title: The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss.
abstract: Using an ethical lens, this review evaluates two methods of working within patient care and public health: the weight-normative approach (emphasis on weight and weight loss when defining health and well-being) and the weight-inclusive approach (emphasis on viewing health and well-being as multifaceted while directing efforts toward improving health access and reducing weight stigma). Data reveal that the weight-normative approach is not effective for most people because of high rates of weight regain and cycling from weight loss interventions, which are linked to adverse health and well-being. Its predominant focus on weight may also foster stigma in health care and society, and data show that weight stigma is also linked to adverse health and well-being. In contrast, data support a weight-inclusive approach, which is included in models such as Health at Every Size for improving physical (e.g., blood pressure), behavioral (e.g., binge eating), and psychological (e.g., depression) indices, as well as acceptability of public health messages. Therefore, the weight-inclusive approach upholds nonmaleficience and beneficience, whereas the weight-normative approach does not. We offer a theoretical framework that organizes the research included in this review and discuss how it can guide research efforts and help health professionals intervene with their patients and community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tylka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Annunziato
authors.affiliation: Psychology Private Practice, Los Altos, CA 94022, USA.
authors.forename: Deb
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burgard
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Health, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Sigrún
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daníelsdóttir
authors.affiliation: Acoria-A Weigh Out Eating Disorder Treatment, Cincinnati, OH 45208, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shuman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
authors.forename: Chad
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6205-9719
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NP, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Calogero
mesh_terms: D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011634:Public Health; D057545:Social Stigma; D012944:Social Support; D015431:Weight Loss