title: Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae).
abstract: We examined the global historical biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) within a phylogenetic context. We inferred phylogenetic relationships of 190 species representing 31 of the 33 currently recognized genera of grammitid ferns by analyzing DNA sequence variation of five plastid DNA regions. We estimated the ages of cladogenetic events on an inferred phylogeny using secondary fossil calibration points. Historical biogeographical patterns were inferred via ancestral area reconstruction. Our results supported four large-scale phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns: (1) a monophyletic grammitid clade that arose among Neotropical polypod ancestors about 31.4 Ma; (2) a paraphyletic assemblage of clades distributed in the Neotropics and the Afro-Malagasy region; (3) a large clade distributed throughout the Asia-Malesia-Pacific region that originated about 23.4 Ma; and, (4) an Australian or New Zealand origin of the circumaustral genus Notogrammitis. Most genera were supported as monophyletic except for Grammitis, Oreogrammitis, Radiogrammitis, and Zygophlebia. Grammitid ferns are a well-supported monophyletic group with two biogeographically distinct lineages: a primarily Neotropical grade exhibiting several independent successful colonizations to the Afro-Malagasy region and a primarily Paleotropical clade exhibiting multiple independent dispersals to remote Pacific islands and temperate, austral regions.
authors.affiliation: The Pringle Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 27 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Electronic address: sundue@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sundue
authors.affiliation: Fern Research Foundation, 21 James Kemp Place, Kerikeri, Bay of Islands, 0230, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Parris
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Tom A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ranker
authors.affiliation: University Herbarium, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. # 2465, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465, USA.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: The Pringle Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, The University of Vermont, 27 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
authors.forename: Delia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zamora-Crosby
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Clifford W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Morden
authors.affiliation: Division of Botanical Garden, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan-Hai Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Liang
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, UMR CNRS 7205 'Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, Botanique, 16 rue Buffon CP 39, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Germinal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rouhan
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, CEP 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Regina Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, CEP 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jefferson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prado
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D001315:Australia; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005580:Fossils; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D010802:Phylogeny; D029621:Polypodiaceae / Q000145:classification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D018744:DNA, Plant
keywords: Biogeography; Epiphytes; Grammitid ferns; Phylogeny; Polypodiaceae