title: Erasing the past: a new identity for the Damoclean pathogen causing South American leaf blight of rubber.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  South American leaf blight (SALB) of rubber has been the main constraint to production in its neotropical centre of origin since commercial plantations were first established. The fungal causal agent was identified and described more than a century ago but its precise placement within the Ascomycota still remains uncertain. Indeed, such is the ambiguity surrounding the pathogen that each of the spore morphs would, according to their present classification, be placed in different ascomycete families: the Microcyclus sexual morph in the Planistromellaceae and the two purported asexual morphs--Fusicladium and Aposphaeria--in the Venturiaceae and Lophiostomataceae, respectively. Given the historical importance of the fungus and the ever-menacing threat that it poses to rubber production in the Palaeotropics--and, thus to the rubber industry and to the global economy--its phylogeny, as well as its biology, should be resolved as a matter of urgency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, six genomic regions (LSU rRNA, mtSSU, MCM7, EF-1α, Act and ITS) were used for reconstructing the molecular phylogeny of the SALB fungus based on material collected throughout Brazil. The analyses support the classification of the fungus in the family Mycosphaerellaceae s. str. (Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes) and place it firmly within the clade Pseudocercospora s. str., now accepted as one of the distinct genera within Mycosphaerellaceae. The new combination Pseudocercospora ulei is proposed and the life cycle of the fungus is confirmed, based on both experimental and phylogenetic evidence, with the Aposphaeria morph shown to have a spermatial rather than an infective-dispersal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the phylogeny of the SALB fungus has now been clarified, new insights of its epidemiology and genomics can be gained following comparison with closely-related, better-researched crop pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Braz Tavares
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: da Hora Júnior
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Davi Mesquita
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: de Macedo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Robert Weingart
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; CAB International, E-UK Centre, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Harry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Plantações Michelin da Bahia, Ituberá, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Raimundo Reis
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Antonio
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Maffia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo S G
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Mizubuti
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D001938:Brazil; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA