title: Stage-two surgery using collagen soft tissue grafts: clinical cases and ultrastructural analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the application of two different soft tissue grafts around dental implants during stage-two surgery. Furthermore, the ultrastructure of these materials is shown and discussed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although soft tissue autografts may be currently regarded as the gold standard, harvesting of these grafts might lead to higher morbidity, longer chair time, and intra-/postoperative complications at the donor site. New developments in collagen scaff olds have provided an alternative to successfully replace autologous grafts in clinical practice. The SEM pictures clearly show the different composition of a bilayer scaff old (collagen matrix, CM) and a porcine acellular dermal matrix (ADM). These distinctive properties lead to different possible indications. Within the presented cases, ADM was used to augment the ridge contour and was placed into a buccal pouch to achieve complete coverage and an uneventful closed healing. On the other side, CM was left exposed to the oral cavity to successfully gain keratinized mucosa around and between two dental implants.
authors.forename: Kai R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fickl
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mardas
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bozec
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Donos
mesh_terms: D062088:Acellular Dermis; D000328:Adult; D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal / Q000379:methods; D064593:Heterografts / Q000637:transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000637:transplantation; D013552:Swine; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III; D015921:Dental Implants; D007633:Keratins; D003094:Collagen