title: Extracorporeal acute cardiac pacing by high intensity focused ultrasound.
abstract: Ultrasound has been shown to produce Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC's). Two clinical applications in which acute cardiac pacing by ultrasound may be valuable are: (1) preoperative patient screening in cardiac resynchronization therapy surgery; (2) Emergency life support, following an event of sudden death, caused by cardiac arrest. Yet, previously the demonstrated mean success rate of extra-systole induction by High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) in rats is below 4.5% (Miller et al., 2011). This stands in contrast to previous work in rats using ultrasound (US) and ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), where success rates of close to 100% were reported (Rota et al., 2006). Herein, bi-stage temporal sequences of accentuated negative pressure (rarefaction) and positive pressure HIFU transmission (insonation) patterns were applied to anaesthetized rats under real-time vital-signs monitoring and US imaging. This pattern of insonation first produces a gradual growth of dissolved gas cavities in tissue (cavitation) and then an ultrasonic impact. Results demonstrate sequences of successive successful HIFU pacing. Triggering insonation at different delays from the preceding ECG R-wave demonstrated successful HIFU pacing induction from mid ECG T-wave till the next ECG complex's PR interval. Spatially focusing the beam at different locations allows cumulative coverage of the whole left ventricle. Analysis of the acoustic wave patterns and temporal characteristics of paced PVCs is suggested to provide new insight into the mechanisms of HIFU cardiac pacing. Specifically, the observed HIFU pacing temporal success rate distribution suggests against sarcomere length modulation current being the dominant cellular level mechanism of HIFU cardiac pacing and may allow postulating that membrane deformation currents are dominant at the applied insonation conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Electronic address: amitl@bm.technion.ac.il.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Livneh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
authors.forename: Eitan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19102-1192 PA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kohut
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D051381:Rats; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cardiac pacing; Focused; Imaging; Real-time; Therapeutic; Ultrasound