title: Studying the demand-side vis-à-vis the supply-side of urban water systems--case study of Oslo, Norway.
abstract: The research focus of resource consumption and emissions from urban water services has, by and large, been restricted to what comes under the domain of the urban water utilities - the upstream sub-systems of water treatment and supply and the downstream sub-systems of wastewater collection, treatment and disposal. However, the material and energy flows necessitated by activities in the water demand sub-system (households, for instance) are by no means negligible. This paper studies the per-capita material and energy requirements, and the related emissions and life cycle environmental impacts, associated with water consumption in households of the city of Oslo for the year 2009. For example, the per-capita energy consumption in the household consumption phase, at 1.38 MWh per year, is eight times more than the corresponding consumption for the entire water-wastewater utility. All findings, taken together, clearly demonstrate the imperativeness of paying more attention to the demand-side management issues.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brattebø
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D004777:Environment; D009664:Norway; D062065:Wastewater; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater