title: Sustained reduction of seizures in patients with intractable epilepsy after self-regulation training of slow cortical potentials - 10 years after.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether the reduction of seizures in patients with intractable epilepsy after self-regulation of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) was maintained almost 10 years after the end of treatment. Originally, 41 patients received training with SCP-neurofeedback. A control group of 12 patients received respiratory feedback while another group of 11 patients had their anticonvulsant medications reviewed. Nineteen patients in the experimental group participated at least in parts of the long-term follow-up, but only two patients from each control group agreed to do so. The follow-up participants completed the same seizure diaries as in the original study. Patients of the experimental group also took part in three SCP-training sessions at the follow-up evaluation. Due to the small sample size, the results of participants in the control groups were not considered in the analysis. A significant decrease in seizure frequency was found about 10 years after the end of SCP treatment. The clinical significance of this result is considered medium to high. All patients were still able to self-regulate their SCPs during the feedback condition. This success was achieved without booster sessions. This is the longest follow-up evaluation of the outcome of a psychophysiological treatment in patients with epilepsy ever reported. Reduced seizure frequency may be the result of patients continued ability to self-regulate their SCPs. Given such a long follow-up period, the possible impact of confounding variables should be taken into account. The small number of patients participating in this follow-up evaluation diminishes the ability to make causal inferences. However, the consistency and duration of improvement for patients who received SCP-feedback training suggests that such treatment may be considered as a treatment for patients with intractable epilepsy and as an adjunct to conventional therapies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Strehl
authors.affiliation: LWL-University Clinic of Hamm for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine at the Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Birkle
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wörz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kotchoubey
keywords: epilepsy; long-term follow-up; neurofeedback; seizure reduction; slow cortical potentials