title: Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) scores and profiles in African American adolescents involved with the juvenile justice system.
abstract: In this study, we examined the internal consistency and structural validity of Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) scores in a sample of 477 African American adolescents who had been arrested in a city in the mid-Atlantic. Using cluster analysis, we also identified profiles of CRIS scores and compared adolescents with different profiles on Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder scores. Results indicated that CRIS subscale scores were reliable, and the 6-factor structure of the CRIS was supported. Five nigrescence profiles were identified: Miseducation-Pro-Black, Conflicted-Self-Hatred, Multiculturalist, Low Race Salience, and Conflicted-Anti-White. Individuals with Conflicted-Self-Hatred profiles reported significantly and meaningfully higher scores on the 4 syndromes than did their peers, and individuals with the Multiculturalist and Low Race Salience profiles reported the lowest scores. A greater percentage of individuals with Conflicted racial identity profiles had syndrome scores in the clinically significant range. The results of this study demonstrate that some of the nigrescence profiles found in college-age students generalize to adolescents. The implications of the findings for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Cognition and Development.
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Worrell
authors.affiliation: Child Guidance Clinic, Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andretta
authors.affiliation: Child Guidance Clinic, Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
authors.forename: Malcolm H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Woodland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007063:Identity Crisis; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008873:Mid-Atlantic Region; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012933:Social Identification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult