title: Biomarkers and personalized risk stratification for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.
abstract: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common neoplasia among men in developed countries and a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. PCa is a very heterogeneous disease, both clinically and biologically. Currently, it is difficult to stratify patients into risk groups that entail different disease management. Therefore, a personalized view of this disease is mandatory, through the development of new and more accurate biomarkers that may help clinicians to stratify patients according to threat that PCa poses for each patient. Hence, this review focuses on recent developments of molecular and immunohistochemical biomarkers for PCa risk stratification that might enable a personalized approach to PCa patients. However, despite the increasing amount of available data, there is also an urgent need to translate the most promising biomarkers for clinical use through large multicenter validation trials. Ultimately, these will contribute for an improved clinical management of PCa patients.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (CI-IPOP), LAB 3, F Building, 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Costa-Pinheiro
authors.forename: Hiten R H
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henrique
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jerónimo
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: biomarkers; epigenetics; genetic alterations; personalized management; prostate cancer; risk stratification