title: Evaluation of anogenital injuries using white and UV-light among adult volunteers following consensual sexual intercourse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New clinical forensic examination techniques for sexual assaults have not been introduced over the last few decades. We evaluated the benefit of ultraviolet light compared to white light for detecting minor anogenital injuries and scars, following consensual sexual intercourse among adult volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study comparing female genital findings utilising white and ultraviolet light. A colposcopy with photographic documentation was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Personal invitation to healthcare students, hospital employees or acquaintances to volunteer for a gynecological examination, with a focus on clinical forensic aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight adult female volunteers were recruited for the study. The examination was performed after consensual intercourse. Age ranged from 20 to 52 years (median 26.5 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence of acute findings and scars in the genital area using white and UV-light.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute genital injury rate was 14.8% under white light colposcopy and 23.0% using UV light. Submucosal hemorrhages in the genital area were documented significantly better under UV-light than white light (14.9% vs. 6.8%; p=0.016), whereas petechiaes (4.5%) and abrasions (2.3%) were detected using either method. UV-light revealed significantly more often delivery-associated genital scars compared to white light (39.8% vs. 31.8%; p=0.016). Furthermore, 10 out of 31 (33.3%) women had no residual anogenital skin or mucosal surface findings, despite a prior episiotomy or rupture of the vaginal outlet wall during delivery, supporting its enormous ability to heal even after major trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UV-light may provide additional value for the evaluation of physical findings in clinical forensic examinations after sexual assault, and is especially useful in detecting otherwise invisible early submucosal hemorrhages and scars.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Gynecology and Obstetrics and Forensic Child Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Finland. Electronic address: minna.joki-erkkila@pshp.fi.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joki-Erkkilä
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, and Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rainio
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Heini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huhtala
authors.affiliation: Crime Scene Investigation Unit, Pirkanmaa Police Department, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital Region, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Karhunen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003075:Coitus; D003127:Colposcopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D058869:Gynecological Examination; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011693:Purpura / Q000473:pathology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014621:Vagina / Q000293:injuries*; D014844:Vulva / Q000293:injuries*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Consensual intercourse; Genital injuries; Genital scars; Sexual assault; Submucosal hemorrhages; Ultraviolet (UV)-light