title: Paraphyly and budding speciation in the hairy snail (Pulmonata, Hygromiidae).
abstract: Delimitation of species is often complicated by discordance of morphological and genetic data. This may be caused by the existence of cryptic or polymorphic species. The latter case is particularly true for certain snail species showing an exceptionally high intraspecific genetic diversity. The present investigation deals with theTrochulus hispiduscomplex, which has a complicated taxonomy. Our analyses of theCOIsequence revealed that individuals showing aT. hispidusphenotype are distributed in nine highly differentiated mitochondrial clades (showing p-distances up to 19%). The results of a parallel morphometric investigation did not reveal any differentiation between these clades, although the overall variability is quite high. The phylogenetic analyses based on12S, 16SandCOIsequences show that theT. hispidus complex is paraphyletic with respect to several other morphologically well-definedTrochulusspecies (T. clandestinus, T. villosus, T. villosulusandT. striolatus) which form well-supported monophyletic groups. The nc marker sequence (5.8S-ITS2-28S) shows only a clear separation ofT. o. oreinosandT. o. scheerpeltzi, and a weakly supported separation ofT. clandestinus, whereas all other species and the clades of theT. hispiduscomplex appear within one homogeneous group. The paraphyly of theT. hispiduscomplex reflects its complicated history, which was probably driven by geographic isolation in different glacial refugia and budding speciation. At our present state of knowledge, it cannot be excluded that several cryptic species are embedded within theT. hispiduscomplex. However, the lack of morphological differentiation of theT. hispidusmitochondrial clades does not provide any hints in this direction. Thus, we currently do not recommend any taxonomic changes. The results of the current investigation exemplify the limitations of barcoding attempts in highly diverse species such asT. hispidus.
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, Vienna, 1010, Austria.
authors.forename: Luise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kruckenhauser
authors.affiliation: 3rd Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria. Michael.Duda@nhm-wien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.affiliation: University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. Daniela.Bartel@univie.ac.at.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartel
authors.affiliation: 3rd Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria. Helmut.Sattmann@nhm-wien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sattmann
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, Vienna, 1010, Austria and University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. Josef.Harl@nhm-wien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harl
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, Vienna, 1010, Austria and University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. Sandra.Kirchner@nhm-wien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, Vienna, 1010, Austria and University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. Elisabeth.Haring@nhm-wien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haring