title: Fat-constrained 18F-FDG PET reconstruction in hybrid PET/MR imaging.
abstract: Fusion of information from PET and MR imaging can increase the diagnostic value of both modalities. This work sought to improve (18)F FDG PET image quality by using MR Dixon fat-constrained images to constrain PET image reconstruction to low-fat regions, with the working hypothesis that fatty tissue metabolism is low in glucose consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel constrained PET reconstruction algorithm was implemented via a modification of the system matrix in list-mode time-of-flight ordered-subsets expectation maximization reconstruction, similar to the way time-of-flight weighting is incorporated. To demonstrate its use in PET/MR imaging, we modeled a constraint based on fat/water-separating Dixon MR images that shift activity away from regions of fat tissue during PET image reconstruction. PET and MR imaging scans of a modified National Electrical Manufacturers Association/International Electrotechnical Commission body phantom simulating body fat/water composition and in vivo experiments on 2 oncology patients were performed on a commercial time-of-flight PET/MR imaging system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fat-constrained PET reconstruction visibly and quantitatively increased resolution and contrast between high-uptake and fatty-tissue regions without significantly affecting the images in nonfat regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incorporation of MR tissue information, such as fat, in image reconstruction can improve the quality of PET images. The combination of a variety of potential other MR tissue characteristics with PET represents a further justification for merging MR data with PET data in hybrid systems.
authors.affiliation: Philips Research Europe, Hamburg, Germany sven.prevrhal@philips.com.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prevrhal
authors.affiliation: Philips AG Healthcare, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinzer
authors.affiliation: Heidelberg University, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Mannheim, Germany; and.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wülker
authors.affiliation: Philips Research Europe, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ratib
authors.affiliation: Philips Research Europe, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Börnert
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D051598:Whole Body Imaging
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Dixon; PET reconstruction; PET/MR; fat tissue; prior information