title: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome after operative intervention for velopharyngeal insufficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is often warranted. In this patient population, VPI is characterized by poor palatal elevation and muscular hypotonia with an intact palate. We hypothesize that 22q11.2 deletion patients are at greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after surgical correction of VPI, due, in part, to their functional hypotonia, large velopharyngeal gap size, and the need to surgically obstruct the velopharynx.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome treated at a tertiary pediatric hospital between the years of 2002 and 2012. The incidence of VPI, need for surgery, post-operative polysomnogram, post-operative VPI assessment, and OSA treatments were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three patients (18 males, 25 females, ages 1-14 years) fitting the inclusion criteria were identified. Twenty-eight patients were evaluated by speech pathology due to hypernasality. Twenty-one patients had insufficient velopharyngeal function and required surgery. Fifteen underwent pharyngeal flap surgery, three underwent sphincter pharyngoplasty, two underwent Furlow palatoplasty, and one underwent combined sphincter pharyngoplasty with Furlow palatoplasty. Of these, eight had post-operative snoring. Six of these underwent polysomnography (five underwent pharyngeal flap surgeries and one underwent sphincter pharyngoplasty). Four patients were found to have OSA based on the results of the polysomnography (average apnea/hypopnea index of 4.9 events/h, median = 5.1, SD = 2.1). Two required continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) due to moderate OSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgery is often necessary to correct VPI in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Monitoring for OSA should be considered after surgical correction of VPI due to a high occurrence in this population. Furthermore, families should be counseled of the risk of OSA after surgery and the potential need for treatment with CPAP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA.
authors.forename: David Jeffrey
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Crockett
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Goudy
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA.
authors.forename: Sivakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chinnadurai
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA.
authors.forename: Christopher Todd
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wootten
keywords: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; DiGeorge syndrome; Furlow palatoplasty; obstructive sleep apnea; pharyngeal flap; velocardiofacial syndrome; velopharyngeal dysfunction; velopharyngeal insufficiency