title: Analysis of Repeated Measured VAS in a Clinical Trial for Evaluating a New NSAID with GEE Method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy between SKI306X and Diclofenac by using generalized estimating equations (GEE) methodology in the analysis of correlated bivariate binary outcome data in Osteoarthritis (OA) diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, active comparator controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial was conducted at 5 institutions in Korea with the random assignment of 248 patients aged 35 to 75 years old with OA of the knee and clinical evidence of OA. Patients were enrolled in this study if they had at least moderate pain in the affected knee joint and a score larger than 35mm as assessed by VAS (Visual Analog Scale). The main exposure variable was treatment (SKI 306X vs. Diclofenac) and other covariates were age, sex, BMI, baseline VAS, center, operation history (Yes/No), NSAIDS (Y/N), acupuncture (Y/N), herbal medicine (Y/N), past history of musculoskeletal disease (Y/N), and previous therapy related with OA (Y/N). The main study outcome was the change of VAS pain scores from baseline to the 2nd and 4th weeks after treatment. Pain scores were obtained as baseline, 2nd and 4th weeks after treatment. We applied GEE approach with empirical covariance matrix and independent (or exchangeable) working correlation matrix to evaluate the relation of several risk factors to the change of VAS pain scores with correlated binary bivariate outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While baseline VAS, age, and acupuncture variables had protective effects for reducing the OA pain, its treatment (Joins/Diclofenac) was not statistically significant through GEE methodology (ITT: aOR=1.37, 95% CI= (0.8200, 2.26), PP: aOR=1.47, 95% CI= (0.73, 2.95) ). The goodness-off it statistic for GEE (6.55, p=0.68) was computed to assess the adequacy of the fitted final model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both ANCOVA and GEE methods yielded non statistical significance in the evaluation of non-inferiority of the efficacy between SKI306X and Diclofenac. While VAS outcome for each visit was applied in GEE, only VAS outcome for the fourth visit was applied in ANCOVA. So the GEE methodology is more accurate for the analysis of correlated outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea. bjpark@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hoi Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea. bjpark@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yooni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea. bjpark@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young Bok
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea. bjpark@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang Cheol
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Seong
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea. bjpark@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea. bjpark@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kwon Jae
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea. bjpark@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jung Man
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea. bjpark@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Byung Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Clinical Trial; GEE; Goodness-of-fit test for GEE; Osteoarthritis; VAS pain score