title: Medication errors on oral chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a developing country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication errors occur universally. Inappropriate administration of chemotherapy drugs can have adverse effects in cancer patients. Our objective was to assess the rate and type of medication errors in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving oral chemotherapy in outpatient setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescription and administration of oral chemotherapy drugs in children with ALL were evaluated prospectively to determine rate and type of medication errors. Errors were defined as prescription (physician) level or administration (patient) level errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred eighty-nine drugs were prescribed to 121 patients. Medication errors occurred in 36 (12.5%) prescriptions; 21(7.3%) were administration errors, 13 (4.5%) were prescribing errors, and two errors occurred at both levels. Mercaptopurine (6-MP) was significantly associated with higher rates of errors (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, 95% CI [confidence interval] 1-4.1) whereas lapses were less with dexamethasone (OR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.09-0.67). As a result of medication errors 28 (23.1%) patients received inappropriate doses. Twenty five (21%) patients received sub-optimal doses whereas three got higher doses of chemotherapy. On univariate analysis, socioeconomic status, education status of the caregiver, 6-MP and methotrexate were significantly associated with errors (P ≤ 0.05). On multivariate analysis, ≤ primary school education of the caregiver and prescription of methotrexate were independent predictors of errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication errors affected nearly one fourth of the children receiving oral chemotherapy. Future studies are needed to look at effective interventions to avoid chemotherapy associated errors especially amongst the lower strata of society.
authors.affiliation: Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Sapna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oberoi
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trehan
authors.forename: Ram Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Marwaha
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D015122:Mercaptopurine; D008727:Methotrexate
keywords: acute lymphoblastic leukemia; chemotherapy; children; medication errors