title: Antibacterial usage in English NHS hospitals as part of a national Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme.
abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global problem for health care services, with fewer antimicrobials entering the market and some pathogenic organisms becoming resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. Antimicrobial stewardship (AS), including evidence-based standard setting, education and communication, and audits of practice, has become a key method of preventing the rise in the rise in AMR. Data on antibiotic consumption are often obtained through prospective and retrospective point prevalence audits of antibiotic usage, but such studies are very resource intensive and only provide a snapshot of consumption. The objective of the study reported here was to examine longitudinal total antibacterial usage at a national level and cross-sectional usage at an individual hospital trust level using a commercial database that captures antimicrobial prescribing from at least 99% of English hospital Trusts.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK. Electronic address: j.cooke@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.affiliation: IMS Health, 210 Pentonville Road, London N1 9JY, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ashiru-Oredope
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Livermore
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, St George's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharland
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004739:England; D006783:Hospitals, State; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009313:National Health Programs
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibacterials; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial stewardship; Hospital usage