title: Volatile organic compounds during inflammation and sepsis in rats: a potential breath test using ion-mobility spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multicapillary column ion-mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) may identify volatile components in exhaled gas. The authors therefore used MCC-IMS to evaluate exhaled gas in a rat model of sepsis, inflammation, and hemorrhagic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and ventilated via tracheostomy for 10 h or until death. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and incision in 10 rats; a sham operation was performed in 10 others. In 10 other rats, endotoxemia was induced by intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide. In a final 10 rats, hemorrhagic shock was induced to a mean arterial pressure of 35 ± 5 mmHg. Exhaled gas was analyzed with MCC-IMS, and volatile compounds were identified using the BS-MCC/IMS-analytes database (Version 1209; B&S Analytik, Dortmund, Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All sham animals survived the observation period, whereas mean survival time was 7.9 h in the septic animals, 9.1 h in endotoxemic animals, and 2.5 h in hemorrhagic shock. Volatile compounds showed statistically significant differences in septic and endotoxemic rats compared with sham rats for 3-pentanone and acetone. Endotoxic rats differed significantly from sham for 1-propanol, butanal, acetophenone, 1,2-butandiol, and 2-hexanone. Statistically significant differences were observed between septic and endotoxemic rats for butanal, 3-pentanone, and 2-hexanone. 2-Hexanone differed from all other groups in the rats with shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breath analysis of expired organic compounds differed significantly in septic, inflammation, and sham rats. MCC-IMS of exhaled breath deserves additional study as a noninvasive approach for distinguishing sepsis from inflammation.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany (T.F., A.W., F.M., F.W.A., N.H., B.W., T.V., S.K.); Computational Systems Biology Group, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany (A.C.H.); B&S Analytik, BioMedicalCenter, Dortmund, Germany (B.B., J.I.B.); Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany (J.I.B.); and Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S.).
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Frederic W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hauschild
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bödeker
authors.forename: Jörg I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Baumbach
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: Daniel I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kreuer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D045853:Exhalation; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007477:Ions; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds