title: Molecular characterization of flaviviruses from field-collected mosquitoes in northwestern Italy, 2011-2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genus Flavivirus comprises several mosquito-borne species, including the zoonotic pathogens West Nile and Usutu virus, circulating in animals and humans in Italy since 1998. Due to its ecological and geographical features, Piedmont is considered a risk area for flavivirus transmission. Here we report the results of a flavivirus survey (detection and genetic characterization) of mosquitoes collected in Piedmont in 2012 and the genetic characterization of three strains detected in 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pools of 1-203 mosquitoes, upon RNA extraction with TRIzol, were screened by a PCR assay for a 263 bp fragment of the Flavivirus NS5 gene. All positive samples were tested with a specific PCR for the E protein gene of Usutu virus and a generic Flavivirus RT-nested-PCR for a larger tract of the NS5 gene before sequencing. Phylogenetic trees were built with both NS5 fragments of representative Flavivirus species. DNA extracts of part of the positive pools were tested to detect sequences integrated in the host genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four mosquito pools resulted positive for flaviviruses, and twenty-five flavivirus sequences underwent phylogenetic analysis for the short NS5 fragment. Among the 19 sequences correlating with the insect-specific flavivirus group, ten samples, retrieved from Aedes albopictus, clustered within Aedes flavivirus, while the other nine aggregated in a separate clade composed of strains from various mosquito species (mainly Aedes vexans) from Piedmont and the Czech Republic. Six out of these nine also presented a DNA form of the sequence. The remaining sequences belonged to the mosquito-borne group: four, all from Culex pipiens, correlated to Italian Usutu virus strains, whereas two, from Ochlerotatus caspius, were highly similar to Marisma mosquito virus (MMV).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings confirm the circulation of Usutu virus and of the potentially zoonotic Marisma mosquito virus in Piedmont. This is the first detection of Aedes flavivirus in Piedmont. Finally, further evidence for the integration of Flavivirus nucleic acid into the host genome has been shown. These results underline the importance of continuing intense mosquito-based surveillance in Piedmont, supported by a mosquito control program in areas at high risk for human exposure.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cerutti
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballardini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Radaelli
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Desiato
authors.forename: Marino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prearo
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pautasso
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casalone
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Acutis
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, I-10154 Torino, Italy. simone.peletto@izsto.it.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peletto
authors.forename: Maria Lucia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mandola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology*; D005416:Flavivirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007558:Italy; D010802:Phylogeny