title: Simpson's paradox: how performance measurement can fail even with perfect risk adjustment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Perla J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Marang-van de Mheen
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Centre for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Kaveh G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Shojania
mesh_terms: D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Mortality (standardized mortality ratios); Performance measures; Quality measurement