title: Development of a V-shape bis(tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine) stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: A new stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography was prepared by covalently bonding a V-shape cage heteroatom-bridged calixarene onto silica gel using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as coupling reagent. The structure of the new material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Linear solvation energy relationship method was successfully employed to evaluate the new phase with a set of 34 solutes. The retention characteristic of the new phase shows significant similarities with ODS, as well as distinctive features. Multiple mechanisms including hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, π-π and n-π interaction are involved. The chromatographic behavior of the phase was illustrated by using alkylbenzenes, aromatics positional isomers and flavonoids as probes. Moreover, inorganic anions were individually separated in anion-exchange mode by using the same column. Thus, multi-interaction mechanisms and mixed-mode separation of the new phase can very likely guarantee its excellent chromatographic performance for the analysis of complex samples. The column has been successfully employed for the analysis of clenbuterol in animal urine, and it is demonstrated to be suitable and a competitive alternative analytical method for the determination of clenbuterol.
authors.affiliation: Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China.
authors.forename: Suxiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, PR China.
authors.forename: Mingxia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China. Electronic address: wjiezh@126.com.
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
authors.forename: Ajuan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Daxue Road 75, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China. Electronic address: zsszz@126.com.
authors.forename: Shusheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047250:Calixarenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D002976:Clenbuterol / Q000652:urine*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007536:Isomerism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011437:Propylamines; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D058428:Silica Gel; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011437:Propylamines; D012821:Silanes; D014227:Triazines; D047250:Calixarenes; D058428:Silica Gel; C477625:amino-propyl-triethoxysilane; D002976:Clenbuterol
keywords: Bis(tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine); Linear solvation energy relationship; Retention mechanism; Stationary phase