title: The conflict between cheetahs and humans on Namibian farmland elucidated by stable isotope diet analysis.
abstract: Large areas of Namibia are covered by farmland, which is also used by game and predator species. Because it can cause conflicts with farmers when predators, such as cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), hunt livestock, we assessed whether livestock constitutes a significant part of the cheetah diet by analysing the stable isotope composition of blood and tissue samples of cheetahs and their potential prey species. According to isotopic similarities, we defined three isotopic categories of potential prey: members of a C4 food web with high δ15N values (gemsbok, cattle, springhare and guinea fowl) and those with low δ15N values (hartebeest, warthog), and members of a C3 food web, namely browsers (eland, kudu, springbok, steenbok and scrub hare). We quantified the trophic discrimination of heavy isotopes in cheetah muscle in 9 captive individuals and measured an enrichment for 15N (3.2‰) but not for 13C in relation to food. We captured 53 free-ranging cheetahs of which 23 were members of groups. Cheetahs of the same group were isotopically distinct from members of other groups, indicating that group members shared their prey. Solitary males (n = 21) and males in a bachelor groups (n = 11) fed mostly on hartebeest and warthogs, followed by browsers in case of solitary males, and by grazers with high δ15N values in case of bachelor groups. Female cheetahs (n = 9) predominantly fed on browsers and used also hartebeest and warthogs. Mixing models suggested that the isotopic prey category that included cattle was only important, if at all, for males living in bachelor groups. Stable isotope analysis of fur, muscle, red blood cells and blood plasma in 9 free-ranging cheetahs identified most individuals as isotopic specialists, focussing on isotopically distinct prey categories as their food.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thalwitzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melzheimer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.affiliation: The AfriCat Foundation, Farm Okonjima, Otjiwarongo, Otjozondjupa, Namibia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jago
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wachter
mesh_terms: D002612:Acinonyx / Q000502:physiology*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000866:Antelopes; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D020387:Food Chain; D034621:Hares; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009276:Namibia; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes