title: Estimated skin dose look-up tables and their effect on dose awareness in the fluoroscopy-guided imaging suite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The displayed air kerma during a fluoroscopy-guided procedure often does not represent the entrance skin dose. The purpose of this work is to develop a system-specific air kerma-to-entrance skin dose look-up table (LUT) for immediate reference and to evaluate its clinical utility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physicists are often involved in retrospective dosimetry and risk estimates. Conservative dosimetry conversion factors, represented by the total conversion factor, prospectively estimate the maximum potential skin dose from the displayed air kerma. Air kerma-to-skin dose LUTs with corresponding tissue reactions and approximate time-of-onset can be posted for reference. By developing skin dose LUTs, physicians can actively evaluate during the procedure the potential for deterministic skin reactions. System user surveys evaluated the impact of LUTs on dose awareness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The range of the total conversion factor to the displayed air kerma for the nine systems evaluated was 0.8-1.6 for frontal x-ray tubes. Skin dose LUTs were posted in all imaging suites, and two surveys reported user feedback. Radiology technologists indicated that LUTs improved user dose awareness. Twelve of 14 physician respondents indicated an understanding that entrance skin dose is not equal to the displayed air kerma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our efforts focused on educating fluoroscopy users about differences between displayed air kerma and the entrance skin dose while increasing dose awareness using an accessible and easy-to-understand tool. Skin dose LUTs provide physicians and staff an immediate reference for the maximum estimated entrance skin dose and the associated deterministic skin effects, allowing appropriate patient management.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Renee L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: Kalpana M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kanal
authors.forename: Brent K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001364:Awareness; D001822:Body Burden; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D011870:Radiologic Health / Q000193:education*; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013781:Texas
keywords: fluoroscopy; look-up tables; radiation dose awareness; skin dose