title: Strong associations between the pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane and type 2 diabetes in Saudi adults.
abstract: Pesticide exposure has been implicated as an environmental risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the body burden of the pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) with the risk of T2DM in a sample of adults from Saudi Arabia. Serum samples were obtained from 280 adult subjects. Hexachlorocyclohexane isomer residues were measured by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data on lifestyle, dietary habits, and health status were gathered. Associations between exposure and T2DM were analyzed by logistic regression. Around 49% of adults enrolled in this study were diagnosed with T2DM. Among various HCH isomers, serum concentrations of the pesticides β and γ-HCH were most strongly and consistently linked to T2DM in our studied subjects. Associations of HCH varied across five components of the metabolic syndrome. It positively and significantly associated with four out of the five components, especially elevated triglycerides, high fasting glucose, high blood pressure and HOMA-IR but negatively and significantly with HDL-cholesterol. This study in line with earlier ones about diabetes associated with HCH pesticide exposure and proposes possible hormonal pathways worthy of further investigation.
authors.affiliation: College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. amothman@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Othman
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. sobhy.yakout@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sobhy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yakout
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. drsherif_hussein@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sherif H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Abd-Alrahman
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. aldaghri2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nasser M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Daghri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane