title: Amino acid, mineral, and polyphenolic profiles of black vinegar, and its lipid lowering and antioxidant effects in vivo.
abstract: Black vinegar (BV) contains abundant essential and hydrophobic amino acids, and polyphenolic contents, especially catechin and chlorogenic acid via chemical analyses. K and Mg are the major minerals in BV, and Ca, Fe, Mn, and Se are also measured. After a 9-week experiment, high-fat/cholesterol-diet (HFCD) fed hamsters had higher (p<0.05) weight gains, relative visceral-fat sizes, serum/liver lipids, and serum cardiac indices than low-fat/cholesterol diet (LFCD) fed ones, but BV supplementation decreased (p<0.05) them which may resulted from the higher (p<0.05) faecal TAG and TC contents. Serum ALT value, and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and hepatic TNF-α and IL-1β contents in HFCD-fed hamsters were reduced (p<0.05) by supplementing BV due to increased (p<0.05) hepatic glutathione (GSH) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) levels, and catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Taken together, the component profiles of BV contributed the lipid lowering and antioxidant effects on HFCD fed hamsters.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Zoonoses Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chung-Hsi
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Department of Post-Modern Agriculture, MingDao University, ChangHua 523, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, MingDao University, ChangHua 523, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Deng-Jye
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Hsieng Samuel
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Zoonoses Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Electronic address: ycpchen@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yi-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000975:Antioxidants; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008903:Minerals; D059808:Polyphenols; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D002784:Cholesterol; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005978:Glutathione; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Amino acid profile; Antioxidant capacity; Black vinegar; Lipid-lowering effect; Mineral profile; Polyphenolic profile