title: Effect of Flos carthami Extract and α 1-Adrenergic Antagonists on the Porcine Proximal Ureteral Peristalsis.
abstract: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been proposed to prevent urolithiasis. In China, Flos carthami (FC, also known as Carthamus tinctorius) (Safflower; Chinese name: Hong Hua/) has been used to treat urological diseases for centuries. We previously performed a screening and confirmed the in vivo antilithic effect of FC extract. Here, ex vivo organ bath experiment was further performed to study the effect of FC extract on the inhibition of phenylepinephrine (PE) (10(-4) and 10(-3) M) ureteral peristalsis of porcine ureters with several α 1-adrenergic antagonists (doxazosin, tamsulosin, and terazosin) as experimental controls. The results showed that doxazosin, tamsulosin, and terazosin dose (approximately 4.5 × 10(-6) - 4.5 × 10(-1) μg/mL) dependently inhibited both 10(-4) and 10(-3) M PE-induced ureteral peristalsis. FC extract achieved 6.2% ± 10.1%, 21.8% ± 6.8%, and 24.0% ± 5.6% inhibitions of 10(-4) M PE-induced peristalsis at doses of 5 × 10(3), 1 × 10(4), and 2 × 10(4) μg/mL, respectively, since FC extract was unable to completely inhibit PE-induced ureteral peristalsis, suggesting the antilithic effect of FC extract is related to mechanisms other than modulation of ureteral peristalsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: San-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan ; Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan ; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
authors.forename: Kee-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Man
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jui-Lung
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan ; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Dermatology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Huey-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiao-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan ; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Dermatology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fuu-Jen
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Tsong
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Winardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan ; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Dermatology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kao-Sung
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ning
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan ; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Dermatology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-Hsiang
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8756-5113
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan ; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Dermatology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen