title: Did meiosis evolve before sex and the evolution of eukaryotic life cycles?
abstract: Biologists have long theorized about the evolution of life cycles, meiosis, and sexual reproduction. We revisit these topics and propose that the fundamental difference between life cycles is where and when multicellularity is expressed. We develop a scenario to explain the evolutionary transition from the life cycle of a unicellular organism to one in which multicellularity is expressed in either the haploid or diploid phase, or both. We propose further that meiosis might have evolved as a mechanism to correct for spontaneous whole-genome duplication (auto-polyploidy) and thus before the evolution of sexual reproduction sensu stricto (i.e. the formation of a diploid zygote via the fusion of haploid gametes) in the major eukaryotic clades. In addition, we propose, as others have, that sexual reproduction, which predominates in all eukaryotic clades, has many different advantages among which is that it produces variability among offspring and thus reduces sibling competition.
authors.affiliation: Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Karl J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Niklas
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kutschera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D000460:Chlorophyta; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008540:Meiosis / Q000235:genetics*; D011123:Polyploidy; D012100:Reproduction, Asexual / Q000502:physiology*; D012723:Sex
keywords: algae; alternation of generations; auto-polyploidy; chiasmata; embryophytes; meiosis; syngamy