title: A genomic profile of the immune response to stroke with implications for stroke recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to determine the change in gene expression between two time points following stroke and to identify biomarkers of stroke recovery through gene expression profiling and pathway analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood was collected from 34 ischemic stroke patients (confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging) ≥18 years of age, within 24 hr of symptom onset and 24-48 hr later, and from healthy controls. The Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) was used to determine 30-day recovery. Total RNA was extracted from whole blood in Paxgene RNA tubes, amplified, and hybridized to Illumina HumanRef-8v2 bead chips. Gene expression was compared in a univariate manner between stroke patients at both time points and good versus bad outcome using t-test in GeneSpring. Inflation of Type 1 error was corrected by false discovery rate (FDR), and Ingenuity Systems Pathway analysis (IPA) was performed. A secondary validation cohort was recruited from a local hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three genes were significantly downregulated over time (LY96, IL8, and SDPR; FDR corrected p < .05). This finding was confirmed in a validation cohort of stroke patients (n = 8). IPA revealed cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) signaling was the most significant pathway present in the peripheral whole blood of stroke patients 24-48 hr after onset. When controlling for age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, high baseline expression of TLR2 and TLR4 significantly predicted worse scores on the MRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTLA4 signaling is a novel pathway for the study of stroke-induced immune suppression. Markers of immune dysfunction early after stroke may prove useful for identifying patients with increased risk of poor recovery.
authors.affiliation: Morgantown Department, School of Nursing, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA tlbarr@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: Taura L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.affiliation: Morgantown Department, School of Nursing, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Reyna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: VanGilder
authors.affiliation: Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rellick
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Doll
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University School of Nursing, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Ann Noelle
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Lucke-Wold
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Dongquan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denvir
authors.affiliation: Seton/University of Texas Clinical Research Institute, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warach
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matarin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics*; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D028044:Phosphate-Binding Proteins; D012313:RNA / Q000097:blood; D020521:Stroke / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: C112303:CAVIN2 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016209:Interleukin-8; C495377:LY96 protein, human; D051218:Lymphocyte Antigen 96; D028044:Phosphate-Binding Proteins; D012313:RNA
keywords: gene expression; ischemic stroke; recovery