title: Dopamine D(2/3) receptor availability and human cognitive impulsivity: a high-resolution positron emission tomography imaging study with [¹¹C]raclopride.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human impulsivity is a complex multidimensional construct encompassing cognitive, emotional, and behavioural aspects. Previous animal studies have suggested that striatal dopamine receptors play a critical role in impulsivity. In this study, we investigated the relationship between self-reported impulsiveness and dopamine D(2/3) receptor availability in striatal subdivisions in healthy subjects using high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]raclopride.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one participants completed 3-T magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution PET scans with [11C]raclopride. The trait of impulsiveness was measured using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Partial correlation analysis was performed between BIS-11 scores and D(2/3) receptor availability in striatal subregions, controlling for the confounding effects of temperament characteristics that are conceptually or empirically related to dopamine, which were measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis revealed that the non-planning (p = 0.004) and attentional (p = 0.007) impulsiveness subscale scores on the BIS-11 had significant positive correlations with D(2/3) receptor availability in the pre-commissural dorsal caudate. There was a tendency towards positive correlation between non-planning impulsiveness score and D(2/3) receptor availability in the post-commissural caudate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that cognitive subtrait of impulsivity is associated with D(2/3) receptor availability in the associative striatum that plays a critical role in cognitive processes involving attention to detail, judgement of alternative outcomes, and inhibitory control.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 2 Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Don
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: 2 Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hang-Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 2 Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Yoon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 2 Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Bo
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 2 Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Zang-Hee
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D020891:Raclopride; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D020891:Raclopride