title: Bone mineral density and vitamin D status in ambulatory and non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: This study assessed distal femur and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores in children with cerebral palsy. BMD z-score was lower in non-ambulatory than in ambulatory children. Somewhat surprisingly, among ambulatory children, those with better walking abilities had higher BMD z-score than those with more impaired walking ability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have increased risk for low bone mineral density (BMD). The aim was to explore the difference in BMD at the distal femur and lumbar spine between ambulatory and non-ambulatory children with CP and the relationship between vitamin D status and BMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one children (age range 8-18 years; 20 girls) with CP participated. Their BMD Z-scores were measured in the lumbar spine and the distal femur using dual X-ray absorptiometry, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations were measured in serum. Children with GMFCS level I-III were defined as 'walkers' while children with level IV-V were defined as 'non-walkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-walkers had lower mean BMD Z-scores (range -1.7 to -5.4) than walkers at all sites (range -0.8 to -1.5). Among walkers, BMD Z-scores at the distal femur were lower in those with GMFCS level II than with level I (p values < 0.004). A similar difference was found between the affected and unaffected limb in children with hemiplegia. Mean 25-OHD concentration was 45 nmol/L (SD = 18); lower in walkers (mean = 41 nmol/L; SD = 18) than in non-walkers (mean = 53 nmol/L; SD = 19; p = 0.041). There were no correlations between 25-OHD and BMD z-scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main predictor of low BMD Z-scores in the distal femur was the inability to walk, but the results suggest that the degree of the neuromotor impairment may also be a significant predictor. Vitamin D status did not correlate with BMD z-scores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gt.11, 7489, Trondheim, Norway, ane.finbraten@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A-K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Finbråten
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Syversen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skranes
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vik
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D