title: Autophagy and ER-stress contribute to photoreceptor degeneration in cultured adult porcine retina.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate rod and cone photoreceptor degeneration in organotypic cultures of adult porcine retina. Our hypothesis was that the photoreceptors accumulate opsins, which, together with exposure to cyclic dim light illumination, induce autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER-stress) to overcome damaging protein overload. For this purpose, retinas were cultured for 48 h and 72 h during which they were illuminated with dim light for 8h/day; specimens were analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry, Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and transmission electron microscopy. ER-stress and photoreceptor degeneration was observed in conventionally cultured retinas. The additional stress in the form of dim light illumination for 8h/day resulted in increased levels of the ER-stress markers GRP78/BiP and CHOP, as well as increased level of active caspase-12. Increased autophagic processes in cone and rod photoreceptors were detected by LC3B-II increases and occurrence of autophagosomes at the ultrastructural level. Illumination also resulted in altered protein expression for autophagy inducers such as p62 and Beclin-1. Moreover, there was a decrease in phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which further indicate an increase of autophagy. Rod and cone photoreceptors in retinas from a diurnal animal that were exposed to dim light illumination in vitro displayed autophagy and ER-stress processes. As no alteration of rhodopsin mRNA was observed, autophagy and ER-stress are suggested to decrease rhodopsin protein at the posttranscriptional level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Optometry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mohlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Linnéa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Optometry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden; School of Health and Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. Electronic address: kjell.johansson@oru.se.
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D013569:Synapses / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D012243:Rhodopsin
keywords: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Photoreceptor; Porcine retina; Retinal degeneration