title: Clinical characteristics associated with postoperative intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in children with congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with congenital heart disease have loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function, which increases their risk for postoperative sepsis and organ dysfunction. We do not understand how postoperative cardiopulmonary support or the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass might alter intestinal epithelial barrier function. We examined variation in a panel of plasma biomarkers to reflect intestinal epithelial barrier function (cellular and paracellular) after cardiopulmonary bypass and in response to routine ICU care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  University medical center cardiac ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty children aged between newborn and 18 years undergoing repair or palliation of congenital heart disease with cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured baseline and repeated plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, citrulline, claudin 3, and dual sugar permeability testing to reflect intestinal epithelial integrity, epithelial function, paracellular integrity, and paracellular function, respectively. We measured baseline and repeated plasma proinflammatory (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ) and anti-inflammatory (interleukin-4 and interleukin-10) cytokines, known to modulate intestinal epithelial barrier function in murine models of cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had abnormal baseline intestinal fatty acid-binding protein concentrations (mean, 3,815.5 pg/mL; normal, 41-336 pg/mL). Cytokine response to cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with early, but not late, changes in plasma concentrations of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2 and citrulline. Variation in biomarker concentrations over time was associated with aspects of ICU care indicating greater severity of illness: claudin 3, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2, and dual sugar permeability test ratio were associated with symptoms of feeding intolerance (p < 0.05), whereas intestinal fatty acid-binding protein was positively associated with vasoactive-inotrope score (p = 0.04). Citrulline was associated with larger arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference (p = 0.04) and had a complex relationship with vasoactive-inotrope score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for repair or palliation of congenital heart disease are at risk for intestinal injury and often present with evidence for loss of intestinal epithelial integrity preoperatively. Greater severity of illness requiring increased cardiopulmonary support rather than the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass seems to mediate late postoperative intestinal epithelial barrier function.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 2Department of Anesthesia, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 3Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
authors.forename: Katri V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Typpo
authors.forename: Claire B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Larmonier
authors.forename: Jendar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deschenes
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Redford
authors.forename: Pawel R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kiela
authors.forename: Fayez K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Ghishan
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007249:Inflammation; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines