title: Biological applications of expanded genetic codes.
abstract: Substantial efforts in the past decade have resulted in the systematic expansion of genetic codes, allowing for the direct ribosomal incorporation of ∼100 unnatural amino acids into bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, and animals. Here, we illustrate the versatility of expanded genetic codes in biology and bioengineering, focusing on the application of expanded genetic codes to problems in protein, cell, synthetic, and experimental evolutionary biology. As the expanded genetic code field continues to develop, its place as a foundational technology in the whole of biological sciences will solidify.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697 (USA).
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chang C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005815:Genetic Code; D006801:Humans; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012346:RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl / Q000378:metabolism; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D011506:Proteins; D012346:RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl
keywords: cell biology; directed evolution; genetic code; protein engineering; synthetic biology