title: Growth differentiation factor GDF-15 does not influence iron metabolism in stable chronic haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a divergent member of transforming growth factor-beta super family. Under physiological states, it is weakly expressed in most tissues, but it is elevated in impaired kidney function. High concentrations of GDF-15 have been found in some haemoglobinopathies associated with suppressed concentration of hepcidin and iron overload. It is not clear whether the increased concentration of GDF-15 in chronic kidney disease influences iron metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The serum concentrations of GDF-15 and hepcidin, iron (Fe), ferritin, transferrin (Tf), total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor1 (sTfR1), erythropoietin and Hb were measured in 32 stable chronic kidney disease stage 5-dialysis (CKD5-D) patients and 24 healthy adults (controls) to investigate any relationship between GDF-15 and iron indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GDF-15 was significantly elevated in the haemodialysis group (4840.6 ± 1520.5 ng/L) compared to control (472.8 ± 148.1 ng/L). There was a positive correlation between GDF-15 concentration and age in both groups. In the haemodialysis group, hepcidin was increased and correlated with serum ferritin, Tf, total iron binding capacity and sTfR1. There was no correlation between GDF-15 and hepcidin or other iron indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GDF-15 was significantly elevated in our haemodialysis patients but there was no correlation between GDF-15, hepcidin and various iron indices. In this small observational study, GDF-15 would not appear to be associated with iron metabolism in stable CKD5-D patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China Department of Nephrology, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Jiu-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Lang
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China ppai@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Pearl
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000639:trends*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D007501:Iron
keywords: Growth differentiation factor-15; chronic kidney failure; dialysis; hepcidin; iron metabolism