title: Dynamic high performance liquid chromatography on chiral stationary phases. Low temperature separation of the interconverting enantiomers of diazepam, flunitrazepam, prazepam and tetrazepam.
abstract: Diazepam and the structurally related 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones tetrazepam, prazepam and flunitrazepam are chiral molecules because they adopt a ground state conformation featuring a non-planar seven membered ring devoid of any reflection-symmetry element. The two conformational enantiomers of this class of benzodiazepines interconvert rapidly at room temperature by a simple ring flipping process. Low temperature HPLC on the Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase allowed us to separate the conformational enantiomers of diazepam and of the related 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones, under conditions where the interconversion rate is sufficiently low, compared to the chromatographic separation rate. Diazepam, tetrazepam and prazepam showed temperature dependent dynamic HPLC profiles with interconversion plateaus indicative of on-column enantiomer interconversion (enantiomerization) in the temperature range between -10 °C and -35 °C, whereas for flunitrazepam on-column interconversion was observed at temperatures between -40 °C and -66 °C. Simulation of exchange-deformed HPLC profiles using a computer program based on the stochastic model yielded the apparent rate constants for the on-column enantiomerization and the corresponding free energy activation barriers. At -20 °C the enantiomerization barriers, ΔG(≠), for diazepam, prazepam and tetrazepam were determined to be in the range 17.6-18.7 kcal/mol. At -55 °C ΔG(≠) for flunitrazepam was determined to be in the 15.6-15.7 kcal/mol range. The experimental dynamic chromatograms and the corresponding interconversion barriers reported in this paper call for a reinterpretation of previously published results on the HPLC behavior of diazepam on chiral stationary phases.
authors.affiliation: Sapienza Università di Roma. Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocchina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sabia
authors.affiliation: Sapienza Università di Roma. Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciogli
authors.affiliation: Sapienza Università di Roma. Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pierini
authors.affiliation: Sapienza Università di Roma. Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gasparrini
authors.affiliation: Sapienza Università di Roma. Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: claudio.villani@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villani
mesh_terms: D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003975:Diazepam / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005445:Flunitrazepam / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011222:Prazepam / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D005445:Flunitrazepam; C005245:tetrazepam; D011222:Prazepam; D003975:Diazepam
keywords: Conformational enantiomers; Diazepam; Dynamic chromatography; Enantiomerization energy barriers; HPLC on chiral stationary phases; Low temperature HPLC