title: Risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in infants with melamine-associated urolithiasis and follow-up: a multi-center retrospective analysis.
abstract: Abstract An epidemic of urinary tract stones was noted among infants in China, 2008. This event was believed to be associated with consumption melamine-contaminated powdered formula. The patients with symptoms and clinical manifests had already been analyzed in our previous studies. In this study, our aim is to investigate the risk factors of melamine-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) and the potential relationship toward children growth in our five years follow-up. A total of 619 infants with melamine-associated urolithiasis were admitted into 20 different hospitals in the Gansu province, China. All clinical data were divided into AKI and control groups according to the occurrence of AKI. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with a logistic regression model to assess the independent risk factors of AKI. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (OR) of AKI was 19.62 in the group of infants who consumed Sanlu® milk powdered infant milk formula. A higher prevalence of AKI was observed in infants age of 6-11 months (OR: 9.59, p < 0.01) and 12-17 months (OR: 5.06, p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis also indicated that any one symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), diarrhea, dehydration and fever (OR: 4.29, p < 0.01) were independent risk factors of AKI. Therefore, this study demonstrated that high melamine infant formula (Sanlu® milk powdered infant formula), age (6-17 months) and symptoms of URTI, diarrhea, dehydration or fever were risk factors of AKI in infants with melamine-associated urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Disease of Urological Systems, Gansu Nepho-Urological Clinical Center, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, Gansu , China .
authors.forename: Qiqi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zhongjin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: XiaoShuang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Zhiping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Panfeng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shang
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; C011907:melamine
keywords: Acute kidney injury; infants; melamine; risk factors; urolithiasis