title: Post-partum plasma C-peptide and ghrelin concentrations are predictive of type 2 diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (pGDM) are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. The aim of this study was to determine if circulating levels of metabolic hormones 12 weeks following a GDM pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes 8-10 years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, leptin, PAI-1, resistin and visfatin were measured in 98 normal glucose tolerant women, 12 weeks following an index GDM pregnancy. Women were assessed every 2 years for up to 10 years for development of overt type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median follow-up period of 8.7 years, 22.5% of women with a pGDM pregnancy developed type 2 diabetes. Significant risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes were fasting plasma glucose levels >5 mmol/L during pregnancy and at 12 weeks post-pregnancy. In addition, higher C-peptide levels and lower ghrelin levels at 12 weeks post-pregnancy were also significant risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fasting plasma glucose during pregnancy and post-partum, and post-partum C-peptide and ghrelin levels were significant risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes in women with pGDM. This is the first report that identifies C-peptide and ghrelin as potential biomarkers for the prediction of type 2 diabetes in women with a history of GDM.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lappas
authors.affiliation: Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jinks
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ugoni
authors.affiliation: Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Connie C J
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Louizos
authors.affiliation: Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Permezel
authors.affiliation: Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Harry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Georgiou
mesh_terms: D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide; D054439:Ghrelin
keywords: diabetes; gestational diabetes mellitus; metabolic hormones type 2; 关键词：糖尿病，妊娠期糖尿病，2型代谢激素