title: The chemokine receptor CXCR7 interacts with EGFR to promote breast cancer cell proliferation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent advances have revealed a significant contribution of chemokines and their receptors in tumor growth, survival after chemotherapy, and organ-specific metastasis. The CXC chemokine receptor-7 (CXCR7) is the latest chemokine receptor implicated in cancer. Although over expressed in breast cancer cell lines and tumor tissues, its mechanism of action in breast cancer (BrCa) growth and metastasis is unclear. Studies in other cancers have implicated CXCR7 in cell proliferation, anti-apoptotic activity and cell-cell adhesion. The present study was initiated to examine the pattern of CXCR7 expression and its role in regulation of growth signaling in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The contribution of CXCR7 in BrCa cell proliferation was investigated in representative cell lines using real time quantitative PCR (q-PCR), proliferation assays, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Phenotypic changes were examined after CXCR7 specific cDNA and siRNA transfection and expression levels were monitored by q-PCR. Further, the association of CXCR7 with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and modulation of its activity were investigated by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and in-situ proximity ligation assays in human BrCa cells and tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CXCR7 was expressed in both, estrogen receptor (ER) positive and negative BrCa cell lines. CXCR7 was also expressed unevenly in normal breast tissues and to a much higher extent in ER + cancer tissues. Depletion of CXCR7 in MCF7 BrCa cells by RNA interference decreased proliferation and caused cell cycle arrest. Further, proximity ligation assay (PLA) revealed colocalization of CXCR7 with EGFR in cancer tissues and cancer cell lines. CXCR7 depletion reduced levels of phospho-EGFR at Tyrosine1110 after EGF-stimulation and also reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, indicating a potentially direct impact on mitogenic signaling in MCF7 cells. Using siRNA to knockdown β-arrestin2 in cells with EGFR over expression we were able to nearly deplete the CXCR7-EGFR colocalization events, suggesting that β-arrestin2 acts as a scaffold to enhance CXCR7 dependent activation of EGFR after EGF stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate coupling of CXCR7 with EGFR to regulate proliferation of BrCa cells and suggest an important ligand-independent role of CXCR7 in BrCa growth. Thus, the CXCR7-EGFR axis is a promising target for breast cancer therapy.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kallifatidis
authors.forename: Rajendra K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Mercè
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jordà
authors.affiliation: Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. blokeshw@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Bal L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lokeshwar
mesh_terms: D019390:Arrestins / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D054387:Receptors, CXCR / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071557:beta-Arrestins
chemical_list: C501896:ACKR3 protein, human; D019390:Arrestins; D054387:Receptors, CXCR; D000071557:beta-Arrestins; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors