title: Temporomandibular disorders among Brazilian adolescents: reliability and validity of a screening questionnaire.
abstract: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) screeners assume significant item overlap with the screening questionnaire proposed by the American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of AAOP questions for TMD screening among adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnoses from Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) Axis I were used as reference standard. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency (KR-20) and inter-item correlation. Validity was tested by sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, accuracy and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the relationship between the true-positive rate (sensitivity) and the false-positive rate (specificity). Test-retest reliability of AAOP questions and intra-examiner reproducibility of RDC/TMD Axis I were tested with kappa statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample consisted of 1307 Brazilian adolescents (56.8% girls; n=742), with mean age of 12.72 years (12.69 F/12.75 M). According to RDC/TMD, 397 [30.4% (32.7% F/27.3% M)] of adolescents presented TMD, of which 330 [25.2% (27.6% F/22.2% M)] were painful TMD. Because of low consistency, items #8 and #10 of the AAOP questionnaire were excluded. Remaining items (of the long questionnaire version) showed good consistency and validity for three positive responses or more. After logistic regression, items #4, #6, #7 and #9 also showed satisfactory consistency and validity for two or more positive responses (short questionnaire version). Both versions demonstrated excellent specificity (about 90%), but higher sensitivity for detecting painful TMD (78.2%). Better reproducibility was obtained for the short version (k=0.840).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Portuguese version of AAOP questions showed both good reliability and validity for the screening of TMD among adolescents, especially painful TMD, according to RDC/TMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Lucia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Franco-Micheloni
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela Aparecida de Godoi
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cinara Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Camparis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014177:Translations