title: Cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients newly prescribed perindopril vs. lisinopril: a 5-year cohort study of 15,622 Chinese subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perindopril and lisinopril are two common ACE inhibitors prescribed for management of hypertension. Few studies have evaluated their comparative effectiveness to reduce mortality. This study compared the all-cause and cardiovascular related mortality among patients newly prescribed ACE inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  All adult patients newly prescribed perindopril or lisinopril from 2001 to 2005 in all public clinics or hospitals in Hong Kong were retrospectively evaluated, and followed up until 2010. Patients prescribed the ACE inhibitors for less than a month were excluded. The all-cause mortality and cardiovascular-specific (i.e. coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke) mortality were compared. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to assess the mortality, controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, patient types, the presence of comorbidities, and medication adherence as measured by the proportion of days covered. An additional model using propensity scores was performed to minimize indication bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15,622 patients were included in this study, in which 6910 were perindopril users and 8712 lisinopril users. The all-cause mortality (22.2% vs. 20.0%, p<0.005) and cardiovascular mortality (6.5% vs. 5.6%, p<0.005) were higher among lisinopril users than perindopril users. From regression analyses, lisinopril users were 1.09-fold (95% C.I. 1.01-1.16) and 1.18-fold (95% C.I. 1.02-1.35) more likely to die from any-cause and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. Age-stratified analysis showed that this significant difference was observed only among patients aged >70 years. The additional models controlled for propensity scores yielded comparable results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term all-cause and cardiovascular related mortality rates of lisinopril users was significantly different from those of perindopril users. These findings showed that intra-class variation on mortality exists among ACE inhibitors among those aged 70 years or older. Future studies should consider a longer, large-scale randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness between different medications in the ACEI class, especially among the elderly.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kelvin K F
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tsoi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: wong_martin@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Martin C S
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Wilson W S
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Hoyee W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: X Q
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Harry H X
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Mandy W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics Section, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Clement S K
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics Section, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Ellen L H
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics Section, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Bryan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Helen M L
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Sian M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D020913:Perindopril / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D017706:Lisinopril; D020913:Perindopril
keywords: ACE inhibitor; All-cause mortality; Cardiovascular related mortality; Lisinopril; Perindopril