title: Effect of temperature on the performance of laboratory-scale phosphorus-removing filter beds in on-site wastewater treatment.
abstract: P-sorbing filter beds appear to be viable options for treating wastewater to reduce P discharges and recover this non-renewable resource. However, greater knowledge of filters' responses to temperature variations is required to assess their likely performance in full-scale applications and facilitate the transfer of laboratory results to the field. Thus, in the present study two filter materials (Top16 and Polonite) were characterized physicochemically and effects of temperature on their performance were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Using a 2(2) factorial design and secondary wastewater eight filter columns were tested at temperatures of 4.3°C and 16.5°C. Temperature significantly (α=0.05) and strongly affected the P binding capacity of both materials, as it was 1.2- and 1.5-fold higher at 16.5°C than at 4.3°C for Top16 and Polonite, respectively. This is probably due to the enhanced precipitation of calcium phosphates at higher temperature. Observed reductions in total organic carbon content in the wastewater were also positively correlated with temperature, while the pH and reduction of dissolved organic carbon remained unaffected. The physicochemical analyses indicated that several calcium phases dissolved from the filter materials, primarily gypsum and bassanite from Top16 and Portlandite from Polonite. No clear evidence of any crystalline calcium phosphates was observed in the used materials. The results clearly show that temperature strongly influences the retention of P in filters and its effects should be carefully considered before using candidate filters in full-scale applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden. Electronic address: Inga.Herrmann@ltu.se.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nordqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annelie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hedström
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viklander
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D010087:Oxides; C507562:Polonite; D010758:Phosphorus; C020748:ferrous sulfate; C016538:lime
keywords: Constructed wetlands; Polonite; Reactive filter; Secondary wastewater; Small-scale; Top16