title: The role of hypoxia and exploitation of the hypoxic environment in hematologic malignancies.
abstract: Tumor hypoxia is a well-described phenomenon during the progression of solid tumors affecting cell signaling pathways and cell metabolism; however, its role in hematologic malignancies has not been given the same attention in the literature. Therefore, this review focuses on the comparative differences between solid and hematologic malignancies with emphasis on the role of hypoxia during tumorigenesis and progression. In addition, contribution of the bone marrow and angiogenic environment are also discussed. Insight is provided into the role of hypoxia in metastatic spread, stemness, and drug resistance in hematologic conditions. Finally, emerging therapeutic strategies such as small-molecule prodrugs and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) targeting approaches are outlined to combat hypoxic cells and/or adaptive mechanisms in the treatment of hematologic malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Muz
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de la Puente
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Feda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azab
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Micah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luderer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. aazab@radonc.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Abdel Kareem
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Azab
mesh_terms: D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment