title: Effects of caloric restriction on nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios in adult rat bone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stable isotope analysis is a valuable technique for dietary estimation in ecological and archaeological research, yet many variables can potentially affect tissue stable isotope signatures. Controlled feeding studies across a range of species have consistently demonstrated impacts of caloric restriction on tissue stable isotope ratios, but most have focused on juvenile, fasting, and/or starving individuals, and most have utilized soft tissues despite the importance of bone for paleodietary analyses. The goal of this study was to determine whether temporally defined, moderate food restriction could affect stable carbon and/or nitrogen isotope ratios in adult mammalian bone - a tissue that arguably reflects long-term dietary signals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult rats fed a standard laboratory diet were restricted to 45% of ad libitum intakes for 3 or 6 months. Relevant anatomical and physiological parameters were measured to confirm that the restriction protocol resulted in significant nutritional stress and to provide independent data to facilitate interpretation of stable isotope ratios. Femoral bone δ(13)Ccollagen, δ(15)Ncollagen, and δ(13)Capatite values were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calorie-restricted animals exhibited a small, yet significant enrichment in (15)Ncollagen compared with control animals, reflecting protein-calorie stress. While the δ(13)Ccollagen values did not differ, the δ(13)Capatite values revealed less enrichment in (13)C than in controls, reflecting catabolism of body fat. Independent anatomical and physiological data from these same individuals support these interpretations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that moderate caloric restriction does not appreciably undermine broad interpretations of dietary signals in adult mammalian bone. Significant variability among individuals or groups, however, is best explained by marked differences in energy intake over variable timescales. An inverse relationship between the δ(13)Capatite and δ(15)Ncollagen values observed in this study indicates that a more robust pattern is expected with more severe or prolonged restriction and suggests this pattern may have utility as a marker of food deprivation in archaeological populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Box 117305, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Psychology, Box 112250, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krigbaum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D004032:Diet; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D006728:Hormones; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes