title: Prioritising health service innovation investments using public preferences: a discrete choice experiment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prioritising scarce resources for investment in innovation by publically funded health systems is unavoidable. Many healthcare systems wish to foster transparency and accountability in the decisions they make by incorporating the public in decision-making processes. This paper presents a unique conceptual approach exploring the public's preferences for health service innovations by viewing healthcare innovations as 'bundles' of characteristics. This decompositional approach allows policy-makers to compare numerous competing health service innovations without repeatedly administering surveys for specific innovation choices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) was used to elicit preferences. Individuals chose from presented innovation options that they believe the UK National Health Service (NHS) should invest the most in. Innovations differed according to: (i) target population; (ii) target age; (iii) implementation time; (iv) uncertainty associated with their likely effects; (v) potential health benefits; and, (vi) cost to a taxpayer. This approach fosters multidimensional decision-making, rather than imposing a single decision criterion (e.g., cost, target age) in prioritisation. Choice data was then analysed using scale-adjusted Latent Class models to investigate variability in preferences and scale and valuations amongst respondents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three latent classes with considerable heterogeneity in the preferences were present. Each latent class is composed of two consumer subgroups varying in the level of certainty in their choices. All groups preferred scientifically proven innovations, those with potential health benefits that cost less. There were, however, some important differences in their preferences for innovation investment choices: Class-1 (54%) prefers innovations benefitting adults and young people and does not prefer innovations targeting people with 'drug addiction' and 'obesity'. Class- 2 (34%) prefers innovations targeting 'cancer' patients only and has negative preferences for innovations targeting elderly, and Class-3 (12%) prefers spending on elderly and cancer patients the most.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCE can help policy-makers incorporate public preferences for health service innovation investment choices into decision making. The findings provide useful information on the public's valuation and acceptability of potential health service innovations. Such information can be used to guide innovation prioritisation decisions by comparing competing innovation options. The approach in this paper makes, these often implicit and opaque decisions, more transparent and explicit.
authors.affiliation: Economics Division, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. seda.erdem@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Seda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdem
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D005260:Female; D006292:Health Priorities; D006296:Health Services; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007449:Investments; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D017150:Public Sector; D013222:State Medicine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult