title: Validating screening tools for depression in epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is a common comorbidity of epilepsy, and its timely identification in persons with epilepsy is essential. The use of screening tools to detect depression is common in epilepsy, but some scales in current use have not been validated using a gold standard in this population. The present study aims to validate three commonly used depression-screening scales and assess new cut points for scoring in those with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons with epilepsy (n = 300) from the only epilepsy clinic in a large urban health region completed questionnaires (e.g., sociodemographics, adverse event profile) and three depression-screening tools (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]; Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ]-9 and PHQ-2). One hundred eighty-five patients participated in a gold-standard structured clinical interview to assess depression. The diagnostic accuracy of the depression scales was assessed comparing a variety of scoring cut points to the gold-standard diagnosis of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of current depression in this population, according to the gold-standard, was 14.6%. The scale with the highest sensitivity (84.6%) was the HADS with a cut point of 6 and the scale with the highest specificity (96.2%) was the PHQ-9 algorithm scoring method. Overall, the PHQ-9 at a cut point of 9 and the HADS at a cut point of 7 resulted in the greatest balance of sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve: 88% and 90%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PHQ-9 at a cut point of 9 and the HADS at a cut point of 7 had the best overall balance of sensitivity and specificity. However, for screening purposes the PHQ-9 algorithm method is ideal (optimizing specificity), whereas for case finding the HADS at a cut point of 6 performed best (optimizing sensitivity). Appropriate scale cut points should be chosen based on the study's goals and available resources. Disease-specific scale cut points are recommended for future studies assessing depression in persons with epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Kirsten M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fiest
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Patten
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiebe
authors.forename: Andrew G M
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bulloch
authors.forename: Colleen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jetté
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; Epidemiology; Epilepsy; Sensitivity and specificity