title: Effects of COMT, DRD2, BDNF, and APOE Genotypic Variation on Treatment Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore the main and interaction effects of the COMT Val158Met, DRD2 C957T, BDNF Val66Met, and APOE polymorphisms on treatment efficacy and cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 117 adult inpatients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder recruited from 3 hospitals were administered the Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale and a cognitive battery assessing global cognition, anterograde memory, executive function, speed and concentration, as well as retrograde memory at baseline and after ECT treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DRD2 C957T heterozygotes had 3.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.13-12.25; P = 0.032) greater odds of remission compared with CC homozygotes. Among the men, COMT Val/Val carriers had greater depressive symptom reduction compared with Met/Met carriers (Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale percentage of reduction, 76% vs 35%; P = 0.020) but not among the women (P = 0.903) after ECT. For cognitive outcomes, an interaction effect on anterograde memory was observed between the DRD2 and BDNF polymorphisms (P = 0.016), in which carriers of the DRD2 TT and BDNF Val/Val genotypes had significantly less decline in anterograde performance than those that carried the TC and Met-allele (P = 0.001) or CC and Met-allele (P = 0.003) genotypes. However, no results withstood correction for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations provide preliminary evidence supporting an association between common functional genotypic variation and ECT efficacy as well as anterograde memory side effects after ECT. Validation of these findings is required before firm conclusions can be made and clinical utility can be assessed.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; †School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales; ‡Black Dog Institute, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney and §Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bousman
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katalinic
authors.forename: Donel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Deidre J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.forename: Chee
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Colleen K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Loo
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C581293:DRD2 protein, human; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C588010:COMT protein, human; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase