title: Bacterial cellulose/acrylamide pH-sensitive smart hydrogel: development, characterization, and toxicity studies in ICR mice model.
abstract: The objective of this study is to synthesize and evaluate acute toxicity of the bacterial cellulose (BC)/acrylamide (Am) hydrogels as noncytotoxic and biocompatible oral drug delivery vehicles. A novel series of solubilized BC/Am hydrogels were synthesized using a microwave irradiation method. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), swelling ratio, porosity, drug release, and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility experiments. FTIR spectra revealed that the BC crystallinity and gel fraction decreased as the NaOH concentration increased from 2% to 10% w/v, whereas the optical transparency, pH sensitivity, and porosity were enhanced with increasing alkali concentration. Theophylline was used as a model drug for drug loading and release studies. The percentage of drug released was higher at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.5. In vitro cytotoxicity and hemolytic tests indicated that the BC/Am hydrogel is noncytotoxic and hemocompatible. Results of acute oral toxicity tests on ICR mice suggested that the hydrogels are nontoxic up to 2000 mg/kg when administered orally, as no toxic response or histopathological changes were observed in comparison to control mice. The results of this study demonstrated that the pH-sensitive smart hydrogel makes it a possible safe carrier for oral drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Najwa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.forename: Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Amin
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D020106:Acrylamide; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: acrylamide; acute oral toxicity; bacterial cellulose; cytotoxicity; hydrogel; microwave irradiation