title: Noxious family environments in relation to adult and childhood caries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors tested hypotheses that more noxious family environments are associated with poorer adult and child oral health.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community sample of married or cohabiting couples (N = 135) and their elementary school-aged children participated. Dental hygienists determined the number of decayed, missing and filled surfaces via oral examination. Subjective oral health impacts were measured by means of questionnaires completed by the parents and children. The parents completed questionnaires about interparental and parent-to-child physical aggression (for example, pushing) and emotional aggression (for example, derision), as well as harsh discipline. Observers rated the couples' hostile behavior in laboratory interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extent of women's and men's caries experience was associated positively with their partners' levels of overall noxious behavior toward them. The extent of children's caries experience was associated positively with the level of their mothers' emotional aggression toward their partners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noxious family environments may be implicated in compromised oral health. Future research that replicates and extends these findings can provide the foundation to translate them into preventive interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noxious family environments may help explain the limitations of routine oral health preventive strategies. Interprofessional strategies that also address the family environment ultimately may prove to be more effective than are single modality approaches.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Lorber is a research scientist, Department of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, College of Dentistry, New York University, 345 E. 24th St., New York, N.Y. 10010, e-mail mfl317@nyu.edu. Address correspondence to Dr. Lorber.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lorber
authors.affiliation: Dr. Slep is a professor, Department of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York City.
authors.forename: Amy M S
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Slep
authors.affiliation: Dr. Heyman is a professor, Department of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York City.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.affiliation: Dr. Xu is a research scientist, Department of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York City.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Dr. Dasanayake is a professor, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York City.
authors.forename: Ananda P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dasanayake
authors.affiliation: Dr. Wolff is a professor, Department of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York City.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wolff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000523:psychology*; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D009909:Oral Health; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Caries; aggression; child; family environment; hostility