title: The Nijmegen decision tool for chronic low back pain. Development of a clinical decision tool for secondary or tertiary spine care specialists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Western Europe, low back pain has the greatest burden of all diseases. When back pain persists, different medical specialists are involved and a lack of consensus exists among these specialists for medical decision-making in Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a decision tool for secondary or tertiary spine care specialists to decide which patients with CLBP should be seen by a spine surgeon or by other non-surgical medical specialists.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Delphi study was performed to identify indicators predicting the outcome of interventions. In the preparatory stage evidence from international guidelines and literature were summarized. Eligible studies were reviews and longitudinal studies. Inclusion criteria: surgical or non-surgical interventions and persistence of complaints, CLBP-patients aged 18-65 years, reported baseline measures of predictive indicators, and one or more reported outcomes had to assess functional status, quality of life, pain intensity, employment status or a composite score. Subsequently, a three-round Delphi procedure, to reach consensus on candidate indicators, was performed among a multidisciplinary panel of 29 CLBP-professionals (>five years CLBP-experience). The pre-set threshold for general agreement was ≥70%. The final indicator set was used to develop a clinical decision tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A draft list with 53 candidate indicators (38 with conclusive evidence and 15 with inconclusive evidence) was included for the Delphi study. Consensus was reached to include 47 indicators. A first version of the decision tool was developed, consisting of a web-based screening questionnaire and a provisional decision algorithm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first clinical decision tool based on current scientific evidence and formal multidisciplinary consensus that helps referring the patient for consultation to a spine surgeon or a non-surgical spine care specialist. We expect that this tool considerably helps in clinical decision-making spine care, thereby improving efficient use of scarce sources and the outcomes of spinal interventions.
authors.affiliation: Sint Maartenskliniek, Department of Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Miranda L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: van Hooff
authors.affiliation: Sint Maartenskliniek, Department of Orthopedics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.affiliation: Achmea Health Insurance Company, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Limbeek
authors.affiliation: Sint Maartenskliniek, Department of Orthopedics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; VU University Medical Center, Department of Orthopedics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marinus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Kleuver
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009985:Orthopedics; D018579:Patient Selection; D012984:Software; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult