title: Why is kernicterus still a major cause of death and disability in low-income and middle-income countries?
abstract: Neonatal jaundice is predominantly a benign condition that affects 60%-80% of newborns worldwide but progresses to potentially harmful severe hyperbilirubinaemia in some. Despite the proven therapeutic benefits of phototherapy for preventing extreme hyperbilirubinaemia, acute bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus, several low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) continue to report high rates of avoidable exchange transfusions, as well as bilirubin-induced mortality and neurodevelopmental disorders. Considering the critical role of appropriate timing in treatment effectiveness, this review set out to examine the contributory factors to the burden of severe hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus based on the 'three delays model' described by Thaddeus and Maine in the 91 most economically disadvantaged LMICs with Gross National Income per capita ≤US$6000 and median human development index of 0.525 (IQR: 0.436-0.632). Strategies for addressing these delays are proposed including the need for clinical and public health leadership to curtail the risk and burden of kernicterus in LMICs.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Bolajoko O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Olusanya
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Tinuade A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ogunlesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota & Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Tina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Slusher
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D003906:Developing Countries; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D051556:Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal / Q000401:mortality; D007182:Income; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007647:Kernicterus / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Jaundice; Neonatology; Neurodevelopment; Tropical Paediatrics