title: FDA approval summary: crizotinib for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements.
abstract: On August 26, 2011, crizotinib received accelerated approval for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that is ALK-positive as detected by a test approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Approval was based on two single-arm trials demonstrating objective response rates (ORRs) of 50% and 61% and median response durations of 42 and 48 weeks. On November 20, 2013, crizotinib received regular approval based on confirmation of clinical benefit in study A8081007, a randomized trial in 347 patients with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC who had previously received one platinum-containing regimen. Patients were assigned (1:1) to receive crizotinib 250 mg orally twice daily or standard of care (docetaxel or pemetrexed). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) determined by independent radiology review; secondary endpoints were ORR and overall survival (OS). PFS was significantly longer in the crizotinib arm, with median PFS of 7.7 and 3.0 months in the crizotinib and chemotherapy arms, respectively, and a 46% absolute increase in ORR but no difference in OS between treatment arms at the interim analysis. The most common adverse drug reactions (>25%) in crizotinib-treated patients were vision disorders, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, edema, elevated transaminases, and fatigue. The most serious toxicities of crizotinib were hepatotoxicity, interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis, and QT-interval prolongation. Crizotinib's rapid clinical development program (6 years from identification of ALK rearrangements in a subset of NSCLC to full FDA approval) is a model of efficient drug development in this new era of molecularly targeted oncology therapy.
authors.affiliation: Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Dickran.kazandjian@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Dickran
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kazandjian
authors.affiliation: Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Gideon M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.affiliation: Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Huan-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Justice
authors.affiliation: Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keegan
authors.affiliation: Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pazdur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000077548:Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D000077547:Crizotinib; D000077143:Docetaxel; D017277:Drug Approval; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D000068437:Pemetrexed / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D043823:Taxoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D043823:Taxoids; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D000077143:Docetaxel; D000077547:Crizotinib; C000626173:ALK protein, human; D000077548:Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
keywords: Crizotinib; EML4-ALK fusion protein; Molecular targeted therapy; Neoplasm metastasis; Non-small cell lung carcinoma