title: Bioavailability of ginsenosides from white and red ginsengs in the simulated digestion model.
abstract: This study aims to investigate the bioavailability of ginsenosides during simulated digestion of white (WG) and red (RG) ginseng powders. Stability, bioaccessibility, and permeability of ginsenosides present in WG and RG were studied in a Caco-2 cell culture model coupled with oral, gastric, and small intestinal simulated digestion. Most ginsenosides in WG and RG were stable (>90%) during the simulated digestion. Bioaccessibilities of total ginsenosides during in vitro digestion of WG and RG were similar at approximately 85%. However, the bioaccessibility of protopanaxatriol type ginsenosides in the early food phase was greater than that of the protopanaxadiol type. The less polar RG ginsenosides were released later following the jejunum phase. Ginsenosides had low permeability (<1 × 10(-6) cm/s) through Caco-2 cell monolayers. These findings suggest that the WG and RG ginsenoside compositions affect bioaccessibility during digestion and that ginsenosides are poorly absorbed in humans.
authors.affiliation: Biomodulation Team, Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Gangneung, Ganwon-do 210-340, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Ok
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kwang Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Eun Ha
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Cheol-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Byung-Hun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Um
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004063:Digestion; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: bioavailability; digestive stability; ginsenosides; simulated digestion; white and red ginsengs