title: All gates lead to smoking: the 'gateway theory', e-cigarettes and the remaking of nicotine.
abstract: The idea that drug use in 'softer' forms leads to 'harder' drug use lies at the heart of the gateway theory, one of the most influential models of drug use of the twentieth century. Although hotly contested, the notion of the 'gateway drug' continues to rear its head in discussions of drug use--most recently in the context of electronic cigarettes. Based on a critical reading of a range of texts, including scholarly literature and media reports, we explore the history and gestation of the gateway theory, highlighting the ways in which intersections between academic, media and popular accounts actively produced the concept. Arguing that the theory has been critical in maintaining the distinction between 'soft' and 'hard' drugs, we turn to its distinctive iteration in the context of debates about e-cigarettes. We show that the notion of the 'gateway' has been transformed from a descriptive to a predictive model, one in which nicotine is constituted as simultaneously 'soft' and 'hard'--as both relatively innocuous and incontrovertibly harmful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, 6303 NW Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada. Electronic address: kibell@mail.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: School of Sociology, Research School of Social Sciences, Building 22, Haydon Allen Building, Australian National University, ACT, 0200, Australia. Electronic address: helen.heane@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Keane
mesh_terms: D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008402:Mass Media; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Addiction; Drugs; E-cigarettes; Gateway hypothesis; Gateway theory; Nicotine