title: Increased methylation of the MOR gene proximal promoter in primary sensory neurons plays a crucial role in the decreased analgesic effect of opioids in neuropathic pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The analgesic potency of opioids is reduced in neuropathic pain. However, the molecular mechanism is not well understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study demonstrated that increased methylation of the Mu opioid receptor (MOR) gene proximal promoter (PP) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) plays a crucial role in the decreased morphine analgesia. Subcutaneous (s.c.), intrathecal (i.t.) and intraplantar (i.pl.), not intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of morphine, the potency of morphine analgesia was significantly reduced in nerve-injured mice compared with control sham-operated mice. After peripheral nerve injury, we observed a decreased expression of MOR protein and mRNA, accompanied by an increased methylation status of MOR gene PP, in DRG. However, peripheral nerve injury could not induce a decreased expression of MOR mRNA in the spinal cord. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), inhibited the increased methylation of MOR gene PP and prevented the decreased expression of MOR in DRG, thereby improved systemic, spinal and periphery morphine analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altogether, our results demonstrate that increased methylation of the MOR gene PP in DRG is required for the decreased morphine analgesia in neuropathic pain.
authors.forename: Xue-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Li-Na
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yu-Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Jun-Li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. yanminnina@126.com.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000187:drug effects; D000077209:Decitabine; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy; D008745:Methylation; D051379:Mice; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009020:Morphine; D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine