title: Microwave extraction-isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (ME-IRIS): a novel technique for rapid extraction and in-line analysis of δ18O and δ2H values of water in plants, soils and insects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, stable isotope analysis of plant and soil water has been a technically challenging, labour-intensive and time-consuming process. Here we describe a rapid single-step technique which combines Microwave Extraction with Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectroscopy (ME-IRIS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Plant, soil and insect water is extracted into a dry air stream by microwave irradiation within a sealed vessel. The water vapor thus produced is carried to a cooled condensation chamber, which controls the water vapor concentration and flow rate to the spectrometer. Integration of the isotope signals over the whole analytical cycle provides quantitative δ(18)O and δ(2) H values for the initial liquid water contained in the sample. Calibration is carried out by the analysis of water standards using the same apparatus. Analysis of leaf and soil water by cryogenic vacuum distillation and IRMS was used to validate the ME-IRIS data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison with data obtained by cryogenic distillation and IRMS shows that the new technique provides accurate water isotope data for leaves from a range of field-grown tropical plant species. However, two exotic nursery plants were found to suffer from spectral interferences from co-extracted organic compounds. The precision for extracted leaf, stem, soil and insect water was typically better than ±0.3 ‰ for δ(18)O and ±2 ‰ for δ(2) H values, and better than ±0.1 ‰ for δ(18)O and ±1 ‰ for δ(2) H values when analyzing water standards. The effects of sample size, microwave power and duration and sample-to-sample memory on isotope values were assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ME-IRIS provides rapid and low-cost extraction and analysis of δ(18)O and δ(2) H values in plant, soil and insect water (≈10-15 min for samples yielding ≈ 0.3 mL of water). The technique can accommodate whole leaves of many plant species.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
authors.forename: Niels C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Munksgaard
authors.forename: Alexander W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Cheesman
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wurster
authors.forename: Lucas A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cernusak
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bird
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000737:chemistry*; D003903:Deuterium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008872:Microwaves; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D003903:Deuterium