title: How French paediatric emergency departments manage painful vaso-occlusive episodes in sickle cell disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The most common manifestation of sickle cell disease (SCD) is painful vaso-occlusive episodes (PVOE), and inappropriate treatment leads to unnecessary suffering and potentially fatal complications. This study describes how French paediatric emergency departments (EDs) manage PVOE and their knowledge, and implementation of the French National Authority for Health recommendations on the management of sickle cell patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire on managing PVOE was sent to all the 111 French paediatric EDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We received responses from 81 (72.9%) of the EDs. Of those who responded to each individual question, 85% said that they had read the national recommendations, 71.6% said they used nalbuphine for moderate PVOE, and 85% used intravenous morphine for severe PVOE. The majority (91.7%) of EDs thought that intravenous morphine provided relief for severe PVOE, but only 30.9% thought that intravenous nalbuphine did. A 50:50 nitrous oxide/oxygen mix was used by 71.3% of departments to relieve procedural pain and by 48% to enhance analgesia when morphine was insufficient for severe pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most French EDs follow the national recommendations for PVOE. Nalbuphine was the most commonly used opioid for moderate PVOE and morphine for severe PVOE. A nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture was widely used for PVOE.
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Service des urgences pédiatriques, Hôpital Armand Trousseau Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galeotti
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Courtois
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carbajal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005602:France; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009020:Morphine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D009266:Nalbuphine
keywords: Emergency department; National recommendations; Pain management; Sickle cell disease; Vaso-occlusive episodes