title: Oxytocin decreases colonic motility of cold water stressed rats via oxytocin receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether cold water intake into the stomach affects colonic motility and the involvement of the oxytocin-oxytocin receptor pathway in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Sprague Dawley rats were used and some of them were ovariectomized. The rats were subjected to gastric instillation with cold (0-4 °C, cold group) or room temperature (20-25 °C, control group) saline for 14 consecutive days. Colon transit was determined with a bead inserted into the colon. Colonic longitudinal muscle strips were prepared to investigate the response to oxytocin in vitro. Plasma concentration of oxytocin was detected by ELISA. Oxytocin receptor expression was investigated by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to locate oxytocin receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colon transit was slower in the cold group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Colonic smooth muscle contractile response to oxytocin decreased, and the inhibitory effect of oxytocin on muscle contractility was enhanced by cold water intake (0.69 ± 0.08 vs 0.88 ± 0.16, P < 0.05). Atosiban and tetrodotoxin inhibited the effect of oxytocin on colonic motility. Oxytocin receptors were located in the myenteric plexus, and their expression was up-regulated in the cold group (P < 0.05). Cold water intake increased blood concentration of oxytocin, but this effect was attenuated in ovariectomized rats (286.99 ± 83.72 pg/mL vs 100.56 ± 92.71 pg/mL, P < 0.05). However, in ovariectomized rats, estradiol treatment increased blood oxytocin, and the response of colonic muscle strips to oxytocin was attenuated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cold water intake inhibits colonic motility partially through oxytocin-oxytocin receptor signaling in the myenteric nervous system pathway, which is estrogen dependent.
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Tao-Fang
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Xian
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Jie-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Ting
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Ji-Qiao
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Xi-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Xuan-Zheng
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Xiao Yang, Tao-Fang Xi, Yu-Xian Li, Hai-Hong Wang, Ying Qin, Jie-Ping Zhang, Wen-Ting Cai, Meng-Ting Huang, Ji-Qiao Shen, Xi-Min Fan, Dong-Ping Xie, Department of Physiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Dong-Ping
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003106:Colon / Q000294:innervation*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000294:innervation*; D009197:Myenteric Plexus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018045:Receptors, Oxytocin / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D018045:Receptors, Oxytocin; C588222:oxytocin receptor, rat; D014867:Water; D004958:Estradiol; D010121:Oxytocin
keywords: Colonic motility; Estradiol; Intragastric cold water stress; Irritable bowel syndrome; Oxytocin; Oxytocin receptor