title: Taxonomic revision of the Pyrgulopsis gilae (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) species complex, with descriptions of two new species from the Gila River basin, New Mexico.
abstract: We describe two new species of springsnails (genus Pyrgulopsis) for populations from the middle Fork and upper East Fork of the Gila River Basin (New Mexico) that had been previously identified as P. gilae. We also restrict P. gilae to its originally circumscribed geographic range which consists of a short reach of the East Fork Gila River and a single spring along the Gila River (below the East Fork confluence). These three species form genetically distinct lineages that differ from each other by 3.9-6.3% for mtCOI and 3.7-8.7% for mtNDI (the latter data were newly obtained for this study), and are diagnosable by shell and penial characters. Collectively the three species form a strongly supported clade that is distinguished from other congeners by the unique presence of two glandular strips on the dorsal surface of the penial filament. These findings suggest that the conservation status of P. gilae, which was recently removed from the list of candidates for listing as endangered or threatened by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, should be revisited and that the two new species may also merit protective measures given their narrow geographic ranges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hershler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation:  New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, One Wildlife Way, Santa Fe, NM 87507, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hay
keywords: Gastropoda; United States; conservation; freshwater; taxonomy