title: Measurements of extrinsic fluorescence in Intralipid and polystyrene microspheres.
abstract: The fluorescence of Intralipid and polystyrene microspheres with sphere diameter of 1 µm at a representative lipid and microsphere concentration for simulation of mucosal tissue scattering has not been a subject of extensive experimental study. In order to elucidate the quantitative relationship between lipid and microsphere concentration and the respective fluorescent intensity, the extrinsic fluorescence spectra between 360 nm and 650 nm (step size of 5 nm) were measured at different lipid concentrations (from 0.25% to 5%) and different microsphere concentrations (0.00364, 0.0073, 0.0131 spheres per cubic micrometer) using laser excitation at 355 nm with pulse energy of 2.8 µJ. Current findings indicated that Intralipid has a broadband emission between 360 and 650 nm with a primary peak at 500 nm and a secondary peak at 450 nm while polystyrene microspheres have a single peak at 500 nm. In addition, for similar scattering properties the fluorescence of Intralipid solutions is approximately three-fold stronger than that of the microsphere solutions. Furthermore, Intralipid phantoms with lipid concentrations ~2% (simulating the bottom layer of mucosa) produce up to seven times stronger fluorescent emission than phantoms with lipid concentration ~0.25% (simulating the top layer of mucosa). The fluoresence decays of Intralipid and microsphere solutions were also recorded for estimation of fluorescence lifetime.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Vinh Nguyen
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Du Le
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhaojun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Qiyin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
keywords: (170.3650) Lifetime-based sensing; (170.6280) Spectroscopy, fluorescence and luminescence