title: Benchmark measurements and simulations of dose perturbations due to metallic spheres in proton beams.
abstract: Monte Carlo simulations are increasingly used for dose calculations in proton therapy due to its inherent accuracy. However, dosimetric deviations have been found using Monte Carlo code when high density materials are present in the proton beam line. The purpose of this work was to quantify the magnitude of dose perturbation caused by metal objects. We did this by comparing measurements and Monte Carlo predictions of dose perturbations caused by the presence of small metal spheres in several clinical proton therapy beams as functions of proton beam range, spread-out Bragg peak width and drift space. Monte Carlo codes MCNPX, GEANT4 and Fast Dose Calculator (FDC) were used. Generally good agreement was found between measurements and Monte Carlo predictions, with the average difference within 5% and maximum difference within 17%. The modification of multiple Coulomb scattering model in MCNPX code yielded improvement in accuracy and provided the best overall agreement with measurements. Our results confirmed that Monte Carlo codes are well suited for predicting multiple Coulomb scattering in proton therapy beams when short drift spaces are involved.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 94, Houston, Texas 77030, USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, 6767 Bertner, Houston, TX 77030, USA ; Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Newhauser
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 94, Houston, Texas 77030, USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, 6767 Bertner, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rechner
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 94, Houston, Texas 77030, USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, 6767 Bertner, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mirkovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, MS 315, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yepes
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, 169 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 94, Houston, Texas 77030, USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, 6767 Bertner, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Titt
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, USA.
authors.forename: Jonas D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fontenot
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, USA.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Monte Carlo simulation; Proton beam; dose perturbation; multiple Coulomb scattering