title: The effect that energy storage and return feet have on the propulsion of the body: a pilot study.
abstract: A variety of energy storage and return prosthetic feet are currently available for use within lower limb prostheses. Designs claim to provide a beneficial energy return during push-off, but the extent to which this occurs remains disputed. Techniques currently used to measure energy storage, dissipation and return within the structure of the prosthetic foot are debatable, with limited evidence to support substantial elastic energy storage and return from existing designs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of energy storage and return foot designs through considering the ankle power during push-off and the effect on body centre of mass propulsion. To achieve this aim, the gait patterns of six trans-tibial prosthetic users wearing different designs of energy storage and return feet were analysed while ascending a ramp. Three examples of energy storage and return feet (suitable for moderate activity) were selected and randomly evaluated: the Blatchford's Epirus, Össur Assure and College Park Tribute feet. The power at the anatomical and mechanical ankle joints was integrated to evaluate the work done over the gait cycle. The direction of the inertial force, and therefore propulsion of the body centre of mass, was used to indicate the effect of the energy return by the energy storage and return feet. Results indicate that although energy storage and return feet may provide energy return, the work done around the prosthetic ankle indicates net power absorption. Therefore, the prosthetic limb is unable to contribute to the body centre of mass propulsion to the same extent as the biological limb.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK anthony.crimin@strath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crimin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGarry
authors.affiliation: WestMARC Prosthetics Department, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Elena Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Stephan Emanuel
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Solomonidis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D004735:Energy Transfer / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011474:Prosthesis Design
keywords: Body propulsion; energy transfer; push-off