title: Exposure characteristics of familial cases of lung injury associated with the use of humidifier disinfectants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study describes 17 families with 38 lung injury patients (14 males, 24 females; 22 preschool-age children less than six years of age and 16 individuals of 13-50 years) who used disinfectant added to humidifiers in the home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical examination and humidifier disinfectant-use histories were taken, and a thorough home investigation was performed to assess exposure to humidifier disinfectant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine of the patients (three pregnant females, six preschool-age children) died soon after they first developed lung damage. Six (16%) were pregnant females and 22 (58%) were preschool-aged children younger than six years. The patients used humidifier disinfectant products containing either polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG, n = 36) or oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidinium chloride (PGH, n = 2). Twenty-six patients (68%) used the brand "Oxy"®, which contains PHMG. Of the ten patients with fatal lung injury, nine were found to have used PHMG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the use of humidifier disinfectant products containing either PGH or PHMG can cause lung injury, especially in preschool-age children younger than six years and pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, 169 Dongsung-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-791, Republic of Korea. pdw545@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Donguk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jonghan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leem
authors.forename: Kyoungmu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Heungkyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Yeyong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jong-Ju
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Sinye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jeongim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyungho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Naroo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyejung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Jongsik
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Domyung
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006146:Guanidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D006794:Household Articles; D006795:Household Products / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D011108:Polymers / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D056910:Republic of Korea; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D006146:Guanidines; D011108:Polymers; C584298:oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)-ethoxyethyl)guanidinium-chloride; C060540:polyhexamethyleneguanidine