title: Mechanism of chemical degradation and determination of solubility by kinetic modeling of the highly unstable sesquiterpene lactone nobilin in different media.
abstract: The objective of this work was first to investigate the chemical degradation of the sesquiterpene lactone nobilin and determine its solubility under conditions of concurrent degradation for partially amorphous starting material; second, to determine the effect of biorelevant media used in the in vitro measurement of intestinal absorption on degradation and solubility of nobilin. Purely aqueous medium (aq-TMCaco ), fasted and fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF-TMCaco and FeSSIF-TMCaco ), and two liposomal formulations (LiposomesFaSSIF and LiposomesFeSSIF ) with the same lipid concentration as FaSSIF-TMCaco and FeSSIF-TMCaco were used. Degradation products were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography and the order of reaction kinetics was determined. Solubility was deduced with a mathematical model encompassing dissolution, degradation, and reprecipitation kinetics that took into account particle size distribution of the solid material. Degradation mechanism of nobilin involved water-catalyzed opening of the lactone ring and transannular cyclization resulting in five degradation products. Degradation followed first-order kinetics in aq-TMCaco and FaSSIF-TMCaco , and higher-order kinetics in FeSSIF-TMCaco and the two liposomal formulations, whereas degradation in the latter media was diminished. Solubility of nobilin increased in the order: aq-TMCaco < FaSSIF-TMCaco , < LiposomesFaSSIF < FeSSIF-TMCaco < LiposomesFeSSIF . Improvement of stability and solubility was consistent with the incorporation of the nobilin molecule into colloidal lipid particles. The developed kinetic model is proposed to be a useful tool for deducing solubility under dynamic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thormann
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Mieri
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neuburger
authors.forename: Sheela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verjee
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Altmann
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamburger
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Imanidis
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010316:Particle Size; D045788:Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D045788:Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane
keywords: NMR spectroscopy; chemical stability; degradation products; food effects; kinetics; mathematical model; natural products; particle size; solubility