title: Anthocyanin-rich fractions from red raspberries attenuate inflammation in both RAW264.7 macrophages and a mouse model of colitis.
abstract: Edible berries have a broad spectrum of biomedical functions, including improving immune responses and reducing risk for chronic diseases. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activities of crude extracts (CEs), anthocyanin-rich fractions (ARFs), and des-anthocyanin fractions (DAFs) from seven berries were evaluated based on their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/IFN-γ-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. ARFs from red raspberries (RR-ARFs) exhibited the highest efficiency in suppressing NO synthesis. The anti-inflammatory properties were also demonstrated by reducing the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the activities of NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways were significantly suppressed by RR-ARFs. Further studies showed that RR-ARFs decreased the phosphorylation of IKK, IκBα, p65 and JNK and the nuclear translocation of p65 in LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In a mouse colitis model, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced weight loss and histological damage were significantly ameliorated by RR-ARFs treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that RR-ARFs attenuate inflammation both in vitro and in vivo primarily by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. The anti-inflammatory of RR-ARFs could be harnessed and applied in animal agriculture, drug and food industries.
authors.affiliation: 1] College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China [2].
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1] College of Life Sciences, Department of Marine Science and Bio-Pharm, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen 518060, China [2].
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1] College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China [2].
authors.forename: Zhiqin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Yonghou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen key laboratory of synthetic biology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Department of Marine Science and Bio-Pharm, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen 518060, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: 1] College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Department of Marine Science and Bio-Pharm, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresourse and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen 518060, China.
authors.forename: Deming
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003092:Colitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D015870:Gene Expression; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000502:physiology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D031625:Morus / Q000737:chemistry; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065856:Rubus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4