title: Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for sporadic Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia: the Interlymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiologic role of medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is unknown, but epidemiologic and clinical evidence suggests that risk factors may vary by age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated risk factors for sporadic BL in 295 cases compared with 21818 controls in a pooled analysis of 18 case-control studies in the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph). Cases were defined to include typical BL or Burkitt-like lymphoma. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations were calculated separately for younger (<50 years) and older (≥ 50 years) BL using multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases included 133 younger BL and 159 older BL (age was missing for three cases) and they were evenly split between typical BL (n = 147) and Burkitt-like lymphoma (n = 148). BL in younger participants was inversely associated with a history of allergy (OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.32 to 1.05), and positively associated with a history of eczema among individuals without other atopic conditions (OR = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.20 to 5.40), taller height (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.08 to 4.36), and employment as a cleaner (OR = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.13 to 10.7). BL in older participants was associated with a history of hepatitis C virus seropositivity (OR = 4.19; 95% CI = 1.05 to 16.6) based on three exposed cases. Regardless of age, BL was inversely associated with alcohol consumption and positively associated with height.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that BL in younger and older adults may be etiologically distinct.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW). mbulaits@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Sam M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mbulaiteye
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Ellen T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costas
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Sanjosé
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Friedberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cozen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marcos-Gragera
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Slager
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Birmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD (SMM, LMM, JNS); Center for Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Barcelona, Spain (LC, SdS); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JK, JWF); Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (WC); Descriptive Epidemiology, Genetics and Cancer Prevention Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona, Girona, Spain (RM-G); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SLS); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (BMB); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Weisenburger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D002051:Burkitt Lymphoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult