title: Enrichment of LAG-3, but not PD-1, on double negative T cells at the female genital tract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The expression of inhibitory markers such as LAG-3 and PD-1 on T lymphocytes regulates immune function. Their expression at the genital mucosa is poorly understood, but regulation of immune activation at the female genital tract likely controls susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical mononuclear cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry. Concentrations of cytokines were determined in cervical-vaginal lavage samples by bead array.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LAG-3 expression was significantly elevated at the genital mucosa and was associated with expression of CCR5 and CD69. Double negative (DN) T cells expressed the highest levels of LAG-3, but not PD-1, and were more activated than other T lymphocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elevated expression of LAG-3 at the genital tract suggests it may regulate T-cell activation, and identify cells susceptible to HIV infection. The enrichment of LAG-3 on DN T cells suggests LAG-3 may contribute to the immunoregulatory activity of these cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Juno
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lajoie
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Stalker
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oyugi
authors.forename: Makobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimani
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimani
authors.forename: Francis A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Fowke
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000378:metabolism; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D016827:CD8 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002469:Cell Separation; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000378:metabolism*; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D000093322:Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein; D000099192:CD69 Antigens
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D015704:CD4 Antigens; D016827:CD8 Antigens; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D000093322:Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein; D000099192:CD69 Antigens; C584933:CCR5 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human
keywords: Cervical; HIV; LAG-3; exhaustion; sexually transmitted infection