title: Pulmonary function in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess lung function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study of 100 patients with T1DM [median age 13 (10.6-14.7), 44% men, 23% prepubertal, and all nonsmokers] and 77 controls. None had evidence of lung disease or any other comorbidity. We performed pulmonary function tests, including spirometry [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), and FEV₁/FVC ratio], plethysmography [total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), RV/TLC ratio, and airway resistance (Raw)], and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide in the lung (TLCO), alveolar volume (AV), and TLCO/AV ratio. The duration of diabetes, degree of metabolic control, insulin dose, and presence of diabetic complications were registered. The χ²-test and analysis of variance were used to compare categorical and quantitative variables, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of diabetes was 6.2±3.8 years with a median HbA₁c of 7.08±0.4%. FEV₁/FVC ratio was found to be significantly higher in patients with TIDM than in controls. Patients with diabetes also had a nonsignificant trend towards lower FVC, FEV₁, Raw, and TLCO, and higher RV, TLC, and RV/TLC than controls. There were no differences in pulmonary function based on duration of disease or metabolic control. We found differences in pulmonary evaluation when pubertal stage was analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lung is functionally involved in children with T1DM. Pubertal development stage influences the evaluation of lung function.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín-Frías
authors.forename: Adelaida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamas
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Milagros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Purificación
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011627:Puberty; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests