title: Physical exercise and osteoporosis: effects of different types of exercises on bone and physical function of postmenopausal women.
abstract: Physical exercise is an important stimulus for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. However, it is not clear yet which modality would be better to stimulate bone metabolism and enhance physical function of postmenopausal women. This review paper aims to summarize and update present knowledge on the effects of different kinds of aquatic and ground physical exercises on bone metabolism and physical function of postmenopausal women. Moderate to intense exercises, performed in a high speed during short intervals of time, in water or on the ground, can be part of a program to prevent and treat postmenopausal osteoporosis. Mechanical vibration has proven to be beneficial for bone microarchitecture, improving bone density and bone strength, as well as increasing physical function. Although impact exercises are recognized as beneficial for the stimulation of bone tissue, other variables such as muscle strength, type of muscle contraction, duration and intensity of exercises are also determinants to induce changes in bone metabolism of postmenopausal women. Not only osteoanabolic exercises should be recommended; activities aimed to develop muscle strength and body balance and improve the proprioception should be encouraged to prevent falls and fractures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Linda Denise Fernandes
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mônica Longo de
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lirani-Galvão
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosângela Villa
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Marin-Mio
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Nolasco dos
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marise
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazaretti-Castro
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D055070:Resistance Training; D013550:Swimming; D014732:Vibration / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016138:Walking