title: Can POCIS be used in Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) monitoring networks? A study focusing on pesticides in a French agricultural watershed.
abstract: In this study, the main current limitations in the application of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) in regulatory monitoring programmes were evaluated. POCIS were exposed from March to December by successive periods of 14 days in the River Trec (Lot et Garonne, France) and analysed for 34 pesticides. The study of the uncertainty related to the POCIS data was performed and we concluded that it might be up to 138%, which is higher than European Union requirements but this issue was adequately counterbalanced by the gain of temporal representativeness. Comparison with data from the official monitoring programme from the French Water Agency showed that the POCIS is already suitable for both operational and investigative monitoring. The sampled fraction issue, and then compliance with Environmental Quality Standards, was also addressed. It was confirmed that POCIS samples only the dissolved fraction of dimethenamid and showed that for compounds like atrazine, desethylatrazine and metolachlor, the POCIS concentration is equivalent to the whole water concentration. For dimethenamid, which exhibited a tendency to adsorb on suspended matter, a method was suggested to assess the raw water concentration from the POCIS measure. Finally, an innovative procedure for using passive sampler data for compliance checks in the framework of surveillance monitoring is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Unité de recherche REBX, Groupement Irstea de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, Gazinet, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France; Université de Limoges Groupement de Recherche Eau Sol Environnement (GRESE), 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France. Electronic address: gaelle.poulier@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poulier
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges Groupement de Recherche Eau Sol Environnement (GRESE), 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lissalde
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges Groupement de Recherche Eau Sol Environnement (GRESE), 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charriau
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges Groupement de Recherche Eau Sol Environnement (GRESE), 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buzier
authors.affiliation: Unité de recherche REBX, Groupement Irstea de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, Gazinet, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delmas
authors.affiliation: Unité de recherche REBX, Groupement Irstea de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, Gazinet, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Kéwin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gery
authors.affiliation: Unité de recherche REBX, Groupement Irstea de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, Gazinet, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges Groupement de Recherche Eau Sol Environnement (GRESE), 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guibaud
authors.affiliation: Unité de recherche REBX, Groupement Irstea de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, Gazinet, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France. Electronic address: mazzella.nicolas@irstea.fr.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mazzella
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D058735:Environmental Policy; D005602:France; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: POCIS; Pesticides; Sampled fraction; Uncertainty; Water Framework Directive; Water monitoring