title: 3.88% efficient tin sulfide solar cells using congruent thermal evaporation.
abstract: Tin sulfide (SnS), as a promising absorber material in thin-film photovoltaic devices, is described. Here, it is confirmed that SnS evaporates congruently, which provides facile composition control akin to cadmium telluride. A SnS heterojunction solar cell is demons trated, which has a power conversion efficiency of 3.88% (certified), and an empirical loss analysis is presented to guide further performance improvements.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Steinmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaramillo
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Rupak
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Riley E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Poindexter
authors.forename: Yun Seog
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Leizhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polizzotti
authors.forename: Helen Hejin
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Roy G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Tonio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buonassisi
keywords: congruent evaporation; earth-abundance; thin-film solar cells; tin sulfide