title: Methylene blue attenuates ischemia--reperfusion injury in lung transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the principal obstacles for the lung transplantation (LTx) success. Several strategies have been adopted to minimize the effects of IRI in lungs, including ex vivo conditioning of the grafts and the use of antioxidant drugs, such as methylene blue (MB). We hypothesized that MB could minimize the effects of IRI in a LTx rodent model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty rats were divided into four groups (n = 10) according to treatment (saline solution or MB) and graft cold ischemic time (3 or 6 h). All animals underwent unilateral LTx. Recipients received 2 mL of saline or MB intraperitoneally before transplantation. After 2 h of reperfusion, arterial blood and exhaled nitric oxide samples were collected and bronchoalveolar lavage performed. Then animals were euthanized, and histopathology analysis as well as cell counts and cytokine levels measurements in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant decrease in exhaled nitric oxide, neutrophils, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in MB-treated animals. PaO2 and uric acid levels were higher in MB group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MB was able in attenuating IRI in this LTx model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopneumology, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: marcusdiretoria@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcus da Matta
authors.initials: Mda M
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopneumology, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rogerio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pazetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopneumology, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francine Maria de
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopneumology, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aristides Tadeu
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edwin Roger
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Parra
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopneumology, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laís Pereira da
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodolfo de Paula
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopneumology, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Manuel
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pêgo-Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopneumology, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio Biscegli
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Jatene
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D050377:Cold Ischemia; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014527:Uric Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D010100:Oxygen; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: Animal model; Ischemia–reperfusion injury; Lung transplantation; Methylene blue