title: InTRIMsic immunity: Positive and negative regulation of immune signaling by tripartite motif proteins.
abstract: During the immune response, striking the right balance between positive and negative regulation is critical to effectively mount an anti-microbial defense while preventing detrimental effects from exacerbated immune activation. Intra-cellular immune signaling is tightly regulated by various post-translational modifications, which allow for this dynamic response. One of the post-translational modifiers critical for immune control is ubiquitin, which can be covalently conjugated to lysines in target molecules, thereby altering their functional properties. This is achieved in a process involving E3 ligases which determine ubiquitination target specificity. One of the most prominent E3 ligase families is that of the tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, which counts over 70 members in humans. Over the last years, various studies have contributed to the notion that many members of this protein family are important immune regulators. Recent studies into the mechanisms by which some of the TRIMs regulate the innate immune system have uncovered important immune regulatory roles of both covalently attached, as well as unanchored poly-ubiquitin chains. This review highlights TRIM evolution, recent findings in TRIM-mediated immune regulation, and provides an outlook to current research hurdles and future directions.
authors.affiliation: Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: Gijs.Versteeg@univie.ac.at.
authors.forename: Gijs A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Versteeg
authors.affiliation: Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benke
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Sastre
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 301 University Avenue, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajsbaum
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000276:immunology*; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000145:classification; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016207:Cytokines; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C114030:TRAT1 protein, human; D025801:Ubiquitin
keywords: E3 ligase; Interferon; TRIM protein; TRIMmunity; Ubiquitin