title: The role of chemokines in breast cancer pathology and its possible use as therapeutic targets.
abstract: Chemokines are small proteins that primarily regulate the traffic of leukocytes under homeostatic conditions and during specific immune responses. The chemokine-chemokine receptor system comprises almost 50 chemokines and approximately 20 chemokine receptors; thus, there is no unique ligand for each receptor and the binding of different chemokines to the same receptor might have disparate effects. Complicating the system further, these effects depend on the cellular milieu. In cancer, although chemokines are associated primarily with the generation of a protumoral microenvironment and organ-directed metastasis, they also mediate other phenomena related to disease progression, such as angiogenesis and even chemoresistance. Therefore, the chemokine system is becoming a target in cancer therapeutics. We review the emerging data and correlations between chemokines/chemokine receptors and breast cancer, their implications in cancer progression, and possible therapeutic strategies that exploit the chemokine system.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: M Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Palacios-Arreola
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico ; Dirección de Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62115 Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Nava-Castro
authors.affiliation: Dirección de Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62115 Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico.
authors.forename: Julieta I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Zepeda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Julio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carrero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70228, 04510 México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morales-Montor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018925:Chemokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D047368:Tumor Burden; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018925:Chemokines