title: Deleting multiple lytic genes enhances biomass yield and production of recombinant proteins by Bacillus subtilis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacillus subtilis is widely used in agriculture and industrial biotechnology; however, cell autolysis significantly decreases its yield in liquid cultures. Numerous factors mediate the lysis of B. subtilis, such as cannibalism factors, prophages, and peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolases. The aim of this work was to use molecular genetic techniques to develop a new strategy to prevent cell lysis and enhance biomass as well as the production of recombinant proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five genes or genetic elements representing three different functional categories were studied as follows: lytC encoding PG hydrolases, the prophage genes xpf and yqxG-yqxH-cwlA (yGlA), and skfA and sdpC that encode cannibalism factors. Cell lysis was reduced and biomass was enhanced by deleting individually skfA, sdpC, xpf, and lytC. We constructed the multiple deletion mutant LM2531 (skfA sdpC lytC xpf) and found that after 4 h of culture, its biomass yield was significantly increased compared with that of prototypical B. subtilis 168 (wild-type) strain and that 15% and 92% of the cells were lysed in cultures of LM2531 and wild-type, respectively. Moreover, two expression vectors were constructed for producing recombinant proteins (β-galactosidase and nattokinase) under the control of the P43 promoter. Cultures of LM2531 and wild-type transformants produced 13741 U/ml and 7991 U/ml of intracellular β-galactosidase, respectively (1.72-fold increase). Further, the level of secreted nattokinase produced by strain LM2531 increased by 2.6-fold compared with wild-type (5226 IU/ml vs. 2028 IU/ml, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our novel, systematic multigene deletion approach designed to inhibit cell lysis significantly increased the biomass yield and the production of recombinant proteins by B. subtilis. These findings show promise for guiding efforts to manipulate the genomes of other B. subtilis strains that are used for industrial purposes.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhenmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ruili
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiangdong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D001433:Bacteriolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D018533:Biomass; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019810:Sodium Azide / Q000633:toxicity; D013381:Subtilisins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019810:Sodium Azide; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D013381:Subtilisins; C053771:nattokinase