title: Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (LPL/WM), a rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtype, shows strong familial aggregation and a positive association with chronic immune stimulation, but evidence regarding other risk factors is very limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  The International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph) pooled data from 11 predominantly population-based case-control studies from North America, Europe, and Australia to examine medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for LPL/WM. Age-, sex-, race/ethnicity-, and study-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression for a total of 374 LPL/WM cases and 23 096 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis including all putative risk factors, LPL/WM risk was associated with history of Sjögren's syndrome (OR = 14.0, 95% CI = 3.60 to 54.6), systemic lupus erythematosus (OR = 8.23, 95% CI = 2.69 to 25.2), hay fever (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.54 to 0.99), positive hepatitis C serology (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.03 to 6.17), hematologic malignancy in a first-degree relative (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.64), adult weight (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.85 for highest vs. lowest quartile), duration of cigarette smoking (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.04 to 2.05 for ≥ 40 years vs. nonsmokers), and occupation as a medical doctor (OR = 5.54, 95% CI = 2.19 to 14.0). There was no association with other medical conditions, lifestyle factors, or occupations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pooled analysis confirmed associations with immune conditions and family history of hematologic malignancy, and identified new associations with hay fever, weight, smoking, and occupation, and no association with other lifestyle factors. These findings offer clues to LPL/WM biology and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD). claire.vajdic@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Claire M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Vajdic
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Landgren
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McMaster
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Slager
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brooks-Wilson
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staines
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ansell
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (CMV); Multiple Myeloma Section, Metabolism Branch (OL) and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (MLM, JNS, LMM, MSL), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine (SLS) and Division of Hematology (SMA), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada (AB-W); Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (ABW); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK (ASm); School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland (ASt); Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AD).
authors.forename: Martha S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Linet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012307:Risk Factors; D008258:Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult