title: Digital filter design for electrophysiological data--a practical approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Filtering is a ubiquitous step in the preprocessing of electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data. Besides the intended effect of the attenuation of signal components considered as noise, filtering can also result in various unintended adverse filter effects (distortions such as smoothing) and filter artifacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We give some practical guidelines for the evaluation of filter responses (impulse and frequency response) and the selection of filter types (high-pass/low-pass/band-pass/band-stop; finite/infinite impulse response, FIR/IIR) and filter parameters (cutoff frequencies, filter order and roll-off, ripple, delay and causality) to optimize signal-to-noise ratio and avoid or reduce signal distortions for selected electrophysiological applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various filter implementations in common electrophysiology software packages are introduced and discussed. Resulting filter responses are compared and evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present strategies for recognizing common adverse filter effects and filter artifacts and demonstrate them in practical examples. Best practices and recommendations for the selection and reporting of filter parameters, limitations, and alternatives to filtering are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive and Biological Psychology, University of Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: widmann@uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Widmann
authors.affiliation: Cognitive and Biological Psychology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schröger
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maess
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D012984:Software
keywords: Electrophysiology; Filter distortions; Filter parameters; Filtering; Preprocessing