title: S100B concentrations increase perioperatively in jugular vein blood despite limited metabolic and inflammatory response to clinically uneventful carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim was to test the hypothesis that metabolic and inflammatory responses of the brain perioperatively during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) might affect blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with >70% stenosis of internal carotid artery (ICA) were prospectively included. Surgery was performed under general anaesthesia. Blood was sampled from ipsilateral internal jugular vein and radial artery: just before, during, and after ICA clamping S100B protein, glucose, lactate, 20 amino acids, and key cytokines were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Jugular vein S100B increased during clamping and reperfusion, while a marginal systemic increase was recorded, unrelated to stump pressure during clamping. Glucose increased during clamping in jugular vein blood and even more systemically, while jugular lactate values were higher than systemic values initially. Most amino acids did not differ significantly between jugular vein and systemic levels: glutamic acid and aspartic acid decreased during surgery while asparagine increased. Jugular vein interleukin (IL)-6 showed a transient non-significant increase during clamping and decreased systemically. IL-8 and IL-10 increased over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rising jugular vein S100B concentrations indicated reduced BBB integrity, and marginal secondary increase of S100B systemically. Limited ischaemic effects on the brain during cross-clamping, unrelated to S100B concentrations, were confirmed by lower brain glucose levels and higher lactate levels than in systemic blood. The lack of increased jugular vein glutamic acid disproves any major ischaemic brain injury following CEA. The inflammatory response was limited, did not differ greatly between jugular and systemic blood, and was unrelated to S100B.
authors.forename: Berndt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arfvidsson
authors.forename: Torbjörn K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Norgren
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059035:Perioperative Period; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009418:S100 Proteins