title: Typology of driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders revisited: Inclusion of DUI-specific attitudes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Much work remains to improve rehabilitative interventions for driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders. There is heterogeneity of patterns of alcohol use, personality, and driving behaviour within DUI offenders, but little is known about how their appraisal of DUI differs. This study investigated within-offender variability in DUI-specific attitudinal variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convicted male DUI offenders (N=219) living in greater Tokyo were interviewed. Cluster analysis was undertaken using age, psychological distress, personality trait, alcohol use, and attitudes towards DUI. Discriminant function analysis explored the relative explanatory power of the grouping variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many offenders reported current excessive alcohol consumption. About 26-36% of the participants were potentially alcohol-dependent based on screening instruments/biomarkers. Cluster analysis identified five subgroups. The biggest subgroup considered their DUI a singular mistake and reported strong self-efficacy for avoiding further DUI (clusters 1 and 2). A small subgroup manifested alcohol dependence, psychological distress, higher impulsivity, and lower self-efficacy for avoiding DUI (cluster 3). Another subgroup exhibited a tendency to rationalise DUI, higher likelihood of future DUI, and lower self-efficacy for avoiding DUI (cluster 4). Most participants in another small subgroup abstained from alcohol use temporarily after their convictions (cluster 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of DUI offenders regarded their DUI conviction as an exceptional mishap, while they continued consuming hazardous amounts of alcohol. DUI-specific attitudinal variables, including DUI rationalisation and self-efficacy for avoiding future DUI incidents, constituted a distinct aspect of the problem, suggesting the need to address this issue in addition to the underlying alcohol use problem.
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 2770882, Japan. Electronic address: okamura@nrips.go.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 2770882, Japan.
authors.forename: Ritsu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kosuge
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 2770882, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kihira
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 2770882, Japan.
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D012309:Risk-Taking; D014041:Tokyo / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol use; Attitudes; Cluster analysis; Driving under the influence; Self-efficacy