title: Methodological biases in estimating the relationship between alcohol consumption and breast cancer: the role of drinker misclassification errors in meta-analytic results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While alcohol consumption has been linked to breast cancer in women, few studies have controlled for possible biases created by including former or occasional drinkers in the abstainer reference group. We explored the potential for such misclassification errors as sources of bias in estimates of the alcohol-breast cancer relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analyses of population case-control, hospital case-control, and cohort studies to examine relationships between level of alcohol use and breast cancer morbidity and/or mortality in groups of studies with and without different misclassification errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 60 studies identified, only 6 were free of all misclassification errors. The abstainer reference group was biased by the inclusion of former drinkers in 49 studies, occasional drinkers (<10 g ethanol [EtOH] per week) in 22 and by both these groups in 18. Occasional drinkers were also mixed with light or hazardous-level drinkers in 22 studies. Unbiased estimates of the odds ratio (OR) for breast cancer were 1.011 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.891 to 1.148) among former drinkers (n = 11) and 1.034 (95% CI: 1.003 to 1.064) among occasional drinkers (n = 17). Hazardous-level drinking (>20 g < 41 g EtOH/d) was not significantly associated with breast cancer in studies with occasional drinker bias. However, in studies free from occasional drinker bias, the OR for breast cancer was 1.085 (95% CI: 1.015 to 1.160) for low-level (<21 g/d) drinkers (n = 17), 1.374 (95% CI: 1.319 to 1.431) for hazardous-level drinkers (n = 26), and 1.336 (95% CI: 1.228 to 1.454) for harmful-level (>40 g/d) drinkers (n = 9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the great majority of studies of the alcohol-breast cancer link include misclassification errors, only misclassification of occasional drinkers was found to bias risk estimates significantly. Estimates based on error-free studies confirmed that low, hazardous and harmful levels of alcohol use each significantly increase the risk of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeisser
authors.forename: Tim R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Stockwell
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chikritzhs
mesh_terms: D064829:Alcohol Abstinence / Q000145:classification*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015982:Bias; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic
keywords: Abstainers; Alcohol; Breast Cancer; Methodological Bias