title: Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and involvement of non-cellular blood chemical mediators are responsible for the antithrombotic potential of the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The fruits of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (Cucurbitaceae), a commonly used vegetable, are reported to possess various medicinal properties. In previous studies, the fibrinolytic potential of an ethanolic extract of fruits of Lagenaria siceraria was investigated in comparison with kaempferol isolated from it. The aim of the present study was to explore its mechanistic antithrombotic potential and antiplatelet activity using a wide dose range in different in vitro and in vivo models, and to quantify the total phenolic, flavonoid, and kaempferol contents using a colorimetric method.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antithrombotic potential was investigated using tail bleeding time in mice, a plasma recalcification assay, and pulmonary thromboembolism in mice. The antiplatelet activity was studied using an in vitro model to investigate IC50 value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant amount of total phenols, flavonoids, and kaempferol was quantified in L. siceraria ethanolic extract. An ethanolic extract of the fruits of L. siceraria showed a significant increase in tail bleeding time and plasma recalcification time, significant protection against ADP induced pulmonary thromboembolism in mice, and also inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by ADP in vitro. The study suggested that the fruits of L. siceraria exhibit significant antithrombotic potential due to inhibition of ADP-mediated platelet aggregation and the involvement of various non-cellular chemical mediators of blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding may be helpful in treating the serious consequences of the thrombus formed in blood vessels which include atherothrombotic diseases, such as myocardial or cerebral infarction. So, further investigation should be done for revealing exact mechanism of action behind these types of activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, IPS Academy, Rajendra Nagar, Indore 452012, M.P., India. Electronic address: mithun.sgsits@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mithun Singh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rajput
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, IPS Academy, Rajendra Nagar, Indore 452012, M.P., India.
authors.forename: Neelam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Balekar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, IPS Academy, Rajendra Nagar, Indore 452012, M.P., India.
authors.forename: Dinesh Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D019662:Cucurbitaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005638:Fruit; D006041:Goats; D044949:Kaempferols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D044949:Kaempferols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D059808:Polyphenols; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; C006552:kaempferol; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Antiplatelet; Kaempferol; Lagenaria siceraria; Plasma recalcification; Pulmonary thromboembolism; Tail bleeding time