title: Chemical profiling and quantification of monacolins and citrinin in red yeast rice commercial raw materials and dietary supplements using liquid chromatography-accurate QToF mass spectrometry: Chemometrics application.
abstract: Red yeast rice (RYR) is prepared by fermenting rice with various strains of the yeast Monascus spp of the Aspergillaceae family. Depending on the Monascus strains and the fermentation conditions, the products may contain monacolins, pigments and citrinin as secondary metabolites. Authentic and commercial RYR samples were analyzed using UHPLC-DAD-QToF-MS for monacolins, pigments and citrinin. A separation by UHPLC was achieved using a reversed-phase column and a gradient of water/acetonitrile each containing formic acid as the mobile phase. Accurate mass QToF spectrometry was used to distinguish isobaric monacolins. Principle component analysis (PCA), a chemometric technique was used to discriminate between authentic RYR, commercial RYR raw materials and dietary supplements. Three authentic RYR samples, 31 commercial RYR raw materials and 14 RYR dietary supplements were analyzed. Monacolin K content in 600mg of authentic RYR samples ranged from 1.2mg to 1.38mg. Amounts of monacolin K in dietary supplements labeled as containing 600mg of RYR varied more than 40-fold from 0.03mg to 2.18mg. Monacolin K content of dietary supplements labeled as containing 1200mg RYR varied more than 20-fold from 0.22mg to 5.23mg. In addition to large variations in quantity of monacolin K found in dietary supplements, RYR dietary supplements contained ratios of monacolins that differed significantly from authentic samples. The results indicated that RYR commercial products are of variable quality and the analytical method is suitable for quality control testing of a variety of RYR products.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Bharathi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Avula
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Health Alliance, Somerville, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Pieter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Yan-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Satyanarayanaraju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sagi
authors.affiliation: Division of Chinese Materia Medica, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration, 2 TiantanXili, Beijing 100050, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Agilent Technologies, 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE 19808-1610, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zweigenbaum
authors.affiliation: Division of Chinese Materia Medica, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration, 2 TiantanXili, Beijing 100050, PR China.
authors.forename: Ma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shuangcheng
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA. Electronic address: ikhan@olemiss.edu.
authors.forename: Ikhlas A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D001688:Biological Products / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002953:Citrinin / Q000032:analysis*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D001688:Biological Products; C117343:red yeast rice; D002953:Citrinin; C033003:sudan red; D008148:Lovastatin
keywords: Citrinin; Dietary supplements; Monacolins; QToF-MS; Red yeast rice