title: The Second Closet: A Qualitative Study of HIV Stigma Among Seropositive Gay Men in a Southern U.S. City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stigma connected with HIV/AIDS has decreased considerably since the early epidemic yet affects those living with HIV in many ways. Little research, particularly qualitative research, concerning HIV stigma from the perspective of gay men has emerged. The present qualitative study aimed to fill this evidence gap by examining how HIV stigma is perceived and experienced by gay men who have become HIV-infected and how they respond to this stigma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thematic analysis of 19 gay men's narratives identified six main themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Encountering HIV stigmatization was common and was linked to the physical stigmata identifying respondents as HIV-positive. Overwhelmingly, they found stigmatization to be most intensely felt within gay communities. One profound theme was internalized HIV stigma, referring to respondents' internalized negative feelings about their HIV status. A related theme was the closeted nature of HIV. Lastly, regarding how the men dealt with the HIV diagnosis and experiences of HIV stigma, a theme of adaptation became clear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although exploratory, the results can serve as a beginning framework for understanding and assisting seropositive gay men who experience HIV stigma. The findings are important because it is realistic to expect that in a climate in which HIV has become increasingly invisible and closeted and in which infections are on the rise, gay and bisexual men will be increasingly affected and infected by HIV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evidence-Based Health Services, Norwegian Knowledge Center for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway ; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Rigmor C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ross
keywords: Gay; HIV stigma; United States; qualitative research