title: Loudness modulation after transient and permanent hearing loss: implications for tinnitus and hyperacusis.
abstract: Loudness is the primary perceptual correlate of sound intensity. The relationship between sound intensity and loudness is not fixed, and can be modified by short-term sound deprivation or stimulation. Deprivation increases sound sensitivity, whereas stimulation decreases it. We review the effects of short-term auditory deprivation and stimulation on the auditory central nervous system of humans and animals, and we extend the discussion to permanent auditory deprivation (hearing loss) and auditory pathologies of loudness perception. Although there is sufficient evidence to conclude that loudness can be modulated in normal hearing listeners by temporary sound deprivation and stimulation, evidence is scanter for the hearing-impaired listeners. In addition, cortical effects of sound deprivation and stimulation in humans, which may correlate with loudness coding, are still largely unknown and should be the target of future research.
authors.affiliation: School of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; International Laboratory for Research on Brain, Music, and Sound (BRAMS), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.affiliation: International Laboratory for Research on Brain, Music, and Sound (BRAMS), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schönwiesner
authors.affiliation: School of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; International Laboratory for Research on Brain, Music, and Sound (BRAMS), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: Sylvie.hebert@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hébert
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D012001:Hyperacusis / Q000209:etiology*; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: auditory physiology; deprivation; hyperacusis; loudness; stimulation; tinnitus