title: Optimal approach to the management of intrathoracic esophageal leak following esophagectomy: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, endoscopic interventions (eg, esophageal stenting) have been successfully used for the management of intrathoracic leak. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the safety and efficacy of techniques used in the management of intrathoracic anastomotic leak.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed to identify eligible studies analyzing management of intrathoracic esophageal leak following esophagectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative anastomotic drain placement was associated with earlier identification and resolution of anastomotic leak (mean 23.4 vs 80.7 days). In addition, reinforcement of the anastomosis with omentoplasty may reduce the incidence of anastomotic leak by nearly 50%. Endoscopic stent placement was associated with leak resolution in 72%; fatal complications were reported, however, and safety remains to be proven. Negative pressure therapy, a potentially useful tool, requires further study. If stenting and wound vacuum are used, undrained mediastinal contamination and persistent leak require surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schaheen
authors.affiliation: Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Shanda H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Blackmon
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: nasonks@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Katie S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nason
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D057868:Anastomotic Leak / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D019468:Disease Management; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004947:Esophagus / Q000601:surgery*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D012086:Reoperation
keywords: Anastomotic leak; Assessment; Esophagectomy; Outcomes; Postoperative complications; Review; Systematic