title: A normative study to evaluate inclination and angulation of teeth in North Indian population and comparision of expression of torque in preadjusted appliances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate angulation and inclination of teeth from the study models of individuals with normal occlusion and evaluation of actual expression of torque expressed by three different bracket systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the inclination and angulation were measured on 30 study models of North Indian individuals. A self-developed instrument (torque angle gauge) was used for the measurement. Fifteen study models were duplicated for the evaluation of torque expression in the bracket of three different manufacturers with different shape and size of bases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results give the mean, minimum and maximum, standard deviation of the normative data individually for each tooth. A significant correlation was noted in the angulation of maxillary canine and first premolar, and between premolars; and between mandibular central incisor with lateral incisor and canine, and between premolars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a highly significant correlation of teeth angulation and inclination in the maxillary and mandibular arch. Though the error in expression of torque was not significant, but it showed a large range, indicating the need to vary the position of brackets in different bracket systems for achieving optimum torque.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Swami Devi Dyal Dental College and Hospital, Barwala, Panchkula, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Sp
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Utreja
keywords: Brackets; intraarch correlations; tip; torque