title: Variations in the vulvar temperature of sows during proestrus and estrus as determined by infrared thermography and its relation to ovulation.
abstract: The prediction of ovulation time is one of the most important and yet difficult processes in pig production, and it has a considerable impact on the fertility of the herd and litter size. The objective of this study was to assess the vulvar skin temperature of sows during proestrus and estrus using infrared thermography and to establish a possible relationship between the variations in vulvar temperature and ovulation. The experimental group comprised 36 crossbred Large White × Landrace females, of which 6 were gilts and 30 were multiparous sows. Estrus was detected twice daily and the temperature was obtained every 6 hours from the vulvar area and from two control points in the gluteal area (Gluteal skin temperature [GST]). A third variable, vulvar-gluteal temperature (VGT) was obtained from the difference between the vulvar skin temperature and the GST values. The animals were divided into two subgroups: group A consisting of 11 animals with estrus detected at 6:00 AM, Day 4 postweaning, and group B comprising seven animals with estrus detected at 6:00 AM, Day 5 post-weaning. Both groups showed a similar trend in the VGT. The VGT increased during the proestrus, reaching a peak 24 hours before estrus in group A and 48 hours before estrus in group B. The VGT then decreased markedly reaching the lowest value in groups A and B, respectively, 12 and 6 hours after estrus. Although the time of ovulation was only estimated on the basis of a literature review, the matching between the temporal variations of the VGT values and the predicted time of the peak of estradiol secretion that ultimately leads to the ovulation processes suggests that the VGT values represent a potential predictive marker of the ovulatory events.
authors.affiliation: Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Vasco G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.affiliation: Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Faouzi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lyazrhi
authors.affiliation: Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (INRA-ENVT) 1331, Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Picard-Hagen
authors.affiliation: Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (INRA-ENVT) 1331, Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gayrard
authors.affiliation: Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Guy-Pierre
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Martineau
authors.affiliation: Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (INP-ENVT), Toulouse, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (INRA-ENVT) 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Toulouse, France. Electronic address: a.waret@envt.fr.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waret-Szkuta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D007259:Infrared Rays; D010061:Ovulation Detection / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011359:Proestrus / Q000502:physiology; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000502:physiology*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D014844:Vulva / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Estrus; Ovulation; Reproduction; Sow; Swine; Thermography