title: Optimization of volatile markers of lung cancer to exclude interferences of non-malignant disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breath analysis became promising for noninvasive diagnosis of cancer with sophisticated spectrometry technology introduced.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to select volatile markers for lung cancer detection, which exclude the influences from non-malignant lung diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  171 subjects who were divided into three groups: patients with LC, patients with PNMD and healthy controls were enrolled in our studies as training cohort. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their breath samples were analyzed with solid-phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS). Markers were selected by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. After that, 78 subjects with high morbidity of LC were employed as validation cohort. Their breath samples were analyzed by thermal desorption instrument/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GCMS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Through a series of comparisons among lung cancer patients, pulmonary non-malignant diseases patients, and healthy participants in training cohort, Nonane,5-(2-methyl-)propyl-; phenol,2,6-di-tert-butyl-,4-methyl-; dodecane,2,6,11-trimethyl-; hexadecanal and pentadecane,8-hexyl- were selected as markers for lung cancer diagnosis. Principal component analysis was employ to process data from validation cohort. As results, satisfied distinctions have been obtained with detection of these five selected markers, although the detection method is not identical with that used for training cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, with optimization method described in this paper, breath test could be an effective method for diagnosis of lung cancer and avoid the interference of pulmonary non-malignant diseases.
authors.affiliation: Biosensor National Special Lab, Key Lab for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yingchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Biosensor National Special Lab, Key Lab for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Biosensor National Special Lab, Key Lab for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Department of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yanjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Department of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Kejing
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.affiliation: Biosensor National Special Lab, Key Lab for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Lung cancer; breath test; pulmonary non-malignant disease; volatile markers