title: Long-term patient outcomes after posterior cervical foraminotomy: an analysis of 151 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors conducted a study to investigate the rate and timing of reoperation due to symptom recurrence after unilateral posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively reviewed demographic, surgical, and clinical data from 151 patients who underwent unilateral PCF at their institution with an average follow-up of 4.15 years. The main outcome variables were reoperation rate, time to reoperation, and short- and long-term radiculopathy improvement rates. Kaplan-Meier analyses were conducted to assess risk of reoperation and recurrence of radiculopathy over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After index PCF in 151 patients, the overall reoperation rate was 9.9% (15 patients). The average time until reoperation was 2.4 years, and the average last follow-up examination was 4.15 years after the first surgery. Patients who presented with preoperative neck pain in addition to radiculopathy had a higher risk for reoperation and a shorter time to reoperation. The majority of patients who underwent a reoperation had an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (80%). A smaller number of patients had reoperation that included a repeat PCF (6.7%) or laminectomy with posterior cervical fusion (13.3%). The rate of same-level reoperation (6.6%, 10 patients) was significantly higher (p = 0.05) when compared with adjacent-segment (1.3%, 2 patients) or distant-segment (1.9%, 3 patients) reoperation. At last follow-up, the overall rate of improvement in radiculopathy was 85%, with the majority of patients (91.4%) experiencing resolution as early as 1 month after index surgery. Following the subgroup that experienced initial symptom improvement, 16.1% of these patients experienced radiculopathy recurrence an average of 7.3 years after the initial operation. While the reoperation rate for the overall cohort in this series was 9.9%, patients with follow-up periods longer than 2 years had a reoperation rate of 18.3%. Moreover, patients with more than 10 years of follow-up had a reoperation rate of 24.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCF is a procedure performed to address nerve root compression in the cervical spine. The authors evaluated 151 patients who underwent unilateral PCF and found a reoperation rate of 9.9% at an average of 2.4 years after the initial surgery (6.6% at same level, 3.3% elsewhere). The reoperation rates reached 18.3% and 24.3% in patients with follow-up periods longer than 2 and 10 years, respectively. The authors' analysis revealed that patients with no preoperative neck pain had the lowest rates of revision surgery after PCF.
authors.affiliation: The Spinal Column Biomechanics and Surgical Outcomes Laboratory, and.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bydon
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mathios
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macki
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Garza-Ramos
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sciubba
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Witham
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wolinsky
authors.forename: Ziya L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Gokaslan
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bydon
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D059526:Foraminotomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ACDF = anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; PCF = posterior cervical foraminotomy; cervical; degenerative; facetectomy; foraminotomy; laminectomy; posterior; reoperation; spine