title: Sleep and respiratory physiology in adults.
abstract: Respiration during sleep is determined by metabolic demand; respiratory drive is determined by a central respiratory generator. Changes in pharyngeal dilator muscle tone resulting in increased upper airway resistance and collapsibility contribute to hypoventilation. Relative hypotonia of respiratory muscles, body posture changes, and altered ventilatory control result in additional physiologic changes contributing to hypoventilation. This article reviews mechanisms of central control of respiration and normal upper and lower airway physiology. Understanding sleep-related changes in respiratory physiology will help in developing new therapies to prevent hypoventilation in susceptible populations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Mudiaga
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sowho
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Ludwig Engel Centre for Respiratory Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amatoury
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kirkness
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Electronic address: spatil@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Susheel P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007040:Hypoventilation / Q000503:physiopathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000502:physiology; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Control of breathing; Hypoventilation; Lower airway; Respiratory physiology; Sleep effects; Upper airway