title: Acoustic devices for particle and cell manipulation and sensing.
abstract: An emerging demand for the precise manipulation of cells and particles for applications in cell biology and analytical chemistry has driven rapid development of ultrasonic manipulation technology. Compared to the other manipulation technologies, such as magnetic tweezing, dielectrophoresis and optical tweezing, ultrasonic manipulation has shown potential in a variety of applications, with its advantages of versatile, inexpensive and easy integration into microfluidic systems, maintenance of cell viability, and generation of sufficient forces to handle particles, cells and their agglomerates. This article briefly reviews current practice and reports our development of various ultrasonic standing wave manipulation devices, including simple devices integrated with high frequency (>20 MHz) ultrasonic transducers for the investigation of biological cells and complex ultrasonic transducer array systems to explore the feasibility of electronically controlled 2-D and 3-D manipulation. Piezoelectric and passive materials, fabrication techniques, characterization methods and possible applications are discussed. The behavior and performance of the devices have been investigated and predicted with computer simulations, and verified experimentally. Issues met during development are highlighted and discussed. To assist long term practical adoption, approaches to low-cost, wafer level batch-production and commercialization potential are also addressed.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK. y.qiu@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Yongqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK. h.y.wang@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK. c.demore@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christine E M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Demore
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Computing, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK. david.hughes@uws.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glynne-Jones
authors.affiliation: Smart Materials and Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technology and Systems, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany. sylvia.gebhardt@ikts.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK. a.bolhovitins@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Aleksandrs
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolhovitins
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK. r.poltarjonoks@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Romans
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poltarjonoks
authors.affiliation: Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK.
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weijer
authors.affiliation: Smart Materials and Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technology and Systems, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany. Andreas.Schoenecker@ikts.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schönecker
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. m.hill@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, UK. s.cochran@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cochran
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000295:instrumentation; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000295:instrumentation; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation