title: Relationship between facial morphology, anterior open bite and non-nutritive sucking habits during the primary dentition stage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-nutritive sucking habits can cause occlusal alterations, including anterior open bite. However, not all patients develop this malocclusion. Therefore, the emergence of AOB does not depend on deleterious habits, only.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Investigate a potential association between non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSHs), anterior open bite (AOB) and facial morphology (FM).
  
  
  METHODS
  176 children in the primary dentition stage were selected. Intra and extraoral clinical examinations were performed and the children's legal guardians were asked to respond to a questionnaire comprising issues related to NNSHs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant relationship was found between NNSHs and AOB. However, no association was found between these factors and children's facial morphology (FM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-nutritive sucking habits during the primary dentition stage play a key role in determining anterior open bite malocclusion regardless of patient's morphological facial pattern.
authors.forename: Melissa Proença
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nogueira Fialho
authors.forename: Célia Regina Maio
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pinzan-Vercelino
authors.forename: Rodrigo Proença
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Júlio Araújo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gurgel
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D024343:Open Bite / Q000209:etiology*; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology
keywords: Face; Open bite; Primary dentition