title: Multidisciplinary treatment of rectal cancer in 2014: where are we going?
abstract: In the present review we discuss the recent developments and future directions in the multimodal treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer, with respect to staging and re-staging modalities, to the current role of neoadjuvant chemo-radiation and to the conservative and more limited surgical approaches based on tumour response after neoadjuvant combined therapy. When initial tumor staging is considered a high accuracy has been reported for T pre-treatment staging, while preoperative lymph node mapping is still suboptimal. With respect to tumour re-staging, all the current available modalities still present a limited accuracy, in particular in defining a complete response. The role of short vs long-course radiotherapy regimens as well as the optimal time of surgery are still unclear and under investigation by means of ongoing randomized trials. Observational management or local excision following tumour complete response are promising alternatives to total mesorectal excision, but need further evaluation, and their use outside of a clinical trial is not recommended. The preoperative selection of patients who will benefit from neoadjuvant radiotherapy or not, as well as the proper identification of a clinical complete tumour response after combined treatment modalities,will influence the future directions in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Andrea Vignali, Paola De Nardi, Department of Surgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vignali
authors.affiliation: Andrea Vignali, Paola De Nardi, Department of Surgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Nardi
mesh_terms: D059186:Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D010348:Patient Care Team; D018579:Patient Selection; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cancer restaging; Cancer staging; Complete pathologic response; Local control; Local excision; Neoadjuvant chemoradiation; Rectal cancer; Rectal cancer surgery; Response; Treatment