title: [Needle exchange programs are a cost-effective preventative measure against HIV in Iceland].
abstract: In 2007 there was a sudden increase in HIV cases among intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Iceland. In 2007 - 2011 there were 34 new HIV cases among IDUs compared to four in the previous four year period. The purpose of this study was to assess whether needle exchange programs (NEPs) were cost-effective in preventing the spread of HIV among IDUs in Iceland.
  
  
  
  Cost-utility analysis was conducted from a societal perspective. Costs are presented at the 2011 price level and values were discounted using a 3% discount rate. A ten year period, 2011 - 2020 was compared with and without NEPs. The Incremental Cost-Utility Ratio (ICUR) was calculated as societal cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY). Sensitivity analysis was performed on study assumptions.
  
  
  
  The estimated societal costs associated with HIV infections among IDUs from 2011 - 2020 was 914.369.621 ISK without NEP and 947.653.758 ISK with NEP. Excess societal cost due to NEP was 33.284.137 ISK. Societal utility from NEP was 7,39 QALYs. Additionally, NEP prevented 4-5 HIV infections. The ICUR of providing NEP was 4.506.720 ISK.
  
  
  
  According to WHO an intervention is considered cost-effective if the ICUR is less than three-fold national GDP per capita. In 2011 the GDP per capita in Iceland was 15.315.000 ISK. Sensitivity analysis on study assumptions yielded a societal cost within the WHO limit. Therefore, the results indicate that NEPs are cost-effective in preventing the spread of HIV among IDUs in Iceland.
authors.forename: Elías Sæbjorn
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Eythórsson
authors.forename: Tinna Laufey
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Ásgeirsdóttir
authors.forename: Magnús
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gottfređsson
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D055030:Drug Users; D059066:Gross Domestic Product; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D018803:Models, Economic; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000191:economics*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors