title: 4D CT amplitude binning for the generation of a time-averaged 3D mid-position CT scan.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a method to use amplitude binned 4D-CT (A-4D-CT) data for the construction of mid-position CT data and to compare the results with data created from phase-binned 4D-CT (P-4D-CT) data. For the latter purpose we have developed two measures which describe the regularity of the 4D data and we have tried to correlate these measures with the regularity of the external respiration signal. 4D-CT data was acquired for 27 patients on a combined PET-CT scanner. The 4D data were reconstructed twice, using phase and amplitude binning. The 4D frames of each dataset were registered using a quadrature-based optical flow method. After registration the deformation vector field was repositioned to the mid-position. Since amplitude-binned 4D data does not provide temporal information, we corrected the mid-position for the occupancy of the bins. We quantified the differences between the two mid-position datasets in terms of tumour offset and amplitude differences. Furthermore, we measured the standard deviation of the image intensity over the respiration after registration (σregistration) and the regularity of the deformation vector field (Delta J) to quantify the quality of the 4D-CT data. These measures were correlated to the regularity of the external respiration signal (σsignal).The two irregularity measures, Delta J and σregistration, were dependent on each other (p<0.0001, R2=0.80 for P-4D-CT, R2=0.74 for A-4D-CT). For all datasets amplitude binning resulted in lower Delta J and σregistration and large decreases led to visible quality improvements in the mid-position data. The quantity of artefact decrease was correlated to the irregularity of the external respiratory signal.The average tumour offset between the phase and amplitude binned mid-position without occupancy correction was 0.42 mm in the caudal direction (10.6% of the amplitude). After correction this was reduced to 0.16 mm in caudal direction (4.1% of the amplitude). Similar relative offsets were found at the diaphragm. We have devised a method to use amplitude binned 4D-CT to construct motion model and generate a mid-position planning CT for radiotherapy treatment purposes. We have decimated the systematic offset of this mid-position model with a motion model derived from P-4D-CT. We found that the A-4D-CT led to a decrease of local artefacts and that this decrease was correlated to the irregularity of the external respiration signal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matthijs F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Kruis
authors.forename: Jeroen B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van de Kamer
authors.forename: José S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Belderbos
authors.forename: Jan-Jakob
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sonke
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Herk
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009068:Movement; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration