title: Return of individual genetic results in a high-risk sample: enthusiasm and positive behavioral change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to examine participant responses to disclosure of genetic results in a minority population at high risk for depression and anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two subjects in a genetic study of nicotine dependence were offered personalized genetic results. All were nicotine-dependent and 64% self-identified as African American. Pathway Genomics was used to evaluate genetic risks for five complex diseases. Participants returned 4-8 weeks after enrollment for in-person genetic counseling interviews and evaluation of baseline measures. A telephone follow-up was performed 4-8 weeks later to assess responses to results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty of the 82 subjects (61%) were interested in receiving genetic results. These participants had multiple risk factors, including high baseline measures of depression (66%) and anxiety (32%), as well as low rates of employment (46%), adequate health literacy (46%), and health insurance (45%). Pathway Genomics reported "increased risk" for at least one disease in 77% of subjects. Ninety-five percent of participants reported that they appreciated the genetic results, and receiving these results was not associated with changes in symptoms of depression or anxiety. Furthermore, after return of genetic results, smoking cessation attempts increased (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in an underserved population at high risk for adverse psychological reactions, subjects responded positively to personalized genetic results.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hartz
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olfson
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Culverhouse
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cavazos-Rehg
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Li-Shiun
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DuBois
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Sherri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaphingst
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plunk
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Shelina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramnarine
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Saccone
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bierut
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D014342:Truth Disclosure