title: HPV vaccination for cervical cancer prevention is not cost-effective in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our study objectives were to evaluate the medical economics of cervical cancer prevention and thereby contribute to cancer care policy decisions in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model creation: we created presence- absence models for prevention by designating human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for primary prevention of cervical cancer. Cost classification and cost estimates: we divided the costs of cancer care into seven categories (prevention, mass-screening, curative treatment, palliative care, indirect, non-medical, and psychosocial cost) and estimated costs for each model. Cost-benefit analyses: we performed cost-benefit analyses for Japan as a whole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV vaccination was estimated to cost $291.5 million, cervical cancer screening $76.0 million and curative treatment $12.0 million. The loss due to death was $251.0 million and the net benefit was -$128.5 million (negative).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical cancer prevention was not found to be cost-effective in Japan. While few cost-benefit analyses have been reported in the field of cancer care, these would be essential for Japanese policy determination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan E-mail : t-isshiki.27.3.2005@hotmail.co.jp.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isshiki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010358:Patient Participation; D011379:Prognosis; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines