title: Identification of prometon, deisopropylprometon, and hydroxyprometon in groundwater by high resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
abstract: Prometon, a major soil sterilant, and its main transformation products, deisopropylprometon (N(2)-isopropyl-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and hydroxyprometon (4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ol), were identified as the dominant triazine herbicides in groundwater samples from 51 locations in Colorado, USA, over a two-year time period. They were concentrated from water by solid phase extraction and detected using an ultrahigh pressure, liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF-MS). The transformation products, deisopropylprometon and hydroxyprometon, were confirmed using MS-MS experiments. An original strategy was applied to form the degradation standards for deisopropylprometon and hydroxyprometon, which consisted of photo-degradation of prometon followed by MS-MS analysis. The concentration of prometon ranged from the detection limit of 3 ng·L(-1) to 87 ng·L(-1), hydroxyprometon ranged up to 50 ng·L(-1), and deisopropylprometon up to 100 ng·L(-1), with a frequency of detection of 80%, which was greater than the other triazines detected in the groundwater samples. A new ratio is proposed for prometon degradation called the "deisopropylprometon to prometon ratio" or the DIP ratio, as an indicator of prometon residence time in groundwater. Furthermore, these data suggest that prometon is more of an issue for groundwater contamination in urban areas rather than agricultural areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández-Ramos
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Sustainability, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Imma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Colorado Department of Agriculture, Denver, Colorado.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mauch
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Satinsky
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Sustainability, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Electronic address: michael.thurman@colorado.edu.
authors.forename: E Michael
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Thurman
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003120:Colorado; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C005554:prometone
keywords: Groundwater; Mass spectrometry; Prometon; Transformation Products