title: Global population-specific variation in miRNA associated with cancer risk and clinical biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MiRNA expression profiling is being actively investigated as a clinical biomarker and diagnostic tool to detect multiple cancer types and stages as well as other complex diseases. Initial investigations, however, have not comprehensively taken into account genetic variability affecting miRNA expression and/or function in populations of different ethnic backgrounds. Therefore, more complete surveys of miRNA genetic variability are needed to assess global patterns of miRNA variation within and between diverse human populations and their effect on clinically relevant miRNA genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetic variation in 1524 miRNA genes was examined using whole genome sequencing (60x coverage) in a panel of 69 unrelated individuals from 14 global populations, including European, Asian and African populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 33 previously undescribed miRNA variants, and 31 miRNA containing variants that are globally population-differentiated in frequency between African and non-African populations (PD-miRNA). The top 1% of PD-miRNA were significantly enriched for regulation of genes involved in glucose/insulin metabolism and cell division (p < 10(-7)), most significantly the mitosis pathway, which is strongly linked to cancer onset. Overall, we identify 7 PD-miRNAs that are currently implicated as cancer biomarkers or diagnostics: hsa-mir-202, hsa-mir-423, hsa-mir-196a-2, hsa-mir-520h, hsa-mir-647, hsa-mir-943, and hsa-mir-1908. Notably, hsa-mir-202, a potential breast cancer biomarker, was found to show significantly high allele frequency differentiation at SNP rs12355840, which is known to affect miRNA expression levels in vivo and subsequently breast cancer mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MiRNA expression profiles represent a promising new category of disease biomarkers. However, population specific genetic variation can affect the prevalence and baseline expression of these miRNAs in diverse populations. Consequently, miRNA genetic and expression level variation among ethnic groups may be contributing in part to health disparities observed in multiple forms of cancer, specifically breast cancer, and will be an essential consideration when assessing the utility of miRNA biomarkers for the clinic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. afiimani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Renata A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rawlings-Goss
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tishkoff
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D055029:Inverted Repeat Sequences; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger