title: In vitro fungicidal activity of biocides against pharmaceutical environmental fungal isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of a range of cleanroom fungi against three disinfectants common to the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors: biguanide (chlorhexidine) and two quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chloride and cetrimide).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro fungicidal activities of the three biocides were studied against 112 cleanroom fungal isolates using broth microdilution technique (CLSI M38-A2 standard).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for all three biocides against hyaline fungi showed results of not more than 16 μg ml(-1). Alternaria showed <32 μg ml(-1) and other dematiaceous fungi reported that 8-16 μg ml(-1) for biguanides and QACs. This study clearly demonstrates that the most frequently isolated micro-organisms from an environmental monitoring programme may be periodically subjected to broth microdilution testing with cleanroom disinfectant agents used in the disinfection programme confirm their sensitivity profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No large collection of data exists on the activity of biocides on pharmaceutical cleanroom fungal isolates. This is the first study report with large collection of cleanroom fungal isolates tested against common biocides using the broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing to determine the MIC value. The data presented support a quality control procedure for cleanroom disinfection.
authors.affiliation: Bio Products Laboratory, Elstree, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sandle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saleh Al Aboody
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saravanakumar
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077286:Cetrimonium; D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D002710:Chlorhexidine; D000077286:Cetrimonium
keywords: antifungal activity; benzalkonium chloride; biocides; cetrimide; chlorhexidine; cleanrooms; environmental monitoring; fungi