title: Physicochemical properties of some bottled water brands in Alexandria Governorate, Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many people use bottled water instead of tap water for many reasons such as taste, ease of carrying, and thinking that it is safer than tap water. Irrespective of the reason, bottled water consumption has been steadily growing in the world for the past 30 years. In Egypt, this is still increasing to reach 3.8 l/person/day, despite its high price compared with tap water.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical quality of some bottled water brands and to compare the quality with that reported on manufacture's labeling, Egyptian, and International standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen bottled water brands were selected from the local markets of Alexandria city. Three bottles from each brand were randomly sampled, making a total sample size of 42 bottles. Sampling occurred between July 2012 and September 2012. Each bottle was analyzed for its physicochemical parameter and the average was calculated for each brand. The results obtained were compared with the Egyptian standard for bottled water, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and with bottled water labels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all bottles in the study, pH values ranged between 7.21 and 8.23, conductivity ranged between 195 and 675 μs/cm, and total dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride, and fluoride were within the range specified by the FDA. Calcium concentrations ranged between 2.7373 and 29.2183 mg/l, magnesium concentrations ranged between 5.7886 and 17.6633 mg/l, sodium between 14.5 and 205.8 mg/l, and potassium between 6.5 and 29.8 mg/l. For heavy metals such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese, all of them were in conformity with the Egyptian standards and FDA, but nickel concentration in 11 brands was higher than the Egyptian standards. Twelve brands were higher than the Egyptian standards in cadmium concentration, but on comparison with FDA there were only five brands exceeding limits. Lead concentrations were out of range for all brands. On comparison with the labeled values, the quality of bottled water was not complying with labeled values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicochemical parameters in all bottled water examined brands were consistent with the Egyptian Standard and FDA, except for total dissolved solids, nickel, cadmium, and lead. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in all parameters tested between different brands. Values on the bottled water labels were not in agreement with analytical results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduated Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hesham Z
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Heba A G
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Afaf M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hafez
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards*; D004534:Egypt; D005515:Food Labeling; D006077:Government Agencies; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D008274:Magnesium