title: Analysis of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in spirulina-containing supplements by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Over the last decade the amino acid beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has come under intense scrutiny. International laboratory and epidemiological research continues to support the hypothesis that environmental exposure to BMAA (e.g., through dietary practices, water supply) can promote the risk of various neurodegenerative diseases. A wide variety of cyanobacteria spp. have previously been reported to produce BMAA, with production levels dependent upon species, strain and environmental conditions. Since spirulina (Arthrospira spp.) is a member of the cyanobacteria phylum frequently consumed via dietary supplements, the presence of BMAA in such products may have public health implications. In the current work, we have analyzed ten spirulina-containing samples for the presence of BMAA; six pure spirulina samples from two separate raw materials suppliers, and four commercially-available multi-ingredient products containing 1.45 g of spirulina per 8.5 g serving. Because of controversy surrounding the measurement of BMAA, we have used two complementary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods: one based on reversed phase LC (RPLC) with derivatization and the other based on hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC). Potential matrix effects were corrected for by internal standardization using a stable isotope labeled BMAA standard. BMAA was not detected at low limits of detection (80 ng/g dry weight) in any of these product samples. Although these results are reassuring, BMAA analyses should be conducted on a wider sample selection and, perhaps, as part of ongoing spirulina production quality control testing and specifications.
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Biotoxin Metrology, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
authors.forename: Pearse
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCarron
authors.affiliation: CAMNR, 23679 Calabasas Road Suite 542, Calabasas, CA 91302, USA.
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Biotoxin Metrology, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
authors.forename: Sabrina D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Giddings
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Biotoxin Metrology, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quilliam
keywords: BMAA; Dietary supplements; Food chain; Spirulina; β-N-methylamino-L-alanine