title: Patient-reported outcomes in borderline personality disorder.
abstract: Patient-reported outcome (PRO) refers to measures that emphasize the subjective view of patients about their health-related conditions and behaviors. Typically, PROs include self-report questionnaires and clinical interviews. Defining PROs for borderline personality disorder (BPD) is particularly challenging given the disorder's high symptomatic heterogeneity, high comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, highly fluctuating symptoms, weak correlations between symptoms and functional outcomes, and lack of valid and reliable experimental measures to complement self-report data. Here, we provide an overview of currently used BPD outcome measures and discuss them from clinical, psychometric, experimental, and patient perspectives. In addition, we review the most promising leads to improve BPD PROs, including the DSM-5 Section III, the Recovery Approach, Ecological Momentary Assessments, and novel experimental measures of social functioning that are associated with functional and social outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hasler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hopwood
authors.affiliation: GAIA AG, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gitta A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Brändle
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schulte-Vels
mesh_terms: D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: DSM-5; Ecological Momentary Assessments; behavioral economics; comorbidity; game theory; quantitative trait psychology; recovery