title: The major bioactive components of seaweeds and their mosquitocidal potential.
abstract: Seaweeds are one of the most widely studied natural resources for their biological activities. Novel seaweed compounds with unique chemical structures have been reported for their pharmacological properties. The urge to search for novel insecticidal compound with a new mode of action for development of botanical insecticides supports the relevant scientific research on discovering the bioactive compounds in seaweeds. The mosquitocidal potential of seaweed extracts and their isolated compounds are documented in this review paper, along with the discussion on bioactivities of the major components of seaweeds such as polysaccharides, phenolics, proteins, terpenes, lipids, and halogenated compounds. The effects of seaweed extracts and compounds toward different life stages of mosquito (egg, larva, pupa, and adult), its growth, development, and reproduction are elaborated. The structure-activity relationships of mosquitocidal compounds are discussed to extrapolate the possible chemical characteristics of seaweed compounds responsible for insecticidal properties. Furthermore, the possible target sites and mode of actions of the mosquitocidal seaweed compounds are included in this paper. The potential synergistic effects between seaweeds and commercial insecticides as well as the toxic effects of seaweed extracts and compounds toward other insects and non-target organisms in the same habitat are also described. On top of that, various factors that influence the mosquitocidal potential of seaweeds, such as abiotic and biotic variables, sample preparation, test procedures, and considerations for a precise experimental design are discussed. The potential of active seaweed extracts and compounds in the development of effective bioinsecticide are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, yukxxin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ke-Xin
authors.initials: KX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jantan
authors.forename: Rohani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Ching-Lee
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides