title: Plant genetics. Early allopolyploid evolution in the post-Neolithic Brassica napus oilseed genome.
abstract: Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was formed ~7500 years ago by hybridization between B. rapa and B. oleracea, followed by chromosome doubling, a process known as allopolyploidy. Together with more ancient polyploidizations, this conferred an aggregate 72× genome multiplication since the origin of angiosperms and high gene content. We examined the B. napus genome and the consequences of its recent duplication. The constituent An and Cn subgenomes are engaged in subtle structural, functional, and epigenetic cross-talk, with abundant homeologous exchanges. Incipient gene loss and expression divergence have begun. Selection in B. napus oilseed types has accelerated the loss of glucosinolate genes, while preserving expansion of oil biosynthesis genes. These processes provide insights into allopolyploid evolution and its relationship with crop domestication and improvement.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Boulos
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chalhoub
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France. Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France.
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Denoeud
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture of People's Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
authors.forename: Shengyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Isobel A P
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Parkin
authors.affiliation: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry, University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
authors.forename: Haibao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Center of Genomics and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China.
authors.forename: Xiyin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d'Evry-UMR 8071 CNRS/Université d'Evry val d'Essonne-USC INRA, Evry, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiquet
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Belcram
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture of People's Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
authors.forename: Chaobo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding, Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Samans
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corréa
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Jérémy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Just
authors.affiliation: INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP) UMR1349, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Falentin
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada.
authors.forename: Chu Shin
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Le Clainche
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bento
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Labadie
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.affiliation: INRA, Etude du Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux, US1279, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-IG, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.affiliation: Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-IG, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daviaud
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alamery
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France. Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931 Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Kamel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jabbari
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, WSLR Building B018, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Meixia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Edger
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Houda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chelaifa
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tack
authors.affiliation: INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP) UMR1349, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lassalle
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Imen
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mestiri
authors.affiliation: INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP) UMR1349, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schnel
authors.affiliation: INRA, Etude du Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux, US1279, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-IG, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Le Paslier
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genome Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Guangyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Étude du Polymorphisme Humain, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Renault
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Philippe E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Agnieszka A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Golicz
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Sahana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manoli
authors.affiliation: Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Tae-Ho
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Vinh Ha Dinh
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Thi
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Smahane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chalabi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture of People's Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Chuchuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Reece
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tollenaere
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Yunhai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Battail
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Jinxiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada.
authors.forename: Christine H D
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Sidebottom
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture of People's Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
authors.forename: Xinfa
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canaguier
authors.affiliation: INRA, Etude du Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux, US1279, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-IG, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chauveau
authors.affiliation: INRA, Etude du Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux, US1279, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-IG, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bérard
authors.affiliation: INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP) UMR1349, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Gwenaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deniot
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
authors.forename: Zhongsong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genome Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Fengming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon-305764, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Pyo
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Sciences, iPlant Collaborative, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Town
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bancroft
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaowu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Jinling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, WSLR Building B018, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: J Chris
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
authors.forename: Graham J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: INRA, Etude du Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux, US1279, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-IG, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brunel
authors.affiliation: INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP) UMR1349, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Régine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delourme
authors.affiliation: INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP) UMR1349, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aury
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Batley
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding, Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rod J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Snowdon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-IG, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Jorg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tost
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture of People's Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.affiliation: Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Chunyun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France. Université d'Evry Val d'Essone, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wincker
mesh_terms: D029688:Brassica napus / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics*; D058674:Chromosome Duplication; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018745:Genome, Plant; D011123:Polyploidy; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics*