title: Effect of allopurinol on the kidney function, histology and injury biomarker (NGAL, IL 18) levels in uninephrectomised rats subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether allopurinol exerts a protective effect on kidneys by measuring new kidney injury biomarkers (NGALp, NGALu, KIM 1 and IL 18) and analysing the renal function and histology in uninephrectomised rats subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty two Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four groups: Sham (S): laparotomy; Control (C): laparotomy and ischaemia-reperfusion in the left kidney; Control Allopurinol (CA): laparotomy and allopurinol at a dose of 100mg·kg 1·d 1; and Allopurinol (A): laparotomy ischaemia-reperfusion in the left kidney and allopurinol at a dose of 100mg·kg 1·d 1. The NGALp, NGALu, KIM 1, IL 18 and creatinine levels and the kidney histology were analysed. The significance level was established as p<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Creatinine level increased in all the groups, with A ≈ C > S ≈ CA. The NGALp, NGALu and IL 18 levels exhibited similar behaviour in all the groups. KIM 1 was higher in group A than C and showed intermediate values in groups S and CA. Severity of injury in the left kidney was greater in groups C and A compared to S and CA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Allopurinol did not exert protective or damaging effects on the kidneys of rats subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Roberto
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bussmann
authors.affiliation: Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Antônio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marton Filho
authors.affiliation: Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília Pinheiro
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Módolo
authors.affiliation: ABC Medical School, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Pinheiro
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Módolo
authors.affiliation: Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amado
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida Custódio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yara Marcondes Machado
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Castiglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Norma Sueli Pinheiro
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Módolo
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000032:analysis*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000187:drug effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000963:Antimetabolites; D015415:Biomarkers; D020382:Interleukin-18; C097278:Lcn2 protein, rat; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D000493:Allopurinol; D003404:Creatinine