title: Trace elements and heavy metals in mineral and bottled drinking waters on the Iranian market.
abstract: A survey of Iranian waters, sampled from 2010 to 2013, is presented. A total of 128 water samples from 42 different brands of bottled mineral and drinking water were collected and analysed for contamination levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg). Determinations were performed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer for Pb, Cd and Cu, a hydride vapour generation as well as an Arsenator digital kit (Wagtech WTD, Tyne and Wear, UK) for As and a direct mercury analyser for Hg. Arsenic concentration in six bottled gaseous mineral samples was higher than the related limit. Regardless of these, mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, As and Hg in all types of water samples were 4.50 ± 0.49, 1.08 ± 0.09, 16.11 ± 2.77, 5.80 ± 1.63 and 0.52 ± 0.03 µg L⁻¹, respectively. Values obtained for analysed heavy metals in all samples were permissible according to the limits of national and international standards.
authors.affiliation: a Heavy Metals Analysis Laboratory , Food and Drug Laboratory Research Centre, Food and Drug Organization , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Rasoul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hadiani
authors.forename: Shirin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dezfooli-Manesh
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shoeibi
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ziarati
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mousavi Khaneghah
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D057230:Limit of Detection; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D060985:Natural Springs / Q000737:chemistry; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D060986:Water Wells / Q000737:chemistry; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D008900:Mineral Waters; D014131:Trace Elements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: bottled drinking water; graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GF-AAS); heavy metals; mineral water