title: Continued evidence for safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the safety of continued use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) during pregnancy at various maternal ages.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of pregnant patients who underwent ERCP at a tertiary academic center was undertaken between 2002 and 2012. Pertinent past medical history and initial presenting laboratory data were collected. Review of the procedure note for each ERCP performed provided documentation of lead shielding, type of sedation, fluoroscopy time, and post-procedure complications. Patients' clinical courses were reviewed until the time of delivery and pregnancy complications with fetal outcomes were examined. Data was stratified based upon the mother's age at the time of ERCP: 18-21, 22-29, and ≥ 30 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty pregnant patients who underwent ERCP between 2002 and 2012 were identified. The mean age at the time of ERCP was 26.4 years (18-38 years) and the average trimester was the second. The indications for ERCP were choledocholithiasis in 17 patients, gallstone pancreatitis in 2 patients, and cholangitis in 1 patient. The mean fluoroscopy time of ERCP was 3.8 min (0.3-23.6 min). Sphincterotomy was performed in 18 patients with therapeutic intent and not as a prophylactic measure to prevent recurrences. Clinical documentation of use of protective shielding was found in only 8 notes (40%). Post procedure complications were limited to two cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis (10%). Elective cholecystectomy was performed shortly after ERCP in 11 of the pregnant patients. Birth records were available for 16 patients, of which 15 had full-term pregnancies. Cesarean sections were performed in 5 (31%) patients. Term birth weight was greater than 2500 g in all cases except one in which the mother had a known hypercoagulable state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ERCP during pregnancy is both safe and efficacious regardless of maternal age or trimester.
authors.affiliation: Sean Fine, Department of Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.affiliation: Sean Fine, Department of Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beirne
authors.affiliation: Sean Fine, Department of Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delgi-Esposti
authors.affiliation: Sean Fine, Department of Internal Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
authors.forename: Fadlallah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Habr
keywords: Caesarean section; Cholecystectomy; Choledocholithiasis; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Pancreatitis; Pregnancy