title: Osteoblastic cell response to spark plasma-sintered zirconia/titanium cermets.
abstract: Ceramic/metal composites, cermets, arise from the idea to combine the dissimilar properties in the pure materials. This work aims to study the biocompatibility of new micro-nanostructured 3 Y-TZP/Ti materials with 25, 50 and 75 vol.% Ti, which have been successfully obtained by spark slasma sintering technology, as well as to correlate their surface properties (roughness, wettability and chemical composition) with the osteoblastic cell response. All samples had isotropic and slightly waved microstructure, with sub-micrometric average roughness. Composites with 75 vol.% Ti had the highest surface hydrophilicity. Surface chemical composition of the cermets correlated well with the relative amounts used for their fabrication. A cell viability rate over 80% dismissed any cytotoxicity risk due to manufacturing. Cell adhesion and early differentiation were significantly enhanced on materials containing the nanostructured 3 Y-TZP phase. Proliferation and differentiation of SaOS-2 were significantly improved in their late-stage on the composite with 75 vol.% Ti that, from the osseointegration standpoint, is presented as an excellent biomaterial for bone replacement. Thus, spark plasma sintering is consolidated as a suitable technology for manufacturing nanostructured biomaterials with enhanced bioactivity.
authors.affiliation: Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo (UO), El Entrego, Spain e.fernandez@cinn.es.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guillem-Marti
authors.affiliation: Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo (UO), El Entrego, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo (UO), El Entrego, Spain.
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain CIBER of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria-Pau
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ginebra
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lopez-Esteban
mesh_terms: D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D016722:Cermet Cements / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D006244:Hardness; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D016722:Cermet Cements; D058626:Plasma Gases; C009495:titanium dioxide; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide
keywords: Zirconia; biocompatibility; nanostructured; spark plasma sintering; titanium