title: Immunoproteomic profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae systemic infection in a murine model.
abstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered a safe microorganism widely used as a dietary supplement. However, in the latest decades several cases of S. cerevisiae infections have been reported. Recent studies in a murine model of systemic infection have also revealed the virulence of some S. cerevisiae dietary strains. Here we use an immunoproteomic approach based on protein separation by 2D-PAGE followed by Western-blotting to compare the serological response against a virulent dietary and a non-virulent laboratory strains leading to the identification of highly different patterns of antigenic proteins. Thirty-six proteins that elicit a serological response in mice have been identified. Most of them are involved in stress responses and metabolic pathways. Their selectivity as putative biomarkers for S. cerevisiae infections was assessed by testing sera from S. cerevisiae-infected mice against Candida albicans and C. glabrata proteins. Some chaperones and metabolic proteins showed cross-reactivity. We also compare the S. cerevisiae immunodetected proteins with previously described C. albicans antigens. The results point to the stress-related proteins Ahp1, Yhb1 and Oye2, as well as the glutamine synthetase Gln1 and the oxysosterol binding protein Kes1 as putative candidates for being evaluated as biomarkers for diagnostic assays of S. cerevisiae infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. cerevisiae can cause opportunistic infections, and therefore, a precise diagnosis of fungal infections is necessary. This immunoproteomic analysis of sera from a model murine infection with a virulent dietary S. cerevisiae strain has been shown to be a source of candidate proteins for being evaluated as biomarkers to develop assays for diagnosis of S. cerevisiae infections. To our knowledge, this is the first study devoted to the identification of S. cerevisiae immunogenic proteins and the results allowed the proposal of five antigens to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández-Haro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Llopis
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Spain. Electronic address: luciamon@farm.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monteoliva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Spain.
authors.forename: Concha
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000946:Antigens, Fungal / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009181:Mycoses / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000946:Antigens, Fungal; D015415:Biomarkers; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
keywords: Biomarkers; Dietary yeast; Immunoproteomics; S. cerevisiae antigen; Yeast infection