title: Postprandial oxidative stress and gastrointestinal hormones: is there a link?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal postprandial elevation of plasma glucose and lipids plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and strongly predicts cardiovascular mortality. In patients suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2D) postprandial state is associated with oxidative stress, cardiovascular risk and, probably, with impairment of both secretion and the effect of gastrointestinal peptides. Evaluating postprandial changes of gastrointestinal hormones together with changes in oxidative stress markers may help to understand the mechanisms behind the postprandial state in diabetes as well as suggest new preventive and therapeutical strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standard meal test has been used for monitoring the postprandial concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones and oxidative stress markers in patients with T2D (n = 50) compared to healthy controls (n = 50). Blood samples were drawn 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after the standard meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both basal and postprandial plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin proved to be significantly higher in patients with T2D, whereas plasma concentrations of ghrelin showed significantly lower values during the whole meal test. In comparison with healthy controls, both basal and postprandial concentrations of almost all other gastrointestinal hormones and lipoperoxidation were significantly increased while ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity were decreased in patients with T2D. A positive relationship was found between changes in GIP and those of glucose and immunoreactive insulin in diabetic patients (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) and between changes in PYY and those of glucose (p<0.01). There was a positive correlation between changes in GIP and PYY and changes in ascorbic acid in patients with T2D (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from a positive relationship of postprandial changes in GIP and PYY with changes in ascorbic acid, there was no direct link observed between gastrointestinal hormones and oxidative stress markers in diabetic patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01572402.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malinska
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kahleova
authors.affiliation: Faculty Hospital Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ondrej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Topolcan
authors.affiliation: Faculty Hospital Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jindra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vrzalova
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Olena
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oliyarnyk
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kazdova
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belinova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Terezie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pelikanova
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids