title: Renal and myocardial histopathology and morphometry in rats with adenine - induced chronic renal failure: influence of gum acacia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased occurrence of cardiovascular system dysfunction. Previous studies have revealed a number of alterations in the kidneys and heart during CKD. However, unbiased quantitative studies on these structures in this disease have so far not been addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We induced CKD in rats by feeding adenine (0.75% (w/w), four weeks) and using unbiased stereological methods, investigated the effect of the ensuing CKD on the kidneys and left ventricular structure. Since gum acacia (GA) has previously been shown to ameliorate the severity of CKD in humans and rodents, we investigated the effect of giving GA (15% (w/v) in the drinking water concomitantly with adenine) on the kidneys and left ventricular structure using the above model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CKD was confirmed by standard biochemical indices in plasma and urine and by accumulation of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate. Additionally, it increased blood pressure. In rats with CKD absolute volume of left ventricle was significantly increased, and the volume density and absolute volume of myocardial capillaries were decreased, whilst the same parameters of myocardium and interstitial tissue were increased. Renal morphometry demonstrated significant increase in kidney volume and interstitial tissue in adenine- treated rats. Similarly, glomerular Bowman's capsule was significantly thickened. The myocardial and renal changes were significantly mitigated by GA treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results add to our existing knowledge of the pathophysiology of adenine - CKD and provides plausible histopathological and morphometric evidence for the usefulness of GA in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Badreldin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Inuwa
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Za'abi
authors.forename: Shadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Bahlani
authors.forename: Halima
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al Issaei
authors.forename: Aishwarya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramkumar
authors.forename: Thulasi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Madanagopal
authors.forename: Abedrrahim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nemmar
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Malheiros
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zatz
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D006170:Gum Arabic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D006170:Gum Arabic; D000225:Adenine