title: ER stress, autophagy, and RNA viruses.
abstract: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a general term for representing the pathway by which various stimuli affect ER functions. ER stress induces the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which compromises the stimulus and then determines whether the cell survives or dies. In recent years, ongoing research has suggested that these pathways may be linked to the autophagic response, which plays a key role in the cell's response to various stressors. Autophagy performs a self-digestion function, and its activation protects cells against certain pathogens. However, the link between the UPR and autophagy may be more complicated. These two systems may act dependently, or the induction of one system may interfere with the other. Experimental studies have found that different viruses modulate these mechanisms to allow them to escape the host immune response or, worse, to exploit the host's defense to their advantage; thus, this topic is a critical area in antiviral research. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about how RNA viruses, including influenza virus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus 71, Japanese encephalitis virus, hepatitis C virus, and dengue virus, regulate these processes. We also discuss recent discoveries and how these will produce novel strategies for antiviral treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Kweishan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jia-Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Kweishan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jin-Yuan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Kweishan, Taiwan ; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University Kweishan, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kweishan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jim-Tong
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Horng
keywords: ATF6; ER stress; IRE1; eIF2α; enterovirus 71; unfolded protein response