title: The role of psychological mechanisms to insomnia in its early phase: a focus on arousal, distress, and sleep-related beliefs.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate whether arousal, distress, and sleep-related beliefs are related to the development of insomnia. From a randomly selected sample of 3600 individuals from the general population (50-60 years), 2239 participants filled out a baseline and 1-year follow-up questionnaire. Logistic regression and cluster analysis were used to investigate whether the psychological mechanisms were related to the development of new cases of insomnia over 1 year and whether it was possible to classify the participants based on their profiles of psychological mechanisms. The results showed that arousal, sleep-related beliefs, and depression were significantly related to the development of new cases of insomnia (13% of the variance). High scores on all three mechanisms were characteristic of one cluster (18% new cases of insomnia) and low scores on the mechanisms of another cluster (5% new cases of insomnia). This study shows that arousal, sleep-related beliefs, and depression are associated with the development of insomnia, and that psychological mechanisms often co-occur in individuals who develop insomnia.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Behavioral, Social, and Legal Sciences , Örebro University , Örebro , SE-701 82 , Sweden.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jansson-Fröjmark
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Linton
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Insomnia; arousal; development; distress; sleep-related beliefs