title: In vivo quantitative NMR imaging of fruit tissues during growth using Spoiled Gradient Echo sequence.
abstract: Nondestructive studies of physiological processes in agronomic products require increasingly higher spatial and temporal resolutions. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging is a non-invasive technique providing physiological and morphological information on biological tissues. The aim of this study was to design a robust and accurate quantitative measurement method based on NMR imaging combined with contrast agent (CA) for mapping and quantifying water transport in growing cherry tomato fruits. A multiple flip-angle Spoiled Gradient Echo (SGE) imaging sequence was used to evaluate the intrinsic parameters maps M0 and T1 of the fruit tissues. Water transport and paths flow were monitored using Gd(3+)/[Fe(CN)6](3-)/D-mannitol nanoparticles as a tracer. This dynamic study was carried out using a compartmental modeling. The CA was preferentially accumulated in the surrounding tissues of columella and in the seed envelopes. The total quantities and the average volume flow of water estimated are: 198 mg, 1.76 mm(3)/h for the columella and 326 mg, 2.91 mm(3)/h for the seed envelopes. We demonstrate in this paper that the NMR imaging technique coupled with efficient and biocompatible CA in physiological medium has the potential to become a major tool in plant physiology research.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) BioNanoNMRI UMR 5221 CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, France; Laboratoire de Technologie des Matériaux et de Génie des Procédés (LTMGP), Faculté des Sciences exactes, Université A. MIRA de Béjaïa, 06000 Béjaïa, Algérie. Electronic address: samir.kenouche@univ-montp2.fr.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kenouche
authors.affiliation: Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS UM2, Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide, Université Montpellier 2, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perrier
authors.affiliation: INRA UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes Horticoles, Domaine Saint-Paul, site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, 8400 France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bertin
authors.affiliation: Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS UM2, Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide, Université Montpellier 2, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Larionova
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) BioNanoNMRI UMR 5221 CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayadi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) BioNanoNMRI UMR 5221 CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, France; Medecine Nucléaire et IRM fonctionnelle, CHU de Montpellier, 34000 France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanca
authors.affiliation: Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS UM2, Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide, Université Montpellier 2, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Technologie des Matériaux et de Génie des Procédés (LTMGP), Faculté des Sciences exactes, Université A. MIRA de Béjaïa, 06000 Béjaïa, Algérie.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bezzi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) BioNanoNMRI UMR 5221 CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, France; FKF-SDU, campusvej 55, DK5230 Odense, Danmark.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS UM2, Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide, Université Montpellier 2, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guari
authors.affiliation: CIRAD/INRIA/INRA, Virtual Plants Team, UMR AGAP, Avenue Agropolis, TA 108/02, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cieslak
authors.affiliation: CIRAD/INRIA/INRA, Virtual Plants Team, UMR AGAP, Avenue Agropolis, TA 108/02, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) BioNanoNMRI UMR 5221 CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goze-Bac
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media; D005638:Fruit / Q000502:physiology*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000502:physiology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012639:Seeds; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003287:Contrast Media; D014867:Water; D008353:Mannitol; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: Cherry tomato; Compartmental modeling; Contrast agents; Intrinsic parameters; Quantitative NMR imaging