title: Neurostimulation for traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant public health problem and is a leading cause of death and disability in many countries. Durable treatments for neurological function deficits following TBI have been elusive, as there are currently no FDA-approved therapeutic modalities for mitigating the consequences of TBI. Neurostimulation strategies using various forms of electrical stimulation have recently been applied to treat functional deficits in animal models and clinical stroke trials. The results from these studies suggest that neurostimulation may augment improvements in both motor and cognitive deficits after brain injury. Several studies have taken this approach in animal models of TBI, showing both behavioral enhancement and biological evidence of recovery. There have been only a few studies using deep brain stimulation (DBS) in human TBI patients, and future studies are warranted to validate the feasibility of this technique in the clinical treatment of TBI. In this review, the authors summarize insights from studies employing neurostimulation techniques in the setting of brain injury. Moreover, they relate these findings to the future prospect of using DBS to ameliorate motor and cognitive deficits following TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: C Edward
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
authors.forename: R Mark
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ANT = anterior nucleus of the thalamus; DARPA = Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; DBS = deep brain stimulation; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; GPi = globus pallidus internus; MCS = minimally conscious state; PD = Parkinson's disease; SCC = subgenual cingulate cortex; TBI = traumatic brain injury; TMS = transcranial magnetic stimulation; TRD = treatment-resistant depression; VIM = ventralis intermedius; VOA = ventralis oralis anterior; VOP = ventralis oralis posterior; cAMP = cyclic adenosine monophosphate; deep brain stimulation; direct cortical stimulation; neuromodulation; neurostimulation; tDCS = transcranial direct-current stimulation; transcranial magnetic stimulation; traumatic brain injury