title: Ethical challenges in care for older patients who resist help.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Situations where patients resist necessary help can be professionally and ethically challenging for health professionals, and the risk of paternalism, abuse and coercion are present.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine ethical challenges in situations where the patient resists healthcare.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method used was clinical application research. Academic staff and clinical co-researchers collaborated in a hermeneutical process to shed light on situations and create a basis for new action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four research groups were established. Each group consisted of six to eight clinical co-researchers, all employees with different health profession backgrounds and from different parts of the municipal healthcare services, and two scientific researchers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in compliance with ethical guidelines and principles. Participants were informed that participation was voluntary and that confidentiality would be maintained. They signed a consent form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings showed that the situations where patients opposed help related to personal hygiene, detention in an institution and medication associated with dental treatment. The situations were perceived as demanding and emotionally stressful for the clinicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The situations can be described as everyday ethics and are more characterised by moral uncertainty and moral distress than by being classic ethical dilemmas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Norwegian legislation governing the use of force seems to provide decision guidance with the potential to reduce uncertainty and moral stress if the clinicians' legal competence had been greater.
authors.affiliation: University of Agder, Norway kari.brodtkorb@uia.no.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brodtkorb
authors.affiliation: University of Agder, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne Valen-Sendstad
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Skisland
authors.affiliation: University of Agder, Norway.
authors.forename: Åshild
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Slettebø
authors.affiliation: University of Agder, Norway.
authors.forename: Ragnhild
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skaar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics*; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D006299:Health Services for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009664:Norway; D010349:Patient Compliance
keywords: Community healthcare; everyday ethics; moral distress; patient autonomy; restraint