title: Isobolographic analysis of the mechanisms of action of anticonvulsants from a combination effect.
abstract: The nature of the pharmacodynamic interactions of drugs is influenced by the drugs׳ mechanisms of action. It has been hypothesized that drugs with different mechanisms are likely to interact synergistically, whereas those with similar mechanisms seem to produce additive interactions. In this review, we describe an extensive investigation of the published literature on drug combinations of anticonvulsants, the nature of the interaction of which has been evaluated by type I and II isobolographic analyses and the subthreshold method. The molecular targets of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) include Na(+) and Ca(2+) channels, GABA type-A receptor, and glutamate receptors such as NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors. The results of this review indicate that the nature of interactions evaluated by type I isobolographic analyses but not by the two other methods seems to be consistent with the above hypothesis. Type I isobolographic analyses may be used not only for evaluating drug combinations but also for predicting the targets of new drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan. Electronic address: nakaki@med.teikyo-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D010889:Piracetam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002220:Carbamazepine; D010889:Piracetam
keywords: 2-aminophosphonovaleric acid (PubChem CID: 135342); Amlodipine (PubChem CID: 2162); Animal model; Anticonvulsant; CGP 37849 (PubChem CID: 5950212); CGP 39551 (PubChem CID: 6372334); Carbamazepine (PubChem CID: 2554); Clonazepam (PubChem CID: 2802); D cycloserine (PubChem CID: 6234); D-CPP-ene (PubChem CID: 6435801); Diazepam (PubChem CID: 3016); Dizocilpine (PubChem CID: 180081); Drug combinations; Ethosuximide (PubChem CID: 3291); Etomidate (PubChem CID: 36339); Felbamate (PubChem CID: 3331); Gabapentin (PubChem CID: 3446); Glutamate diethyl ester (PubChem CID: 73961); Ifenprodil (PubChem CID: 3689); Ketamine (PubChem CID: 3821); LY233053 (PubChem CID: 15928273); LY235959 (PubChem CID: 131938); LY354740 (PubChem CID: 213056); Lamotrigine (PubChem CID: 3878); Levetiracetam (PubChem CID: 5284583); Loreclezole (PubChem CID: 3034012); Losigamone (PubChem CID: 6918049); MeTHIQ (PubChem CID: 92214); Memantine (PubChem CID: 4054); Muscimol (PubChem CID: 4266); NBQX (PubChem CID: 3272524); Oxcarbazepine (PubChem CID: 34312); Phenobarbital (PubChem CID: 4763); Phenytoin (PubChem CID: 1775); Pregabalin (PubChem CID: 5486971); Procyclidine (PubChem CID: 4919); Propofol (PubChem CID: 4943); Retigabine (PubChem CID: 121892); Riluzole (PubChem CID: 5070); SIB 1893 (PubChem CID: 5311432); Stiripentol (PubChem CID: 5311454); Subthreshold method; Talampanel (PubChem CID: 164509); Tiagabine (PubChem CID: 60648); Topiramate (PubChem CID: 5284627); Trihexyphenidyl (PubChem CID: 5572); Type I isobolographic analysis; Type II isobolographic analysis; Valproate (PubChem CID: 3121); Vigabatrin (PubChem CID: 5665); Zonisamide (PubChem CID: 5734); α-Aminoadipic acid (PubChem CID: 469); γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (PubChem CID: 10413)