title: Evaluation of tools used to measure calcium and/or dairy consumption in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and critique tools for the assessment of Ca and/or dairy intake in adults, in order to ascertain the most accurate and reliable tools available.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was conducted using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles reporting on originally developed tools or testing the reliability or validity of existing tools that measure Ca and/or dairy intake in adults were included. Author-defined criteria for reporting reliability and validity properties were applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies conducted in Western countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty papers, utilising thirty-six tools assessing intake of dairy, Ca or both, were identified. Reliability testing was conducted on only two dairy and five Ca tools, with results indicating that only one dairy and two Ca tools were reliable. Validity testing was conducted for all but four Ca-only tools. There was high reliance in validity testing on lower-order tests such as correlation and failure to differentiate between statistical and clinically meaningful differences. Results of the validity testing suggest one dairy and five Ca tools are valid. Thus one tool was considered both reliable and valid for the assessment of dairy intake and only two tools proved reliable and valid for the assessment of Ca intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While several tools are reliable and valid, their application across adult populations is limited by the populations in which they were tested. These results indicate a need for tools that assess Ca and/or dairy intake in adults to be rigorously tested for reliability and validity.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics,Flinders University,GPO Box 2100,Adelaide,SA 5001,Australia.
authors.forename: Anthea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magarey
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics,Flinders University,GPO Box 2100,Adelaide,SA 5001,Australia.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baulderstone
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics,Flinders University,GPO Box 2100,Adelaide,SA 5001,Australia.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaxley
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics,Flinders University,GPO Box 2100,Adelaide,SA 5001,Australia.
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Markow
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics,Flinders University,GPO Box 2100,Adelaide,SA 5001,Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D066273:Diet, Western / Q000009:adverse effects; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D009656:North America; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010349:Patient Compliance; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary
keywords: Adults