title: Clinical outcome and blood transfusion after infant cardiac surgery with a routine use of conventional ultrafiltration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Priming-related hemodilution is the culprit behind excessive body water accumulation, postoperative coagulopathy and enhanced blood transfusion in infant cardiac surgery patients. In this retrospective, observational study, clinical data were analyzed to assess the effect of conventional ultrafiltration on allogenic blood transfusion and patient clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  All infants with a bodyweight up to 10 kg who underwent consequent cardiac surgery in 2011 and 2012 were eligible for the audit. Seventy patients, operated in accordance with existing pediatric protocol, enrolled in the control group. The study group consisted of 55 patients who were operated employing conventional ultrafiltration during bypass and recently adjusted hematocrit targets. The following variables were primarily investigated: hematocrit and colloid osmotic pressure value, total volume of blood products transfused and duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcome measures were: postoperative urine production, postoperative blood loss, length of stay at the intensive care unit and hospital stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between the groups in relation to demographics or hematological and cardiopulmonary bypass data. The ultrafiltration volume removed from circulation during bypass in the study group was 171 ± 99 ml. No significant difference between the groups was found with regard to the total allogenic blood transfusion (study group 216 ± 92 ml versus control group 191 ±93 ml; p = 0.136). All recorded clinical end points, duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of chest tube in situ, stay in ICU and stay in hospital, were similar between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine use of conventional ultrafiltration during the cardiac surgery for patients with a bodyweight less than 10 kg was a safe technique that allowed us to achieve higher hematocrit levels at the end of the operation without additional transfusions of allogenic blood. On the other hand, ultrafiltration did not improve the clinical end points.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands h.golab-schwarz@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Golab
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kissler
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: van de Woestijne
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Takkenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J J  C
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bogers
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion; D001835:Body Weight; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014462:Ultrafiltration
keywords: blood transfusion; cardiopulmonary bypass; clinical outcome; conventional ultrafiltration; infant cardiac surgery