title: Reinforcement learning for routing in cognitive radio ad hoc networks.
abstract: Cognitive radio (CR) enables unlicensed users (or secondary users, SUs) to sense for and exploit underutilized licensed spectrum owned by the licensed users (or primary users, PUs). Reinforcement learning (RL) is an artificial intelligence approach that enables a node to observe, learn, and make appropriate decisions on action selection in order to maximize network performance. Routing enables a source node to search for a least-cost route to its destination node. While there have been increasing efforts to enhance the traditional RL approach for routing in wireless networks, this research area remains largely unexplored in the domain of routing in CR networks. This paper applies RL in routing and investigates the effects of various features of RL (i.e., reward function, exploitation, and exploration, as well as learning rate) through simulation. New approaches and recommendations are proposed to enhance the features in order to improve the network performance brought about by RL to routing. Simulation results show that the RL parameters of the reward function, exploitation, and exploration, as well as learning rate, must be well regulated, and the new approaches proposed in this paper improves SUs' network performance without significantly jeopardizing PUs' network performance, specifically SUs' interference to PUs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Networked Systems, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hasan A A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Al-Rawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Networked Systems, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kok-Lim Alvin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3110-2782
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.affiliation: Wireless Network and Protocol Research Lab, MIMOS Berhad, Technology Park Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hafizal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.affiliation: Wireless Network and Protocol Research Lab, MIMOS Berhad, Technology Park Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nordin
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5358-284X
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramli
authors.affiliation: Wireless Network and Protocol Research Lab, MIMOS Berhad, Technology Park Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wahidah
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hashim
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D003146:Communications Media; D003195:Computer Communication Networks; D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D011845:Radio