title: Aspects of bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhoea virus herd-level seroprevalence and vaccination in dairy and beef herds in Northern Ireland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infections with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus cause diseases of cattle with a worldwide distribution. The primary objective of the present study was to describe aspects of herd-level BoHV-1 and BVDV seroprevalence (based on testing of pooled sera) and control on farms in Northern Ireland, including vaccine usage. An indirect antibody ELISA test (SVANOVA, Biotech AB, Uppsala, Sweden) was applied to serum pools which were constructed from serum samples taken for a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 500 Northern Irish dairy and beef cow herds in 2010, for which vaccination status was determined by telephone survey. The herd-level seroprevalence of BoHV-1 and BVDV in Northern Ireland was estimated in non-vaccinating herds and associations between possible risk factors (herd type and herd size (quartiles)) and herd-level prevalence were determined using chi-squared analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The herd-level seroprevalence (of BoHV-1 and BVDV) in non-vaccinating herds was 77.3% (95% CI: 73.6-80.9%) and 98.4% (95% CI: 97.3-99.5%) respectively in the cross-sectional study. A significant difference existed in BoHV-1 herd-level seroprevalence between dairy and beef herds (74.7% vs 86.5% respectively; p < 0.02) though not for BVDV seroprevalence (98.5% vs 98.3% respectively; p > 0.91). A significant association was found between herd size (quartiles) and herd-level classification for BoHV-1 herd-level seroprevalence based on cut-off percentage positivity (COPP) (p < 0.01) while no such association was found for BVDV (p = 0.22). 15.5% and 23.8% of farmers used BoHV-1 and BVDV vaccines, respectively. BoHV-1 vaccine was used in 30% of dairy herds and in 11% of beef herds, while BVDV vaccine was used in 46% and 16% of dairy and beef herds, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study indicate that the true herd-level seroprevalences to bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine virus diarrhoea virus in non-vaccinating herds in Northern Northern Ireland are 77.3% (95% CI: 73.6-80.9%) and 98.4% (95% CI: 97.3-99.5%), respectively. The present study will assist in guiding regional policy development and establish a baseline against which the progress of current and future control and eradication programmes can be measured.
authors.affiliation: MSD Animal Health, Red Oak North, South County Business Park, Leopardstown, Dublin 18, Ireland.
authors.forename: D J Bosco
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cowley
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Ireland, Main Street, Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, BT43SD, Belfast Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guelbenzu
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland ; Centre of Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: More