title: Healthy pregnant women in Canada are consuming more dietary protein at 16- and 36-week gestation than currently recommended by the Dietary Reference Intakes, primarily from dairy food sources.
abstract: Adequate dietary protein intake throughout pregnancy is essential to ensure healthy fetal development. Insufficient and excessive maternal dietary protein intakes are both associated with intrauterine growth restriction, resulting in low birth weight infants. The aim of this study was to analyze the dietary protein intake patterns of healthy pregnant women in Vancouver, British Columbia, during early and late gestation. We hypothesized that women would be consuming higher protein during late stages of pregnancy compared with early stages of pregnancy. Interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaires were collected prospectively from 270 women at 16- and 36-week gestation; food frequency questionnaires from 212 women met study criteria. Maternal anthropometrics at both stages and infant weight at birth were collected. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to determine significant gestational differences in protein intakes. Spearman correlation was used to determine the influence of protein intakes and maternal anthropometrics on pregnancy outcomes. Median (25th and 75th percentiles) protein intakes adjusted for body weight were 1.5 (1.18 and 1.79) and 1.3 (1.04 and 1.60) g/kg per day at 16- than 36-week gestation, respectively. Primary protein sources were identified as dairy products. Protein intakes were negatively correlated with birth weight (P < .05), whereas maternal height, weight, body mass index, and weight gain to 36-week gestation were positively correlated with birth weight (P < .05). This study provides current dietary protein intake patterns among healthy Canadian women during pregnancy and indicates higher intakes than current Dietary Reference Intakes recommended dietary allowance of 1.1 g/kg per day, especially during early gestation.
authors.affiliation: Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Trina V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Hillary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Innis
authors.affiliation: Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: relango@cfri.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Rajavel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elango
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D001955:British Columbia; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012016:Reference Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Food frequency questionnaire; Gestational stage; Human pregnancy; Protein intake; Protein source; Retrospective analysis