title: Gastroprotective activity of violacein isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum on indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats: investigation of potential mechanisms of action.
abstract: Chromobacterium violaceum, Gram-negative bacteria species found in tropical regions of the world, produces a distinct deep violet-colored pigment called violacein. In the present study, we investigated whether violacein can promote a gastroprotective effect and verified the possible mechanisms involved in this action. For this study, an indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer rat model was used. The roles of biomolecules such as MPO, PGE2, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, caspase-3, NO, K(+)ATP channels, and α 2-receptors were investigated. Violacein exhibited significant gastroprotective effect against indomethacin-induced lesions, while pretreatment with L-NAME and glibenclamide (but not with NEM or yohimbine) was able to reverse this action. Pretreatment with violacein also restored cNOS level to normal and led to attenuation of enhanced apoptosis and gastric microvascular permeability. Our results suggest that violacein provides a significant gastroprotective effect in an indomethacin-induced ulcer model through the maintenance of some vital protein molecules, and this effect appears to be mediated, at least in part, by endogenous prostaglandins, NOS, K(+)ATP channel opening, and inhibition of apoptosis and gastric microvascular permeability.
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 1GA, Duck Jin-Dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju City, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Paulrayer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antonisamy
authors.affiliation: Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 034, India.
authors.forename: Ponnusamy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 1GA, Duck Jin-Dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju City, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Adithan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aravinthan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mariadhas Valan
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Arasu
authors.affiliation: Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 034, India.
authors.forename: Savarimuthu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ignacimuthu
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
authors.affiliation: Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 1GA, Duck Jin-Dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju City, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002861:Chromobacterium / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007213:Indomethacin; D008297:Male; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects*; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D011453:Prostaglandins; D020011:Protective Agents; C063155:violacein; D007213:Indomethacin