title: Rationale and study design of the REM-HF study: remote management of heart failure using implanted devices and formalized follow-up procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wish to assess the clinical and cost-effectiveness of remote monitoring of heart failure patients with cardiac implanted electronic devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  REM-HF is a multicentre, randomized, non-blinded, parallel trial designed to compare weekly remote monitoring-driven management with usual care for patients with cardiac implanted electronic devices (ICD, CRT-D, or CRT-P). The trial is event driven, and the final analysis will be performed when 546 events have been observed or the study is terminated at the interim analysis. We have randomized 1650 patients to be followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Patients will remain in the trial up to study termination. The first patient was randomized in September 2011 and the study is expected to complete in early 2016. The primary combined endpoint is time to first event of all-cause death or unplanned hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons. An economic evaluation will be performed, estimating the cost per quality-adjusted life year, with direct costs estimated from the National Health Service perspective and quality of life assessed by the EQ-5D, Short-Form 12, and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaires. The study design has been informed by a feasibility study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  REM-HF is a multicentre randomized study that will provide important data on the effect of remote monitoring-driven management of implanted cardiac devices on morbidity and mortality, as well as the cost-effectiveness of this approach.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Borislav D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Dimitrov
authors.forename: Jas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitt
authors.forename: G Andre
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McComb
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raftery
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roderick
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seed
authors.forename: Simon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Klaus K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: D Jay
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Guiqing Lily
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cowie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Care pathways; Heart failure; Implanted devices; Randomized controlled trial; Remote monitoring