title: Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have been shown to be at an increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease, but reasons for this are unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of common CV risk factors in people with IPF and the general population and establish the incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke after the diagnosis of IPF, controlling for these risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from a large, UK primary care database to identify incident cases of IPF and matched general-population control subjects. We compared the prevalence of risk factors for CV disease and prescription of CV medications in people with IPF (before diagnosis) with control subjects from the general population and assessed the incidence of IHD and stroke in people with IPF (after diagnosis) compared with control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 3,211 cases of IPF and 12,307 control subjects. Patients with IPF were more likely to have a record of hypertension (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.19-1.44), and diabetes (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07-1.34) compared with control subjects; they were also more likely to have been prescribed several CV drugs. The rate of first-time IHD events was more than twice as high in patients than control subjects (rate ratio, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.85-2.93; P < .001), but the incidence of stroke was only marginally higher (P = .09). Rate ratios for IHD and stroke were not altered substantially after adjusting for CV risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several CV risk factors were more prevalent in people with IPF; however, this did not account for the increased rate of IHD in this group of patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dalleywater
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.; Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.; Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.; Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.. Electronic address: vidya.navaratnam@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Vidya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navaratnam
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology