title: Information provision in cervical screening in Australia.
abstract: The National Cervical Screening Program and associated state and territory organisations are responsible for promoting cervical screening. Communication via multiple media channels encourages women to be screened. However, some communications are not clear about the risk of cervical cancer and the protective capacity and reliability of the Pap test. The potential harms of screening are rarely presented. Women usually receive Pap tests from general practitioners, who often screen opportunistically during appointments. Screening targets and incentive payments encourage high screening rates. Consent is an important ethical principle in the delivery of all health care. Provision of material information is one of the elements of valid consent. The combination of arguably ambiguous communications, screening participation targets and opportunistic testing under time pressure seems likely to undermine opportunities for women to be informed. Of particular concern are women who are less likely to benefit, those who are more likely to experience harm, and some groups of disadvantaged women. Improved communications could include providing patients with information on the absolute risk of cervical cancer, and the morbidity and mortality benefits and harms of screening. Screening programs internationally have begun providing such information. Areas for further research include the appropriate roles of the programs, screeners and individuals in providing and seeking information. Such work would identify the optimum method for informing women in the screening process.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. jane.h.williams@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jane H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Stacy M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rychetnik
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D057220:Health Literacy; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D008403:Mass Screening; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*