title: Does pterygopalatine canal injection with local anaesthetic and adrenaline decrease bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of pterygopalatine fossa injection with xylocaine and adrenaline on: surgical field bleeding and blood loss during functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis, and the duration of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, single-blinded, controlled trial was performed in a tertiary care academic centre. A total of 45 patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis, whose disease was symmetrical based on computed tomography grading, were included. A unilateral pterygopalatine fossa injection with 1 per cent xylocaine and 1:100 000 adrenaline was performed after the induction of anaesthesia. The contralateral side served as the control. The operating surgeon, who was blinded to the injected side, assessed the surgical field using a validated six-item grading system. Blood loss, blood pressure, heart rate and end-tidal carbon dioxide were recorded every 15 minutes for each side separately, and duration of surgery was noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant difference in the surgical field grade between the injected and non-injected sides (p = 0.161). There were no differences in blood loss or duration of surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pterygopalatine fossa injection prior to functional endoscopic sinus surgery did not decrease intra-operative surgical field bleeding, blood loss or duration of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery,Hospital del Salvador,Universidad de Chile,Santiago,Chile.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Valdes
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery,Department of Surgery,Sultan Qaboos University Hospital,Muscat,Oman.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Al Badaai
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery,Hospital del Salvador,Universidad de Chile,Santiago,Chile.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogado
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery,Royal Victoria Hospital,McGill University Health Centre,Montreal,Quebec,Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samaha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019990:Perioperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D056739:Pterygopalatine Fossa / Q000601:surgery*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine