title: Cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis--a systematic review.
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic inflammatory disorder that can compromise the cervical spine in up to 80% of the cases. The most common radiological presentations of cervical involvement are atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS), cranial settling and subaxial subluxation (SAS). We performed a systematic review in the PubMed Database of articles published later 2005 to evaluate the prevalence, progression and risk factors for cervical spine involvement in RA patients. Articles were classified according to their level of evidence. Our literature review reported a wide range in the prevalence of cervical spine disease, probably explained by the different studied populations and disease characteristics. Uncontrolled RA is probably the main risk factor for developing a spinal instability. Adequate treatment with DMARD and BA can prevent development of cervical instabilities but did not avoid progression of a pre-existing injury. MRI is the best radiological method for diagnosis cervical spine involvement. AAS is the most common form of RA. Long term radiological follow-up is necessary to diagnosis patients with late instabilities and monitoring progression of diagnosed injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: andjoaquim@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Andrei F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Joaquim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Appenzeller
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000276:immunology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Atlantoaxial subluxation; Cervical instabilities; Cervical spine; Rheumatoid arthritis; Subaxial subluxation