title: Increased coupling of intrinsic networks in remitted depressed youth predicts rumination and cognitive control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) studies of individuals currently diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) document hyperconnectivities within the default mode network (DMN) and between the DMN and salience networks (SN) with regions of the cognitive control network (CCN). Studies of individuals in the remitted state are needed to address whether effects derive from trait, and not state or chronic burden features of MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  fcMRI data from two 3.0 Tesla GE scanners were collected from 30 unmedicated (47% medication naïve) youth (aged 18-23, modal depressive episodes = 1, mean age of onset = 16.2, SD = 2.6) with remitted MDD (rMDD; modal years well = 4) and compared with data from 23 healthy controls (HCs) using four bilateral seeds in the DMN and SN (posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), subgenual anterior cingulate (sgACC), and amygdala), followed by voxel-based comparisons of the whole brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to HCs, rMDD youth exhibited hyperconnectivities from both PCC and sgACC seeds with lateral, parietal, and frontal regions of the CCN, extending to the dorsal medial wall. A factor analysis reduced extracted data and a PCC factor was inversely correlated with rumination among rMDD youth. Two factors from the sgACC hyperconnectivity clusters were related to performance in cognitive control on a Go/NoGo task, one positively and one inversely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings document hyperconnectivities of the DMN and SN with the CCN (BA 8/10), which were related to rumination and sustained attention. Given these cognitive markers are known predictors of response and relapse, hyperconnectivities may increase relapse risk or represent compensatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rachel H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lisanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barba
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America; Research and Development Program, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Weisenbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verges
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amy T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Natania A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Gotlib
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jon-Kar
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Zubieta
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Departments of Psychology and Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: K Luan
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Langenecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001288:Attention; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D009434:Neural Pathways; D055815:Young Adult