title: Implementation of a target volume design function for intrafractional range variation in a particle beam treatment planning system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment planning for charged particle therapy in the thoracic and abdominal regions should take account of range uncertainty due to intrafractional motion. Here, we developed a design tool (4Dtool) for the target volume [field-specific target volume (FTV)], which accounts for this uncertainty using four-dimensional CT (4DCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Target and normal tissue contours were input manually into a treatment planning system (TPS). These data were transferred to the 4Dtool via the picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Contours at the reference phase were propagated to other phases by deformable image registration. FTV was calculated using 4DCT on the 4Dtool. The TPS displays FTV contours using digital imaging and communications in medicine files imported from the PACS. These treatment parameters on the CT image at the reference phase were then used for dose calculation on the TPS. The tool was tested in single clinical case randomly selected from patients treated at our centre for lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this clinical case, calculation of dose distribution with the 4Dtool resulted in the successful delivery of carbon-ion beam at the reference phase of 95% of the prescribed dose to the clinical target volume (CTV). Application to the other phases also provided sufficient dose to the CTV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 4Dtool software allows the design of the target volume with consideration to intrafractional range variation and is now in routine clinical use at our institution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our alternative technique represents a practical approach to four-dimensional treatment planning within the current state of charged particle therapy.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inaniwa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noda
mesh_terms: D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software