title: A Prospective 30-Year Follow-Up of ADHD Associated With Perinatal Risks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Longitudinal follow-up of ADHD suggests a poorer outcome in those affected. Studies extending to 30 years however are rare. We investigated the adult outcome of ADHD associated with perinatal risks (PRs), treated non-pharmacologically.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study group of 122 participants (86 men, 36 women) with PR-associated ADHD was followed-up from birth and compared with a control group also prospectively studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study group showed more cognitive, motor perception, and learning impairments as well as psychiatric problems at ages 5, 9, and 16. At age 30, the study group reported less education, more involuntary job dismissals and more alcohol abuse. Self-reported ADHD symptoms were still prevalent in adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD symptoms persist and impair the long-term educational, occupational, and psychiatric outcome. ADHD in participants with PR appears to follow a course seen in studies of unselected ADHD.
authors.affiliation: 1 Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tervo
authors.affiliation: 1 Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michelsson
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Launes
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hokkanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D013997:Time Factors; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: ADD/ADHD; cognitive development; longitudinal study; psychosocial outcome