title: Preliminary study on the radiological and physicochemical quality of the Umgeni Water catchments and drinking water sources in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
abstract: Raw and potable water sample sources, from the Umgeni Water catchment areas (rivers, dams, boreholes) in central KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), were screened for Uranium concentration and alpha and beta radioactivity. Test methods used were gas flow proportional counting for alpha-beta radioactivity, and kinetic phosphorescence analysis (KPA), for Uranium. The uranium levels (median = 0.525 μg/L, range = <0.050-5.010) were well below the international World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) guideline for drinking-water quality (≤15 μg/L). The corresponding alpha and beta radioactivity was ≤0.5 Bq/L (median = 0.084, Interquartile Range (IR) = 0.038, range = 0.018-0.094), and ≤1.0 Bq/L (median = 0.114, IR = 0.096, range = 0.024-0.734), respectively, in compliance with the international WHO limits. For uranium radionuclide, the average dose level, at uranium level of ±0.525 μg/L, was 0.06 μSv/a, which complies with the WHO reference dose level for drinking water (<0.1 mSv/a). There was a distinct trend of cluster of relatively higher Uranium levels of some sources that were found to be associated with the geology/geography and groundwater sources. Overall, the radiological water quality classification, with respect to WHO, is "Blue" - ideal; additional physicochemical analyses indicated good water quality. The analytical test methods employed were found to be suitable for preliminary screening for potential radioactive "hot spots". The observed Uranium levels, and the alpha/beta radioactivity, indicate contribution largely from Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM), with no significant health risk to humans, or to the environment.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Services Laboratories: Chemical Sciences, Engineering & Scientific Services Division, Umgeni Water, P O Box 9, Pietermaritzburg 3200, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Electronic address: thavrin.manickum@umgeni.co.za.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manickum
authors.affiliation: Scientific Services Laboratories: Chemical Sciences, Engineering & Scientific Services Division, Umgeni Water, P O Box 9, Pietermaritzburg 3200, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Water Quality & Environmental Services, Engineering & Scientific Services Division, Umgeni Water, P O Box 9, Pietermaritzburg 3200, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.affiliation: Water Quality & Environmental Services, Engineering & Scientific Services Division, Umgeni Water, P O Box 9, Pietermaritzburg 3200, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hodgson
mesh_terms: D000512:Alpha Particles; D001610:Beta Particles; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013019:South Africa; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis*; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D014501:Uranium
keywords: Alpha/beta; Dose level; NORM; Radioactivity; Radiological water quality; Uranium