title: Essential oil from leaves of Liquidambar formosana ameliorates inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse macrophages.
abstract: The essential oil from Liquidambar formosana leaves (EOLF) was demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in mouse macrophages. EOLF reduced nitrite oxide generation, secretion levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, and expression levels of prointerleukin-beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse macrophages. EOLF also reduced NLRP3 inflammasome-derived interleukin-1beta secretion. The underlying mechanisms for the EOLF-mediated anti-inflammatory activity were (1) reduction of LPS-induced reactive oxygen species generation; (2) reduction of LPS-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38 MAP kinase; (3) reduction of LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappaBeta activation. Furthermore, 25 compounds were identified in the EOLF using GC-FID and GC-MS and the major compounds were terpinen-4-ol (32.0%), beta-pinene (18.0%), gamma-terpinene (13.8%), and alpha-terpinene (9.7%). We found that LPS-induced nitrite oxide generation was inhibited significantly by terpinen-4-ol. Our results indicated that EOLF has anti-inflammatory activity and may provide a molecular rationale for future therapeutic interventions in immune modulation.
authors.forename: Kuo-Feng
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Tzu-Jung
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Huan-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Chen-Lung
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D031317:Liquidambar / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species