title: Utilization, spending, and price trends for short- and long-acting Beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids in the medicaid program, 1991-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that afflicts millions of people and accounts for substantial utilization of healthcare resources in most industrialized countries, including in the United States. However, the exact cost and utilization of anti-asthma medications in Medicaid in the past 2 decades have not been well studied. Considering the safety issues surrounding the long-acting beta-agonists, guideline updates, and the increase in asthma prevalence, understanding anti-asthma medication prescribing trends is important to payers and patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the utilization and spending trends for anti-asthmatic agents in the US Medicaid program over the past 2 decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was based on a retrospective, descriptive analysis of trends in utilization of and spending on anti-asthma medications, including short-acting beta-agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta-agonists, and inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist combinations. Quarterly utilization and expenditure data were obtained from the national Medicaid pharmacy files provided by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services from quarter 1 of 1991 through quarter 2 of 2010. Average reimbursement per prescription was calculated each quarter as a proxy for drug price.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of prescriptions for the studied anti-asthma medications rose from 8.9 million in 1991 to 15.6 million in 2009, peaking at 20.8 million in 2005, the year before Medicare and Medicaid dual-eligible beneficiaries were moved to Medicare Part D. From 1991 to 2009, Medicaid spending on anti-asthma medications overall rose from $180.7 million to $1.3 billion, and spending on inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist combinations rose from $52.8 million in 2001-their first year on the market-to $411.7 million in 2009. The average price per prescription has risen in all the anti-asthma drug classes: overall, spending per prescription has increased 4-fold between 1991 and 2009, significantly faster than the consumer price index (57.5%) over the same period. In quarter 2 of 2010, Medicaid spent more on the combination medication fluticasone-salmeterol-$60 million-than on any other anti-asthma medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-asthma medications are a major and growing expense for state Medicaid programs and can be expected to be the same for Medicare Part D in the future. Increased disease prevalence has in part contributed to the rise in pharmacotherapy cost. Nevertheless, drug therapy is crucial for managing asthma and asthma exacerbations.
authors.affiliation: PhD candidate, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio.
authors.forename: Shih-Feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Professor of Economics, College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Christina M L
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kelton
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Pharmacoeconomics & Pharmacoepidemiology, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio.
authors.forename: Jeff Jianfei
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio.
authors.forename: Patricia R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wigle
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Systems and Administration, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Alex C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Professor, Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Szeinbach