title: Characterizing the longitudinal relations between depressive and menstrual symptoms in adolescent girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the association between depressive and menstrual symptoms in adolescent girls in a 3-year longitudinal study. It was hypothesized that menstrual symptoms would increase in early adolescence and decrease in later adolescence, that girls with greater depressive symptoms would report greater menstrual symptoms, and that effects would persist after adjusting for general somatic complaints.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community sample of girls (n = 262) enrolled in an observational study by age cohort (11, 13, 15, 17 years) completed three annual visits. At each time point, girls completed the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, Children's Depression Inventory, and the Youth Self Report to assess general somatic complaints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Menstrual symptoms increased significantly across adolescence (p = .006) and began to plateau in later adolescence (p = .020). Depressive symptoms at study entry were significantly associated with menstrual symptoms (p < .001). When general somatic complaints were included in the models, the effect of depressive symptoms on menstrual symptoms remained significant for the sum score (p = .015) and the menstrual somatic symptoms subscale (p = .001). After adjusting for somatic complaints, initial report of depressive symptoms predicted change in menstrual symptoms only for girls with the lowest menstrual symptoms sum score (p = .025). Initial report of somatic complaints predicted change in menstrual symptoms (p = .020).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Girls with higher depressive symptoms and higher somatic complaints are at greater risk for experiencing menstrual symptoms and increasing symptoms across adolescence, with a heightened vulnerability for girls with lower baseline menstrual symptoms.
authors.affiliation: From the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (S.J.B., H.J.S., S.P.), Cincinnati, Ohio; Pennsylvania State University (L.D.D.), State College, Pennsylvania; University of Cincinnati (S.J.B., H.J.S.), Cincinnati, Ohio; RAND Corporation (L.S.-P.), Santa Monica, California; Washington University in Saint Louis (J.H.), St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Beal
authors.forename: Lorah D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Dorn
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Sucharew
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sontag-Padilla
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pabst
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hillman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires