title: Development of microbiological field methodology for water and food-chain hygiene analysis of Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia spp. in Burkina Faso, West Africa.
abstract: Field-adaptable research methods for identifying Campylobacter sp., Yersinia sp. and other pathogenic and indicator bacteria were designed in Finland and tested in Burkina Faso. Several bacterial groups were also validated from artificially contaminated samples. Campylobacter strains were cultivated using an innovative gas generation system: The 'Portable Microbe Enrichment Unit' (PMEU) which provides microaerobic gas flow into the enrichment broth. This enhanced cultivation system produced rapid growth of several isolates of campylobacteria from water and chicken samples. The latter were obtained from local marketplace samples. No yersinias were found in the field studies, whereas they were readily recovered from the spiked samples, as well as Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains. The PMEU method turned out to be reliable for monitoring of water and food hygiene in remote locations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Finnoflag Oy, P.O. Box 262, 70101 Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: elias.hakalehto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hakalehto
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nyholm
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d'Epidémiologie et Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmis par les Aliments, CRSBAN/UFR-SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, 09 BP 24 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Isidore J O
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Bonkoungou
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Institute of Sciences, Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Assèta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kagambega
authors.affiliation: Finnoflag Oy, P.O. Box 262, 70101 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.affiliation: Finnoflag Oy, P.O. Box 262, 70101 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heitto
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d'Epidémiologie et Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus transmis par les Aliments, CRSBAN/UFR-SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barro
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haukka
keywords: Campylobacter; Coliforms; Enrichment; Environmental microbiology; Field testing; Food quality control; Isolation; PMEU; Portable Microbe Enrichment Unit; Salmonella; Water hygiene; Yersinia