title: Transcriptional response of Musca domestica larvae to bacterial infection.
abstract: The house fly Musca domestica, a cosmopolitan dipteran insect, is a significant vector for human and animal bacterial pathogens, but little is known about its immune response to these pathogens. To address this issue, we inoculated the larvae with a mixture of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and profiled the transcriptome 6, 24, and 48 h thereafter. Many genes known to controlling innate immunity in insects were induced following infection, including genes encoding pattern recognition proteins (PGRPs), various components of the Toll and IMD signaling pathways and of the proPO-activating and redox systems, and multiple antimicrobial peptides. Interestingly, we also uncovered a large set of novel immune response genes including two broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (muscin and domesticin), which might have evolved to adapt to house-fly's unique ecological environments. Finally, genes mediating oxidative phosphorylation were repressed at 48 h post-infection, suggesting disruption of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial function at the late stages of infection. Collectively, our data reveal dynamic changes in gene expression following bacterial infection in the house fly, paving the way for future in-depth analysis of M. domestica's immune system.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
authors.forename: Fengsong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China; Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dawei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006793:Houseflies / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D000975:Antioxidants; D019476:Insect Proteins; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition