title: A forensic perspective on the genetic identification of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties using STR markers.
abstract: The grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera) is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide. A long interest in the historical origins of ancient and cultivated current grapevines, as well as the need to establish phylogenetic relationships and parentage, solve homonymies and synonymies, fingerprint cultivars and clones, and assess the authenticity of plants and wines has encouraged the development of genetic identification methods. STR analysis is currently the most commonly used method for these purposes. A large dataset of grapevines genotypes for many cultivars worldwide has been produced in the last decade using a common set of recommended dinucleotide nuclear STRs. This type of marker has been replaced by long core-repeat loci in standardized state-of-the-art human forensic genotyping. The first steps toward harmonized grapevine genotyping have already been taken to bring the genetic identification methods closer to human forensic STR standards by previous authors. In this context, we bring forward a set of basic suggestions that reinforce the need to (i) guarantee trueness-to-type of the sample; (ii) use the long core-repeat markers; (iii) verify the specificity and amplification consistency of PCR primers; (iv) sequence frequent alleles and use these standardized allele ladders; (v) consider mutation rates when evaluating results of STR-based parentage and pedigree analysis; (vi) genotype large and representative samples in order to obtain allele frequency databases; (vii) standardize genotype data by establishing allele nomenclature based on repeat number to facilitate information exchange and data compilation.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Asch
mesh_terms: D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D053803:Forensic Genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D027843:Vitis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: Genetic identification; Grapevine; STR; Vitis vinifera