title: Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Severity of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschoolers: A Pilot Investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Less is known about the effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) on mental health as compared with other medical disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to examine the following: 1) the association of SHS exposure with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) and disruptive disorders; and 2) the association of maternal recall of a child's SHS exposure and that child's exposure as measured by bioassay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty children had their saliva collected and assayed for cotinine when they were 4 years old and again when they were 6 years old. Phone interview data were collected to assess maternal recall of the children's exposure to SHS at these ages. The children were assessed annually for ADHD and disruptive disorders. Repeated measures analysis of exposure level by child characteristics was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater ADHD and conduct disorder severity scores were associated with greater child smoke exposure (ADHD severity,P= .043; conduct disorder severity,P= .035). A large proportion of mothers reported that their children had no exposure to SHS, despite high levels of measured cotinine in the children's saliva.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An association between SHS exposure and ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms was found. Children and parents may benefit from parent education regarding the deleterious effects of SHS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Mini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Christina N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lessov-Schlaggar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tillman
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion & Behavioral Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Melbourne F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hovell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luby
keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; disruptive; parenting; preschool; secondhand smoke