title: Clinical and histological characteristics of canine ocular gliovascular syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the clinical, diagnostic, and histopathologic findings in dogs with canine ocular gliovascular syndrome (COGS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The archives at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) were used to identify eyes with COGS. Histopathological inclusion criteria included: a neovascular membrane extending from the optic nerve head or retina, clusters of spindle cells lacking vascularization within the vitreous, and histological signs of glaucoma. Special and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining techniques were performed. Clinical data, treatments, and outcomes were obtained from case records and information provided by submitting veterinarians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven eyes of 36 dogs were identified with COGS. The average age at diagnosis was 8.8 years (±2.2). The relative risk for a Labrador retriever affected by COGS was significantly greater (9.3 times) (P < 0.0001) when compared to all other dog breeds within the COPLOW database. Most dogs presented with hyphema and secondary glaucoma; average intraocular pressure was 39 mmHg (±19). Average time to enucleation or evisceration was 27 days. Vitreal cells stained positive with IHC for glial fibrillary acidic protein in 14 of 17 globes, and vascular endothelial growth factor was expressed in the vitreal cells in five of five globes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have defined a syndrome associated with vitreal glial cell aggregates and neovascular proliferation from the optic nerve or retina, which leads to neovascular glaucoma. The inflammation and secondary glaucoma resulting from this syndrome appear poorly responsive to conventional medical therapies. The exact etiology of COGS remains undetermined, but a systemic etiology is unlikely.
authors.affiliation: Carolina Veterinary Specialists, Charlotte, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Treadwell
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naranjo
authors.affiliation: Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blocker
authors.affiliation: PETS Referral Center, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mitzi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zarfoss
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dubielzig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D015355:Glaucoma, Neovascular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: canine ocular gliovascular syndrome; dog; glial cells; intraocular hemorrhage; intravitreal membranes; neovascular glaucoma