title: Safety and efficacy of retrograde cerebral perfusion as an adjunct for cerebral protection during surgery on the aortic arch.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The best adjunct for cerebral protection during aortic arch reconstruction remains controversial. Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) as an adjunct to profound hypothermic circulatory arrest (PHCA) extends the tolerable period of brain ischemia by flushing emboli and air from the cerebral circulation while maintaining hypothermia. We examined our experience with RCP to determine its efficacy in patients undergoing complex arch reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated 879 patients undergoing arch reconstruction using RCP from July 1997 to March 2013. Perioperative risk factors were analyzed as predictors of neurologic injury and mortality. Survival for the type of arch reconstruction and for the interval of PHCA was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 879 patients, 671 underwent hemiarch and 208 total arch replacement. The mean age was 65 ± 13.3 years, and 61.6% were men. The total arch patients had longer mean periods of PHCA (39 vs 21 minutes, P < .001) and RCP (37 vs 19 minutes, P < .001). However, the incidence of transient neurologic dysfunction (3.0% vs 2.4%, P < .813) and permanent neurologic dysfunction (1.3% vs 1.9%, P < .519) was similar for both techniques. Mortality was greater in the hemiarch group (4.8% vs 0.5%, P < .003). Patients requiring >40 minutes of PHCA had outcomes similar to those requiring less. The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival was similar, regardless of the procedure performed or interval of PHCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RCP is a safe and effective adjunct for cerebral protection during arch surgery. Patients requiring more extensive arch reconstruction are not at greater risk of permanent neurologic dysfunction or perioperative mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY. Electronic address: lngirard@med.cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Leonard N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Nikolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shavladze
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Art
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sedrakyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Siyamek
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neragi-Miandoab
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D050792:Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010477:Perfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome