title: [Epidemiology and risk factors of upper urinary tract tumors: literature review for the yearly scientific report of the French National Association of Urology].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiology, the risk and genetic factors involved in carcinogenesis pathways of upper urinary tumors UTUCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed from the database Medline (National Library of Medicine, PubMed) and websites of the HAS and the ANSM using the following keywords: epidemiology; risk factor; tobacco; aristolochic acid; urothelial carcinoma; ureter; renal pelvis. The search was focused on the characteristics, the mode of action, the efficiency and the side effects of the various drugs concerned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated UTUC incidence is 1.2 cases/100,000 inhabitant per year in Europe. The incidence of renal pelvis tumor has been stable for 30years, while the frequency of ureteric locations has increased over time. Locally advanced stage and high grade are more frequent at the time of diagnosis. The median age for diagnosis is 70-years-old. Male-to-female ratio is nearly 2. Main carcinogenic factors are tobacco consumption and occupational exposure. There are specific risk factors for UTUC such acid aristolochic (balkan's nephropathy and Chinese herbs nephropathy). Familial cases are distinct from sporadic cases. UTUCs belong to the HNPCC syndrome and they rank third in its tumor spectrum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UTUCs are scarce tumors with specific epidemiologic characteristics. UTUCs share common risk factors with other urothelial carcinomas such as bladder tumors but have also specific risk factors that clinicians should know.
authors.affiliation: Service d'urologie, université Lille Nord de France, hôpital Huriez, CHRU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ouzzane
authors.affiliation: Service d'urologie, hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, faculté de médecine Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, université Paris 6, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; ONCOTYPE-URO, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 5, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouprêt
authors.affiliation: ONCOTYPE-URO, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 5, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.affiliation: Academic department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, Royaume-Uni.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: Service d'urologie, hôpital Privé de la Louvière, générale de santé, 69, rue de la Louvière, 59000 Lille, France; Service d'urologie, hôpital de Seclin, rue d'Apolda, 59113 Seclin, France. Electronic address: docpierrecolin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colin
mesh_terms: D001449:Balkan Nephropathy / Q000150:complications; D001560:Benzidines / Q000009:adverse effects; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D001560:Benzidines; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: Acide aristolochique; Aristolochic acid; Bassinet; Carcinome urothélial; Epidemiology; Facteurs de risque; Renal pelvis; Risk factor; Tabac; Tobacco; Ureter; Uretère; Urothelial carcinoma; Épidémiologie