title: Relationship between autonomic nervous system function and continuous interstitial glucose measurement in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Aim of the present study was to examine whether there is a relationship between autonomic nervous system function and glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 (29 males) patients with T2D (mean age 58.4 ± 9.9 years, median diabetes duration 5.5 [IQR 2.0-9.25] years), on oral antidiabetic agents, underwent ECG recording and subcutaneous glucose monitoring, simultaneously and continuously, for 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for HbA1c and diabetes duration, total power of heart rate variability (HRV) was inversely associated with the standard deviation of the mean interstitial tissue glucose (MITG) and with the M-value during the entire recording (r: -0.29, P = 0.052; r: -0.30, P = 0.047, resp.) and during the night (r: -0.29, P = 0.047; r: -0.31, P = 0.03, resp.). Most of the HRV time-domain indices were significantly correlated with standard deviation of the MITG and the M-value. These correlations were stronger for the HRV recordings during the night. No significant association was found between HRV parameters and MAGE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRV is inversely associated with GV in patients with T2D, which might be a sign of causation between GV and autonomic dysfunction. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate the importance of GV in the pathogenesis of long-term complications of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavroula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalopita
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liatis
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomakos
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vlahodimitris
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Chryssoula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stathi
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katsilambros
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Nicholaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tentolouris
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makrilakis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D005947:Glucose