title: Infant HIV type 1 gp120 vaccination elicits robust and durable anti-V1V2 immunoglobulin G responses and only rare envelope-specific immunoglobulin A responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infant responses to vaccines can be impeded by maternal antibodies and immune system immaturity. It is therefore unclear whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccination would elicit similar responses in adults and infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-1 Env-specific antibody responses were evaluated in 2 completed pediatric vaccine trials. In the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) 230 protocol, infants were vaccinated with 4 doses of Chiron rgp120 with MF59 (n=48), VaxGen rgp120 with aluminum hydroxide (alum; n=49), or placebo (n=19) between 0 and 20 weeks of age. In PACTG 326, infants received 4 doses of ALVAC-HIV-1/AIDSVAX B/B with alum (n=9) or placebo (n=13) between 0 and 12 weeks of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By 52 weeks of age, the majority of maternally acquired antibodies had waned and vaccine Env-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses in vaccinees were higher than in placebo recipients. Chiron vaccine recipients had higher and more-durable IgG responses than VaxGen vaccine recipients or ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccinees, with vaccine-elicited IgG responses still detectable in 56% of recipients at 2 years of age. Remarkably, at peak immunogenicity, the concentration of anti-V1V2 IgG, a response associated with a reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition in the RV144 adult vaccine trial, was 22-fold higher in Chiron vaccine recipients, compared with RV144 vaccinees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As exemplified by the Chiron vaccine regimen, vaccination of infants against HIV-1 can induce robust, durable Env-specific IgG responses, including anti-V1V2 IgG.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Genevieve G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Fouda
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Coleen K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.affiliation: New York University, New York.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Borkowsky
authors.affiliation: Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation Statistical and Data Analysis Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Petronella
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muresan
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pollara
authors.affiliation: Statistical and Data Analysis Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lin Ye
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Brooke E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Liebl
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Kaylan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Vandergrift
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: R Glenn
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Overman
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: M Anthony
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.affiliation: Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation Statistical and Data Analysis Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.affiliation: Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jerome H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Nelson L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Merlin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.
authors.forename: Punnee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pitisuttithum
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jaranit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaewkungwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sorachai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nitayaphan
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supachai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rerks-Ngarm
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Hua-Xin
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Barton F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Montefiori
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Georgia D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Tomaras
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Sallie R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Permar
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D015483:HIV Antibodies; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: HIV-1; antibodies; infants; vaccine