title: Rapid prototyping fabrication of focused ultrasound transducers.
abstract: Rapid prototyping (RP) fabrication techniques are currently widely used in diverse industrial and medical fields, providing substantial advantages in development time and costs in comparison to more traditional manufacturing processes. This paper presents a new method for the fabrication of high-intensity focused ultrasound transducers using RP technology. The construction of a large-aperture hemispherical transducer designed by computer software is described to demonstrate the process. The transducer was conceived as a modular design consisting of 32 individually focused 50.8-mm (2-in) PZT-8 element modules distributed in a 300-mm hemispherical scaffold with a geometric focus of 150 mm. The entire structure of the array, including the module housings and the hemispherical scaffold was fabricated through a stereolithography (SLA) system using a proprietary photopolymer. The PZT elements were bonded to the lenses through a quarter-wave tungsten-epoxy matching layer developed in-house specifically for this purpose. Modules constructed in this manner displayed a high degree of electroacoustic consistency, with an electrical impedance mean and standard deviation of 109 ± 10.2 Ω for the 32 elements. Time-of-flight measurements for individually pulsed modules mounted on the hemispherical scaffold showed that all pulses arrived at the focus within a 350 ns range, indicating a good degree of element alignment. Pressure profile measurements of the fully assembled transducer also showed close agreement with simulated results. The measured focal beam FWHM dimensions were 1.9 × 4.0 mm (1.9 × 3.9 mm simulated) in the transversal and axial directions respectively. Total material expenses associated with the construction of the transducer were approximately 5000 USD (as of 2011). The versatility and lower fabrication costs afforded by RP methods may be beneficial in the development of complex transducer geometries suitable for a variety of research and clinical applications.
authors.forename: Yohan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kuang-Wei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cain
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004867:Equipment Design; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014159:Transducers