title: Conjugative transfer of ICESde3396 between three β-hemolytic streptococcal species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that possess all genes necessary for excision, transfer and integration into recipient genome. They also carry accessory genes that impart new phenotypic features to recipient strains. ICEs therefore play an important role in genomic plasticity and population structure. We previously characterised ICESde3396, the first ICE identified in the β-hemolytic Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp equisimilis (SDSE) and demonstrated its transfer to single isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS) and Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus, GBS). While molecular studies found the ICE in multiple SDSE and GBS isolates, it was absent in all GAS isolates examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we demonstrate that ICESde3396:km is transferable from SDSE to multiple SDSE, GAS and GBS isolates. However not all strains of these species were successful recipients under the same growth conditions. To address the role that host factors may have in conjugation we also undertook conjugation experiments in the presence of A549 epithelial cells and DMEM. While Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) occurred, conjugation efficiencies were no greater than when similar experiments were conducted in DMEM. Additionally transfer to GAS NS235 was successful in the presence of DMEM but not in Todd Hewitt Broth suggesting that nutritional factors may also influence HGT. The GAS and GBS transconjugants produced in this study are also able to act as donors of the ICE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that ICEs are major sources of interspecies HGT between β-hemolytic streptococci, and by introducing accessory genes imparting novel phenotypic characteristics, have the potential to alter the population structure of these species.
authors.forename: Danielle J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shera
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Ainslie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Celia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: McNeilly
authors.forename: Kadaba S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Sriprakash
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia. David.McMillan@usc.edu.au.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McMillan
mesh_terms: D003227:Conjugation, Genetic; D006461:Hemolysis; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; D013045:Species Specificity; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*