title: Effect of ionizing radiation on polymer brackets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the mechanical properties of polymer brackets can be improved without discoloration by electron beam (EB) irradiation applied with a Rhodotron electron accelerator using standard high-energy parameters including a 10 MV acceleration voltage and 100 kGy of energy. We analyzed polymer samples and several commercially available brackets.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first group included three polymeric base materials (polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, polyurethane) currently used in various bracket systems. The second group included five bracket types, three of which are on the market (Aesthetik-Line and Brillant by Forestadent; Envision by Ortho Organizers) while the other two were experimental brackets containing urethane dimethacrylate as a monomer matrix and functional silane-treated SiO2 fillers with a filler content of 10 or 40 vol%. Each category included 40 specimens previously irradiated by a commercial provider (Beta-Gamma-Service, Bruchsal, Germany) and another 40 nonirradiated controls. The polymer specimens were analyzed for fracture toughness, Vickers hardness, and wear resistance, and the bracket specimens for Vickers hardness and color stability. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test was used for pairwise comparison to identify significant differences (p ≤ 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increases in fracture toughness and Vickers hardness were observed in polycarbonate and polyurethane after EB irradiation, while EB irradiation of polyoxymethylene resulted in a significant decrease in these parameters. The polyurethane samples demonstrated significantly less postirradiation wear. All the commercially available brackets except for Brillant revealed significant increases in Vickers hardness. Significant discoloration was observed in all brackets after irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although our evaluation of polymer brackets revealed considerable improvements in mechanical properties after EB irradiation, this benefit was marred by very obvious discoloration. We cannot therefore recommend industrial scale EB irradiation for any polymer bracket currently on the market.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg Medical School, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Alee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany, Andreas.Faltermeier@klinik.uni-regensburg.de.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faltermeier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reicheneder
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Römer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castro-Laza
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proff
mesh_terms: D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006244:Hardness / Q000528:radiation effects; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000528:radiation effects; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D011108:Polymers