title: Optimization of nebulized delivery of linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin aerosol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At this time, several antibiotics have been investigated as possibilities for aerosol administration, but local therapy has been found to be more efficient in several diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The drugs linezolid (Zyvox), vancomycin (Voncon), and daptomycin (Cubicin) were tested with three jet nebulizers with seven different residual cups and different loadings. Moreover, three ultrasound nebulizers were again tested with these drugs, with different loadings and mouthpiece attachments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When drugs are combined with particular cup designs, they significantly lower the droplet size to 1.60 and 1.80 μm, which represents the best combination of Zyvox and cup G and Cubicin and cup D, respectively. Cup design D is suggested as the most effective cup for lowering the droplet size (2.30 μm) when considering a higher loading level (8 mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modification of current drugs from dry powder to solution is possible, and the residual cup design plays the most important role in droplet size production when the nebulization systems have the same properties.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kioumis
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lampaki
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Organtzis
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Porpodis
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Dionysios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spyratos
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pitsiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petridis
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pataka
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Lonny
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yarmus
authors.affiliation: II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hohenforst-Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Surgery Department, Private Cabinet, Serres, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pezirkianidis
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000336:Aerosols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D017576:Daptomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D000069349:Linezolid; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000336:Aerosols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D014640:Vancomycin; D000069349:Linezolid; D017576:Daptomycin
keywords: aerosol; daptomycin; jet nebulizers; linezolid; ultrasound nebulizers; vancomycin