title: Contribution of the medial malleolus to tibiotalar joint contact characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isolated medial malleolus fractures are typically treated operatively to minimize the potential for articular incongruity, instability, nonunion, and posttraumatic arthritis. The literature, however, has not clearly demonstrated inferior outcomes with conservative treatment of these injuries. This study measured the effects of medial malleolus fracture and its resultant instability on tibiotalar joint contact characteristics. We hypothesized that restoration of anatomical alignment and stability through fixation would significantly improve contact characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Tekscan pressure sensor was inserted and centered over the talar dome in 8 cadaveric foot and ankle specimens. Each specimen was loaded at 700 N in multiple coronal and sagittal plane orientations. After testing fractured samples, the medial malleolus was anatomically fixed before repeat testing. Contact area and pressure were analyzed using a 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In treated fractures, contact areas were higher, and mean contact pressures were lower for all positions. These differences were statistically significant in the majority of orientations and approached statistical significance in pure plantarflexion and pure inversion. Decreases in contact area varied from 15.1% to 42.1%, with the most dramatic reductions in positions of hindfoot eversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data emphasize the importance of the medial malleolus in maintaining normal tibiotalar contact area and pressure. The average decrease in contact area after simulated medial malleolar fractures was 27.8% (>40% in positions of hindfoot eversion). Such differences become clinically relevant in cases of medial malleolar nonunion or malunion. Therefore, we recommend anatomical reduction and fixation of medial malleolus fractures with any displacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic Level V-Cadaveric Study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics (CRL, JTB), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandBioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics (DJP, SCK), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandDepartment of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (CWD) craig.lareau@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lareau
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics (CRL, JTB), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandBioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics (DJP, SCK), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandDepartment of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (CWD).
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bariteau
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics (CRL, JTB), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandBioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics (DJP, SCK), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandDepartment of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (CWD).
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Paller
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics (CRL, JTB), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandBioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics (DJP, SCK), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandDepartment of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (CWD).
authors.forename: Sarath C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Koruprolu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics (CRL, JTB), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandBioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics (DJP, SCK), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode IslandDepartment of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (CWD).
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: DiGiovanni
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002102:Cadaver; D005592:Fracture Fixation; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011312:Pressure; D013640:Tarsal Joints / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: ankle; contact characteristics; medial malleolar fracture; medial malleolus; tibiotalar joint