title: Effect of sulfate on low-temperature anaerobic digestion.
abstract: The effect of sulfate addition on the stability of, and microbial community behavior in, low-temperature anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed-based bioreactors was investigated at 15°C. Efficient bioreactor performance was observed, with chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of >90%, and a mean SO(2-) 4 removal rate of 98.3%. In situ methanogensis appeared unaffected at a COD: SO(2-) 4 influent ratio of 8:1, and subsequently of 3:1, and was impacted marginally only when the COD: SO(2-) 4 ratio was 1:2. Specific methanogenic activity assays indicated a complex set of interactions between sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), methanogens and homoacetogenic bacteria. SO(2-) 4 addition resulted in predominantly acetoclastic, rather than hydrogenotrophic, methanogenesis until >600 days of SO(2-) 4-influenced bioreactor operation. Temporal microbial community development was monitored by denaturation gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH), qPCR and microsensor analysis were combined to investigate the distribution of microbial groups, and particularly SRB and methanogens, along the structure of granular biofilms. qPCR data indicated that sulfidogenic genes were present in methanogenic and sulfidogenic biofilms, indicating the potential for sulfate reduction even in bioreactors not exposed to SO(2-) 4. Although the architecture of methanogenic and sulfidogenic granules was similar, indicating the presence of SRB even in methanogenic systems, FISH with rRNA targets found that the SRB were more abundant in the sulfidogenic biofilms. Methanosaeta species were the predominant, keystone members of the archaeal community, with the complete absence of the Methanosarcina species in the experimental bioreactor by trial conclusion. Microsensor data suggested the ordered distribution of sulfate reduction and sulfide accumulation, even in methanogenic granules.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Pádhraig
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Abdul M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Raei
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Enright
authors.affiliation: Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, School of Applied Science, Cranfield University Bedfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Fabio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chinalia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Beer
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland ; Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: O'Flaherty
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland ; Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland ; Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow UK.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Collins
keywords: biogas; low-temperature anaerobic digestion; methane; methanogenesis; sulfate; sulfide; wastewater