title: [A systematic review of digital radiography for the screening and recognition of pneumoconiosis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of studies reporting the comparison of digital radiography (DR) with conventional film-screen radiograph (FSR) in the screening and recognition of pneumoconiosis worldwide, to evaluate the feasibility of DR in the screening and recognition of pneumoconiosis, to analyze the similarity and difference between DR and FSR, to explore the main challenge to utilize DR in the future.
  
  
  METHODS
  The national and international databases were systematically searched for original articles on DR for screening and recognition of pneumoconiosis published from first Jan 1998 to first Nov 2013, making evaluation and selection of them, and qualitative data and quantitative data were extracted independently from the selected articles and systematically reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred and twenty articles were found and evaluated and nine of them met the inclusion criteria of systematic review. The research time started from 2002 to 2011 whose objects mainly came from pneumoconiosis cases and dust-exposed workers and control population examined with DR and FSR using the high kV radiography from 120 to 130 kV. The chest radiographs were read at blind and random and standard control method. There were only two papers compare the validity of DR and FSR for recognition and classification of pneumoconiosis using gold standards. There were still some diversity of imaging processing and imaging reading without design and assessment using Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) in these researches. The evaluation index of the nine articles include detection rate of small opacities, crude agreement, Kappa value of Kappa Consistency Test, Area Under the Curve of ROC, etc. Seven of the nine selected articles estimated DR has generally produced superior image qualities compared to FSR. Four papers had a conclusion that DR could be equivalent to FSR in identification of shapes and profusion of small opacities and in classification of pneumoconiosis. Five papers considered DR had higher presence of pneumoconiosis comparing with FSR especially in recognition the pneumoconiosis of category 1. The variation between different film formats of DR and FSR were smaller than that within and between readers for classification of pneumoconiosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there are still some imperfections in the existent researches to solve, DR can be equivalent to FSR in screening and recognition of pneumoconiosis. It is necessary to develop technical specifications of DR and standard digital chest radiographs for pneumoconiosis including both hard copy and soft copy, and develop an evaluation criterion on chest images of DR.
authors.affiliation: National Institution of Occupational Health and Poison Control, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Huanqiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institution of Occupational Health and Poison Control, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China. E-mail: litao@chinacdc.cn.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D011009:Pneumoconiosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*