title: Toxicological analysis and antihyperalgesic, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory effects of Campomanesia adamantium fruit barks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory, antihyperalgesic, and antidepressive potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of Campomanesia adamantium fruit barks (CAE) on rodents and determines the safety of this plant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The acute toxicity of CAE was evaluated by oral administration to female rats as single doses of 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg body weight. General behavior and toxic symptoms were observed for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity test, male and female rats received 125 or 250 mg/kg body weight of CAE for 28 days. The oral anti-inflammatory activity of CAE was evaluated in carrageenan-induced pleurisy in male mice. The effect of treatment with CAE (100 mg/kg) for 15 days was evaluated in mechanical hyperalgesia (electronic von Frey), depressive behavior (forced swimming test), and cold hypersensitivity in spared nerve injury (SNI) model in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in animals from the experimental groups during acute and subacute exposure to CAE. At pleurisy test, the oral administration of CAE significantly inhibited leukocyte migration and protein leakage at all doses tested when compared to control. Oral administration of CAE for 3-15 days significantly inhibited SNI-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and increased immobility in the forced swim test. Finally, on the 15th day, oral treatment with CAE prevented the increase in sensitivity to a cold stimulus induced by SNI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that C. adamantium extract has anti-inflammatory, antihyperalgesic, and antidepressive properties in rodents without causing toxicity.
authors.affiliation: a School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados-MS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: a School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados-MS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cláudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Piccinelli
authors.affiliation: a School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados-MS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Diana F S
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Aquino
authors.affiliation: a School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados-MS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: b University Hospital, Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados-MS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Wanderlei O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: a School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados-MS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Giseli K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Traesel
authors.affiliation: c Mato Grosso do Sul State University , Dourados-MS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia A L
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: a School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados-MS , Brazil.
authors.forename: Candida A L
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kassuya
authors.affiliation: a School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados , Dourados-MS , Brazil.|d Department of Morphology , Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu-SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Arielle C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Arena
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D027822:Myrtaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010998:Pleurisy / Q000517:prevention & control; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D059551:Toxicity Tests, Subacute
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Campomanesia adamantium fruit bark; Depression; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Toxicity