title: Development of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh: a case-control study on risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk factors for developing multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study was set in central, district and sub-district level hospitals of rural and urban Bangladesh. Included were 250 multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients as cases and 750 drug susceptible tuberculosis patients as controls. We recruited cases from all three government hospitals treating MDR-TB in Bangladesh during the study period. Controls were selected randomly from those local treatment units that had referred the cases. Information was collected through face-to-face interviews and record reviews. Unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previous treatment history was shown to be the major contributing factor to MDR-TB in univariate analysis. After adjusting for other factors in multivariable analysis, age group "18-25" (OR 1.77, CI 1.07-2.93) and "26-45" (OR 1.72, CI 1.12-2.66), some level of education (OR 1.94, CI 1.32-2.85), service and business as occupation (OR 2.88, CI 1.29-6.44; OR 3.71, CI 1.59-8.66, respectively), smoking history (OR 1.58, CI 0.99-2.5), and type 2 diabetes (OR 2.56 CI 1.51-4.34) were associated with MDR-TB. Previous treatment was not included in the multivariable analysis as it was correlated with multiple predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous tuberculosis treatment was found to be the major risk factor for MDR-TB. This study also identified age 18 to 45 years, some education up to secondary level, service and business as occupation, past smoking status, and type 2 diabetes as comorbid illness as risk factors. National Tuberculosis programme should address these risk factors in MDR-TB control strategy. The integration of MDR-TB control activities with diabetes and tobacco control programmes is needed in Bangladesh.
authors.affiliation: The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mahfuza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rifat
authors.affiliation: The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Abul Hasnat
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Milton
authors.affiliation: The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oldmeadow
authors.affiliation: BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Akramul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ashaque
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Wahiduzzaman
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Akhanda
authors.affiliation: BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Bodrun Naher
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Siddiquea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult