title: Update on opportunistic infections in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: Despite enormous improvements in effectiveness of treatment for HIV infection, opportunistic infections continue to occur in those who have not yet been diagnosed with HIV and in those who are not receiving antiretroviral therapy. This review focuses on tuberculosis and cryptococcal infections, the most common opportunistic infections (OIs) in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus infection around the world, as well as on new developments in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and pneumocystis pneumonia. In the sections on these conditions, updates on diagnosis, treatment, and complications, as well as information on when to start antiretroviral therapy is provided. The article concludes with a discussion of new data on 2 vaccine-preventable OIs, human papillomavirus and varicella-zoster virus.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 504, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Zanoni
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Infectious Diseases Division and Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 504, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Electronic address: RGANDHI@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Rajesh T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gandhi
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006562:Herpes Zoster / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007968:Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: Antiretroviral therapy; Diagnostics; HIV; Opportunistic infections