title: High-dynamic-range coherent diffractive imaging: ptychography using the mixed-mode pixel array detector.
abstract: Coherent (X-ray) diffractive imaging (CDI) is an increasingly popular form of X-ray microscopy, mainly due to its potential to produce high-resolution images and the lack of an objective lens between the sample and its corresponding imaging detector. One challenge, however, is that very high dynamic range diffraction data must be collected to produce both quantitative and high-resolution images. In this work, hard X-ray ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging has been performed at the P10 beamline of the PETRA III synchrotron to demonstrate the potential of a very wide dynamic range imaging X-ray detector (the Mixed-Mode Pixel Array Detector, or MM-PAD). The detector is capable of single photon detection, detecting fluxes exceeding 1 × 10(8) 8-keV photons pixel(-1) s(-1), and framing at 1 kHz. A ptychographic reconstruction was performed using a peak focal intensity on the order of 1 × 10(10) photons µm(-2) s(-1) within an area of approximately 325 nm × 603 nm. This was done without need of a beam stop and with a very modest attenuation, while `still' images of the empty beam far-field intensity were recorded without any attenuation. The treatment of the detector frames and CDI methodology for reconstruction of non-sensitive detector regions, partially also extending the active detector area, are described.
authors.affiliation: European XFEL GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Giewekemeyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Hugh T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Philipp
authors.affiliation: Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Robin N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.affiliation: European XFEL GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aquila
authors.affiliation: Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osterhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Shanks
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexey V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Zozulya
authors.affiliation: Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salditt
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sol M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gruner
authors.affiliation: European XFEL GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Adrian P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mancuso
mesh_terms: D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: coherent X-ray diffractive imaging; pixel array detectors; ptychography