title: HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS analyses of Tiliae flos and its preparations.
abstract: In the present study extensive HPLC-DAD, HPLC-ESI-MS and NMR analyses were undertaken in the aqueous preparations (decoctions, infusions) and tinctures of Tilia platyphyllos Scop inflorescences. The aim of this work was to examine in depth the qualitative and quantitative profile of the investigated preparations, which find until today wide applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, and to propose a validated method for their quality control. An HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method was developed and optimised for the quantitative determination of the constituents. Marker constituents of Tiliae flos are the flavonoids, while the volatile content is also used for the quality control. However, the analyses of the non-volatile fraction gave complex chromatographic fingerprints containing simple phenolics and low molecular weight procyanidins. The use of different HPLC columns permitted a good separation of the constituents and enabled their quantitation, while HPLC-MS analyses permitted the detection of procyanidin oligomers. Overall, 31 constituents were detected and identified. Extensive preparative chromatographic investigations and 2D-NMR analyses allowed the characterisation of procyanidins as epicatechin derivatives. Finally, the HPLC method was validated and complied with ICH guidelines. This is the first report of detailed analysis of the chemical composition of Tiliae flos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy. Electronic address: anastasiakarioti@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karioti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiarabini
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alachkar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fawaz Chehna
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Vincieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bilia
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000592:standards; D035264:Flowers; D007558:Italy; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008970:Molecular Weight; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000592:standards; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000592:standards; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000592:standards; D013593:Syria; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000592:standards; D032384:Tilia / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents
keywords: Flavonol glycosides; HPLC–DAD–ESI-MS; Infusion; Procyanidins; Tiliae flos; Validation