title: Enucleation and evisceration: indications, complications and clinicopathological correlations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess main indications, postoperative complications and clinicopathological correlation of ocular enucleation-evisceration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 107 subjects who underwent enucleation and/or evisceration and received hydroxyapatite implants (Scleral wrap or mesh) were assessed. For each patient clinicopathological data was collected which included demographic information, clinical history, primary clinical diagnosis, main cause of ophthalmic surgery (traumatic, non-traumatic), type of surgical procedure (enucleation, evisceration) and pathological report. Patients' postoperative clinical visits were checked for procedure-related complications during first year after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ONE HUNDRED AND SEVEN PATIENTS (MALE: 65.4%; mean age: 26y) underwent enucleation (n=100) or evisceration (n=7) due to traumatic (n=41) and non-traumatic (n=66) causes. Disfiguring painful blind eye was the most common indication of surgery (66.4%), followed by leukocoria (19.6%) and endophthalmitis (4.7%). The main types of injury included ﬁrecracker, trafﬁc and work accidents, and sharp object perforating injury. In 53 (80.3%) subjects in non-traumatic group the initial clinical diagnosis matched the histopathological results. Malignant tumors (retinoblastoma: 47.5%, malignant melanoma: 27.3%) were the most common pathological diagnoses followed by phthisis bulbi (25.8%). The most common procedure-related complications were major eye discharge (39.6%), and implant exposure and discharge (20.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trauma and malignant tumors are the leading causes of enucleation-evisceration. Despite developing new techniques and materials, enucleation is still associated with considerable postoperative complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kord Valeshabad
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 40211, Iran.
authors.forename: Masood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naseripour
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 40261, Iran.
authors.forename: Rajab
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asghari
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 41570, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Hamid
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Parhizgar
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 40261, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Ehsan
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Parhizgar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 40211, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taghvaei
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 40261, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miri
keywords: enucleation; evisceration; malignant melanoma; ocular injury; retinoblastoma