title: Sleep and respiratory physiology in children.
abstract: Maturational changes of breathing during sleep contribute to the unique features of childhood sleep disorders. The clinician's ability to evaluate common disorders related to sleep in children relies on an understanding of normal patterns of breathing during sleep across the ages. This article reviews respiratory physiology during sleep throughout childhood. Specific topics include an overview of respiration during sleep, normal parameters through childhood including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and measures of carbon dioxide, normal patterns of apneas throughout childhood, and features of breathing during sleep seen in term and preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, RBC 3001, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Electronic address: Kristie.ross@uhhospitals.org.
authors.forename: Kristie R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, RBC 3001, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Adolescent; Carbon dioxide; Child; Infant; Oxygen saturation; Reference values; Respiration; Sleep/physiology