title: Novel X-linked genes revealed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis.
abstract: The green anole, Anolis carolinensis (ACA), is the model reptile for a vast array of biological disciplines. It was the first nonavian reptile to have its genome fully sequenced. During the genome project, the XX/XY system of sex chromosomes homologous to chicken chromosome 15 (GGA15) was revealed, and 106 X-linked genes were identified. We selected 38 genes located on eight scaffolds in ACA and having orthologs located on GGA15, then tested their linkage to ACA X chromosome by using comparative quantitative fluorescent real-time polymerase chain reaction applied to male and female genomic DNA. All tested genes appeared to be X-specific and not present on the Y chromosome. Assuming that all genes located on these scaffolds should be localized to the ACA X chromosome, we more than doubled the number of known X-linked genes in ACA, from 106 to 250. While demonstrating that the gene content of chromosome X in ACA and GGA15 is largely conserved, we nevertheless showed that numerous interchromosomal rearrangements had occurred since the splitting of the chicken and anole evolutionary lineages. The presence of many ACA X-specific genes localized to distinct contigs indicates that the ACA Y chromosome should be highly degenerated, having lost a large amount of its original gene content during evolution. The identification of novel genes linked to the X chromosome and absent on the Y chromosome in the model lizard species contributes to ongoing research as to the evolution of sex determination in reptiles and provides important information for future comparative and functional genomics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 44.
authors.forename: Michail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rovatsos
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 44.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altmanová
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 128 44 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martina Johnson
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pokorná
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic lukas.kratochvil@natur.cuni.cz.
authors.forename: Lukáš
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kratochvíl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D050172:Genes, X-Linked; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D008116:Lizards / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: gene dosage; genetics of sex; lizard; qPCR; sex chromosomes; sex determination