title: A comparative study of the effect of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins as stabilizing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a green chemistry method.
abstract: This paper describes the effect of different types of cyclodextrins (CDs) in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), using an easy green chemistry method. The Ag-NPs were obtained using an aqueous silver nitrate solution (AgNO3) with α-, β-, or γ-CDs (aqueous solutions) as stabilizing agents, employing the chemical reduction method with citric acid as a reducing agent. A comparative study was done to determine which cyclodextrin (CD) was the best stabilizing agent, and we found out that β-CD was the best due to the number of glucopyranose units in its structure. The formation of the Ag-NPs was demonstrated by analysis of UV-vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM-EDS showed the formation of a cluster with a significant amount of silver, for β-CD-Ag-NPs, spherical agglomerates can be observed. However, for α-, γ-CD, the agglomerates do not have a specific form, but their appearance is porous. TEM analysis shows spherical nanoparticles in shape and size between ~0.5 to 7 nm. The clear lattice fringes in TEM images and the typical selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern, showed that the Ag-NPs obtained were highly crystalline with a face cubic center structure (FCC).
authors.affiliation: Centro de Graduados e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apartado Postal 1166, Tijuana, B. C., Mexico.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suárez-Cerda
authors.affiliation: Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología de la UNAM, CNyN, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriel Alonso
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nuñez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, UABC, Calzada Universidad 14418 Parque Industrial Internacional, C.P. 22390 Tijuana, B.C., Mexico.
authors.forename: Heriberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Espinoza-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Graduados e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apartado Postal 1166, Tijuana, B. C., Mexico. Electronic address: lzflores@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucía Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Flores-López
mesh_terms: D003505:Cyclodextrins / Q000737:chemistry*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D003505:Cyclodextrins; D012834:Silver
keywords: Cyclodextrins; Green chemistry method; Silver nanoparticles; Stabilizing agents