title: Cardiovascular risk in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes: is it indeed higher than men?
abstract: The relative risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality in diabetic women (in comparison with non-diabetic women) is believed to be greater than that in diabetic men. However, the absolute risk for CVD mortality and morbidity does not appear to be higher in women. In general, there is heterogeneity between studies, and whether there is any definite difference in the CVD risk between sexes at any level of glycaemia is not known. The same arguments also apply when comparing the CVD risk factors, such as lipid profiles and systemic inflammation indices, which seem to be worse in women than in men with diabetes mellitus (DM). The same questions emerge at any given glycaemic state: are women at worse risk and do they have a worse risk factor profile than men? These issues have yet to be resolved. Similar, though less extensive, data have been reported for prediabetes. Furthermore, women with DM are suboptimally treated compared with men regarding lipid and blood pressure targets. Large prospective studies representative of the general population are therefore needed to define the differences between sexes regarding CVD events and mortality at a given glucose level and after adjusting for any other confounders.
authors.affiliation: Division of DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Room G1, Norfolk Place, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1NH, UKDepartment of Primary Care and Public HealthFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK anagnwstis.pan@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anagnostis
authors.affiliation: Division of DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Room G1, Norfolk Place, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1NH, UKDepartment of Primary Care and Public HealthFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Azeem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.affiliation: Division of DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Room G1, Norfolk Place, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1NH, UKDepartment of Primary Care and Public HealthFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Desmond G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Division of DiabetesEndocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Room G1, Norfolk Place, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1NH, UKDepartment of Primary Care and Public HealthFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Godsland
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors