title: Alcohol expectancies in childhood: change with the onset of drinking and ability to predict adolescent drunkenness and binge drinking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relationship between alcohol expectancies in childhood and onset of drinking, binge drinking and drunkenness in adolescence and the influence of drinking onset on expectancy development.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, longitudinal study of children assessed for alcohol expectancies and drinking at four time-points between ages 6 and 17 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community study of families at high risk for alcoholism conducted in a four-county area in the Midwestern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 614 children; 460 were children of alcoholics and 70% were male.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expectancies about alcohol effects were measured using the Beverage Opinion Questionnaire and child's drinking by the Drinking and Drug History-Youth Form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Partial factor invariance was found for expectancy factors from ages 6 to 17 years. Survival analysis showed that social/relaxation expectancies in childhood predicted time to onset of binge drinking and first time drunk (Wald χ(2) , 1 d.f. = 3.8, P = 0.05 and 5.0, P < 0.05, respectively). The reciprocal effect was also present; when adolescents began drinking, there was an increase in social/relaxation expectancy and a concomitant increase in slope of the expectancy changes lasting throughout adolescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reciprocal relationship exists between childhood alcohol expectancies and the development of alcohol involvement. Higher expectancies for positive effects predict earlier onset of problem drinking. Onset of use, in turn, predicts an increase in rate of development of positive expectancies.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jester
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cranford
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buu
authors.forename: Hiram E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zucker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000523:psychology*; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D001294:Attitude to Health; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: Alcohol expectancies; binge drinking onset; drinking onset; drunkenness onset; longitudinal study; social and relaxation expectancies for drinking