title: Auditory feedback perturbation in children with developmental speech sound disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies indicate a close relation between auditory and speech motor functions in children with speech sound disorders (SSD). The aim of this study was to investigate the ability to compensate and adapt for perturbed auditory feedback in children with SSD compared to age-matched normally developing children.
  
  
  METHODS
  17 normally developing children aged 4.1-8.7 years (mean=5.5, SD=1.4), and 11 children with SSD aged 3.9-7.5 years (mean=5.1, SD=1.0) participated in the study. Auditory feedback was perturbed by real-time shifting the first and second formant of the vowel /e/ during the production of CVC words in a five-step paradigm (practice/familiarization; start/baseline; ramp; hold; end/release).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the group level, the normally developing children were better able to compensate and adapt, adjusting their formant frequencies in the direction opposite to the perturbation, while the group of children with SSD followed (amplifying) the perturbation. However, large individual differences lie underneath. Furthermore, strong correlations were found between the amount of compensation and performance on oral motor movement non-word repetition tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggested that while most children with SSD can detect incongruencies in auditory feedback and can adapt their target representations, they are unable to compensate for perturbed auditory feedback. These findings suggest that impaired auditory-motor integration may play a key role in SSD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The reader will be able to: (1) describe the potential role of auditory feedback control in developmental speech disorders (SSD); (2) identify the neural control subsystems involved in feedback based speech motor control; (3) describe the differences between compensation and adaptation for perturbed auditory feedback; (4) explain why auditory-motor integration may play a key role in SSD.
authors.affiliation: Utrecht Institute of Linguistics-OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Centre for Language and Cognition (CLCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: h.r.terband@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Hayo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terband
authors.affiliation: Utrecht Institute of Linguistics-OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: f.j.vanbrenk@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Frits
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Brenk
authors.affiliation: Utrecht Institute of Linguistics-OTS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Speech and Language Therapy, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: anniek.vandoornik@hu.nl.
authors.forename: Anniek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Doornik-van der Zee
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D066229:Speech Sound Disorder
keywords: Auditory feedback control; Auditory feedback perturbation; Childhood Apraxia of Speech; Internal models; Speech sound disorders