title: An in vitro study reveals the nutraceutical potential of punicic acid relevant to diabetes via enhanced GLUT4 expression and adiponectin secretion.
abstract: The prevalence of diabetes and heart diseases is increasing in the world. Nutraceuticals of natural origin are gaining importance as an alternative to modern drugs for the management of metabolic syndrome. In the present study, punicic acid (PA), a major bioactive found in pomegranate seed, was subjected for biological characterization with respect to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist property in an in vitro system (3T3-L1 adipocytes). We evaluated the adipogenic potential of various concentrations (5, 10 and 30 μM) of PA by studying triglyceride accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity in adipocytes, which were found to be increased moderately compared with the positive control, i.e. rosiglitazone (RG). Glucose uptake activity (↑225.93% ± 2.55% for 30 μM of PA), and the prevention of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (↓57 ± 1.83% for 30 μM of PA) in adipocytes with PA were also evaluated. We also found that PA increased adiponectin secretion and upregulated GLUT4 expression and translocation in adipocytes. Molecular modelling studies revealed a high binding affinity of PA to the PPARγ ligand binding domain. An in vitro ligand binding assay based on time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) also proved PA as a PPARγ agonist. Finally, we conclude that PA is a potential nutraceutical and should be encouraged for use both as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent.
authors.affiliation: Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India. raghukgopal2009@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Anusree
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Priyanka
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nisha
authors.forename: Arya A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Raghu
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005993:Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008042:Linolenic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008042:Linolenic Acids; D047495:PPAR gamma; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014280:Triglycerides; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D005993:Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; C519714:punicic acid