title: A novel simple noninvasive index to predict renal transplant acute rejection by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the application of quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the assessment of renal allograft dysfunction and to establish a new noninvasive index to predict acute rejection (AR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven renal transplant recipients were enrolled in this prospective study. Before renal allograft biopsy, CEUS examinations were performed.The biopsy results proved 23 cases of AR (AR group), 10 cases of acute tubular necrosis (ATN group), and 24 with normal evolution (stable group). Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography parameters including rising time (RT), time to peak (TTP), and the delta-time among regions of interest (ΔRT and ΔTTP) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the AR group, RT and TTP of interlobar artery and medulla (RTi, RTm, TTPi, and TTPm) as well as ΔRT and ΔTTP between medulla and cortex (ΔRTm-c and ΔTTPm-c) were significantly higher compared with those in the stable group. RTm and TTPm as well as ΔRTm-c and ΔTTPm-c were remarkably higher compared with those in the ATN group. ΔRTm-c and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were identified as independent predictors by multivariate analysis (P = 0.008 and P = 0.024). On the basis of the multivariate analysis results and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of individual markers, we constructed a new simple index, P = -0.587 + 0.286 ×ΔRTm-c − 0.028 × eGFR; new index = e(P)/(1 + e(P)), to discriminate AR, which had better area under the receiver operating characteristic curves than eGFR or individual CEUS parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography parameters are reliable markers for differentiating the perfusion status of transplanted kidneys. Furthermore, the new simple index can easily predictAR with a high degree of accuracy.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 2 Shanghai Institute of Imaging Medicine, Shanghai, China. 3 Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 4 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China. 5 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yunjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shengdi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Zhengbiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Tongyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Wanyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064591:Allografts; D001706:Biopsy; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D007683:Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media