title: Bone loss and osteoporosis are associated with conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between low bone mineral density (BMD) and conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia in a Chinese cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women (n=946) aged 60-75 underwent a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) study of the lumbar spine and hip and were followed annually for 5 years. Their cognitive and functional status were assessed using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and an assessment of the instrumental activities of daily living (ADL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a positive relationship between osteoporosis and a decline in cognition and function (P<0.001) based on MMSE and ADL scores. The subjects with BMD values in the lowest quartile had a 2-fold increased risk of AD conversion compared with the controls. These results suggest that severe BMD loss is associated with an increased risk of AD conversion in both women and men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteoporosis was associated with an increased risk of incident AD dementia. Additionally, low BMD at baseline was associated with an increased risk of AD in both women and men.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Huadong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rui
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, the Orthopedic Surgery Center of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R. China. zhouhuad@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D044466:Asian People; D015519:Bone Density; D002681:China; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006615:Hip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors