title: Socioeconomic impact of seasonal (epidemic) influenza and the role of over-the-counter medicines.
abstract: The substantial economic impact of influenza on society results primarily from lost work time and reduced productivity of patients and caregivers and increased use of medical resources. Additionally, since the 1980s, aging of the US population has meant rising influenza-related morbidity and mortality. According to the most current published data on this topic, in 2003 the total economic burden of influenza epidemics in the USA across all age groups was US$87.1 billion. As of February 2013, overall vaccine effectiveness for the 2012/2013 season was estimated to be 56 %. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases has concluded that more effective vaccines and vaccination strategies are needed. Moderate efficacy of the influenza vaccine, continued questions regarding the value of treatment with antivirals, and a growing self-care movement have led to increased use of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, which play a vital role in managing symptoms associated with mild to moderate influenza and provide an estimated US$102 billion in annual savings for the US healthcare system. A primary benefit to society of using OTC medicines to manage influenza is decreased use of the healthcare system, thereby mitigating the socioeconomic burden of influenza. Considering the stresses placed on the US healthcare system and the substantial productivity losses resulting from seasonal influenza as well as the growing self-care movement, OTC medicines will play an important role in the course of future influenza epidemics.
authors.affiliation: Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, PHR 105, 220 Ferris Drive, Big Rapids, MI, 49307, USA, MichaelKlepser@ferris.edu.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Klepser
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004526:Efficiency; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012621:Seasons; D012648:Self Care / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs