title: Genome-wide sequencing of small RNAs reveals a tissue-specific loss of conserved microRNA families in Echinococcus granulosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators which control growth and development in eukaryotes. The cestode Echinococcus granulosus has a complex life-cycle involving different development stages but the mechanisms underpinning this development, including the involvement of miRNAs, remain unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using Illumina next generation sequencing technology, we sequenced at the genome-wide level three small RNA populations from the adult, protoscolex and cyst membrane of E. granulosus. A total of 94 pre-miRNA candidates (coding 91 mature miRNAs and 39 miRNA stars) were in silico predicted. Through comparison of expression profiles, we found 42 mature miRNAs and 23 miRNA stars expressed with different patterns in the three life stages examined. Furthermore, considering both the previously reported and newly predicted miRNAs, 25 conserved miRNAs families were identified in the E. granulosus genome. Comparing the presence or absence of these miRNA families with the free-living Schmidtea mediterranea, we found 13 conserved miRNAs are lost in E. granulosus, most of which are tissue-specific and involved in the development of ciliated cells, the gut and sensory organs. Finally, GO enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed miRNAs and their potential targets indicated that they may be involved in bi-directional development, nutrient metabolism and nervous system development in E. granulosus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has, for the first time, provided a comprehensive description of the different expression patterns of miRNAs in three distinct life cycle stages of E. granulosus. The analysis supports earlier suggestions that the loss of miRNAs in the Platyhelminths might be related to morphological simplification. These results may help in the exploration of the mechanism of interaction between this parasitic worm and its definitive and intermediate hosts, providing information that can be used to develop new interventions and therapeutics for the control of cystic echinococcosis.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Zhuangzhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yongqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fengshou
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Baoxin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.affiliation: Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, 250 Bibo Road, Shanghai 201203, China. wenbao.zhang88@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wenbao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shengyue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D048209:Echinococcus granulosus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D049751:Genome, Helminth; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009928:Organ Specificity; D034622:RNA Interference; D018510:RNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D015801:Helminth Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D018510:RNA, Helminth