title: Comparison between intraoperative cholangiography and choledochoscopy for ductal clearance in laparoscopic CBD exploration: a prospective randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic CBD exploration (LCBDE) is an accepted treatment modality for single stage management of CBD stones in fit patients. A transcholedochal approach is preferred in patients with a dilated CBD and large impacted stones in whom ductal clearance remains problematic. There are very few studies comparing intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) with choledochoscopy to determine ductal clearance in patients undergoing transcholedochal LCBDE. This series represents the first of those comparing the two from Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 2009 and October 2012, 150 consecutive patients with CBD stones were enrolled in a prospective randomized study to undergo transcholedochal LCBDE on an intent-to-treat basis. Patients with CBD diameter of less than 9 mm on preoperative imaging were excluded from the study. Out of the 132 eligible patients, 65 patients underwent IOC (Group A), and 67 patients underwent intraoperative choledochoscopy (Group B) to determine CBD clearance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between the two groups in the demographic profile and the preoperative biochemical findings. There was no conversion to open procedures, and complete stone clearance was achieved in all the 132 cases. The mean CBD diameter and the mean number of CBD stones removed were comparable between the two groups. Mean operating time was 170 min in Group A and 140 min in Group B (p < 0.001). There was no difference in complications between the two groups. Nine patients in Group A (13.8%) showed non-passage of contrast into the duodenum on IOC which resolved after administration of i.v. glucagon, suggesting a transient spasm of sphincter of Oddi. Two patients (3%) showed a false-positive result on IOC which had to be resolved with choledochoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that intraoperative choledochoscopy is better than IOC for determining ductal clearance after transcholedochal LCBDE and is less cumbersome and less time-consuming.
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimal Access Surgery, Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110002, India, anubhav.vindal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anubhav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vindal
authors.forename: Jagdish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chander
authors.forename: Pawanindra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Balu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahendra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies