title: Defense mechanisms: 40 years of empirical research.
abstract: This article reviews research on defense mechanisms carried out over the past 40 years with children, adolescents, adults, and psychiatric patients. Both experimental and observational studies are included.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Williams College.
authors.forename: Phebe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cramer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D036262:Empirical Research; D006801:Humans