title: Shedding of Salmonella in single age caged commercial layer flock at an early stage of lay.
abstract: The shedding of Salmonella in a single age commercial egg layer flock was investigated at the onset of lay (18weeks) followed by two longitudinal samplings at 24 and 30weeks. At the age of 18weeks, when the first sampling was performed, the prevalence of Salmonella in faeces was 82.14% whereas all egg belt and dust samples were Salmonella positive by culture method. In later samplings, at the age of 24 and 30weeks, the prevalence of Salmonella in faeces was significantly reduced (p<0.001) to 38.88% and 12.95% respectively, however all egg belt and dust samples remained positive by culture method. The prevalence of Salmonella in faeces collected from the low tier cages was significantly higher (p=0.009) as compared with samples from the high tier cages. In all types of samples processed by culture method, S. Mbandaka was the most frequently (54.40%) isolated serovar followed by S. Worthington (37.60%), S. Anatum (0.8%), and S. Infantis (0.8%). All samples were also tested by real-time PCR method. The observed agreement between culture method and real-time PCR in detecting Salmonella-positive dust and egg belt samples was 100%. There was almost perfect agreement (observed agreement=99.21%) for the detection of Salmonella-positive eggshells. Observed agreement between culture method and real-time PCR for detecting Salmonella-positive shoe cover and faecal samples was, however, moderate (80%) and low (54.27%) respectively. Real-time PCR results showed that there was a significant increase in the load of Salmonella on egg belt, dust and shoe cover samples at the 24 and 30weeks of lay as compared to the 18weeks of lay. Real-time PCR provided a more rapid and reliable method of detection of Salmonella on all dry sample types whereas the traditional culture method proved much more reliable when trying to detect Salmonella in wet faecal samples.
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Vaibhav C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Gole
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Charles G B
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Caraguel
authors.affiliation: Primary Industries and Regions SA, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia. Electronic address: kapil.chousalkar@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kapil K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chousalkar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002645:Chickens; D003470:Culture Media; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000382:microbiology*; D004531:Eggs / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004391:Dust
keywords: Caged laying hens; Longitudinal study; Real-time PCR; Salmonella