title: Tunneling and suture of thoracic epidural catheters decrease the incidence of catheter dislodgement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dislocation of epidural catheters (EC) is associated with early termination of regional analgesia and rare complications like epidural bleeding. We tested the hypothesis that maximum effort in fixation by tunneling and suture decreases the incidence of catheter dislocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients scheduled for major surgery (n = 121) were prospectively randomized in 2 groups. Thoracic EC were subcutaneously tunneled and sutured (tunneled) or fixed with adhesive tape (taped). The difference of EC length at skin surface level immediately after insertion and before removal was determined and the absolute values were averaged. Postoperative pain was evaluated by numeric rating scale twice daily and EC tips were screened microbiologically after removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups did not differ with respect to treatment duration (tunneled: 109 hours ± 46, taped: 97 ± 37) and postoperative pain scores. Tunneling significantly reduced average extent (tunneled: 3 mm ± 7, taped: 10 ± 18) and incidence of clinically relevant EC dislocation (>20 mm, tunneled: 1/60, taped: 9/61). Bacterial contamination showed a tendency to be lower in patients with tunneled catheters (8/59, taped: 14/54, P = 0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thorough fixation of EC by tunneling and suturing decreases the incidence and extent of dislocation and potentially even that of bacterial contamination.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Timur
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1471-6806
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sellmann
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6487-8272
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bierfischer
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rabenalt
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0655-9177
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kienbaum
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D013537:Sutures