title: Quantifying the non-fungicidal effects of foliar applications of fluxapyroxad (Xemium) on stomatal conductance, water use efficiency and yield in winter wheat.
abstract: The active ingredient fluxapyroxad belongs to the chemical group of carboxamides and is a new generation succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) in complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It has strong efficacy against the key foliar diseases of winter wheat in the UK: Septoria leaf blotch, yellow stripe rust and brown rust. Fluxapyroxad is marketed under the brand name of Xemium, was launched in 2012 and is available in the UK as a solo product (Imtrex) for co-application with triazoles, in co-formulation with epoxiconazole (Adexar), or in a three way formulation with epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin (Ceriax). The objective of the study was to quantify the direct effects of Xemium on stomatal conductance and yield, mediated through stimulation of host physiology. Three field experiments and two controlled environment (CE) experiments were conducted across three cropping seasons (2010-2012) in Herefordshire and Cambridge, in the UK. Xemium was evaluated against boscalid, pyraclostrobin (F500), epoxiconazole and an untreated control. Across site-seasons, disease severity was significantly reduced when Xemium was applied as a foliar spray. Healthy canopy size and duration was increased by Xemium and canopy greening effects were seen shortly after application. Stomatal conductance was found to be consistently lower in Xemium treated plants but reduced stomatal opening was not found to be detrimental to yield in these experiments. Large, beneficial effects of Xemium on water use efficiency were found at the canopy level and this finding was supported by measurements of instantaneous water use efficiency at the leaf level. Effects on season long water use efficiency were largely driven by improvements in yield for a given amount of water uptake. Foliar applications of Xemium reduced the water required to produce 1.0 t grain per hectare by 82,330 L(82 t) when compared with an untreated crop. Yield was significantly higher in Xemium treatments and this was achieved primarily through increases in grains ear. Evidence is presented hereto show that in addition to controlling visible disease symptoms, Xemium is able to exert positive physiological effects on the host. The yield increase from plots treated with Xemium applied at standard commercial timings was shown to exceed that which can be explained solely through good disease control and the associated loss of healthy canopy area. Approximately 1.0 t ha(-1) (12%) yield was produced by Xemium treatments which could not be accounted for through the control of visible disease symptoms.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grimmer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waterhouse
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Paveley
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014867:Water; C000591719:fluxapyroxad