title: Pupil scaling for the estimation of aberrations in natural pupils.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to validate the mathematical Zernike pupil size scaling from bigger pupils to smaller pupils, and vice versa, by comparing the estimates of the Zernike coefficients with corresponding clinical measurements obtained at different pupil sizes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The i.Profiler Plus (Carl Zeiss Vision, Inc, USA) was used to obtain measures of wavefront aberrations for two pupil sizes (3 mm and the maximum natural pupil size) from the right eyes of 28 visually normal subjects (mean [±SD] age, 57 [±7] years) whose maximum pupil size was greater than or equal to 5 mm without pharmacological dilation. Zernike coefficients were estimated for a 3-mm pupil size scaling down from the measured data of the maximum natural pupil size and, similarly, for the maximum pupil size scaling up from the measured data of the 3-mm pupil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The differences between the estimated and measured values were not significantly different (repeated-measures analysis of variance; p > 0.05) over the range of pupil sizes examined, irrespective of whether the estimates were made by scaling up from a small pupil or scaling down from a large pupil. However, the difference between the measured and estimated coefficients was more variable and less systematic when scaling to a larger pupil size when compared with scaling to a smaller pupil size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimation of ocular wavefront aberration coefficients either scaling down from large to smaller pupils or scaling up from smaller to large pupils provides estimates that are not significantly different from clinically measured values. However, when scaling up to a larger pupil size, the estimates are more variable. These findings have implications for pupil scaling on an individual basis, such as in cases of refractive surgery or when using pupil scaling to examine a clinical cohort.
authors.affiliation: *MPhil †MCOptom, PhD ‡MSc §PhD, FAAO School of Optometry and Vision Science (AO, NH, DT, VL), Departments of Physics, and Electrical and Computer Engineering (VL), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (VL).
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ommani
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hutchings
authors.forename: Damber
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.forename: Vasudevan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lakshminarayanan
mesh_terms: D057128:Aberrometry / Q000379:methods*; D057108:Corneal Wavefront Aberration / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*