title: Differences among brain tumor stem cell types and fetal neural stem cells in focal regions of histone modifications and DNA methylation, broad regions of modifications, and bivalent promoters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aberrational epigenetic marks are believed to play a major role in establishing the abnormal features of cancer cells. Rational use and development of drugs aimed at epigenetic processes requires an understanding of the range, extent, and roles of epigenetic reprogramming in cancer cells. Using ChIP-chip and MeDIP-chip approaches, we localized well-established and prevalent epigenetic marks (H3K27me3, H3K4me3, H3K9me3, DNA methylation) on a genome scale in several lines of putative glioma stem cells (brain tumor stem cells, BTSCs) and, for comparison, normal human fetal neural stem cells (fNSCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determined a substantial "core" set of promoters possessing each mark in every surveyed BTSC cell type, which largely overlapped the corresponding fNSC sets. However, there was substantial diversity among cell types in mark localization. We observed large differences among cell types in total number of H3K9me3+ positive promoters and peaks and in broad modifications (defined as >50 kb peak length) for H3K27me3 and, to a lesser extent, H3K9me3. We verified that a change in a broad modification affected gene expression of CACNG7. We detected large numbers of bivalent promoters, but most bivalent promoters did not display direct overlap of contrasting epigenetic marks, but rather occupied nearby regions of the proximal promoter. There were significant differences in the sets of promoters bearing bivalent marks in the different cell types and few consistent differences between fNSCs and BTSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our "core set" data establishes sets of potential therapeutic targets, but the diversity in sets of sites and broad modifications among cell types underscores the need to carefully consider BTSC subtype variation in epigenetic therapy. Our results point toward substantial differences among cell types in the activity of the production/maintenance systems for H3K9me3 and for broad regions of modification (H3K27me3 or H3K9me3). Finally, the unexpected diversity in bivalent promoter sets among these multipotent cells indicates that bivalent promoters may play complex roles in the overall biology of these cells. These results provide key information for forming the basis for future rational drug therapy aimed at epigenetic processes in these cells.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. mbieda@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bieda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019175:DNA Methylation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D006657:Histones