title: Carotenoids are effective inhibitors of in vitro hemolysis of human erythrocytes, as determined by a practical and optimized cellular antioxidant assay.
abstract: β-Carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene are liposoluble pigments widely distributed in vegetables and fruits and, after ingestion, these compounds are usually detected in human blood plasma. In this study, we evaluated their potential to inhibit hemolysis of human erythrocytes, as mediated by the toxicity of peroxyl radicals (ROO•). Thus, 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was used as ROO• generator and the hemolysis assay was carried out in experimental conditions optimized by response surface methodology, and successfully adapted to microplate assay. The optimized conditions were verified at 30 × 10(6) cells/mL, 17 mM of AAPH for 3 h, at which 48 ± 5% of hemolysis was achieved in freshly isolated erythrocytes. Among the tested carotenoids, lycopene (IC(50) = 0.24 ± 0.05 μM) was the most efficient to prevent the hemolysis, followed by β-carotene (0.32 ± 0.02 μM), lutein (0.38 ± 0.02 μM), and zeaxanthin (0.43 ± 0.02 μM). These carotenoids were at least 5 times more effective than quercetin, trolox, and ascorbic acid (positive controls). β-Cryptoxanthin did not present any erythroprotective effect, but rather induced a hemolytic effect at the highest tested concentration (3 μM). These results suggest that selected carotenoids may have potential to act as important erythroprotective agents by preventing ROO•-induced toxicity in human erythrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, Univ. of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil; REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto (FFUP), Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.
authors.forename: Renan C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chisté
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Adriana Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Mercadante
authors.forename: Eduarda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000494:pharmacology; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002839:Chromans; D010545:Peroxides; C049375:perhydroxyl radical; D002338:Carotenoids; D011794:Quercetin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C010643:6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid; D014975:Lutein
keywords: AAPH; antioxidant capacity; erythroprotective effect; response surface methodology; structure-activity relationship