title: Cranial reconstruction: 3D biomodel and custom-built implant created using additive manufacturing.
abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) technology from engineering has helped to achieve several advances in the medical field, particularly as far as fabrication of implants is concerned. The use of AM has made it possible to carry out surgical planning and simulation using a three-dimensional physical model which accurately represents the patient's anatomy. AM technology enables the production of models and implants directly from a 3D virtual model, facilitating surgical procedures and reducing risks. Furthermore, AM has been used to produce implants designed for individual patients in areas of medicine such as craniomaxillofacial surgery, with optimal size, shape and mechanical properties. This work presents AM technologies which were applied to design and fabricate a biomodel and customized implant for the surgical reconstruction of a large cranial defect. A series of computed tomography data was obtained and software was used to extract the cranial geometry. The protocol presented was used to create an anatomic biomodel of the bone defect for surgical planning and, finally, the design and manufacture of the patient-specific implant.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), Campinas, Brazil; School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Luiz
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jardini
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), Campinas, Brazil; School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. Electronic address: malarosa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Larosa
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), Campinas, Brazil; School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maciel Filho
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), Campinas, Brazil; School of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cecília Amélia de Carvalho
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Zavaglia
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), Campinas, Brazil; School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Fernando
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bernardes
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), Campinas, Brazil; Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Salles
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), Campinas, Brazil; School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Davi Reis
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Calderoni
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), Campinas, Brazil; School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kharmandayan
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D020811:Biomedical Technology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D056424:Decompressive Craniectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery*; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D014025:Titanium
keywords: Additive manufacturing; Cranial reconstruction; Customized implants; DMLS; Titanium alloy