title: Neural correlates during working memory processing in major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in major depressive disorder (MDD) have revealed cortical-limbic-subcortical dysfunctions during working memory (WM) processing, but the results are inconsistent and it is unclear to what extent these findings are influenced by demographic, clinical characteristics and task performance of patients. The present study conducted a quantitative coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI data to investigate the hypothesized dysfunction in the neural correlates during WM processing in MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic research was conducted for fMRI studies during WM processing comparing MDD patients with healthy controls (HC). Meta-analysis was performed using effect size signed differential mapping (ES-SDM). Meta-regression analyses with age, sex and medication as factors were performed in MDD group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional MRI data of 160 MDD patients and 203 HC from 13 WM experiments across 11 studies were included in this meta-analysis. In the pooled meta-analysis of all included studies, significant increased activation during WM in the left lateral prefrontal cortex, left precentral gyrus, left insula, right superior temporal and right supramarginal areas, and significant decreased activity in the right precentral gyrus, right precuneus and right insula were observed in MDD compared with controls. In the subgroup analysis of the studies with matched task performance, MDD subgroup showed hyperactivation only in the left prefrontal cortex and hypoactivation in the regions similar to the pooled analysis. The meta-regression with age, sex and medication showed no significance in MDD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of differences in task performance between groups, patients with MDD showed consistent functional abnormalities in the cortical-limbic-subcortical circuitry during WM processing. Distinct patterns of neural engagement may reflect compensatory neural strategies to potential dysfunction in MDD.
authors.affiliation: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiu-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Ming-Ying
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Tao-Lin
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Zi-Qi
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qi
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: You-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Poornima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China. Electronic address: qiyonggong@hmrrc.org.cn.
authors.forename: Qi-Yong
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Effect size signed differential mapping; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Major depressive disorder; Meta-analysis; Working memory