title: Medication effects on sleep and breathing.
abstract: Sleep respiration is regulated by circadian, endocrine, mechanical and chemical factors, and characterized by diminished ventilatory drive and changes in Pao2 and Paco2 thresholds. Hypoxemia and hypercapnia are more pronounced during rapid eye movement. Breathing is influenced by sleep stage and airway muscle tone. Patient factors include medical comorbidities and body habitus. Medications partially improve obstructive sleep apnea and stabilize periodic breathing at altitude. Potential adverse consequences of medications include precipitation or worsening of disorders. Risk factors for adverse medication effects include aging, medical disorders, and use of multiple medications that affect respiration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34730 Bob Wilson Drive, Building 3-3, Suite 301, San Diego, CA 92134, USA. Electronic address: gilbert.seda@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seda
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
authors.forename: Teofilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee-Chiong
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D000531:Altitude; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D013806:Theophylline / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D013739:Testosterone; D013806:Theophylline; D000086:Acetazolamide
keywords: Antipsychotics; Benzodiazepines; Central sleep apnea; Estrogen; Hypnotics; Obstructive sleep apnea; Progesterone; Testosterone