title: Biomonitoring of dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAPs) in urine and hair samples of sprayers and rural residents of Crete, Greece.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure of rural residents (control group) and occupational exposed population group of sprayers to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) by measuring their non-specific dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAPs) in hair and in urine samples. All subjects (n=120) were residents of the municipality of Ierapetra, an area of intensive cultivation in Crete, Greece.
  
  
  METHODS
  The determined OPs metabolites were DMP, DEP, DETP and DEDTP. Two different approaches were used for the analysis of the collected samples; solid-liquid extraction with sonication for hair and liquid-liquid extraction for urine. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed after derivatization of the isolated analytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detection rates of DMP, DEP and DETP for both control and sprayers groups were high in both matrices, ranging from 91% to 100%. DEDTP was detected only in 9% of sprayers hair samples, while its detection rates in urine samples ranged from 83% to 90% for both population groups. Data analysis revealed significantly higher sumDAPs levels in urine of sprayers than in the urine of control group (p<0.001) and this is justified since sampling occurred during spraying periods. SumDAPs levels in hair samples of the sprayers were also significantly higher than in the hair of control group (p<0.001), confirming the long-term exposure to OPs. SumDAPs found levels in urine and hair samples of subjects were significantly correlated (Spearman׳s rho=0.728, p<0.001). Our study confirmed the elevated levels of DAPs in hair and urine samples in occupationally exposed group of sprayers in comparison to control group, even detected levels were similar in logarithmic scale.
authors.affiliation: Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Aikaterini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kokkinaki
authors.affiliation: Food Quality Laboratory, Technological Education Institute of Crete, Ierapetra, Greece.
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kokkinakis
authors.affiliation: Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Matthaios P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kavvalakis
authors.affiliation: Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Manolis N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tzatzarakis
authors.affiliation: Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Alegakis
authors.affiliation: Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maravgakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Technical Education Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Fotoula
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Babatsikou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Welfare Professions, Technological Education Institute of Crete, Siteia, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fragkiadakis
authors.affiliation: Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece. Electronic address: aris@med.uoc.gr.
authors.forename: Aristidis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tsatsakis
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006115:Greece; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D012424:Rural Population; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates
keywords: DAPs; Exposure; Hair; Sprayers; Urine