title: The health and economic effects of counterfeit drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Counterfeit drugs comprise an increasing percentage of the US drug market and even a larger percentage in less developed countries. Counterfeit drugs involve both lifesaving and lifestyle drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the health and economic consequences of counterfeit drugs on the US public and on the healthcare system as a whole.
  
  
  METHODS
  This comprehensive review of the literature encompassed a search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, and ProQuest using the keywords "counterfeit drugs," "counterfeit medicines," "fake drugs," and "fake medicines." A search of the various FiercePharma daily newsletter series on the healthcare market was also conducted. In addition, the US Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization websites were reviewed for additional information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The issue of counterfeit drugs has been growing in importance in the United States, with the supply of these counterfeit drugs coming from all over the world. Innovation is important to economic growth and US competitiveness in the global marketplace, and intellectual property protections provide the ability for society to prosper from innovation. Especially important in terms of innovation in healthcare are the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. In addition to taking income from consumers and drug companies, counterfeit drugs also pose health hazards to patients, including death. The case of bevacizumab (Avastin) is presented as one recent example. Internet pharmacies, which are often the source of counterfeit drugs, often falsely portray themselves as Canadian, to enhance their consumer acceptance. Adding to the problems are drug shortages, which facilitate access for counterfeits. A long and convoluted supply chain also facilitates counterfeits. In addition, the wholesale market involving numerous firms is a convenient target for counterfeit drugs. Trafficking in counterfeits can be extremely profitable; detection of counterfeits is difficult, and the penalties are modest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Counterfeit drugs pose a public health hazard, waste consumer income, and reduce the incentive to engage in research and development and innovation. Stronger state licensure supervision of drug suppliers would be helpful. Technological approaches, such as the Radio Frequency Identification devices, should also be considered. Finally, counterfeit drugs may raise concerns among consumers about safety and reduce patient medication adherence.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Economics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Erwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Blackstone
authors.affiliation: Professor of Economics, Widener University, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fuhr
authors.affiliation: President, The American Consumer Institute, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pociask