title: Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women with Type II Diabetes Mellitus and the Impact of Estrogen Replacement Therapy: A Narrative Review.
abstract: Coronary heart disease is the main cause of death in postmenopausal women (PMW); moreover its mortality exceeds those for breast cancer in women at all ages. Type II diabetes mellitus is a major cardiovascular risk factor and there is some evidence that the risk conferred by diabetes is greater in women than in men. It was established that the deficiency of endogenous estrogens promotes the atherosclerosis process. However, the impact of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on cardiovascular prevention remains controversial. Some authors strongly recommend it, whereas others revealed a concerning trend toward harm. This review tries to underlines the different components of cardiovascular risk in diabetic PMW and to define the place of ERT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences and Pediatrics, Catheterization Laboratory and Cardiovascular Interventional Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Marouane
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8645-6513
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boukhris
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences and Pediatrics, Catheterization Laboratory and Cardiovascular Interventional Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore Davide
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Tomasello
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences and Pediatrics, Catheterization Laboratory and Cardiovascular Interventional Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marzà
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Policlinico S. Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bregante
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Policlinico S. Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca Romana
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Pluchinotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences and Pediatrics, Catheterization Laboratory and Cardiovascular Interventional Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, Via Messina 829, 95126 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfredo Ruggero
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Galassi