title: Naturally derived and synthetic scaffolds for skeletal muscle reconstruction.
abstract: Skeletal muscle tissue has an inherent capacity for regeneration following injury. However, severe trauma, such as volumetric muscle loss, overwhelms these natural muscle repair mechanisms prompting the search for a tissue engineering/regenerative medicine approach to promote functional skeletal muscle restoration. A desirable approach involves a bioscaffold that simultaneously acts as an inductive microenvironment and as a cell/drug delivery vehicle to encourage muscle ingrowth. Both biologically active, naturally derived materials (such as extracellular matrix) and carefully engineered synthetic polymers have been developed to provide such a muscle regenerative environment. Next generation naturally derived/synthetic "hybrid materials" would combine the advantageous properties of these materials to create an optimal platform for cell/drug delivery and possess inherent bioactive properties. Advances in scaffolds using muscle tissue engineering are reviewed herein.
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dearth
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Sonya B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Sonnenberg
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Loboa
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: badylaksf@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Badylak
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011108:Polymers
keywords: Electrospinning; Extracellular matrix (ECM); Hybrid materials; Hydrogel; Mesh; Volumetric muscle loss (VML)