title: New insights into metronomic chemotherapy-induced immunoregulation.
abstract: Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment in mid-advanced tumors. Considering their toxicity on hematopoietic cells, chemotherapeutics are often considered as immunosuppressive inducers. However, recently accumulating data indicate that some chemotherapeutic agents with specific administration schedules also display some positive immunological effect to contribute to tumor elimination. For instance, metronomic chemotherapy could promote tumor eradication not only by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis but also by selectively eliminating immunosuppressive cells and improving anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding metronomic chemotherapy-induced immunoregulation. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of metronomic chemotherapy-induced immunoregulation may yield invaluable information for the optimal design of immunochemotherapies.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shanxi, China; Department of Oncology of the Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou 450007, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology of the Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou 450007, Henan, China. Electronic address: wintersweet66@126.com.
authors.forename: Shan-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: College of Optometry of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology of the Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou 450007, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Ke-Jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Nan
mesh_terms: D059250:Administration, Metronomic; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Cancer; Chemotherapy; Immunoregulation; Metronomic chemotherapy