title: Exercise-based injury prevention in child and adolescent sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The promotion of sport and physical activity (PA) for children is widely recommended to support a healthy lifestyle, but being engaged in sport bears the risk of sustaining injuries. Injuries, in turn, can lead to a reduction in current and future involvement in PA and, therefore, may negatively affect future health as well as quality of life. Thus, sports injury prevention is of particular importance in youth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this systematic review was to quantify the effectiveness of exercise-based injury prevention programs in child and adolescent sport in general, and with respect to different characteristics of the target group, injury prevention program, and outcome variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Internet-based literature search was conducted in six databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus) using the following search terms with Boolean conjunction: (sport injur* OR athletic injur* OR sport accident*) AND (prevent* OR prophylaxis OR avoidance) AND (child* OR adolescent OR youth).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials and controlled intervention studies in organized sport, published in English in a peer-reviewed journal, analyzing the effects of an exercise-based injury prevention program in athletes younger than 19 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers evaluated eligibility and methodological quality. Main outcome extracted was the rate ratio (RR). Statistical analyses were conducted using the inverse-variance random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one trials, conducted on a total of 27,561 athletes (median age 16.7 years [range 10.7-17.8]), were included. The overall RR was 0.54 (95% CI 0.45-0.67) [p < 0.001]. Girls profited more from injury prevention than boys (p = 0.05). Both prevention programs with a focus on specific injuries (RR 0.48 [95% CI 0.37-0.63]) and those aiming at all injuries (RR 0.62 [95% CI 0.48-0.81]) showed significant reduction effects. Pre-season and in-season interventions were similarly beneficial (p = 0.93). Studies on programs that include jumping/plyometric exercises showed a significant better (p = 0.002) injury preventive effect (RR 0.45 [95% CI 0.35-0.57], Z = 6.35, p < 0.001) than studies without such exercises (RR 0.74 [95% CI 0.61-0.90], Z = 3.03, p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide good evidence and clearly demonstrate beneficial effects of exercise-based injury prevention programs in youth sports as they can result in statistically significant and practically relevant injury reduction. In particular, multimodal programs including jumping/plyometric exercises can be recommended. However, there is a considerable lack of data for children (under 14 years of age) and for individual sports in general. Future research should include these groups and focus on the effect of specific exercises and compliance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, CH-4052, Basel, Switzerland, roland.roessler@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rössler
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Donath
authors.forename: Evert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verhagen
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Junge
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Faude
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male