title: Does a retrograde pyelography prior to ureteroscopy influence stone-free rates and complication rates in ureteral calculi?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of retrograde pyelography (RPG) in patients treated with ureteroscopy (URS) for ureteral calculi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of patients treated with and without RPG prior to URS at a single institution from 2010 to 2013. Assessment of stone-free rates and intraoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 469 URS, 211 (45%) were done with and 258 (55%) without RPG. Complete stone removal was achieved in 86.8% without RPG compared to 73% with RPG (p=0.0001). Partial stone removal rates were similar in both groups (p=0.77). Stone removal was not achieved in 9.3 vs. 22.7% (p=0.0001), with concordant findings in the distal (7.4 vs. 16.9%, p=0.007) and the proximal ureter (14.5 vs. 38.6%, p=0.002). Patients with RPG had a threefold higher chance of an unsuccessful URS (OR 3.05, 1.71-5.43, p<0.0001) and were less likely of having a complete stone removal (OR 0.37, 0.22-0.61, p<0.0001). Ureteral avulsions (0%) and ureteral perforation rates were similar (4.7 vs. 3.8%, p=0.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients treated with an RPG prior to URS had significantly inferior stone-free rates. RPG was identified as an independent risk factor for inferior results. RPG neither facilitates nor diminishes complication rates during URS.
authors.affiliation: Landesklinikum Baden-Mödling, Department of Urology, Baden, Austria.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seklehner
authors.forename: Ortwin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heißler
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riedl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001317:Austria; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult