title: Specificity of coliphages in evaluating marker efficacy: a new insight for water quality indicators.
abstract: Conventional procedures for qualitative assessment of coliphage are time consuming multiple step approach for achieving results. A modified and rapid technique has been introduced for determination of coliphage contamination among potable water sources during water borne outbreaks. During December 2013, 40 water samples from different potable water sources, were received for water quality analyses, from a jaundice affected Municipality of West Bengal, India. Altogether, 30% water samples were contaminated with coliform (1-20 cfu/ml) and 5% with E. coli (2-5 cfu/ml). Among post-outbreak samples, preponderance of coliform has decreased (1-4 cfu/ml) with total absence of E. coli. While standard technique has detected 55% outbreak samples with coliphage contamination, modified technique revealed that 80%, double than that of bacteriological identification rate, were contaminated with coliphages (4-20 pfu/10 ml). However, post-outbreak samples were detected with 1-5 pfu/10 ml coliphages among 20% samples. Coliphage detection rate through modified technique was nearly double (50%) than that of standard technique (27.5%). In few samples (with coliform load of 10-100 cfu/ml), while modified technique could detect coliphages among six samples (10-20 pfu/10 ml), standard protocol failed to detect coliphage in any of them. An easy, rapid and accurate modified technique has thereby been implemented for coliphage assessment from water samples. Coliform free water does not always signify pathogen free potable water and it is demonstrated that coliphage is a more reliable 'biomarker' to ascertain contamination level in potable water.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases (Indian Council of Medical Research), P-33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, India.
authors.forename: Subham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mookerjee
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases (Indian Council of Medical Research), P-33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, India.
authors.forename: Prasenjit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Batabyal
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases (Indian Council of Medical Research), P-33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, India.
authors.forename: Madhumanti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases (Indian Council of Medical Research), P-33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, India. Electronic address: palita@icmr.org.in.
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palit
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D003090:Coliphages / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000821:virology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007565:Jaundice / Q000453:epidemiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019562:Viral Load; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Coliphage; Gastroenteritis; Modified technique; Potable water