title: Metabolic costs and evolutionary implications of human brain development.
abstract: The high energetic costs of human brain development have been hypothesized to explain distinctive human traits, including exceptionally slow and protracted preadult growth. Although widely assumed to constrain life-history evolution, the metabolic requirements of the growing human brain are unknown. We combined previously collected PET and MRI data to calculate the human brain's glucose use from birth to adulthood, which we compare with body growth rate. We evaluate the strength of brain-body metabolic trade-offs using the ratios of brain glucose uptake to the body's resting metabolic rate (RMR) and daily energy requirements (DER) expressed in glucose-gram equivalents (glucosermr% and glucoseder%). We find that glucosermr% and glucoseder% do not peak at birth (52.5% and 59.8% of RMR, or 35.4% and 38.7% of DER, for males and females, respectively), when relative brain size is largest, but rather in childhood (66.3% and 65.0% of RMR and 43.3% and 43.8% of DER). Body-weight growth (dw/dt) and both glucosermr% and glucoseder% are strongly, inversely related: soon after birth, increases in brain glucose demand are accompanied by proportionate decreases in dw/dt. Ages of peak brain glucose demand and lowest dw/dt co-occur and subsequent developmental declines in brain metabolism are matched by proportionate increases in dw/dt until puberty. The finding that human brain glucose demands peak during childhood, and evidence that brain metabolism and body growth rate covary inversely across development, support the hypothesis that the high costs of human brain development require compensatory slowing of body growth rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; kuzawa@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kuzawa
authors.affiliation: Positron Emission Tomography Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, and.
authors.forename: Harry T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chugani
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201;
authors.forename: Lawrence I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201;
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lipovich
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics.
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muzik
authors.affiliation: Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hof
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; Institute of Genomic Biology, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Derek E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wildman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; and.
authors.forename: Chet C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University and McLean Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001835:Body Weight; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose
keywords: anthropology; diabetes; human evolution; neuroimaging; neuronal plasticity