title: Inter-species inference of gene set enrichment in lung epithelial cells from proteomic and large transcriptomic datasets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Translating findings in rodent models to human models has been a cornerstone of modern biology and drug development. However, in many cases, a naive 'extrapolation' between the two species has not succeeded. As a result, clinical trials of new drugs sometimes fail even after considerable success in the mouse or rat stage of development. In addition to in vitro studies, inter-species translation requires analytical tools that can predict the enriched gene sets in human cells under various stimuli from corresponding measurements in animals. Such tools can improve our understanding of the underlying biology and optimize the allocation of resources for drug development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed an algorithm to predict differential gene set enrichment as part of the sbv IMPROVER (systems biology verification in Industrial Methodology for Process Verification in Research) Species Translation Challenge, which focused on phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic measurements of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) primary cells under various stimuli and corresponding measurements in rat (NRBE) primary cells. We find that gene sets exhibit a higher inter-species correlation compared with individual genes, and are potentially more suited for direct prediction. Furthermore, in contrast to a similar cross-species response in protein phosphorylation states 5 and 25 min after exposure to stimuli, gene set enrichment 6 h after exposure is significantly different in NHBE cells compared with NRBE cells. In spite of this difference, we were able to develop a robust algorithm to predict gene set activation in NHBE with high accuracy using simple analytical methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implementation of all algorithms is available as source code (in Matlab) at http://bhanot.biomaps.rutgers.edu/wiki/codes_SC3_Predicting_GeneSets.zip, along with the relevant data used in the analysis. Gene sets, gene expression and protein phosphorylation data are available on request.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  hormoz@kitp.ucsb.edu.
authors.affiliation: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Department of Physics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands and IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Sahand
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hormoz
authors.affiliation: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Department of Physics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands and IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, USA Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Department of Physics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands and IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Gyan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhanot
authors.affiliation: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Department of Physics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands and IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biehl
authors.affiliation: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Department of Physics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands and IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Erhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.affiliation: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Department of Physics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands and IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Department of Physics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands and IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Norel
authors.affiliation: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Department of Physics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands and IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Kahn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rhrissorrakrai
authors.affiliation: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Department of Physics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands and IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dayarian
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013045:Species Specificity; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010750:Phosphoproteins