title: Translation and validation of a multidimensional instrument to assess health literacy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The patients' task to find, evaluate and transfer health information to one's individual condition and life requires competences that are summarized by the term 'health literacy'. Poor health literacy is associated with poorer health outcomes, like a higher rate of rehospitalization, lower receipt of screenings and a higher frequency of doctor visits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Three levels of health literacy are distinguished: functional, communicative and critical health literacy. Aim of this study was to translate and adapt the 'Functional Communicative Critical Health Literacy' (FCCHL) questionnaire to German, and assess its psychometric properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The FCCHL was sent to 9075 participants enrolled in a RCT on health coaching. 4040 participants responded. Besides descriptive and reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the questionnaire's postulated scale structure in a calibration (N = 3000) and a validation sample (N = 1040) for cross-validation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The instrument was well accepted (missing values ≤2.1% per item) and showed acceptable or good internal consistency for the entire scale (α = 0.77) and the subscales (α = 0.75-0.80). The proposed three-factor model did not fit the German data sufficiently. As the scales 'communicative health literacy' and 'critical health literacy' showed high intercorrelation (0.98), they were combined to a new scale called 'processing health literacy'. The fit indices for the amended two-factor model were satisfying in both subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reliability and acceptance of the German FCCHL are satisfying. An amended two-factor structure showed better validity than the original factor structure. Further research regarding the FCCHL and the underlying construct is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dwinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Levente
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kriston
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Härter
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dirmaier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating
keywords: chronic disorders; health literacy; psychometrics; reliability; validity