title: Diurnal and twenty-four hour patterning of human diseases: acute and chronic common and uncommon medical conditions.
abstract: The symptom intensity and mortality of human diseases, conditions, and syndromes exhibit diurnal or 24 h patterning, e.g., skin: atopic dermatitis, urticaria, psoriasis, and palmar hyperhidrosis; gastrointestinal: esophageal reflux, peptic ulcer (including perforation and hemorrhage), cyclic vomiting syndrome, biliary colic, hepatic variceal hemorrhage, and proctalgia fugax; infection: susceptibility, fever, and mortality; neural: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe seizures, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, hereditary progressive dystonia, and pain (cancer, post-surgical, diabetic neuropathic and foot ulcer, tooth caries, burning mouth and temporomandibular syndromes, fibromyalgia, sciatica, intervertebral vacuum phenomenon, multiple sclerosis muscle spasm, and migraine, tension, cluster, hypnic, and paroxysmal hemicranial headache); renal: colic and nocturnal enuresis and polyuria; ocular: bulbar conjunctival redness, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, intraocular pressure and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and recurrent corneal erosion syndrome; psychiatric/behavioral: major and seasonal affective depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, parasuicide and suicide, dementia-associated agitation, and addictive alcohol, tobacco, and heroin cravings and withdrawal phenomena; plus autoimmune and musculoskeletal: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, axial spondylarthritis, gout, Sjögren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Knowledge of these and other 24 h patterns of human pathophysiology informs research of their underlying circadian and other endogenous mechanisms, external temporal triggers, and more effective patient care entailing clinical chronopreventive and chronotherapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. Electronic address: Michael.H.Smolensky@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Smolensky
authors.affiliation: Hospital S. Anna and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Portaluppi
authors.affiliation: Hospital S. Anna and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manfredini
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering & Chronobiology Laboratories, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario, Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramon C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hermida
authors.affiliation: Hospital S. Anna and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Ruana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tiseo
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research and the Department of Pathology, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Sackett-Lundeen
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research and the Department of Pathology, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Erhard L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Haus
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Addictive behaviors; Circadian rhythm; Gastrointestinal; Infectious; Neurologic; Ocular; Pain; Psychiatric; Renal and urologic diseases; Skeletal