title: Phthalate diesters in airborne PM(2.5) and PM(10) in a suburban area of Shanghai: seasonal distribution and risk assessment.
abstract: Concentrations of nine phthalate diesters in 24-h airborne PM2.5 and PM10 were determined from October 2011 to August 2012 in a suburban area in Shanghai, China. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were frequently detected in airborne particulate matter at sum concentrations of these six compounds ranging from 13.3 to 186 ng/m(3), with an average value of 59.8 ng/m(3) in PM2.5, and from 10.1 to 445 ng/m(3), with an average value of 132 ng/m(3) in PM10. DEHP, DBP, and DIBP were the major phthalate diesters found in PM samples. DEHP was found predominantly in coarse (size fraction of between PM2.5 and PM10) particles, whereas DMP, DEP, DBP, DIBP, and BzBP were found predominantly in fine (PM2.5) particles. The concentrations of phthalates in PM during warm months (207 ng/m(3) for PM10 and 71.9 ng/m(3) for PM2.5, on average) were significantly higher than those during cold months (76.9 ng/m(3) for PM10 and 50.4 ng/m(3) for PM2.5). Significant positive correlations were found between concentrations of total phthalates, DEHP, and BzBP, with the total mass and organic carbon content of PM. Based on the concentrations of DEHP, incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) from inhalation exposure were estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation. Although the 95% probabilities for the ILCR values for the general population were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) threshold of 10(-6), our result is an underestimate of the actual health risk because we only considered the outdoor inhalation exposure to DEHP in this study.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
authors.forename: Liu-Lu
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hong
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: kkannan@wadsworth.org.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid
keywords: Air pollution; Incremental lifetime cancer risks; PM(10); PM(2.5); Phthalate diesters