title: Community pharmacy interventions for public health priorities: protocol for a systematic review of community pharmacy-delivered smoking, alcohol and weight management interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Community pharmacists can deliver health care advice at an opportunistic level, related to prescription or non-prescription medicines and as part of focused services designed to reduce specific risks to health. Obesity, smoking and excessive alcohol intake are three of the most significant modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality in the UK, and interventions led by community pharmacists, aimed at these three risk factors, have been identified by the government as public health priorities. In 2008, the Department of Health for England stated that 'a sound evidence base that demonstrates how pharmacy delivers effective, high quality and value for money services is needed'; this systematic review aims to respond to this requirement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We will search the databases MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index, ASSIA, IBSS, Sociological Abstracts, Scopus and NHS Economic Evaluation Database for studies that have evaluated interventions based on community pharmacies that aim to target weight management, smoking cessation and alcohol misuse. We will include all randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised controlled trials (NRCTs), controlled before-after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series (ITS) and repeated measures studies. Data from included studies will be extracted by two independent reviewers and will include study details methods, results, intervention implementation/costs and methodological quality. Meta-analysis will be conducted if appropriate; if not, the synthesis will be restricted to a narrative overview of individual studies looking at the same question.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The review aims to summarise the evidence base on the effectiveness of community pharmacy interventions on health and health behaviours in relation to weight management, smoking cessation and alcohol misuse. It will also explore if, and how, socio-economic status, gender, ethnicity and age moderate the effect of the interventions and will describe how the interventions included in the review have been organised, implemented and delivered, since context is an important factor governing the success of public health interventions. The findings from this review will have an impact on the commissioning of public health services aiming to promote healthy weight, smoking cessation and prevent excessive alcohol consumption.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The review has been registered with PROSPERO (registration no. CRD42013005943). Available at: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42013005943.
authors.affiliation: School for Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham TS17 6BH, UK. adam.todd@durham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: Helen J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Husband
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bambra
authors.forename: Adetayo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasim
authors.forename: Falko F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Sniehotta
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steed
authors.forename: Carolyn D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Summerbell
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011634:Public Health; D012107:Research Design; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology; D012923:Social Class; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs