title: Endogenous-cue prospective memory involving incremental updating of working memory: an fMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prospective memory paradigms are conventionally classified on the basis of event-, time-, or activity-based intention retrieval. In the vast majority of such paradigms, intention retrieval is provoked by some kind of external event. However, prospective memory retrieval cues that prompt intention retrieval in everyday life are commonly endogenous, i.e., linked to a specific imagined retrieval context. We describe herein a novel prospective memory paradigm wherein the endogenous cue is generated by incremental updating of working memory, and investigated the hemodynamic correlates of this task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy adult volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed a prospective memory task where the delayed intention was triggered by an endogenous cue generated by incremental updating of working memory. Working memory and ongoing task control conditions were also administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 'endogenous-cue prospective memory condition' with incremental working memory updating was associated with maximum activations in the right rostral prefrontal cortex, and additional activations in the brain regions that constitute the bilateral fronto-parietal network, central and dorsal salience networks as well as cerebellum. In the working memory control condition, maximal activations were noted in the left dorsal anterior insula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of the bilateral dorsal anterior insula, a component of the central salience network, was found to be unique to this 'endogenous-cue prospective memory task' in comparison to previously reported exogenous- and endogenous-cue prospective memory tasks without incremental working memory updating. Thus, the findings of the present study highlight the important role played by the dorsal anterior insula in incremental working memory updating that is integral to our endogenous-cue prospective memory task.
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory (MBIAL), Neurobiology Research Center (NRC), Dharmaram P.O., Hosur Road, PB No. 2900, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 029, India.|Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India.|Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India.|Department of Physiology, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
authors.forename: Harsha N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Halahalli
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory (MBIAL), Neurobiology Research Center (NRC), Dharmaram P.O., Hosur Road, PB No. 2900, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 029, India. jpj@nimhans.kar.nic.in.|Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India. jpj@nimhans.kar.nic.in.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India. jpj@nimhans.kar.nic.in.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory (MBIAL), Neurobiology Research Center (NRC), Dharmaram P.O., Hosur Road, PB No. 2900, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 029, India.|Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India.
authors.forename: Ammu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lukose
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India.
authors.forename: Bindu M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kutty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dorsal anterior insula; Endogenous-cue prospective memory; Language-independent prospective memory task; Rostral prefrontal cortex; Salience network; Topological false discovery rate