title: Intermediate monocytes contribute to pathologic immune response in Leishmania braziliensis infections.
abstract: Ulcer development in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is associated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We found that early after infection, before ulcer development, the frequency of CD16(+) (both intermediate [CD14(+)CD16(+)] and nonclassical [CD14(dim)CD16(+)]) monocytes was increased in the peripheral blood of patients with L. braziliensis, compared with uninfected controls. These results suggest that CD16(+) monocytes might promote disease. Also, we found that intermediate monocytes expressed CCR2 and that increased levels of CCL2 protein were present in lesions from patients, suggesting that intermediate monocytes are more likely than nonclassical monocytes to migrate to the lesion site. Finally, we found that the intermediate monocytes produced TNF. Our results show that intermediate monocytes are increased in frequency soon after infection; express CCR2, which would promote their migration into the lesions; and, owing to their production of TNF, can enhance the inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Passos
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos.
authors.forename: Rúbia S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos.
authors.forename: Taís M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Fernanda O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Novais
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos.
authors.forename: Andréa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo R L
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beiting
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mosser
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edgar M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007892:Leishmania braziliensis / Q000276:immunology*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D054390:Receptors, CCR2 / Q000032:analysis; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014456:Ulcer / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C515334:CCR2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; C428200:FCGR3B protein, human; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D054390:Receptors, CCR2; D017452:Receptors, IgG; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: L. braziliensis; immune response; monocytes