title: Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from Shanghai, China: temporal trends, daily intake, and risk assessment.
abstract: To investigate the temporal trend of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and assess the risks to breast- and formula-fed infants, breast milk and infant formula samples were collected from Shanghai, China. The PBDE concentrations decreased from 14.8 to 4.85 pmol/g lipid weight during 2006-2012, with a rate of decrease by half approximately every four years. Although there were no significant correlations between the total PBDEs in breast milk and age, parity, and pre-pregnant BMI of mothers, there were significant differences between primiparous and multiparous mothers for tri- to hepta-BDEs. PBDEs in breast milk were much higher than those in infant formula (equivalent to 91.9 vs. 5.25 pg/mL). Among the different brand infant formulas, there were no significant differences in their PBDE concentrations. The estimated daily intake of PBDEs by breast- and formula-fed infants suggested that breast-fed infants are exposed to much more PBDEs than formula-fed ones (12.9 vs. 0.72 ng/kg-bw/day). However, the hazard quotient values were much smaller than one, indicating that the ingested PBDEs did not exert obvious adverse effects on both breast- and formula-fed infants considering non-carcinogenic effect endpoint. This is the first report on temporal trend of PBDEs in breast milk from China.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaolan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Kaiqiong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Bingli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Food and Chemical Quality Inspection Institution, Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Huangpu Maternity & Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai 200020, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiangming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China. Electronic address: yuyingxin@staff.shu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yingxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
keywords: Daily intake; Human milk; Infant formula; Polybrominated biphenyl ethers; Risk assessment