title: Robust meta-analysis shows that glioma transcriptional subtyping complements traditional approaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gliomas traditionally have been sub-classified based on histopathological observations. However, this approach is subject to inter-observer variability, and histopathological features may not reflect the biological mechanisms that drive tumor growth. High-throughput transcriptional profiling has shown promise in objectively and reproducibly identifying glioma subtypes. Most prior studies have typically used only modest sample sizes and have sometimes overlooked important data-processing steps to ensure sample quality and to evaluate the robustness of quantitative findings. The purpose of our study was to define robust glioma subtypes by applying rigorous preprocessing and validation steps to 1,952 microarray samples aggregated from 16 prior studies. This data set is the most comprehensive collection of glioma microarray samples compiled to date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated each sample for quality-control issues, corrected for probe-composition biases, and adjusted for intra- and inter-study batch effects. Using a training/testing validation design that simulates a "bench-to-bedside process," we identified six transcriptional subtypes that contained a heterogeneous mix of histopathological subtypes and tumor grades. Similar to prior studies, age, survival and treatment patterns differed significantly across the transcriptional subtypes. However, due to our large sample size, we also observed that within a given histopathological subtype, our transcriptional subtypes provided additional prognostic value. Lastly, we used a pathway-based approach to elucidate the biological mechanisms associated with each subtype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide clinical and biological insights that may not be apparent with alternative approaches or smaller data sets, and our approach serves as an example for meta-analyses that can be applied to other complex diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, Rm 5800, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA, sanghoon.lee.eins@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sanghoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Piccolo
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allen-Brady
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D063990:Gene Ontology; D005910:Glioma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D013997:Time Factors