title: Brush head composition, wear profile, and cleaning efficacy: an assessment of three electric brush heads using in vitro methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this research was to evaluate a current store brand (SB) brush head for composition/physical characteristics, Wear Index (WI), and cleaning efficacy versus the previous SB brush head refill design (SB control) and the Oral-B Precision Clean brush head (positive control, PC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This research consisted of three parts: 1) Analytical analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry to evaluate the chemical composition of the current SB brush head bristles relative to the SB control. In addition, physical parameters such as bristle count and diameter were determined. 2) Wear Index (WI) investigation to determine the Wear Index scores of in vitro-aged brush heads at four weeks (one month) and 13 weeks (three months) by a trained investigator. To "age" the brush heads, a robot system was used as a new alternative in vitro method to simulate aging by consumer use. 3) Robot testing to determine the cleaning performance of in vitro-aged brush heads, comparing one month-aged current SB brush heads with the SB control (one and three months-aged) and the PC brush heads (three months-aged) in a standardized fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) FT-IR analysis revealed that the chemical composition of the current and control SB refill brush heads is identical. In terms of physical parameters, the current SB brush head has 12% more bristles and a slightly oval brush head compared to the round brush head of the SB control. 2) Wear Index analysis showed there was no difference in the one month-aged current SB brush head versus the one month-aged SB control (1.67 vs. 1.50, p = 0.65) or versus the three months-aged PC brush head (1.67 vs. 1.50, p = 0.65). The one month-aged current SB brush head demonstrated statistically significantly less wear than the three months-aged SB control (1.67 vs. 2.67, p = 0.01). 3) Analysis of cleaning efficacy shows that the one month-aged current SB brush head had improved cleaning performance over the one month-aged SB control brush head (p < 0.05), despite no statistically significant difference in wear. Both the one month-aged current and control SB brush heads showed statistically significantly lower cleaning performance compared to the three months-aged PC brush heads (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the current SB brush head showed improved cleaning over the SB control, it demonstrated significantly lower durability and cleaning in comparison to the PC brush head. Dental professionals should be aware of these differences, both in durability and in cleaning performance, when recommending brush heads to their patients.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyners
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Markgraf
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stoerkel
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Koppenfels
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soukup
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wehrbein
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erbe
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D002209:Caprolactam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000628:therapy; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008422:Materials Testing; D009757:Nylons / Q000032:analysis; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D009757:Nylons; D011108:Polymers; C009916:nylon 6; C036222:nylon 12; D002209:Caprolactam