title: Calibration and field application of passive sampling for episodic exposure to polar organic pesticides in streams.
abstract: Rainfall-triggered runoff is a major driver of pesticide input in streams. Only few studies have examined the suitability of passive sampling to quantify such episodic exposures. In this study, we used Empore™ styrene-divinylbenzene reverse phase sulfonated disks (SDB disks) and event-driven water samples (EDS) to assess exposure to 15 fungicides and 4 insecticides in 17 streams in a German vineyard area during 4 rainfall events. We also conducted a microcosm experiment to determine the SDB-disk sampling rates and provide a free-software solution to derive sampling rates under time-variable exposure. Sampling rates ranged from 0.26 to 0.77 L d(-1) and time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations from 0.05 to 2.11 μg/L. The 2 sampling systems were in good agreement and EDS exceeded TWA concentrations on average by a factor of 3. Our study demonstrates that passive sampling is suitable to quantify episodic exposures from polar organic pesticides.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany. Electronic address: diegofgrm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Etiënne L M
authors.initials: ELM
authors.lastname: Vermeirssen
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bandow
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Schäfer
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Freshwater; Passive sampling; Pesticide; Water monitoring