title: All aboard! A biological survey of ballast water onboard vessels spanning the North Atlantic Ocean.
abstract: Global movement of nonindigenous species, within ballast water tanks across natural barriers, threatens coastal and estuarine ecosystem biodiversity. In 2012, the Port of Houston ranked 10th largest in the world and 2nd in the US (waterborne tonnage). Ballast water was collected from 13 vessels to genetically examine the eukaryotic microorganism diversity being discharged into the Port of Houston, Texas (USA). Vessels took ballast water onboard in North Atlantic Ocean between the Port of Malabo, Africa and Port of New Orleans, Louisiana, (USA). Twenty genera of Protists, Fungi and Animalia were identified from at least 10 phyla. Dinoflagellates were the most diverse and dominant identified (Alexandrium, Exuviaella, Gyrodinium, Heterocapsa, Karlodinium, Pfiesteria and Scrippsiella). We are reporting the first detection of Picobiliphytes, Apusozoa (Amastigomonas) and Sarcinomyces within ballast water. This study supports that global commerce by shipping contributes to long-distance transportation of eukaryotic microorganisms, increasing propagule pressure and invasion supply on ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States. Electronic address: steichej@tamug.edu.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Steichen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, United States.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, United States.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brinkmeyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, United States.
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quigg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D003132:Commerce; D017753:Ecosystem; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000145:classification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D012767:Ships
keywords: Ballast water; Diatoms; Dinoflagellates; Galveston Bay; Invasive species