title: Gender differences in the clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by cardiac myosin-binding protein C gene mutations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although gender may be one of the important factors modifying phenotypic expression in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), there has been little information on it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated gender differences in the clinical features of HCM caused by cardiac myosin-binding protein C gene (MYBPC3) mutations. Sixty-one subjects (28 families) carrying MYBPC3 mutations were studied. Of the 61 subjects with MYBPC3 mutations, 50 patients including 23 female patients were phenotype-positive by echocardiography. Disease penetrance in subjects aged ≤40 years old was 92% in males and 67% in females. Females showed delayed onset of left ventricular hypertrophy compared with males in subjects who were genotype-positive. Female patients were more symptomatic at diagnosis than were males (mean New York Heart Association class: 1.7±0.8 versus 1.2±0.4, p=0.012). From a longitudinal point of view by age, no significant gender difference in cardiovascular deaths or cardiovascular events was found. During the follow-up period after diagnosis of HCM (13±8 years), female patients who were phenotype-positive had significantly more frequent heart failure events than did phenotypically affected male patients (p=0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although females with MYBPC3 mutations showed later onset of the disease, female patients were more symptomatic at diagnosis and had more frequent heart failure events once they had developed hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terauchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan. Electronic address: jm-kubotoru@kochi-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furuno
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Neurology and Aging Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D000099163:Myosin Binding Protein C
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000099163:Myosin Binding Protein C
keywords: Gender differences; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Sarcomere mutations