to catastrophic trauma in adults: systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  By definition, personality disorders (PDs) are evident in late childhood and adolescence, but evidence for personality pathology occurring after adolescence is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to review extant literature on personality change following exposure to catastrophic trauma in adults in order to identify the prevalence and clinical features of any long-term personality pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies were identified by searching three bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsychINFO) from inception to November 2011 using terms related to personality and trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No prospective studies that investigated long-term personality change following exposure to trauma in adults were found. Two retrospective studies reported the prevalence of enduring personality change of 2.6% and 6% (weighted prevalence 4.6%, 95% confidence interval 3.4-6.3%), and one study reported 20% increase in adult-onset antisocial behaviour following exposure to trauma. Findings from cross-sectional studies that examined the prevalence of PDs in people exposed to catastrophic trauma reported that Cluster C and Cluster A were the most common with avoidant, paranoid and obsessive-compulsive PDs among those most frequently reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A minority of adults who are exposed to severe trauma appear to go on to develop significant personality pathology. The observed personality disturbance is multifarious and more extensive than the prototype described in ICD-10.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munjiza
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Mike J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D010551:Personality; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors