title: Mandarin version of the Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire: A valid instrument for assessing symptoms in Asians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a Mandarin version of the Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (M-LDQ) in Asian patients with dyspepsia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The M-LDQ was developed according to standardized methods. The validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and responsiveness of the instrument were evaluated in both primary and secondary care patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 184 patients (mean age 54.0 ± 15.8 years, of whom 59% were women and 72.3% of whom had at least secondary level education) were recruited between August 2012 and March 2013, from both primary (n = 100) and secondary care clinics (n = 84). Both the internal consistency of all components of the M-LDQ (Cronbach's α 0.79) and test-retest reliability (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.78) were good. The M-LDQ was valid in diagnosing dyspepsia in primary care (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve 0.84) and was able to discriminate between secondary and primary care patients (median cumulative LDQ score 13.0 vs 3.0, P < 0.0001). Among eight patients with organic dyspepsia, the median M-LDQ score reduced significantly from 21.0 (pretreatment) to 9.5 (4 weeks post-treatment) (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The M-LDQ is a valid and responsive instrument for assessing ethnic Chinese adults with dyspepsia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hwong-Ruey
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Leow
authors.forename: Siew-Mooi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: Ramanujam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sujarita
authors.forename: Choon-Fong
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Yook-Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: Shiaw-Hooi
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sithambaram
authors.forename: Huck-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Khean-Lee
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Sanjiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahadeva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Mandarin; ethnic Chinese; functional dyspepsia; outcome measure; questionnaire; validation