title: Transposon-mediated mutation of CYP76AD3 affects betalain synthesis and produces variegated flowers in four o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa).
abstract: The variegated flower colors of many plant species have been shown to result from the insertion or excision of transposable elements into genes that encode enzymes involved in anthocyanin synthesis. To date, however, it has not been established whether this phenomenon is responsible for the variegation produced by other pigments such as betalains. During betalain synthesis in red beet, the enzyme CYP76AD1 catalyzes the conversion of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to cyclo-DOPA. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis indicated that the homologous gene in four o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa) is CYP76AD3. Here, we show that in four o'clock with red perianths, the CYP76AD3 gene consists of one intron and two exons; however, in a mutant with a perianth showing red variegation on a yellow background, a transposable element, dTmj1, had been excised from the intron. This is the first report that a transposition event affecting a gene encoding an enzyme for betalain synthesis can result in a variegated flower phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Taira
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokumoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hakamatsuka
authors.affiliation: Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan. Electronic address: ozeky@cc.tuat.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozeki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D050859:Betacyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D050858:Betalains / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D050860:Betaxanthins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism; D005091:Exons; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D007438:Introns; D039282:Mirabilis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D010641:Phenotype; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA
chemical_list: D050859:Betacyanins; D050860:Betaxanthins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D010940:Plant Proteins; C494225:cyclo-dopa; D050858:Betalains; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
keywords: Betalain; En/Spm (CACTA) transposable element; Four o’clock; Mirabilis jalapa