title: The Concerns About Recurrence Questionnaire: validation of a brief measure of fear of cancer recurrence amongst Danish and Australian breast cancer survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is prevalent amongst survivors, and breast cancer survivors are particularly vulnerable. Currently, there are few well-validated brief measures of FCR and none specific to breast cancer. This manuscript describes the development and initial validation of a new measure of FCR for breast cancer survivors, the Concerns about Recurrence Questionnaire (CARQ), and reports its initial validation in an Australian and Danish population-based sample of breast cancer survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  CTT analyses explored scale reliability and validity; Rasch analyses explored model fit statistics, item bias (DIF) and local dependency. Three-item, four-item and five-item versions were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred eighteen Australian women aged 28-45 years diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer (stages 0-2) and 2001 Danish women diagnosed with breast cancer (stages 1-3) aged 26-70 completed the CARQ. Based on the results of both CTT and IRT analyses, the four-item English version of the scale performed best. Although the CTT analyses suggested that the CARQ-4 was reliable and valid in both samples, Rasch analyses identified item bias relative to age, and local dependence which may be remedied by further scale development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CARQ-4 English version is currently one of the most rigorously tested brief scales of FCR available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The availability of more valid and reliable brief measures of FCR will help to promote research and screening of FCR amongst cancer survivors.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Psychology and Evidence-Based Decision-Making School of Psychology Transient Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia, belinda.thewes@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thewes
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zachariae
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Butow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety; D001315:Australia; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013548:Sweden