title: Update on the core and developing cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer disease.
abstract: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, whose prevalence will dramatically rise by 2050. Despite numerous clinical trials investigating this disease, there is still no effective treatment. Many trials showed negative or inconclusive results, possibly because they recruited only patients with severe disease, who had not undergone disease-modifying therapies in preclinical stages of AD before severe degeneration occurred. Detection of AD in asymptomatic at risk individuals (and a few presymptomatic individuals who carry an autosomal dominant monogenic AD mutation) remains impractical in many of clinical situations and is possible only with reliable biomarkers. In addition to early diagnosis of AD, biomarkers should serve for monitoring disease progression and response to therapy. To date, the most promising biomarkers are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging biomarkers. Core CSF biomarkers (amyloid β1-42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau) showed a high diagnostic accuracy but were still unreliable for preclinical detection of AD. Hence, there is an urgent need for detection and validation of novel CSF biomarkers that would enable early diagnosis of AD in asymptomatic individuals. This article reviews recent research advances on biomarkers for AD, focusing mainly on the CSF biomarkers. In addition to core CSF biomarkers, the potential usefulness of novel CSF biomarkers is discussed.
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Babić
authors.forename: Dubravka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Svob Štrac
authors.forename: Dorotea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mück-Šeler
authors.forename: Nela
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pivac
authors.forename: Gabrijela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stanić
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hof
authors.affiliation: Goran Šimić, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, gsimic@hiim.hr.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simić
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D016875:tau Proteins