title: A multidisciplinary approach to determine factors associated with calf rearing practices and calf mortality in dairy herds.
abstract: In the Netherlands, an increase in ear-tagged calf mortality (3 days to 1 year of age) in dairy farms was observed. The aim was to determine why calf mortality increased and how to reduce calf mortality in herds with structural high rates. A multi-disciplinary approach was chosen to study this phenomenon. First analysis of census data revealed that the majority of the calves died in the first month of life. In addition, a panel of 236 farmers indicated that the increase in calf mortality might be related to priority, time management and the mind-set of farmers. For that reason a questionnaire was carried out to detect risk factors for mortality among young calves (<1 month) in 100 dairy farms with increased calf mortality compared to 100 dairy farms with stable and below average calf mortality. The results showed that, besides management factors such as IBR and BVDV control, and purchase of cattle, also the answers to statements giving an indication on the farmers' mind-set, were associated with calf mortality. Therefore, a qualitative sociological study on the farmers' identity was conducted by performing in-depth interviews among 30 farmers with structurally high calf mortality rates. Afterwards, the results were communicated with a veterinary advisor who visited the farmers and gave tailored advice. Most of the interviewed farmers believed to have sufficient knowledge and skills regarding calf rearing. The farmers did not share their calf rearing problems with colleagues and advisors but they mentioned to be open to receive advice if not communicated in a reproaching or pedantic way. The sociologist distinguished three different phases of awareness concerning calf mortality among the farmers: (1) farmers who were only partly, or not at all, aware of high calf mortality; (2) farmers who felt powerless because of their inability to find a solution to their problems; and (3) farmers who knew they can be inaccurate when it comes to rearing calves, but were reluctant to change this. With the background information of the farmers' identity it was easier for the veterinary advisor to provide tailored advice resulting in a higher probability of following up. A first evaluation in which calf mortality rates in the six months after providing the advice were monitored, indicated that the advice resulted in reduced mortality. The combination of census data, epidemiological and qualitative sociological research revealed that advisors should be aware of the attitude and mind-set of the farmer and adapt their approach and advice accordingly.
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands. Electronic address: I.Berends@gddeventer.com.
authors.forename: I M G A
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Santman-Berends
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buddiger
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J G
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smolenaars
authors.affiliation: ANDA, Leeuweriksweide 190, 6708 LN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C D M
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Steuten
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C A J
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Van Erp
authors.affiliation: GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Schaik
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D009426:Netherlands; D066252:Sociological Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Calf mortality; Calf rearing; Dairy; Farmers’ attitude