title: Does early second-trimester sonography predict adverse perinatal outcomes in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether intertwin discordant abdominal circumference, femur length, head circumference, and estimated fetal weight sonographic measurements in early second-trimester monochorionic diamniotic twins predict adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study involving 9 regional perinatal centers in the United States. We examined the records of all monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies with two live fetuses at the 16- to 18-week sonographic examination who had serial follow-up sonography until delivery. The intertwin discordance in abdominal circumference, femur length, head circumference, and estimated fetal weight was calculated as the difference between the two fetuses, expressed as a percentage of the larger using the 16- to 18-week sonographic measurements. An adverse composite obstetric outcome was defined as the occurrence of 1 or more of the following in either fetus: intrauterine growth restriction, twin-twin transfusion syndrome, intrauterine fetal death, abnormal growth discordance (≥20% difference), and very preterm birth at or before 28 weeks. An adverse composite neonatal outcome was defined as the occurrence of 1 or more of the following: respiratory distress syndrome, any stage of intraventricular hemorrhage, 5-minute Apgar score less than 7, necrotizing enterocolitis, culture-proven early-onset sepsis, and neonatal death. Receiver operating characteristic and logistic regression-with-generalized estimating equation analyses were constructed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 177 monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies analyzed, intertwin abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight discordances were only predictive of adverse composite obstetric outcomes (areas under the curve, 79% and 80%, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that intertwin discordances in abdominal circumference, femur length, head circumference, and estimated fetal weight were not acceptable predictors of twin-twin transfusion syndrome or adverse neonatal outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our cohort, only second-trimester abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight discordances in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies were predictive of adverse composite obstetric outcomes. Twin-twin transfusion syndrome and adverse neonatal outcomes were not predicted by any of the intertwin discordances measured.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: M Baraa
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Allaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Winston A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vintzileos
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Sina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Pouya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Javadian
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shamshirsaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ogburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Reinaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wax
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Markenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chavez
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Samadh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ravangard
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Haleh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sangi-Haghpeykar
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Bahram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salmanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozhand
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgida
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.).
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Belfort
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York USA (M.B.A., P.O., R.F.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York USA (M.B.A., A.M.V., M.R.C.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut USA (W.A.C., S.F.R., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas USA (S.H., P.J., R.R., H.S.-H., B.S., M.A.B., Al.A.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA (Am.A.S.); Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (P.O.); Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut USA (R.F., A.B.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine USA (J.W., G.M.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA (S.F.R.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont USA (M.M., S.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire USA (J.J.); and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California USA (A.O.). aashamsh@texaschildrens.org shamshir@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Alireza A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shamshirsaz
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005330:Fetofetal Transfusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D059285:Pregnancy, Twin; D047928:Premature Birth; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: monochorionic twins; nuchal translucency; obstetric ultrasound; second trimester; twin-twin transfusion syndrome