title: Buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction: opportunities, challenges and strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Buprenorphine follows the success of methadone as another milestone in the history of treatment for opioid addiction. Buprenorphine can be used in an office-based setting where it is clearly effective, highly accepted by patients and has a favorable safety profile and less abuse potential. However, the adoption of buprenorphine treatment has been slow in the USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article first reviews the history of medication-assisted opioid addiction treatment and the current epidemic opioid addiction, followed by a review of the efficacy, pharmacology and clinical prescription of buprenorphine in office-based care. We then explore the possible barriers in using buprenorphine and the ways to overcome these barriers, including new formulations, educational programs and policy regulations that strike a balance between accessibility and reducing diversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Buprenorphine can align addiction treatment with treatments for other chronic medical illnesses. However, preventing diversion will require graduate and continuing medical education and integrated care models for delivery of buprenorphine to those in need.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 , USA.
authors.forename: Xiaofan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Daryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shorter
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kosten
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D002047:Buprenorphine
keywords: barriers; buprenorphine; integrated treatment model; office-based; opioid dependence