title: Vascular calcification and renal bone disorders.
abstract: At the early stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the systemic mineral metabolism and bone composition start to change. This alteration is known as chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). It is well known that the bone turnover disorder is the most common complication of CKD-MBD. Besides, CKD patients usually suffer from vascular calcification (VC), which is highly associated with mortality. Many factors regulate the VC mechanism, which include imbalances in serum calcium and phosphate, systemic inflammation, RANK/RANKL/OPG triad, aldosterone, microRNAs, osteogenic transdifferentiation, and effects of vitamins. These factors have roles in both promoting and inhibiting VC. Patients with CKD usually have bone turnover problems. Patients with high bone turnover have increase of calcium and phosphate release from the bone. By contrast, when bone turnover is low, serum calcium and phosphate levels are frequently maintained at high levels because the reservoir functions of bone decrease. Both of these conditions will increase the possibility of VC. In addition, the calcified vessel may secrete FGF23 and Wnt inhibitors such as sclerostin, DKK-1, and secreted frizzled-related protein to prevent further VC. However, all of them may fight back the inhibition of bone formation resulting in fragile bone. There are several ways to treat VC depending on the bone turnover status of the individual. The main goals of therapy are to maintain normal bone turnover and protect against VC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Cheng
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Chao
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonghe Cardinal Tien Hospital, 80 Zhongxing Street, Yonghe District, New Taipei City 23445, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jen-Fen
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonghe Cardinal Tien Hospital, 80 Zhongxing Street, Yonghe District, New Taipei City 23445, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chih
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012080:Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D006801:Humans; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*