title: Ventricular access device infection rate: a retrospective study and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ventricular access devices (VAD) are often used for treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in preterm infants. The reported rates of infection have varied and range from 0 to 22 %. The objective of our study is to present our VAD associated infection at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts for patients that had VADs inserted between May 1, 2009 and October 31, 2013 at a single institution (Children's Healthcare of Atlanta) were retrospectively reviewed. The number of VAD infections, defined as either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-positive cultures or wound complication, was recorded. Of patients that survived, the number of VAD to shunt conversions was also examined. The data from 15 previously published studies were pooled to determine overall VAD infection and VAD to shunt conversion rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 142 VADs were placed. There were 13 infections (9.2 %), 11 of which had CSF-positive cultures (7.7 %). There were two wound complications with negative CSF cultures. Six patients died after VAD placement for reasons unrelated to their VAD surgeries (4.2 %). In the remaining patients, there were 113 VAD to shunt conversions (83.1 %). Fifteen studies that reported VAD infections were analyzed; an overall infection rate of 7.0 % and VAD to shunt conversion rate of 79 % were calculated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While VAD is a valuable tool to treat PHH, it remains a procedure with an infection rate between 7.0 and 8.0 %. Close follow-up is needed to capture these adverse events as early as possible. Approximately 80 % of patients with PHH will require permanent CSF diversion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Jason K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarda
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Falkenstrom
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boydston
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chern
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000601:surgery; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors