title: HPV seroconversion following anal and penile HPV infection in HIV-negative and HIV-infected MSM.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed human papillomavirus (HPV) seroconversion following anal and penile HPV infection in HIV-negative and HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM).
  
  
  METHODS
  MSM aged ≥18 years were recruited in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (2010-2011), and followed up semiannually. Antibodies against 7 high-risk HPV types in baseline and 12-month serum samples were tested using a multiplex immunoassay. Baseline, 6-, and 12-month anal and penile samples were tested for HPV DNA using the SPF10-PCR DEIA/LiPA25 system. Statistical analyses were performed using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 644 MSM included in the analysis, 245 (38%) were HIV-infected. Median age was 38 years for HIV-negative and 47 years for HIV-infected MSM (P < 0.001). Seroconversion against ≥1 of the 7 HPV types was observed in 74 of 396 (19%) HIV-negative and 52 of 223 (23%) HIV-infected MSM at risk (P = 0.2). Incident [adjusted OR (aOR) 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-3.4] and persistent (aOR 3.7; 95% CI, 1.5-9.5) anal HPV infections were independently associated with type-specific seroconversion in HIV-negative MSM. In HIV-infected MSM, there was a nonsignificant positive association between penile HPV infection at any time point and seroconversion (aOR 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9-3.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incident or persistent anal HPV infection was an independent determinant of seroconversion in HIV-negative MSM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data support that seroresponse may vary per anatomic site and that persistent HPV infections are more likely to elicit a detectable humoral immune response.
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. somooij@ggd.amsterdam.nl.
authors.forename: Sofie H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mooij
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Landén
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fiona R M
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: van der Klis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marianne A B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van der Sande
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hester E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: de Melker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xiridou
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Jan van Goyen Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Eeden
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Titia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heijman
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arjen G C L
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Speksnijder
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit-University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Schim van der Loeff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000821:virology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000821:virology; D010413:Penis / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors