title: Dietary n-6 PUFA, carbohydrate:protein ratio and change in body weight and waist circumference: a follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between the intake of n-6 PUFA and subsequent change in body weight and waist circumference at different levels of the carbohydrate:protein ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up study with anthropometric measurements at recruitment and on average 5·3 years later. Dietary intake was determined at recruitment by using an FFQ that was designed for the study and validated. We applied linear regression models with 5-year change in weight or waist circumference as outcome and including a two-way interaction term between n-6 PUFA and carbohydrate intakes, lower-order terms, protein intake, long-chain n-3 PUFA intake and other potential confounders. Due to adjustment for intake of protein, levels of carbohydrate indirectly reflect levels of the carbohydrate:protein ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet, Cancer and Health follow-up study, Denmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women and men (n 29 152) aged 55 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a high intake of n-6 PUFA (6·9 % of energy) v. a low intake of n-6 PUFA (3·4 % of energy), the difference in 5-year weight change was -189·7 g (95 % CI -636·8, 257·4 g) at a low carbohydrate:protein ratio and -86·7 g (95 % CI -502·9, 329·6 g) at a high carbohydrate:protein ratio; the differences in 5-year waist circumference change were 0·26 cm (95 % CI -0·47, 0·98 cm) and -0·52 cm (95 % CI -1·19, 0·15 cm), respectively. Inclusion of the dietary glycaemic index did not change the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No consistent associations between the intake of n-6 PUFA and change in body weight or waist circumference at different levels of the carbohydrate:protein ratio were observed.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Public Health,Section for Epidemiology,Aarhus University,Bartholins Allé 2,DK-8000 Aarhus C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Marianne U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.affiliation: 2National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research,Bergen,Norway.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Cardiology,Center for Cardiovascular Research,Aalborg University Hospital,Aalborg,Denmark.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dethlefsen
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Cardiology,Center for Cardiovascular Research,Aalborg University Hospital,Aalborg,Denmark.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Due
authors.affiliation: 5The Danish Cancer Society Research Center,Copenhagen,Denmark.
authors.forename: Jytte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjær
authors.affiliation: 6Institute of Preventive Medicine,Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospitals - a part of Copenhagen University Hospital,The Capital Region,Copenhagen,Denmark.
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Biology,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Public Health,Section for Epidemiology,Aarhus University,Bartholins Allé 2,DK-8000 Aarhus C,Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6
keywords: Obesity