title: Modified treatment approach using cardiovascular disease risk calculator for primary prevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recent guidelines for preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular events are an important advancement. For primary prevention, statins are recommended if the ten-year risk is ≥ 5% (consideration for therapy) or ≥ 7.5% (definitive treatment unless contraindication after discussion). We rationalized that a significant cohort with ten-year risk below the treatment thresholds would predictably surpass them within the recommended 4-6 year window for reassessing the ten-year risk. As atherosclerosis is a progressive disease, these individuals may therefore benefit with more aggressive therapies even at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used publicly available NHANES dataset for ten-year risk calculation. There were 1805 participants. To evaluate the ten-year risk change at five years, we considered two scenarios: no change in the baseline parameters except increased age by five (No Change) and alternatively 10% improvement in systolic BP, total and HDL-c, no smoking with five-year increase in age (Reduced Risk Profile). Amongst non-diabetics with <5% risk at baseline, 35% reached or exceeded 5% risk in five years (5% reached or exceed the 7.5% risk) with No Change and 9% reached or exceeded 5% risk in five years (none reached 7.5% risk) with Reduced Risk Profile; furthermore, 94% of the non-diabetic cohort with baseline risk between 3.5%-5% would exceed the 5% and/or 7.5% boundary limit with No Change. Amongst non-diabetics with 5-7.5% baseline risks, 87% reached or exceeded 7.5% with No Change while 30% reached or exceeded 7.5% risk with Reduced Risk Profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant population cohort at levels below the treatment thresholds will predictably exceed these limits with time with or without improvement in modifiable risk factors and may benefit with more aggressive therapy at baseline. We provide an improved risk calculator that allows for integrating expected risk modification into discussion with an individual. This needs to be prospectively tested in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Himanshu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chun G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schiros
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America.
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Denney
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors