title: Adverse drug events among patients receiving postsurgical opioids in a large health system: risk factors and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Results of a study of postsurgical opioid-related adverse drug events (ORADEs) within a large health system are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective cohort study, data from the information database of an 11-hospital Texas health system were analyzed to (1) describe postsurgical opioid use among adult patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery over a one-year period, (2) identify ORADE risk factors and associated costs, and (3) compare clinical and economic outcomes in patients who experienced ORADEs and those who did not. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify ORADE risk factors. Propensity score-matched comparisons of outcomes in patients with and without ORADEs were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 6,285 patients in the study population, 6,274 (99.8%) received postsurgical opioids; 11.5% of those patients experienced an ORADE. ORADE risk factors included age (≥65 years), male sex, prior opioid use, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiac dysrhythmias, regional enteritis, diverticulitis, and ulcerative colitis. Patients with multiple risk factors had higher mean hospitalization costs ($21,073) relative to patients with one risk factor ($14,110) or no risk factor ($11,433) and accounted for a disproportionately large share of overall costs; patients who experienced ORADEs were more likely to be cost and length of stay (LOS) outliers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of information from a large database demonstrated that opioid-treated postsurgical inpatients who had multiple risk factors for ORADEs were more likely to have higher mean costs, greater readmission rates, and longer LOS than patients with fewer risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Harold S. Minkowitz, M.D., is Anesthesiologist, Memorial Hermann Memorial City Medical Center, Houston, TX. Stephen K. Gruschkus, Ph.D., M.P.H., was, when this article was written, Assistant Director, Applied Data Analytics, Xcenda, AmerisourceBergen Consulting Services, Palm Harbor, FL. Manan Shah, Pharm.D., Ph.D., is Director, Health Services and Outcomes Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Plainsboro, NJ; when this article was written, he was Director, Applied Data Analytics, Xcenda. Aditya Raju, M.S., is Manager, Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Xcenda.
authors.forename: Harold S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Minkowitz
authors.affiliation: Harold S. Minkowitz, M.D., is Anesthesiologist, Memorial Hermann Memorial City Medical Center, Houston, TX. Stephen K. Gruschkus, Ph.D., M.P.H., was, when this article was written, Assistant Director, Applied Data Analytics, Xcenda, AmerisourceBergen Consulting Services, Palm Harbor, FL. Manan Shah, Pharm.D., Ph.D., is Director, Health Services and Outcomes Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Plainsboro, NJ; when this article was written, he was Director, Applied Data Analytics, Xcenda. Aditya Raju, M.S., is Manager, Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Xcenda.
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gruschkus
authors.affiliation: Harold S. Minkowitz, M.D., is Anesthesiologist, Memorial Hermann Memorial City Medical Center, Houston, TX. Stephen K. Gruschkus, Ph.D., M.P.H., was, when this article was written, Assistant Director, Applied Data Analytics, Xcenda, AmerisourceBergen Consulting Services, Palm Harbor, FL. Manan Shah, Pharm.D., Ph.D., is Director, Health Services and Outcomes Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Plainsboro, NJ; when this article was written, he was Director, Applied Data Analytics, Xcenda. Aditya Raju, M.S., is Manager, Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Xcenda.
authors.forename: Manan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Harold S. Minkowitz, M.D., is Anesthesiologist, Memorial Hermann Memorial City Medical Center, Houston, TX. Stephen K. Gruschkus, Ph.D., M.P.H., was, when this article was written, Assistant Director, Applied Data Analytics, Xcenda, AmerisourceBergen Consulting Services, Palm Harbor, FL. Manan Shah, Pharm.D., Ph.D., is Director, Health Services and Outcomes Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Plainsboro, NJ; when this article was written, he was Director, Applied Data Analytics, Xcenda. Aditya Raju, M.S., is Manager, Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Xcenda. aditya.raju@xcenda.com.
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raju
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics*; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D062313:Databases, Pharmaceutical; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013781:Texas; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid