title: A multiclass method for the analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals in human urine samples. Sample treatment by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.
abstract: The population is continuously exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This has influenced an increase in diseases and syndromes that are more frequent nowadays. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new analytical procedures to evaluate the exposure with the ultimate objective of establishing, in an accurate way, relationships between EDCs and harmful health effects. In the present work, a new method based on a sample treatment by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the extraction of six parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, propyl-, isobutyl and butylparaben), six benzophenones (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, benzophenone-6, benzophenone-8 and 4-hydroxybenzophenone) and two bisphenols (bisphenol A and bisphenol S) in human urine samples, followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis is proposed. An enzymatic treatment allows determining the total content of the target EDCs. The extraction parameters were accurately optimized using multivariate optimization strategies. Ethylparaben ring-(13)C6 and bisphenol A-d16 were used as surrogates. Found limits of quantification ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 ng mL(-1) and inter-day variability (evaluated as relative standard deviation) ranging from 2.0% to 14.9%. The method was validated using matrix-matched standard calibration followed by a recovery assay with spiked samples. Recovery rates ranged from 94% to 105%. A good linearity, for concentrations up to 300 ng mL(-1) for parabens and 40 ng mL(-1) for benzophenones and bisphenols, respectively, was obtained. The method was satisfactorily applied for the determination of target compounds in human urine samples from 20 randomly selected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vela-Soria
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain. Electronic address: oballest@ugr.es.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zafra-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navalón
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010226:Parabens / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010226:Parabens; D012492:Salts; C012313:ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
keywords: Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; GC–MS/MS; Human urine analysis