title: Direct synthesis of phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped monolayer graphene with air-stable n-type characteristics.
abstract: Large-area substitutional phosphorus-nitrogen co-doped monolayer graphene is directly synthesized on a Cu surface by chemical vapor deposition using molecules of phosphonitrilic chloride trimer as the phosphorus and nitrogen sources. The doping levels of both phosphorus and nitrogen atoms decrease as a function of the growth temperature. In contrast, the doping effect is enhanced with temperature because of the formation of more stable bond configurations for dopants at higher temperatures. Moreover, the doping amount of nitrogen atoms is always higher than that of phosphorus atoms at all used temperatures. The phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped graphene exhibits remarkable air-stable n-type characteristics. This work demonstrates the critical role of phosphorus atoms in achieving enhanced electron donation compared to nitrogen atom doping of graphene, and is important for various applications associated with the need for air-stable n-type graphene materials.
authors.affiliation: Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. liuyq@iccas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yunzhou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jiahui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Wenping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yunqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu