title: Familial factors associated with development of alcohol and mental health comorbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Co-occurring mental health and alcohol problems appear to be associated with greater health burdens than either single disorder. This study compares familial and individual contributions to development of comorbid alcohol/mental problems and tests whether these differ from single disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women (n = 6703) were recruited during pregnancy to the longitudinal Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). Mother/offspring dyads were followed over 21 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mater-Misericordiae Public Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary offspring from the MUSP with full psychiatric information at 21 years and maternal information at age 14 (n = 1755).
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured interviews at age 21 yielded a four-category outcome using mental health and alcohol modules of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (no disorder, alcohol only, mental health only and comorbid alcohol/mental health). Multinomial logistic regression models were adjusted for gender, maternal mental health and substance use, family environment and adolescent behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 1.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-2.22 versus no-disorder] and low mother-offspring warmth (OR = 3.19; 95% CI = 1.99-5.13) were associated with mental health/alcohol comorbidity in young adults, as were adolescent drinking (OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.25-3.96), smoking (OR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.33-3.77) and attention/thought problems (OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.18-3.52). Some differences were seen from single disorders. In a subsample with paternal data, fathers' drinking problems (OR = 2.41; 95% CI = 1.10-5.29) were more associated strongly with offspring mental health/alcohol comorbidity than both single disorders (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal smoking and low mother-child warmth appear to be related to alcohol, mental health and comorbid disorders at age 21, possibly via constituent alcohol and mental health disorders. Adolescent drinking and attention/thought problems appear to be associated with comorbid disorders but not with individual alcohol and mental health disorders.
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia.
authors.forename: Caroline L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Salom
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jake M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Najman
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alati
mesh_terms: D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent behaviour; alcohol problems; comorbid; family factors; longitudinal; maternal drinking; mental health problems; parent closeness; paternal drinking