title: Who is stressed? A pilot study of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase concentrations in agoraphobic patients and their novice therapists undergoing in vivo exposure.
abstract: In cognitive behavioural therapy of phobic anxiety, in vivo exposure is considered as an effective treatment strategy. Apparently, it involves the experience of stress and anxiety in patients. Given the therapist's role during exposure sessions, it is conceivable that the performance is also accompanied with the experience of stress in therapists, especially when unversed in conducting psychotherapy. Studies confirmed that cognitive behavioural therapists tend to avoid therapist-guided in vivo exposure. The objective of this study was the simultaneous investigation of therapist's and patient's stress response during in vivo exposure. Therefore, 23 agoraphobic patients and their 23 treating therapists in training provided five saliva samples during an in vivo exposure and five samples during an ordinary therapy session. Before and during exposure session, subjective evaluations of stress and anxiety were assessed. Results suggested that therapists reported similar levels of perceived stress as patients before exposure. Both groups displayed significantly elevated salivary cortisol (sC) levels during exposure compared to the control session and a trend for alterations in salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity was found. Therapists reached peak concentrations of sC before start of the intervention followed by a decline during exposure, while patients displayed peak levels of cortisol secretion after 60 min of exposure. In vivo exposure seems to be a demanding intervention not only for the patient, but also for therapists in training. However, it was also demonstrated that physiological and subjective stress rather decrease during the intervention and that both groups rated exposure to be substantially successful. Based on the presented results, another potential factor contributing to the under-usage of exposure treatment is conceivable and needs to be addressed in future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: sarah.schumacher@charite.de.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gaudlitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plag
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopsychology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopsychology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirschbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fehm
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fydrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ströhle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007171:Implosive Therapy; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D055291:Salivary alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055291:Salivary alpha-Amylases; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Agoraphobia; Exposure therapy; Salivary alpha-amylase; Salivary cortisol; Stress; Therapist trainees