title: Hepatitis E virus exposure in pregnant women in rural Durango, Mexico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection represents a risk for mortality in pregnant women. The seroepidemiology of HEV infection in rural pregnant women in the Americas is largely unknown. The aim of the study was to determine the seroepidemiology of anti-HEV IgG antibodies in rural pregnant women in Durango, Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was determined in 439 pregnant women in rural Durango, Mexico using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Seroprevalence association with socio-demographic, clinical and behavioral characteristics of the women was also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty five (5.7%; 95% CI: 3.88-8.27) of the 439 women (mean age: 24.53 ± 6.1 years) had anti-HEV antibodies. Multivariate analysis showed that HEV seropositivity was associated with increasing age (OR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20; P = 0.004), consumption of unpasteurized cow milk (OR = 5.37; 95% CI: 1.17-24.63; P = 0.03), and overcrowding at home (OR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.13-4.92; P = 0.02). In contrast, the variables educational level, occupation, socio-economic status, foreign travel, consumption of untreated water and raw or undercooked meat, and raising animals did not show associations with HEV seropositivity. Exposure to HEV was associated with the number of deliveries but not with the number of cesarean sections or miscarriages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of seroprevalence and contributing factors for HEV infection in rural pregnant women in the Americas, and of an association of the consumption of unpasteurized cow milk with HEV exposure. Results of this study should be useful for designing optimal preventive measures against HEV infection. vg
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State. Durango, Dgo. Mexico.
authors.forename: Cosme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarado-Esquivel
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research, Juárez University of Durango State. Durango, Dgo. Mexico.
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Anguiano
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research, Juárez University of Durango State. Durango, Dgo. Mexico.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández-Tinoco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D016751:Hepatitis E / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008019:Life Style; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008892:Milk / Q000821:virology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D061352:Pasteurization; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G