title: In situ effect of a commercial CPP-ACP chewing gum on the human enamel initial erosion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the in situ rehardening effect of a commercial chewing gum containing casein phosphopeptide - amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on initial erosion lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two human enamel blocks, after selection (initial surface hardness - SHi) and in vitro short-term acidic exposure (cola drink for 3 min - SHd) were randomly assigned to three groups. The factors under study were treatment (3 levels: GI chewing gum with CPP-ACP, GII chewing gum without CPP-ACP and GIII control group without gum) and intraoral period (2 levels: 2 and 24h). Twelve volunteers wore intraoral palatal devices for 24h in 3 crossover phases. On each phase, after 2h the surface hardness was assessed (SHf1) and the blocks were reinserted and the devices were used for additional 22 h (SHf2). In phases of GI and GII volunteers chewed the respective gum during 30 min, for 4 times with an interval of 4h. Percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR) was calculated after 2 and 24 h. The data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chewing gum with CPP-ACP (2h=50.0%<24h=95.9%) showed higher hardness recovery than chewing gum without CPP-ACP (2h=30.0%<24 h=71.1%) and control (2 h=15.7%<24 h=40.9%) (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that saliva increased hardness of softened enamel after the use of conventional chewing gum (GII) and this effect was enhanced by the prolonged intraoral period (24 h) and by the use of CPP-ACP chewing gum (GI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since chewing gum is an alternative to enhance salivary defenses after erosive challenges, CPP-ACP chewing gum might be a supplementary strategy to potentiate the mineral precipitation of initial erosion lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru/SP - PO Box 73, 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: catarina.alencar@usp.br.
authors.forename: Catarina Ribeiro Barros
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: de Alencar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru/SP - PO Box 73, 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: acm@usp.br.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru/SP - PO Box 73, 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: mmachado@fob.usp.br.
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Andrade Moreira Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru/SP - PO Box 73, 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: marchini@usp.br.
authors.forename: Thais Marchini
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru/SP - PO Box 73, 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: heitorhonorio@usp.br.
authors.forename: Heitor Marques
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Honório
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru/SP - PO Box 73, 17012-101, Brazil. Electronic address: daniriosop@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rios
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D002364:Caseins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002638:Chewing Gum; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D002638:Chewing Gum; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex
keywords: Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate; Chewing gum; Dental enamel; Tooth erosion