title: Central venous catheterization using a perfused human cadaveric model: application to surgical education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to present a unique training model using a perfused human cadaver for central line placement training with the ultimate goal of reducing central venous catheter mechanical complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The applicability of the fresh tissue cadaver model for central line placement was assessed using a 10-item questionnaire with a 5-point Likert-type scale. Respondents were asked to rate their opinions as strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants received a didactic lecture followed by supervised practice on a commercially available simulator. The students were then relocated to the Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory where they practiced central vein catheterization on a fresh perfused human cadaver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Course participants included 87 physicians from various medical specialties at different stages of training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of the survey demonstrated that 91% of the participating physicians found the perfused cadaveric model to be a true simulation of conditions that exist in live patients, and 98% reported that the use of this model promoted acquisition of technical skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integration of central line placement training on perfused cadavers into residency and fellowship training provides an unparalleled realistic simulation to participants. Further study is needed to assess whether realistic simulation translates into objective end points such as decreased mechanical complications.
authors.affiliation: Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas. Electronic address: stephen.e.varga.mil@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minneti
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakaluzny
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Peep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talving
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008954:Models, Biological; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Medical Knowledge; Patient Care; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; cadaver model; central line education; resident training; surgical education