title: Altered CYP2C9 activity following modulation of CYP3A4 levels in human hepatocytes: an example of protein-protein interactions.
abstract: Cytochrome P450 (P450) protein-protein interactions resulting in modulation of enzyme activities have been well documented using recombinant isoforms. This interaction has been less clearly demonstrated in a more physiologic in vitro system such as human hepatocytes. As an expansion of earlier work (Subramanian et al., 2010), in which recombinant CYP2C9 activity decreased with increasing levels of CYP3A4, the current study modulated CYP3A4 content in human hepatocytes to determine the impact on CYP2C9. Modulation of CYP3A4 levels in situ was enabled by the use of a long-term human hepatocyte culture model (HepatoPac) shown to retain phenotypic hepatocyte function over a number of weeks. The extended period of culture allowed time for knockdown of CYP3A4 protein by small interfering RNA (siRNA) with subsequent recovery, as well as upregulation through induction with a recovery period. CYP3A4 gene silencing resulted in a 60% decrease in CYP3A4 activity and protein levels with a concomitant 74% increase in CYP2C9 activity, with no change in CYP2C9 mRNA levels. Upon removal of siRNA, both CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 activities returned to pre-knockdown levels. Importantly, modulation of CYP3A4 protein levels had no impact on cytochrome P450 reductase activities or levels. However, the possibility for competition for limiting reductase cannot be ruled out. Interestingly, lowering CYP3A4 levels also increased UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 activity. These studies clearly demonstrate that alterations in CYP3A4 levels can modulate CYP2C9 activity in situ and suggest that further studies are warranted to evaluate the possible clinical consequences of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R., D.J.T., T.S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.) diane.ramsden@boehringer-ingelheim.com.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramsden
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R., D.J.T., T.S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.).
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tweedie
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R., D.J.T., T.S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.).
authors.forename: Tom S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut (D.R., D.J.T., T.S.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (T.S.T.).
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tracy
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D011485:Protein Binding; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D012293:Rifampin