title: Application of principles of exercise training in sub-acute and chronic stroke survivors: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing evidence for the beneficial effects of exercise training in stroke survivors. In order to reach the desired training effects, exercise training principles must be considered as this ensures the prescription of adequate exercises at an adequate dose. Moreover, exercise training interventions must be designed in a way that maximizes patients' adherence to the prescribed exercise regimen. The objectives of this systematic review were (1) to investigate whether training principles for physical exercise interventions are reported in RCTs for sub-acute and chronic stroke survivors, (2) to evaluate whether the RCTs reported the prescription of the FITT components of the exercise interventions as well as (3) patients' adherence to this prescription, and (4) to assess the risk of bias of the included studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review of RCTs with exercise training as the primary intervention and muscular strength and/or endurance as primary outcomes. The Cochrane library's risk of bias (ROB) tool was used to judge the methodological quality of RCTs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven RCTs were included in this systematic review. Eighteen studies (48.7%) focused on aerobic, 8 (21.6%) on resistance and 11 (29.7%) on combined interventions of aerobic and resistive strength exercise. Twenty-nine studies (78.4%) included only chronic stroke survivors, 5 studies (13.5%) only sub-acute stroke survivors whilst 3 studies (8.1%) included both. In terms of principle of exercise training, 89% reported specificity, 75.7% progression, 48.7% overload, 37.8% initial values, 32.4% reversibility and 13.5% diminishing returns. One RCT described all principles of physical exercise training and 19 (51.4%) all FITT components. Patients' adherence to exercise prescription was accounted for in 3 studies (8.1%). Failure to report blinding in patients and participants and failure to report allocation concealment were the most prevalent methodological shortcomings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incomplete and inconsistent reporting of (1) training components, (2) underlying exercise training principles and (3) patient adherence together with (4) a broad variation in the methodological quality of the included RCTs limit both the utility and reproducibility of physical exercise programs in stroke patients.
authors.forename: Bernadette C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Ammann
authors.forename: Ruud H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Knols
authors.forename: Pierrette
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baschung
authors.forename: Rob A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Bie
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands. eling.debruin@hest.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Eling D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: de Bruin
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D017741:Survivors