title: Beneficial effect of butyrate, Lactobacillus casei and L-carnitine combination in preference to each in experimental colitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the beneficial effect of the combination of butyrate, Lactobacillus casei, and L-carnitine in a rat colitis model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were divided into seven groups. Four groups received oral butyrate, L-carnitine, Lactobacillus casei and the combination of three agents for 10 consecutive days. The remaining groups included negative and positive controls and a sham group. Macroscopic, histopathological examinations, and biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interlukin-1β (IL-1β), myeloperoxidase (MPO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and ferric reduced ability of plasma (FRAP) were determined in the colon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination therapy exhibited a significant beneficial effect in alleviation of colitis compared to controls. Overall changes in reduction of TNF-α (114.66 ± 18.26 vs 171.78 ± 9.48 pg/mg protein, P < 0.05), IL-1β (24.9 ± 1.07 vs 33.06 ± 2.16 pg/mg protein, P < 0.05), TBARS (0.2 ± 0.03 vs 0.49 ± 0.04 μg/mg protein, P < 0.01), MPO (15.32 ± 0.4 vs 27.24 ± 3.84 U/mg protein, P < 0.05), and elevation of FRAP (23.46 ± 1.2 vs 15.02 ± 2.37 μmol/L, P < 0.05) support the preference of the combination therapy in comparison to controls. Although the monotherapies were also effective in improvement of colitis markers, the combination therapy was much better in improvement of colon oxidative stress markers including FRAP, TBARS, and MPO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present combination is a suitable mixture in control of experimental colitis and should be trialed in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Mahsa Moeinian, Seyedeh Farnaz Ghasemi-Niri, Shilan Mozaffari, Maryam Baeeri, Mona Navaea-Nigjeh, Mohammad Abdollahi, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moeinian
authors.affiliation: Mahsa Moeinian, Seyedeh Farnaz Ghasemi-Niri, Shilan Mozaffari, Maryam Baeeri, Mona Navaea-Nigjeh, Mohammad Abdollahi, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyedeh Farnaz
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ghasemi-Niri
authors.affiliation: Mahsa Moeinian, Seyedeh Farnaz Ghasemi-Niri, Shilan Mozaffari, Maryam Baeeri, Mona Navaea-Nigjeh, Mohammad Abdollahi, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Shilan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mozaffari
authors.affiliation: Mahsa Moeinian, Seyedeh Farnaz Ghasemi-Niri, Shilan Mozaffari, Maryam Baeeri, Mona Navaea-Nigjeh, Mohammad Abdollahi, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Abdolghaffari
authors.affiliation: Mahsa Moeinian, Seyedeh Farnaz Ghasemi-Niri, Shilan Mozaffari, Maryam Baeeri, Mona Navaea-Nigjeh, Mohammad Abdollahi, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baeeri
authors.affiliation: Mahsa Moeinian, Seyedeh Farnaz Ghasemi-Niri, Shilan Mozaffari, Maryam Baeeri, Mona Navaea-Nigjeh, Mohammad Abdollahi, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navaea-Nigjeh
authors.affiliation: Mahsa Moeinian, Seyedeh Farnaz Ghasemi-Niri, Shilan Mozaffari, Maryam Baeeri, Mona Navaea-Nigjeh, Mohammad Abdollahi, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020148:Butyric Acid; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D002331:Carnitine
keywords: Butyrate; Colitis; Inflammatory bowel disease; L-carnitine; Lactobacillus casei; Oxidative stress; Probiotic