title: Mechanisms involved in the gastroprotective activity of Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent on gastric lesions in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Celtis iguanaea (Canabaceae) is popularly known as esporão-de-galo, stands out among the medicinal plants used for treatment of gastric ulcers. In Brazil, the leaves they are used traditionally in infusion forms as an analgesic, antiasthmatic, digestive and diuretic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was aimed to investigate the antiulcer mechanisms of hexane extract Celtis iguanaea leaves (HE) in several induced-gastric ulcer and characterize its chemical composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HE was obtained by exhaustive extraction in Soxhlet apparatus. The chemical characterization of HE was performed by Electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) analysis. Mice were used for the evaluation of the gastroprotective activity. HE was analyzed in the HCl/ethanol, hypothermic restraint stress ulcer and acetic acid. In the investigation of the gastroprotective mechanisms of HE, were performed the amount of adhered gastric mucus, participation of the α2-adrenoceptor, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs) using the HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosa lesion model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ESI FT-ICR MS analysis of HE suggest the presence of compounds as lipids, sterol lipids, steroids glycosides and polyphenol glycosides. The oral administration of HE at doses of 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg was able to protect the gastric mucosa against HCl/ethanol (10 mL/kg p.o.), and HE at dose of 100mg/kg protected against hypothermic-restraint stress and acetic -induced gastric lesions. The pretreatment with Yoimbine (2mg/kg, s.c.), an antagonist α2-adrenergic, L-NAME (20mg/kg, s.c.), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis or indomethacin (10mg/kg, s.c.), an inhibitor of prostaglandin production, reversed the gastroprotective activity of HE (100mg/kg, p.o.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the Celtis iguanaea HE exhibits gastroprotective activity in different gastric ulcer models. The mechanism of gastroprotective effect of Celtis iguanaea HE suggests the participation of mucus as well as the involvement of α2-adrenergic receptors, NO and prostaglandins. The hydroxyl-linolenic acid, linoleic acids and conjugated oxo-linoleic acids are among the phytoconstituents that were identified in the Celtis iguanaea HE.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Luís Rodrigues
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Oscar Romero Lopes
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayane Moreira
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pablinny Moreira
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Galdino
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Realino
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Paula
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Petroleômica and Chemistry Forense, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wanderson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Romão
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Petroleômica and Chemistry Forense, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helber Barcellos
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Boniek Gontijo
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo César
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ghedini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Electronic address: xico@ufg.br.
authors.forename: Elson Alves
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000431:Ethanol; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018515:Plant Leaves; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D034401:Ulmaceae; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D015016:Yohimbine; D000431:Ethanol; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019342:Acetic Acid; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: Celtis iguanaea; Gastroprotective mechanisms; Hydroxyl-linolenic; Linoleic acids