title: Alterations of the synapse of the inner retinal layers after chronic intraocular pressure elevation in glaucoma animal model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dendrites of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) synapse with axon terminals of bipolar cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Changes in RGC dendrites and synapses between bipolar cells in the inner retinal layer may critically alter the function of RGCs in glaucoma. Recently, synaptic plasticity has been observed in the adult central nervous system, including the outer retinal layers. However, few studies have focused on changes in the synapses between RGCs and bipolar cells in glaucoma. In the present study, we used a rat model of ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization to investigate changes in synaptic structure and protein expression in the inner retinal layer at various time points after moderate intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Synaptophysin, a presynaptic vesicle protein, increased throughout the IPL, outer plexiform layer, and outer nuclear layer after IOP elevation. Increased synaptophysin after IOP elevation was expressed in bipolar cells in the innermost IPL. The RGC marker, SMI-32, co-localized with synaptophysin in RGC dendrites and were significantly increased at 1 week and 4 weeks after IOP elevation. Both synaptophysin and postsynaptic vesicle protein, PSD-95, were increased after IOP elevation by western blot analysis. Ribbon synapses in the IPL were quantified and structurally evaluated in retinal sections by transmission electron microscopy. After IOP elevation the total number of ribbon synapses decreased. There were increases in synapse diameter and synaptic vesicle number and decreases in active zone length and the number of docked vesicles after IOP elevation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the total number of synapses decreased as RGCs were lost after IOP elevation, there are attempts to increase synaptic vesicle proteins and immature synapse formation between RGCs and bipolar cells in the inner retinal layers after glaucoma induction.
authors.forename: Hae-Young Lopilly
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jie Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St, Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, #505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea. ckpark@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chan Kee
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D025042:Amacrine Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003712:Dendrites / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010320:Parvalbumins / Q000378:metabolism; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051245:Retinal Bipolar Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010320:Parvalbumins; D016708:Synaptophysin; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha