title: Effect of central muscarinic receptors on passive-avoidance learning deficits induced by prenatal pentylenetetrazol kindling in male offspring.
abstract: Occurrence of the epileptic seizures during gestation might affect the neurodevelopment of the fetus resulting in cognitive problems for the child later in life. We have previously reported that prenatal pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindling induces learning and memory deficits in the children born to kindled mothers, later in life but the mechanisms involved in this processes are unknown. The cholinergic system plays a major role in learning and memory. The present study was performed to investigate the possible involvement of central muscarinic cholinergic receptors on learning and memory deficits induced by prenatal PTZ-kindling in male offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were kindled by repetitive i.p. injection of 25mg/kg of PTZ on day 13 of their pregnancy. The effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of scopolamine and pilocarpine, muscarinic cholinergic receptors antagonist and agonist, respectively on passive-avoidance learning of pups were tested at 12weeks of age using shuttle-box apparatus. Our data showed that the retention latencies of pups that received scopolamine (2 or 3μg) were significantly reduced compared to those received normal saline (p<0.05). Interestingly, post training ICV administration of pilocarpine (2μg) retrieved pups' memory deficits (p<0.001). These results demonstrate for the first time, the importance of the central muscarinic cholinergic receptors in learning and memory deficits in pups born to kindled dams and suggest a central mechanism for the cognitive and memory dysfunction, associated with seizures during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Bagiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pourmotabbed
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Science, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran. Electronic address: g.mahmoudi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mahmoodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahmoodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Novel Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammadi-Farani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Nedaei
authors.affiliation: Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pourmotabbed
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pourmotabbed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000502:physiology*; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D010862:Pilocarpine; D012601:Scopolamine; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole
keywords: passive avoidance learning; pilocarpine; prenatal seizure; rat; scopolamine