title: Effect of temperature and short chain fructooligosaccharides supplementation on the hepatic oxidative status and immune response of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).
abstract: In this study the effect of diet supplementation with different levels of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) on the hepatic oxidative status, hematology and innate immune parameters was evaluated in turbot reared at 15 °C and 20 °C. Four practical diets containing half of the protein provided by plant ingredients and the other half by fish meal were supplemented with scFOS at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% and fed to turbot juveniles for 9 weeks. Independently of the rearing temperature, diet with 1% scFOS increased the haematocrit (Ht) while 2% scFOS augmented the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), white blood cells (%) and lysozyme were higher in fish reared at 15 °C, whereas red blood cells and neutrophil numbers increased in fish reared at 20 °C. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities were affected by rearing temperature being lower in fish reared at 20 °C. Compared to the control diet, at 15 °C, turbot fed 0.5 or 1% scFOS presented lower activities of CAT and glutathione reductase (GR). At 20 °C turbot fed the 2% scFOS diet presented lower activities of CAT and GPX. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity were not affected by temperature nor dietary prebiotic incorporation. Results of this study suggest scFOS has no effect on innate immunology or hematology. High temperature (20 °C) does not induce turbot oxidative stress, but the recommended dietary scFOS incorporation level for counteracting oxidative stress may differ with other rearing temperature.
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: imsguerreiro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Benjamín
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Costas
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Aires
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliva-Teles
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D056692:Prebiotics; C116580:fructooligosaccharide
keywords: Antioxidant defenses; Immune response; Prebiotic; Temperature; Turbot