title: Validation of the principles of injury risk zones for motorcycle protective clothing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The distributions of motorcycle crash impacts and injuries were compared to the four impact risk zones and protective performance specified in the European Standard for motorcycle clothing (EN 13595).
  
  
  METHODS
  Crashed motorcyclists' (n=117) injuries and clothing damage were categorized by body area into the four risk zones. Three levels of protection were defined: protective clothing with impact protection, protective clothing only and non-protective clothing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of impact/injury sites corresponded to the predictions of EN 13595, with the proportion of all injuries decreasing from 43.9% in Zone 1, to 18.0%, 16.7%, and 11.5% in Zones 2 to 4, respectively. Protective clothing modified the distribution of injuries with substantially more injuries (OR=2.69, 95% CL: 20.1-3.59) at unprotected impact sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support an appropriate framework for determining performance specifications for the manufacture of motorcycle clothing that will effectively reduce the risk of injury in crashes.
authors.affiliation: Injury Prevention Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: l.derome@neura.edu.au.
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Rome
authors.affiliation: Injury Prevention Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ivers
authors.affiliation: Injury Prevention Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020958:Australian Capital Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009049:Motorcycles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Injury; Motorcycle; Protective clothing; Rider; Standards