title: Humoral responses to independent vaccinations are correlated in healthy boosted adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Roughly half of U.S. adults do not receive recommended booster vaccinations, but protective antibody levels are rarely measured in adults. Demographic factors, vaccination history, and responses to other vaccinations could help identify at-risk individuals. We sought to characterize rates of seroconversion and determine associations of humoral responses to multiple vaccinations in healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Humoral responses toward measles, mumps, tetanus toxoid, pertussis, hepatitis B surface antigen, and anthrax protective antigen were measured by ELISA in post-immunization samples from 1465 healthy U.S. military members. We examined the effects of demographic and clinical factors on immunization responses, as well as assessed correlations between vaccination responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subsets of boosted adults did not have seroprotective levels of antibodies toward measles (10.4%), mumps (9.4%), pertussis (4.7%), hepatitis B (8.6%) or protective antigen (14.4%) detected. Half-lives of antibody responses were generally long (>30 years). Measles and mumps antibody levels were correlated (r=0.31, p<0.001), but not associated with select demographic features or vaccination history. Measles and mumps antibody levels also correlated with tetanus antibody response (r=0.11, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccination responses are predominantly robust and vaccine specific. However, a small but significant portion of the vaccinated adult population may not have quantitative seroprotective antibody to common vaccine-preventable infections.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garman
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vineyard
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Sherry R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Christina E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Limone C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Renata J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Engler
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Electronic address: jamesj@omrf.org.
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000881:Anthrax / Q000517:prevention & control; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000517:prevention & control; D008889:Military Personnel; D009107:Mumps / Q000517:prevention & control; D013742:Tetanus / Q000517:prevention & control; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014917:Whooping Cough / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Anthrax vaccine adsorbed; Hepatitis B; Measles; Mumps; Pertussis; Tetanus