title: Efficiency of dual-cured resin cement polymerization induced by high-intensity LED curing units through ceramic material.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the ability of high-intensity light-emitting diode (LED) and other curing units to cure dual-cured resin cement through ceramic material.
  
  
  METHODS
  A halogen curing unit (Jetlite 3000, Morita), a second-generation LED curing unit (Demi, Kerr), and two high-intensity LED curing units (PenCure 2000, Morita; Valo, Ultradent) were tested. Feldspathic ceramic plates (VITABLOCS Mark II, A3; Vita Zahnfabrik) with thicknesses of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mm were prepared. Dual-cured resin cement samples (Clearfil Esthetic Cement, Kuraray Noritake Dental) were irradiated directly or through one of the ceramic plates for different periods (5, 10, 15, or 20 seconds for the high-intensity LED units and 20, 40, 60, or 80 seconds for the others). The Knoop hardness test was used to determine the level of photopolymerization that had been induced in the resin cement. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett's post-hoc test to identify test-control (maximum irradiation without a ceramic plate) differences for each curing unit (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all curing units, the curing conditions had a statistically significant effect on the Knoop hardness numbers (KHNs) of the irradiated cement samples (p<0.001). In general, the KHN decreased with increasing plate thickness and increased as the irradiation period was extended. Jetlite 3000 achieved control-level KHN values only when the plate thickness was 1.0 mm. At a plate thickness ≥2.0 mm, the LED units (except for PenCure 2000 at 3.0 mm) were able to achieve control-level KHN values when the irradiation time was extended. At a plate thickness of 3.0 mm, irradiation for 20 seconds with the Valo or for 80 seconds with the Demi were the only methods that produced KHN values equivalent to those produced by direct irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of the type of curing unit used, indirect irradiation of dual-cured resin cement through a ceramic plate resulted in decreased KHN values compared with direct irradiation. When the irradiation period was extended, only the LED units were able to achieve similar KHN values to those observed under direct irradiation in the presence of plates ≥2.0-mm thick. High-intensity LED units require a shorter irradiation period than halogen and second-generation LED curing units to obtain KHN values similar to those observed during direct irradiation.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Re
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kazama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kanaya
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okiji
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006244:Hardness; D058105:Polymerization; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019279:Resin Cements; C530542:clearfil esthetic cement