title: Oral delivery of nanoparticle-based vaccines.
abstract: Most infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic infiltrations from the mucosal tract. Therefore, vaccines delivered to the mucosal tissues can mimic natural infections and provide protection at the first site of infection. Thus, mucosal, especially, oral delivery is becoming the most preferred mode of vaccination. However, oral vaccines have to overcome several barriers such as the extremely low pH of the stomach, the presence of proteolytic enzymes and bile salts as well as low permeability in the intestine. Several formulations based on nanoparticle strategies are currently being explored to prepare stable oral vaccine formulations. This review briefly discusses several molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal immune cell activation and various aspects of oral nanoparticle-based vaccine design that should be considered for improved mucosal and systemic immune responses.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Nirmal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marasini
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skwarczynski
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Toth
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D022462:Vaccines, Edible / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D022462:Vaccines, Edible
keywords: M-cells; adjuvant; bilosomes; liposomes; mucosal vaccine; nanoparticle-based vaccine; oral vaccine; virus-like particle