title: An evaluation of the normal range of StO₂measurements at rest and following a mixed exercise protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of local tissue oxygenation (StO₂) using near infrared spectroscopy is an emerging technique in medical practice with applications in trauma/sepsis management, diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome and assessment of tissue viability. Despite this, there have been little published data on the range of StO₂values in normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  StO₂measurements were recorded in 105 infantry soldiers using an INVOS System Monitor (Somanetics) from both deltoids, the anterior compartment of the leg and the frontal lobe of the brain. Measurements were taken at rest and following completion of a mixed exercise protocol, consisting of overarm pull-ups, sit-ups and a 3-mile run.
  
  
  RESULTS
  StO₂values at rest were found to have a wide normal range with a skew left distribution. Mean StO₂was similar between the deltoids (left deltoid 80%, right deltoid 79%), but significantly different between other anatomical sites (leg 68%, brain 73%). However, all sites demonstrated a similar lower range cut-off at approximately 40%. Following exercise, there was a significant increase in StO₂values at all sites (left deltoid by 3.1 ± 2.0%, right deltoid by 2.6 ± 2.3%, leg by 8.0 ± 2.3% and brain by 8.6 ± 1.9%), which persisted for at least 10 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were statistically significant differences in mean StO₂values recorded at different anatomical sites, although the reference ranges were wide and substantially overlapped. StO₂increased at all sites after exercise with the effect persisting for at least 10 min. The interaction between exercise and pathological phenomena remains unknown and is an area for further study.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, The Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kirkman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit Derriford, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, The Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Midwinter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY; SPORTS MEDICINE