title: Diverse functions of kindlin/fermitin proteins during embryonic development in Xenopus laevis.
abstract: The kindlin/fermitin family includes three proteins involved in regulating integrin ligand-binding activity and adhesion. Loss-of-function mutations in kindlins1 and 3 have been implicated in Kindler Syndrome and Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency III (LAD-III) respectively, whereas kindlin2 null mice are embryonic lethal. Post translational regulation of cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion has long been presumed to be important for morphogenesis, however, few specific examples of activation-dependent changes in adhesion molecule function in normal development have been reported. In this study, antisense morpholinos were used to reduce expression of individual kindlins in Xenopus laevis embryos in order to investigate their roles in early development. Kindlin1 knockdown resulted in developmental delays, gross malformations of the gut and eventual lethality by tadpole stages. Kindlin2 morphant embryos displayed late stage defects in vascular maintenance and angiogenic branching consistent with kindlin2 loss of function in the mouse. Antisense morpholinos were also used to deplete maternal kindlin2 protein in oocytes and eggs. Embryos lacking maternal kindlin2 arrested at early cleavage stages due to failures in cytokinesis. Kindlin3 morphant phenotypes included defects in epidermal ciliary beating and partial paralysis at tailbud stages but these embryos recovered eventually as morpholino levels decayed. These results indicate a remarkably diverse range of kindlin functions in vertebrate development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and The Morphogenesis and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rozario
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Mead
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and The Morphogenesis and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Electronic address: desimone@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: DeSimone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D060172:Morpholinos / Q000235:genetics; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics; D020320:Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C568406:FERMT1 protein, Xenopus; C477322:FERMT3 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D060172:Morpholinos; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D020320:Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C568407:fermt2 protein, Xenopus; C568408:fermt3 protein, Xenopus
keywords: Cardiovascular development; Cilia; Fermitin; Integrin activation; Kindlin