title: An integrated low-power lock-in amplifier and its application to gas detection.
abstract: This paper presents a new micropower analog lock-in amplifier (LIA) suitable for battery-operated applications thanks to its reduced size and power consumption as well as its operation with single-supply voltage. The proposed LIA was designed in a 0.18 µm CMOS process with a single supply voltage of 1.8 V. Experimental results show a variable DC gain ranging from 24.7 to 42 dB, power consumption of 417 µW and integration area of 0.013 mm2. The LIA performance was demonstrated by measuring carbon monoxide concentrations as low as 1 ppm in dry N2. The experimental results show that the response to CO of the sensing system can be considerably improved by means of the proposed LIA.
authors.affiliation: Electronics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erro #1, Tonantzintla 72840, Puebla, Mexico. paulina_maya@inaoep.mx.
authors.forename: Paulina M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Maya-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Electronics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erro #1, Tonantzintla 72840, Puebla, Mexico. lucas@inaoep.mx.
authors.forename: Luis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Simón
authors.affiliation: Electronics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), Luis Enrique Erro #1, Tonantzintla 72840, Puebla, Mexico. materesa@inaoep.mx.
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sanz-Pascual
authors.affiliation: Group of Electronic Design, Aragon Institute for Engineering Research, I3A, Facultad de Ciencias, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain. becalvo@unizar.es.
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calvo-López
mesh_terms: D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D003217:Conductometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004735:Energy Transfer; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D018511:Systems Integration
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide