title: Effects of depression, anxiety, comorbidity, and antidepressants on resting-state heart rate and its variability: an ELSA-Brasil cohort baseline study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increases in resting-state heart rate and decreases in its variability are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, yet contradictory findings have been reported for the effects of the mood and anxiety disorders and of antidepressants. The authors investigated heart rate and heart rate variability in a large cohort from Brazil, using propensity score weighting, a relatively novel method, to control for numerous potential confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 15,105 participants were recruited in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. Mood and anxiety disorders were ascertained using the Portuguese version of the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised. Heart rate and its variability were extracted from 10-minute resting-state electrocardiograms. Regressions weighted by propensity scores were carried out to compare participants with and without depressive or anxiety disorders, as well as users and non-users of antidepressants, on heart rate and heart rate variability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of antidepressants was associated with increases in heart rate and decreases in its variability. Effects were most pronounced for the tricyclic antidepressants (Cohen's d, 0.72-0.81), followed by serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (Cohen's d, 0.42-0.95) and other antidepressants (Cohen's d, 0.37-0.40), relative to participants not on antidepressants. Only participants with generalized anxiety disorder showed robust, though small, increases in heart rate and decreases in its variability after propensity score weighting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings may, in part, underpin epidemiological findings of increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Many factors that have an adverse impact on cardiac activity were controlled for in this study, highlighting the importance of cardiovascular risk reduction strategies. Further study is needed to examine whether, how, and when such effects contribute to morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: From University Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; the School of Psychology and Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; the Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; the Collegiate of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil; Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Brazil; the Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute/InCor, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo; Hospital das Clínicas and Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; the Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; and the Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Andre R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Brunoni
authors.forename: Itamar S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Eduardo M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dantas
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carvalho de Figueiredo
authors.forename: Alexandre C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Antonio L P
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Mill
authors.forename: Rodrigo V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Andreão
authors.forename: Julian F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thayer
authors.forename: Isabela M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Benseñor
authors.forename: Paulo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lotufo
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000009:adverse effects; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D057216:Propensity Score; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors