title: Cartilage repair and subchondral bone migration using 3D printing osteochondral composites: a one-year-period study in rabbit trochlea.
abstract: Increasing evidences show that subchondral bone may play a significant role in the repair or progression of cartilage damage in situ. However, the exact change of subchondral bone during osteochondral repair is still poorly understood. In this paper, biphasic osteochondral composite scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing technology using PEG hydrogel and β-TCP ceramic and then implanted in rabbit trochlea within a critical size defect model. Animals were euthanized at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 52 weeks after implantation. Histological results showed that hyaline-like cartilage formed along with white smooth surface and invisible margin at 24 weeks postoperatively, typical tidemark formation at 52 weeks. The repaired subchondral bone formed from 16 to 52 weeks in a "flow like" manner from surrounding bone to the defect center gradually. Statistical analysis illustrated that both subchondral bone volume and migration area percentage were highly correlated with the gross appearance Wayne score of repaired cartilage. Therefore, subchondral bone migration is related to cartilage repair for critical size osteochondral defects. Furthermore, the subchondral bone remodeling proceeds in a "flow like" manner and repaired cartilage with tidemark implies that the biphasic PEG/β-TCP composites fabricated by 3D printing provides a feasible strategy for osteochondral tissue engineering application.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China ; The First Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China ; Department of Joint Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
authors.forename: Weijie
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2736-3445
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2028-2706
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
authors.forename: Dichen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
authors.forename: Kunzheng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
authors.forename: Dingjun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China ; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
authors.forename: Jiankang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China ; Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: Zhongmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000254:growth & development*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011817:Rabbits; D011859:Radiography; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes