title: Pharmacological Treatments Inhibiting Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias in MPTP-Lesioned Monkeys: Brain Glutamate Biochemical Correlates.
abstract: Anti-glutamatergic drugs can relieve Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms and decrease l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)-induced dyskinesias (LID). This review reports relevant studies investigating glutamate receptor subtypes in relation to motor complications in PD patients and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkeys. Antagonists of the ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, display antidyskinetic activity in PD patients and animal models such as the MPTP monkey. Metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor antagonists were shown to reduce the severity of LID in PD patients as well as in already dyskinetic non-human primates and to prevent the development of LID in de novo treatments in non-human primates. An increase in striatal post-synaptic NMDA, AMPA, and mGlu5 receptors is documented in PD patients and MPTP monkeys with LID. This increase can be prevented in MPTP monkeys with the addition of a specific glutamate receptor antagonist to the l-DOPA treatment and also with drugs of various pharmacological specificities suggesting multiple receptor interactions. This is yet to be well documented for presynaptic mGlu4 and mGlu2/3 and offers additional new promising avenues.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , Quebec City, QC , Canada ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University , Quebec City, QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec , Quebec City, QC , Canada ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University , Quebec City, QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Thérèse
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Di Paolo
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; basal ganglia; direct pathway; glutamate receptor; indirect pathway; l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia; motor complications; receptor interaction