title: Effort in acute traumatic brain injury: considering more than pass/fail.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Performance validity is often conceptualized as a dichotomous process. Effort likely lies on a continuum, however, and psychologists' tendency to rely on pass/fail descriptors of one's effort may not be the only approach. The current study aims to show that when performance validity is considered on a continuum, it may provide clinical information related to cognitive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury were evaluated with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status upon their emergence from posttraumatic amnesia. From this data, previously developed effort index scores and "other cognitive functions" index scores were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance on the effort index significantly accounted for the patients' performance on a cognitive composite score after considering education and severity of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that more in-depth analysis of validity test performance is beneficial to gauge a patient's level of effort and is important to consider when interpreting results and in treatment planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lippa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital.
authors.forename: Kristina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Agbayani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jokic
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology/Neuropsychology, TIRR Memorial Hermann Hospital.
authors.forename: Jerome S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Caroselli
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index