title: Drug and cell delivery for cardiac regeneration.
abstract: The spectrum of ischaemic cardiomyopathy, encompassing acute myocardial infarction to congestive heart failure is a significant clinical issue in the modern era. This group of diseases is an enormous source of morbidity and mortality and underlies significant healthcare costs worldwide. Cardiac regenerative therapy, whereby pro-regenerative cells, drugs or growth factors are administered to damaged and ischaemic myocardium has demonstrated significant potential, especially preclinically. While some of these strategies have demonstrated a measure of success in clinical trials, tangible clinical translation has been slow. To date, the majority of clinical studies and a significant number of preclinical studies have utilised relatively simple delivery methods for regenerative therapeutics, such as simple systemic administration or local injection in saline carrier vehicles. Here, we review cardiac regenerative strategies with a particular focus on advanced delivery concepts as a potential means to enhance treatment efficacy and tolerability and ultimately, clinical translation. These include (i) delivery of therapeutic agents in biomaterial carriers, (ii) nanoparticulate encapsulation, (iii) multimodal therapeutic strategies and (iv) localised, minimally invasive delivery via percutaneous transcatheter systems.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Conn L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hastings
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Women's Health, University Women's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Dept. of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Dept. of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schenke-Layland
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Conor J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: garryduffy@rcsi.ie.
authors.forename: Garry P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D001685:Biological Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors
keywords: Biomaterials; Cell therapy; Drug delivery; Growth factor; Heart failure; Medical device; Myocardial infarction; Regenerative medicine