title: [Surgery for behavioral disorders: the state of the art].
abstract: Surgery for behavioral disorders (SBD) is becoming a more common treatment since the development of neuromodulation techniques.
  
  
  
  This article is a non-systematic review of the history, current indications, techniques and surgical targets of SBD. We divide its history into 3 eras: the first era starts in the beginning of psychosurgery and finishes with the development of stereotactic techniques, when the second one starts. It is characterized by the realization of stereotactic lesions. We are traveling through the third era, which begins when deep brain stimulation (DBS) starts to be used for SBD.
  
  
  
  In spite of the serious mistakes committed in the past, nowadays, SBD is reawakening. The psychiatric disorders which are most frequently treated by surgery are: treatment-resistant depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome. Furthermore, some patients with abnormal aggression were surgically treated. There are several stereotactic targets described for these disorders. Vagus nerve stimulation may be also used for depression.
  
  
  
  The results of DBS in these disorders seem to be encouraging. However, more randomized trials are needed in order to establish the effectiveness of SBD. It must be taken in mind that a proper patient selection will help us to perform a safer procedure as well as to achieve better surgical results, leading SBD to be more accepted by psychiatrists, patients and their families. Further research is needed in several topics such as: physiopathology of behavioral disorders, indications of SBD and new surgical targets.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yampolsky
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Damián
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bendersky