title: When do the risks of repeated courses of corticosteroids exceed the risks of surgery?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) becomes unclear when patients require multiple courses of corticosteroids to maintain quality of life. Repeated courses of corticosteroids carry increased risks to patients. Although endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is an effective therapeutic modality, it also carries inherent risks. This study aims to identify the threshold at which the risks of repeated courses of corticosteroid exceed the risks of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  An evidence-based risk analysis was simulated using literature-reported complication rates, quality of life changes, and Medicare costs. Simulations were performed from the Medicare patient perspective, societal perspective, and the universal healthcare patient perspective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 3 simulations demonstrate a breakeven threshold favoring surgery over medical therapy when patients require oral corticosteroids (OCS) more often than once every 2 years in CRSwNP, once per year in CRSwNP/asthma, or twice per year for Samter's triad patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This represents the first rationalized evidence-based analysis for when surgery should be considered in place of repeated courses of oral corticosteroids. This threshold provides a guide for otolaryngologists to use when making clinical decisions with patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre, Barrie, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Randy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dinnie
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017281:Cost of Illness; D016527:Drug Costs; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D059747:Nasal Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000191:economics; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones
keywords: Samter's triad; chronic sinusitis; corticosteroids; health economics; nasal polyps; risk analysis