title: Characterization of Variations in PB2, NS1, M, Neuraminidase and Hemagglutinin of Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses in Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the influenza A viruses, neuraminidase (NA), hemagglutinin (HA), PB2, NS1 and M are responsible for the disease pathogenicity. The mechanism of pathogenicity differs among these viruses. Binding of host proteases by the viral NA, sequence of HA in the cleavage and receptor-binding sites, number of oligosaccharide side chains of HA, shortening of NA, and substitutions in PB2, NS1 and M genes, all have been suggested as molecular correlates of pathogenicity of influenza viruses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to find the alterations in genes, which might be responsible in the virus pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing of HA, NA, PB2, NS and M genes were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the receptor binding site of HA, Ile-226, Pro-227, Ser-228, and Asp-190 were found. Arg was in the cleavage site of all viruses and 11-12 N-linked glycosylation sites were found. In NS1, Asp-92 and Ala-149 were detected and Lys-627 was found in PB2 of all viruses in this study. Val-15, Thr-139 and Ala-218 of M1 and Val-28, Leu-54 and His-57 were found in M2 gene. At residue 146 of NA, there was N-linked glycosylation, and Ile-222 was found in the enzyme active site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changes found in these five genes, compared to other studies, suggest that viruses studied in this research had the ability to bind to Neu Acα2,6 Gal linkage and had low pathogenicity. It is important to mention that these changes were at the amino acid level and studies need to be performed on animals to investigate the significance of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Jila
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yavarian
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Nazanin Zahra
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Shafiei Jandaghi
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naseri
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Talat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mokhtari Azad
keywords: Influenza A Virus; Pathogenicity, H3N2 Subtype