title: Enzyme-mediated bacterial biodegradation of an azo dye (C.I. Acid blue 113): reuse of treated dye wastewater in post-tanning operations.
abstract: "Dyeing" is a common practice used to color the hides during the post-tanning operations in leather processing generating plenty of wastewater. The waste stream containing dye as pollutant is severely harmful to living beings. An azo dye (C.I. Acid Blue 113) has been biodegraded effectively by bacterial culture mediated with azoreductase enzyme to reduce the pollution load in the present investigation. The maximum rate of dye degradation was found to be 96 ± 4 and 92 ± 4 % for the initial concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/l, respectively. The enzyme activity was measured using NADH as a substrate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis was confirmed that the transformation of azo linkage could be transformed into N2 or NH3 or incorporated into complete biomass. Breaking down of dye molecules to various metabolites (such as aniline, naphthalene-1,4-diamine, 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid, 8-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid, 5,8-diaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid) was confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectra (GC-MS) and mass (electrospray ionization (ESI)) spectra analysis. The treated wastewater could be reused for dyeing operation in the leather processing, and the properties of produced leather were evaluated by conventional methods that revealed to have improved dye penetration into the grain layer of experimental leather sample and resulted in high levelness of dyeing, which helps to obtain the desired smoothness and soft leather properties.
authors.affiliation: Leather Processing Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Senthilvelan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanagaraj
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Panda
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D046508:Culture Techniques; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D009601:Nitroreductases; D059027:Recycling; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009601:Nitroreductases; D062065:Wastewater; C015967:Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN; C021106:azoreductase