title: Age-related effects of alcohol from adolescent, adult, and aged populations using human and animal models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review incorporates current research examining alcohol's differential effects on adolescents, adults, and aged populations in both animal and clinical models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The studies presented range from cognitive, behavioral, molecular, and neuroimaging techniques, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of how acute and chronic alcohol use affects the brain throughout the life span.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age of life is a significant factor in determining the effect of alcohol on brain functioning. Adolescents and aged populations may be more negatively affected by heavy alcohol use when compared to adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigations limiting alcohol effects to a single age group constrains understanding of differential trajectories and outcomes following acute and chronic use. To meaningfully address the sequencing and interaction effects of alcohol and age, the field must incorporate collaborative and integrated research efforts focused on interdisciplinary questions facilitated by engaging basic and applied scientists with expertise in a range of disciplines including alcohol, neurodevelopment, and aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Squeglia
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boissoneault
authors.forename: Candice E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Van Skike
authors.forename: Sara Jo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D059906:Neuroimaging; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Alcohol; Animal Model; Cognition; Development; Neuroimaging