title: T-cell Receptor and K-deleting Recombination Excision Circles in Newborn Screening of T- and B-cell Defects: Review of the Literature and Future Challenges.
abstract: Since its introduction as a public health programme in the United States in the early 1960s, newborn blood screening (NBS) has evolved from the detection of phenylalanine levels on filter paper to the application of DNA-based technologies to identify T-cell lymphopenia in infants with severe combined immunodeficiency. This latter use of NBS has required the development of an assay for T-cell lymphopenia based on the quantification of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) that could be performed on dried blood spots routinely collected from newborn infants. The TREC-based NBS was developed six years ago, and there have already been 7 successful pilot studies since then. Similarly, efforts are now being made to establish a screen for B-cell defects, in particular agammaglobulinaemia, taking advantage of the introduction of the method for the quantification of K-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs). A further achievement of NBS could be the simultaneous recognition of T- and B-cell defects using the combined quantification of TRECs and KRECs from Guthrie card blood spots. This approach may help the early identification of infants with T- and B-cell deficiencies so that they can then be referred to specialised paediatric centres, where a precise diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency and agammaglobulinaemia can be performed, and where then they can immediately receive specific therapy. Simultaneous TREC and KREC quantification should also allow classification of patients into subgroups and help identify children with less serious primary immunodeficiencies. This would help avoid the opportunistic infections and frequent hospitalisations that result from a late or lack of diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare e Radiobiologia, Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia Brescia , Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiarini
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare e Radiobiologia, Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia Brescia , Italy.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zanotti
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare e Radiobiologia, Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia Brescia , Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Serana
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare e Radiobiologia, Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia Brescia , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sottini
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare e Radiobiologia, Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia Brescia , Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bertoli
authors.affiliation: Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Caimi
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare e Radiobiologia, Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili of Brescia Brescia , Italy.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Imberti
keywords: K-deleting recombination excision circles; T-cell receptor excision circles; newborn screening.; primary immunodeficiency; severe combined immunodeficiency