title: Unleashing the potential of NOD- and Toll-like agonists as vaccine adjuvants.
abstract: Innate immunity confers an immediate nonspecific mechanism of microbial recognition through germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Of these, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) have shaped our current understanding of innate regulation of adaptive immunity. It is now recognized that PRRs are paramount in instructing an appropriate adaptive immune response. Their ligands have been the focus of adjuvant research with the goal of generating modern vaccine combinations tailored to specific pathogens. In this review we will highlight the recent findings in the field of adjuvant research with a particular focus on the potential of TLR and NLR ligands as adjuvants and their influence on adaptive immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8; and.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maisonneuve
authors.affiliation: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertholet
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8; and dana.philpott@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Dana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Philpott
authors.affiliation: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Gregorio
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000819:agonists* / Q000276:immunology; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000276:immunology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014612:Vaccines
keywords: NLRP3; NOD1; NOD2; TLR4 alum