title: Understanding thoracic outlet syndrome.
abstract: The diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome was once debated in the world of vascular surgery. Today, it is more understood and surprisingly less infrequent than once thought. Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is composed of three types: neurogenic, venous, and arterial. Each type is in distinction to the others when considering patient presentation and diagnosis. Remarkable advances have been made in surgical approach, physical therapy, and rehabilitation of these patients. Dedicated centers of excellence with multidisciplinary teams have been developed and continue to lead the way in future research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 759, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freischlag
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Halsted 668, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0551-1913
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orion