title: Grape seed extract improves epithelial structure and suppresses inflammation in ileum of IL-10-deficient mice.
abstract: Defect in intestinal epithelial structure is a critical etiological factor of several intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape seed extract (GSE), which contains a mixture of polyphenols, on ileal mucosal structure and inflammation in interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice, a common model for studying inflammatory bowel disease. Wild-type and IL-10-deficient mice were fed GSE at 0 or 1% (based on dry feed weight) for 16 weeks. GSE supplementation decreased crypt depth and increased (P < 0.05) the ratio of villus/crypt length in the terminal ileum. Consistently, the dietary GSE decreased (P < 0.05) proliferation and enhanced (P < 0.05) differentiation of epithelial cells. These changes in gut epithelium were associated with the suppression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cell (NF-κB) signaling. Furthermore, compared with WT mice, IL-10 deletion promoted beclin-1 and AMPK expression, both of which were decreased to normal by GSE supplementation. These changes were associated with alterations in epithelial barrier function as indicated by reduced pore forming claudin-2 protein expression and increased barrier forming claudin-1 protein expression in the ileum of GSE supplemented mice. In summary, our data indicates that GSE exerts protective effects to the ileal epithelial structure in IL-10-deficient mice possibly through the suppression of inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. meijun.zhu@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Guan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yifei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Mei-Jun
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071186:Beclin-1; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000172:deficiency*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000071186:Beclin-1; C115010:Becn1 protein, mouse; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D016328:NF-kappa B; D059808:Polyphenols; D016753:Interleukin-10