title: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for the differentiation of low and high grade clear cell renal carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate the ability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to differentiate low from high Fuhrman grade renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  MR images from 80 consecutive pathologically proven RCC (57 clear cell, 16 papillary and 7 chromophobe) were evaluated. Double-echo chemical shift, dynamic contrast-enhanced T1- and T2-weighted images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were reviewed independently. Signal intensity index (SII), tumour-to-spleen SI ratio (TSR), ADC ratio, wash-in (WiI) and wash-out indices (WoI) between different phases were calculated and compared to pathological grade and size. The Fuhrman scoring system was used. Low grade (score ≤ 2) and high grade (score ≥ 3) tumours were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No associations between grade and imaging factors were found for papillary and chromophobe RCCs. For clear cell RCCs, there was a significant association between the grade and parenchymal WiI (WiI2) (P = 0.02) or ADCr (P = 0.03). A significant association between tumour grade and size (P = 0.01), WiI2 (P = 0.02) and ADCr (P = 0.05) remained in multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiparametric MRI can be used to accurately differentiate low Fuhrman grade clear cell RCC from high grade. High Fuhrman grade (≥ 3) RCCs were larger, had lower parenchymal wash-in indices and lower ADC ratios than low grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Fuhrman grade of clear cell RCC can be differentiated with multiparametric MR imaging. • Fuhrman grade significantly differed for size, parenchymal wash-in index and ADC ratio. • No significant associations were found for papillary and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Pellegrin Hospital, Place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076, Bordeaux, France, francois.cornelis@chu-bordeaux.fr.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cornelis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tricaud
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lasserre
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petitpierre
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Bras
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouzgarrou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ravaud
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grenier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading / Q000379:methods*; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media