title: Influence of the use of phosphate binders on serum levels of calcium phosphate in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis: A retrospective and prospective study.
abstract: Hypercalcemia-hyperphosphatemia is an unavoidable consequence of end-stage chronic kidney disease and common in hemodialytic patients. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one type of phosphate binder used widely and prescribed in patients undergoing hemodialysis, aiming to control the levels of calcium and phosphate. These drugs are most effective if taken with meals. This study aimed to evaluate the use of phosphate binders in hemodialysis patients and the factors that influence the success of phosphate binder therapy by experimental studies with retrospective data collection through the medical records and prospectively through the questionnaire and interviews with patients. The research was conducted in the Unit Hemodialysis building floor 8 of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. The data were collected in a retrospective way for two months (January-February 2013) and a prospective study in March-April 2013. Patients included were stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients who underwent hemodialysis in hemodialysis ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Patients who had data of serum levels at the beginning of the use of calcium phosphate and the final data in 2013 got the phosphate binder therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety six patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease who underwent hemodialysis had been using phosphate binder for 3 years in average. Patient evaluation showed that hypocalcemia was obtained in 23%; normokalemia in 42.7% and hypercalcemia in 34.3%. While the percentage of patients with hipofosfatemia14, 6%, normofosfatemia 32.3% and 53.1% hyperphosphatemia. Results obtained by the prospective analysis of factors that affect the success of the use of phosphate binder therapy are related to how the routine use of phosphate binders is made by the patient. Chi square test showed a significance of 0.000 (p < 0.05), the effect of 54%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We can conclude there are many events happening such as hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients that use phosphate binders. Monitoring of serum levels of calcium phosphate in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis should be performed every month. Education and the role of clinical staff required to assist compliance and therapeutic efficacy of phosphate binder are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pancasila University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Lusi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Setiani Agus
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal-Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Imam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Effendi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pancasila University, Jl Srengseng Sawah Jagakarsa, South Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Syamsudin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdillah
keywords: Calcium carbonate; Chronic kidney disease; Hemodialysis; Phosphate binder