title: Permeation studies through porcine small intestine of furosemide solutions for personalised paediatric administration.
abstract: Personalized medicine is a challenging research area in paediatric drug design since no suitable pharmaceutical forms are currently available. Furosemide is an anthranilic acid derivative used in paediatric practice to treat cardiac and pulmonary disorders in premature infants and neonates. However, it is not commercialized in suitable dosage forms for paediatrics. Elaborating new paediatric formulations when no commercial forms are available is a common practice in pharmacy laboratories; amongst these, oral liquid formulations are the most common. We developed two extemporaneous paediatric oral solutions of furosemide (pure powder). The characterization and stability study were also performed. Parameters such as organoleptic characteristics, rheology, pH, content of active substance, and microbial stability were evaluated at three temperatures for two months. Evaluation of all these parameters showed that both solutions were stable for 60 days at 4 and 25 °C. Moreover, ex vivo studies were performed to evaluate the permeation behaviour of developed solutions through porcine small intestine to evaluate the potential paediatric biological parameters influencing the bioavailability and efficacy. A validated spectrofluorometric method was also used for this purpose. Our results guarantee a correct dosification, administration and potential efficacy of furosemide when is formulated in liquid oral forms for the treatment of cardiac and pulmonary disorders in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Av. s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Provenza
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Av. s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Calpena
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Av. s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mallandrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Av. s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Av. s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Egea
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja St. s/n, Granada 18071, Spain. Electronic address: beatrizclares@ugr.es.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clares
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D010372:Pediatrics; D010539:Permeability; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D005665:Furosemide
keywords: Furosemide; Intestinal permeation; Oral solution; Paediatric design