title: Ethnicity and self-reported experiences of stigma in adults with intellectual disability in Cape Town, South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown that individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are aware of stigma and are able to describe experiences of being treated negatively. However, there have been no cross-cultural studies examining whether self-reported experiences of stigma vary between ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with mild and moderate ID were recruited from a number of different settings in Cape Town, South Africa. Self-reported experiences of stigma in three ethnic groups were measured using the South African version of the Perceived Stigma of Intellectual Disability tool, developed by the authors. One-way anova was used to test whether there were differences in the total stigma score between the ethnic groups. Regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with stigma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 191 participants agreed to take part; 53 were Black, 70 were of mixed ethnicity and 68 were Caucasian. There were no differences in the levels of stigma reported by the three groups but the Black African ethnic group were more likely to report being physically attacked and being stared at, but were also more likely to report that they thought they were 'the same as other people'. There was an interaction effect between ethnicity and level of ID, with participants with mild ID from the Black African group reporting higher levels of stigma compared with those with moderate ID. Younger age was the only factor that was associated with stigma but there was a trend towards ethnicity, additional disability and socio-economic status being related to stigma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions should target the Black African community in South Africa and should include the reduction of both public stigma and self-reported stigma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kock
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Molteno
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mfiki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strydom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D057566:Self Report; D057545:Social Stigma; D013019:South Africa / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: discrimination; ethnicity; intellectual disability; negative attitudes; stigma