title: Silence that can be dangerous: a vignette study to assess healthcare professionals' likelihood of speaking up about safety concerns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the likelihood of speaking up about patient safety in oncology and to clarify the effect of clinical and situational context factors on the likelihood of voicing concerns.
  
  
  METHODS
  1013 nurses and doctors in oncology rated four clinical vignettes describing coworkers' errors and rule violations in a self-administered factorial survey (65% response rate). Multiple regression analysis was used to model the likelihood of speaking up as outcome of vignette attributes, responder's evaluations of the situation and personal characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents reported a high likelihood of speaking up about patient safety but the variation between and within types of errors and rule violations was substantial. Staff without managerial function provided significantly higher levels of decision difficulty and discomfort to speak up. Based on the information presented in the vignettes, 74%-96% would speak up towards a supervisor failing to check a prescription, 45%-81% would point a coworker to a missed hand disinfection, 82%-94% would speak up towards nurses who violate a safety rule in medication preparation, and 59%-92% would question a doctor violating a safety rule in lumbar puncture. Several vignette attributes predicted the likelihood of speaking up. Perceived potential harm, anticipated discomfort, and decision difficulty were significant predictors of the likelihood of speaking up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians' willingness to speak up about patient safety is considerably affected by contextual factors. Physicians and nurses without managerial function report substantial discomfort with speaking up. Oncology departments should provide staff with clear guidance and trainings on when and how to voice safety concerns.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Patient Safety Foundation. Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM). University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David L B
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schwappach
authors.affiliation: Swiss Patient Safety Foundation. Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gehring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000941:ethics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D061214:Patient Safety; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult