title: Frequently asked questions about in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence: practical issues.
abstract: The aim of this educational review is to provide practical information on the hardware, methodology, and the hands on application of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence technology. We present the paper in a question and answer format like frequently asked questions. Although nearly all information on the application of Chl a fluorescence can be found in the literature, it is not always easily accessible. This paper is primarily aimed at scientists who have some experience with the application of Chl a fluorescence but are still in the process of discovering what it all means and how it can be used. Topics discussed are (among other things) the kind of information that can be obtained using different fluorescence techniques, the interpretation of Chl a fluorescence signals, specific applications of these techniques, and practical advice on different subjects, such as on the length of dark adaptation before measurement of the Chl a fluorescence transient. The paper also provides the physiological background for some of the applied procedures. It also serves as a source of reference for experienced scientists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland, hazem@kalaji.pl.
authors.forename: Hazem M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kalaji
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schansker
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ladle
authors.forename: Vasilij
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goltsev
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bosa
authors.forename: Suleyman I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Allakhverdiev
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brestic
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bussotti
authors.forename: Angeles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calatayud
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dąbrowski
authors.forename: Nabil I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Elsheery
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferroni
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.forename: Sander W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hogewoning
authors.forename: Anjana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jajoo
authors.forename: Amarendra N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: Sergio G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Nebauer
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pancaldi
authors.forename: Consuelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Penella
authors.forename: DorothyBelle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pollastrini
authors.forename: Zdzislawa B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Romanowska-Duda
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rutkowska
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serôdio
authors.forename: Kancherla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.forename: Wiesław
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Szulc
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tambussi
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yanniccari
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zivcak
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D005453:Fluorescence; D008027:Light; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll; D000077194:Chlorophyll A