title: Effects of Watercress Containing Rutin and Rutin Alone on the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Osteoblast-like MG-63 Cells.
abstract: Most known osteoporosis medicines are effective for bone resorption, and so there is an increasing demand for medicines that stimulate bone formation. Watercress (N. officinale R. Br.) is widely used as a salad green and herbal remedy. This study analyzed a watercress extract using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and identified a rutin as one of its major constituents. Osteogenic-related assays were used to compare the effects of watercress containing rutin (WCR) and rutin alone on the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The reported data are expressed as percentages relative to the control value (medium alone; assigned as 100%). WCR increased cell proliferation to 125.0±4.0% (mean±SD), as assessed using a cell viability assay, and increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase, an early differentiation marker, to 222.3±33.8%. In addition, WCR increased the expression of collagen type I, another early differentiation marker, to 149.2±2.8%, and increased the degree of mineralization, a marker of the late process of differentiation, to 122.9±3.9%. Rutin alone also increased the activity of ALP (to 154.4±12.2%), the expression of collagen type I (to 126.6±6.2%), and the degree of mineralization (to 112.3±5.0%). Daidzein, which is reported to stimulate bone formation, was used as a positive control; the effects of WCR on proliferation and differentiation were significantly greater than those of daidzein. These results indicate that WCR and rutin can both induce bone formation via the differentiation of MG-63 cells. This is the first study demonstrating the effectiveness of either WCR or rutin as an osteoblast stimulant.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Hanbit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Heajin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Jaehoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Jihye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Haesung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Il
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Seong
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Ha Hyung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Differentiation; Osteoblast; Proliferation; Rutin; Watercress