title: Pathological factors associated with survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT): a population-based study of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether pathological factors are associated with differential effect of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this population-based retrospective cohort study, we linked electronic records of treatment and surgical pathology to the Ontario Cancer Registry. The study population included all patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy in Ontario 1994-2008. Factors associated with overall (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards. We tested for interaction between the following variables and ACT effect-size: N-stage, margin status, T-stage, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population included 2802 patients; 19% were treated with ACT. Interaction terms with ACT for OS/CSS are: N-stage (both P < 0.001); margin status (P = 0.054/P = 0.048); T-stage (P = 0.509/P = 0.286); and LVI (P = 0.361/P = 0.405). Magnitude of effect for ACT was greater for patients with node-positive disease [OS: hazard ratio (HR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47-0.67; CSS: HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.49-0.72] than for patients with node-negative disease (OS: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.61-1.03; CSS: HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.59-1.07). ACT was also associated with greater effect among patients with involved margins (OS: HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.33-0.62; CSS: HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.28-0.57) compared with patients with negative margins (OS: HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65-0.87; CSS: HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population-based cohort study we observe evidence of interaction between ACT effect and nodal stage and surgical margin status. Our results suggest that patients at highest risk of disease recurrence may derive greatest benefit from ACT.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D Robert
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Siemens
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Xuejiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Yingwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Pathology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mackillop
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: bladder cancer; chemotherapy; outcomes research; predictive factors