title: HIV-associated renal and genitourinary comorbidities in Africa.
abstract: With the recent massive scale-up of access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited countries, HIV has become a chronic disease with new challenges. There is mounting evidence of an increased burden of renal and genitourinary diseases among HIV-infected persons caused by direct HIV viral effects and/or indirectly through the development of opportunistic infections, ART medication-related toxicities, and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). We review the epidemiology of HIV-associated renal and urogenital diseases, including interactions with kidney-related NCDs such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. We also examine the current evidence regarding the impact of HIV infection on the development of urogenital diseases. Highly advisable in sub-Saharan Africa are the establishment of renal disease registries, reviews of existing clinical practice including cost-effectiveness studies, and the adoption and use of HIV-related NCD management, with training for different cadres of health providers. Epidemiological research priorities include prospective studies to evaluate the true prevalence and spectrum of HIV-related renal disease and their progression. Simple diagnostics tools should be evaluated, including urinary dipsticks and point-of-care urea and creatinine tests to screen for kidney injury in primary care settings. Study of urological manifestations of HIV can help determine the extent of disease and outcomes. As patients live longer on ART, the burden of renal and genitourological complications of HIV and of ART can be expected to increase with a commensurate urgency in both discovery and evidence-based improvements in clinical management.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; †Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; ‡Mulago National Referral and Teaching Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; §Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; ‖Makerere University Joint AIDS Program, Uganda; and ¶School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalyesubula
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wearne
authors.forename: Fred C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Semitala
authors.forename: Kasonde
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bowa
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence