title: Release of erythropoietin and neuron-specific enolase after breath holding in competing free divers.
abstract: Free diving is associated with extreme hypoxia. This study evaluated the combined effect of maximal static breath holding and underwater swimming on plasma biomarkers of tissue hypoxemia: erythropoietin, neuron-specific enolase and S100B, C-reactive protein, pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, and troponin T. Venous blood samples were obtained from 17 competing free divers before and 3 h after sessions of static apnea and underwater swimming. The heart was evaluated by echocardiography. Static apnea for 293 ± 78 s (mean ± SD) and subsequent 88 ± 21 m underwater swimming increased plasma erythropoietin from 10.6 ± 3.4 to 12.4 ± 4.1 mIU/L (P = 0.013) and neuron-specific enolase from 14.5 ± 5.3 to 24.6 ± 6.4 ng/mL (P = 0.017); C-reactive protein decreased from 0.84 ± 1.0 to 0.71 ± 0.67 mmol/L (P = 0.013). In contrast, plasma concentrations of S100B (P = 0.394), pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (P = 0.549), and troponin T (P = 0.125) remained unchanged and, as assessed by echocardiography, the heart was not affected. In competitive free divers, bouts of static and dynamic apnea increase plasma erythropoietin and neuron-specific enolase, suggesting that renal and neural tissue, rather than the heart, is affected by the hypoxia developed during apnea and underwater swimming.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia (The Copenhagen Muscle Research Center), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kjeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia (The Copenhagen Muscle Research Center), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jattu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia (The Copenhagen Muscle Research Center), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Goetze
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia (The Copenhagen Muscle Research Center), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Secher
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroanesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood; D062485:Breath Holding; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004242:Diving; D004452:Echocardiography; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit / Q000097:blood; D013550:Swimming; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C554270:EPO protein, human; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; C579160:S100B protein, human; D020107:Troponin T; D004921:Erythropoietin; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
keywords: Apnea; NSE; brain; erythropoietin; heart; hypoxia; kidney