title: Morphological alterations in the synganglion and integument of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks exposed to aqueous extracts of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. JUSS).
abstract: Currently, the necessity of controlling infestation by ticks, especially by Rhipicephalus sanguineus, has led researchers and public health managers around the world to search for new and more efficient control methods. This way, we can highlight neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf, bark, and seed extracts, which have been very effective on tick control, and moreover causing less damage to the environment and to the host. This study showed the potential of neem as a control method for R. sanguineus through morphological and morphometric evaluation of the integument and synganglion of females, in semiengorged stage. To attain this, routine techniques of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and morphometry of the cuticle and subcuticle of the integument were applied. Expressive morphological alterations were observed in both organs, presenting a dose-dependent effect. Integument epithelial cells and nerve cells of the synganglion showed signs of cell vacuolation, dilated intercellular boundaries, and cellular disorganization, alterations not previously reported in studies with neem. In addition, variations in subcuticle thickness were also observed. In general, the effects of neem are multiple, and affect the morphology and physiology of target animals in various ways. The results presented in this work are the first evidence of its effects in the coating and nervous system of ticks, thus allowing an indication of neem aqueous extracts as a potential control method of the brown dog tick and opening new perspectives on acaricide use.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Remedio
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Anholeto
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Camargo-Mathias
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D005989:Glycerides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000633:toxicity*; D048508:Rhipicephalus sanguineus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013729:Terpenes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D005989:Glycerides; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; C002443:neem oil
keywords: acaricide; brown dog tick; control; morphology; phytochemical