title: Identification and quantification of shipping emissions in Bohai Rim, China.
abstract: Rapid development of port and shipbuilding industry in China has badly affected the ambient air quality of coastal zone due to shipping emissions. A total of 60 ambient air samples were collected from background site of Tuoji Island in Bohai Sea strait. The air samples were analyzed for PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), element carbon (EC), inorganic elements, and water-soluble ions. The maximum concentration of PM2.5 was observed during spring (73.6 μg·m(-3)) compared to winter (39.0 μg·m(-3)) with mean of 54.6 μg·m(-3). Back trajectory air mass analysis together with temporal distribution of vanadium (V) showed that V could be the typical tracer of shipping emissions at Tuoji Island. Furthermore, the ratios of vanadium to nickel (V/Ni), vanadium to lead (V/Pb) and vanadium to zinc (V/Zn) also suggest shipping emissions at Tuoji Island. The annual average primary PM2.5 estimate of shipping emissions was 0.65 μg·m(-3) at Tuoji Island, accounting for 2.94% of the total primary PM2.5, with a maximum of 3.16% in summer and a minimum of 2.39% in autumn.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China. Electronic address: yjchen@yic.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yingjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China. Electronic address: cgtian@yic.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Chongguo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Guopei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zong
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D012767:Ships
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants
keywords: Bohai; Coastal zone; PM(2.5); Quantification; Shipping emissions; Tracers