title: Genotyping by sequencing for genomic prediction in a soybean breeding population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advances in genotyping technology, such as genotyping by sequencing (GBS), are making genomic prediction more attractive to reduce breeding cycle times and costs associated with phenotyping. Genomic prediction and selection has been studied in several crop species, but no reports exist in soybean. The objectives of this study were (i) evaluate prospects for genomic selection using GBS in a typical soybean breeding program and (ii) evaluate the effect of GBS marker selection and imputation on genomic prediction accuracy. To achieve these objectives, a set of soybean lines sampled from the University of Nebraska Soybean Breeding Program were genotyped using GBS and evaluated for yield and other agronomic traits at multiple Nebraska locations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotyping by sequencing scored 16,502 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor-allele frequency (MAF) > 0.05 and percentage of missing values ≤ 5% on 301 elite soybean breeding lines. When SNPs with up to 80% missing values were included, 52,349 SNPs were scored. Prediction accuracy for grain yield, assessed using cross validation, was estimated to be 0.64, indicating good potential for using genomic selection for grain yield in soybean. Filtering SNPs based on missing data percentage had little to no effect on prediction accuracy, especially when random forest imputation was used to impute missing values. The highest accuracies were observed when random forest imputation was used on all SNPs, but differences were not significant. A standard additive G-BLUP model was robust; modeling additive-by-additive epistasis did not provide any improvement in prediction accuracy. The effect of training population size on accuracy began to plateau around 100, but accuracy steadily climbed until the largest possible size was used in this analysis. Including only SNPs with MAF > 0.30 provided higher accuracies when training populations were smaller.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using GBS for genomic prediction in soybean holds good potential to expedite genetic gain. Our results suggest that standard additive G-BLUP models can be used on unfiltered, imputed GBS data without loss in accuracy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarquín
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Posadas
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hyma
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jedlicka
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graef
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, 363 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA. alorenz2@unl.edu.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorenz
mesh_terms: D001947:Breeding; D005787:Gene Frequency; D018745:Genome, Plant; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*