title: Evaluation of hospital factors associated with hospital postoperative venous thromboembolism imaging utilisation practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research suggests that hospital rates of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) are subject to surveillance bias: the more hospitals 'look for' VTE, the more VTE they find. However, little is known about what drives variation in hospital VTE imaging rates. We conducted an observational study to examine hospital and market characteristics that were associated with hospital-level rates of postoperative VTE imaging, focusing on hospitals with particularly high rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  For Medicare beneficiaries undergoing 11 major operations (2009-2010) at 2820 hospitals, hospital-level postoperative VTE imaging use rates were calculated. Hospital characteristics associated with hospital VTE imaging use rates were examined including case severity, size, ownership, VTE process measure adherence, accreditations, staffing, malpractice environment, and county market factors. Associations between explanatory variables and VTE imaging rates were assessed using quantile regressions at the 25th, median, 75th and 90th quantiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean postoperative VTE imaging rates ranged from 85.26 (SD=67.38) per 1000 discharges in the lowest quartile of hospitals ranked by VTE imaging rates to 168.86 (SD=76.70) in the highest quartile. Drivers of high imaging rates at the 90th quantile were high resident-to-bed ratio (coefficient=51.35, p<0.01), Joint Commission accreditation (coefficient=19.05, p<0.01), presence of other hospitals in the same market with high imaging rates (coefficient=15.29, p<0.01), average case severity (coefficient=11.97, p<0.01), local malpractice costs (coefficient=11.29, p<0.01), and market competition (coefficient=11.03, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospital teaching status, resident-to-bed ratio, malpractice environment and local market factors drive hospital postoperative VTE imaging use, suggesting that non-clinical forces predominantly drive hospital VTE imaging practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanette W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Mila H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Christine V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Kinnier
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Elliott R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Haut
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Karl Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Bilimoria
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Health policy; Health services research; Quality measurement