title: From membrane excitability to metazoan psychology.
abstract: Unlike the nonexcitable cell membranes that are ubiquitous in all domains of life, excitable membranes are found almost exclusively in animal organisms (Protozoa and Metazoa). Their transient permeability to ion flow makes possible the rapid detection of, and response to, external stimuli, and results in the phenomena that most clearly distinguish fauna from flora: perception, cognition, and motor activity. Interestingly, all known forms of membrane excitability are a consequence of one unique mechanism: the influx of positively charged ions into the normally alkaline cytoplasm. Here, we suggest that the sudden reversal of the membrane potential during the sensory potential and the action potential is an electrostatic disturbance of homeostasis that is the necessary first step in the processes of 'sentience' and 'irritability'.
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, Kansai University, Osaka 569-1095, Japan; Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2921, USA. Electronic address: nc_876@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Norman D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2921, USA.
authors.forename: Gil B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2921, USA.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Damasio
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011188:Potassium
keywords: cations; consciousness; excitable membranes; feeling; homeostasis