title: PCSK9 levels in abdominally obese men: association with cardiometabolic risk profile and effects of a one-year lifestyle modification program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies performed in rodents have suggested a role for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in insulin resistance and impaired body fat distribution. Our objective was to examine the relationships between markers of adiposity and insulin resistance and plasma PCSK9 levels in humans. In addition, we explored the effect of a one-year lifestyle modification program on plasma PCSK9 levels in abdominally obese, dyslipidemic men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma PCSK9 levels were measured by ELISA in 175 abdominally obese, dyslipidemic sedentary men. Of these abdominally obese men, 117 non-diabetic individuals completed a one-year lifestyle modification program aiming at increasing cardiorespiratory fitness levels and improving nutritional quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no association between plasma PCSK9 levels and body mass index, waist circumference, fat and fat-free mass, or visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measured by computed tomography. Compared to men with the lowest PCSK9 levels (bottom tertile), those with the highest PCSK9 levels (top tertile) had the most detrimental lipoprotein-lipid profile including lower LDL particle size (253.6 ± 4.0 vs. 251.6 ± 4.0 Å, p < 0.05) and higher apolipoprotein C-III levels (36.8 ± 10.6 vs. 32.3 ± 32.3, p < 0.05). These men were also characterized by higher HOMA-IR indices (6.78 ± 3.01 vs. 5.54 ± 2.91, p < 0.05). After one year, study participants lost on average 6.7 ± 4.6 kg (p < 0.0001). Plasma PCSK9 decreased by 9.2 ± 53.7 ng/ml (3.8%, p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma PCSK9 levels are not associated with body fat distribution indices, modestly associated with markers of insulin resistance and LDL particle size and are slightly affected by a lifestyle modification program in abdominally obese men.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: benoit.arsenault@criucpq.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Benoit J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Arsenault
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pelletier-Beaumont
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alméras
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poirier
authors.affiliation: Lipid Research Centre, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Després
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015897:Comorbidity; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D010316:Particle Size; D010809:Physical Fitness; D057285:Precision Medicine; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000097:blood*; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C472125:PCSK9 protein, human; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; D043484:Proprotein Convertases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases
keywords: Insulin resistance; Nutrition; Obesity; PCSK9; Physical activity