title: Tryptophan requirement of pregnant sows.
abstract: Amino acid requirements of sows may change from early to late gestation due to the accelerated growth of products of conception after d 70 of pregnancy. The objective of this study was to determine the Trp requirement, Phe kinetics, and energy expenditure in early (d 35 to 53) and late (d 92 to 111) pregnancy using the indicator amino acid oxidation method and indirect calorimetry. The same 6 second parity sows were fed 6 diets in a Latin square design in both early and late pregnancy. The diets based on corn, corn starch, and sugar provided 20 to 120% of the current recommended Trp intake (2.5 g/d) in early pregnancy and 60 to 180% in late pregnancy. Feed allowance was constant for each sow at 2.41 kg/d (SE 0.029). Expired air and blood were collected every 30 min for 5 1/2 h. After three 30-min periods to determine background (13)C enrichment in expired CO2 and plasma Phe, L[1-(13)C]Phe was given orally at a rate of 2 mg/(kg BW · h) with 8 1/2 hourly meals. Expired air and plasma were analyzed for (13)CO2 and (13)C-Phe enrichment, respectively. Requirements were determined as the breakpoint of 2-phase linear models. Sows grew from 167.7 kg (SE 3.93) at breeding to 211.9 kg (SE 5.18) post-farrowing and had litters of 14.5 piglets (SE 0.43) weighing 19.0 kg (SE 1.41) at birth. The Trp requirement was 1.7 g/d (SE 0.29, P = 0.001) in early pregnancy and 2.6 g/d (SE 0.37, P = 0.013) in late pregnancy, or 0.7 g/kg and 1.1 g/kg diet of total Trp, respectively, for a feed allowance of 2.4 kg/d. The Trp requirement in late pregnancy tended (P = 0.056) to be greater than in early pregnancy. Quantitative Phe kinetics were not affected by Trp intake except for a quadratic response of Phe oxidation and retention (P < 0.1) to Trp intake in early pregnancy. In late pregnancy, sows oxidized less Phe and retained more Phe (P = 0.001) than in early pregnancy, indicating that young, growing pregnant sows increase the efficiency of utilizing AA in late pregnancy to maintain protein synthesis in both maternal and fetal tissues. Oxidation and body protein breakdown contributed less to Phe flux in late than early pregnancy while protein synthesis contributed more (P < 0.01). Heat production and energy retention were not affected by Trp level or stage of gestation. To meet both energy and AA requirements in late gestation, a phase feeding program with 2 diets is recommended. The feed allowance in late pregnancy should be greater than in early pregnancy to account for the increased energy expenditure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Josephson
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moehn
authors.affiliation: Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Pencharz
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada ron.ball@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect / Q000662:veterinary; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007700:Kinetics; D016014:Linear Models; D009751:Nutritional Requirements / Q000502:physiology*; D010298:Parity; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D013552:Swine / Q000196:embryology*; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D010649:Phenylalanine; D014364:Tryptophan
keywords: heat production; l-tryptophan; pig; pregnancy; protein turnover; requirement