title: Cardiac and vascular disease prior to hatching in chick embryos incubated at high altitude.
abstract: The partial contributions of reductions in fetal nutrition and oxygenation to slow fetal growth and a developmental origin of cardiovascular disease remain unclear. By combining high altitude with the chick embryo model, we have previously isolated the direct effects of high-altitude hypoxia on growth. This study isolated the direct effects of high-altitude hypoxia on cardiovascular development. Fertilized eggs from sea-level or high-altitude hens were incubated at sea level or high altitude. Fertilized eggs from sea-level hens were also incubated at high altitude with oxygen supplementation. High altitude promoted embryonic growth restriction, cardiomegaly and aortic wall thickening, effects which could be prevented by incubating eggs from high-altitude hens at sea level or by incubating eggs from sea-level hens at high altitude with oxygen supplementation. Embryos from high-altitude hens showed reduced effects of altitude incubation on growth restriction but not on cardiovascular remodeling. The data show that: (1) high-altitude hypoxia promotes embryonic cardiac and vascular disease already evident prior to hatching and that this is associated with growth restriction; (2) the effects can be prevented by increased oxygenation; and (3) the effects are different in embryos from sea-level or high-altitude hens.
authors.affiliation: 1Instituto Boliviano de Biología de Altura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: 1Instituto Boliviano de Biología de Altura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villena
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Camm
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tuckett
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Weerakkody
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shelley
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: F B P
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Wooding
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quy
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Giussani