title: Secondary pelvic congestion syndrome: description and radiographic diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is a complex condition of the pelvic venous system leading to nonspecific pelvic pain that was initially described in females alone. The underlying abnormalities, though diverse, all result in increased pressure in the left gonadal vein which is transmitted retrograde into the pelvic venous system. Our primary aim was to describe our findings of secondary PCS as a distinct entity from primary PCS in that it has an identifiable vascular etiology and is gender nonspecific. We also aimed to assess the adequacy of late-arterial phase CT urography (CTU) as the initial imaging modality in diagnosing and evaluating secondary PCS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 59 patients with PCS, 36 males and 23 females ages 24 to 63, from 2000-2011. To maximize opacification, CTU images were taken in the late-arterial phase with a 35-50 second delay after contrast administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Review of our cases revealed multiple etiologies for PCS, including: Nutcracker syndrome (19 cases), cirrhosis (17), retroaortic left renal vein (11), tumor thrombosis of the IVC (5), portal vein thrombosis (4), renal cell carcinoma with left renal vein thrombosis (2), and left kidney AVF (1). The most common symptom was unexplained chronic pelvic pain. The patients in our series had clearly identifiable vascular flow abnormalities leading to the development of PCS, and were therefore diagnosed as having secondary PCS. All cases were easily identified utilizing CTU to visualize and measure dilation of the left gonadal vein and pelvic varices. This modality also proved valuable in the identification and management of the various underlying causes of secondary PCS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secondary PCS is distinct from primary PCS in that it arises from clearly identifiable vascular flow abnormalities and occurs in both males and females. The diverse set of underlying etiologies, as well as the resulting congested varices, can be reliably and adequately visualized using CTU as the initial imaging modality.
authors.affiliation: SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Winer
authors.forename: Nicholas H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Chakiryan
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verges
authors.forename: Mazyar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghanaat
authors.forename: Atabak
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allaei
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zinn
authors.forename: Erich K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000098:blood supply*; D011169:Portal Vein; D059228:Renal Nutcracker Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014567:Urography; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D014680:Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*