title: Silver particle monolayers — Formation, stability, applications.
abstract: The formation of silver particle monolayers at solid substrates in self-assembly processes is thoroughly reviewed. Initially, various silver nanoparticle synthesis routes are discussed with the emphasis focused on the chemical reduction in aqueous media. Subsequently, the main experimental methods aimed at bulk suspension characterization are critically reviewed by pointing out their advantages and limitations. Also, various methods enabling the in situ studies of particle deposition and release kinetics, especially the streaming potential method are discussed. In the next section, experimental data are invoked illustrating the most important features of particle monolayer formation, in particular, the role of bulk suspension concentration, particle size, ionic strength, temperature and pH. Afterward, the stability of monolayers and particle release kinetics are extensively discussed. The results obtained by the ex situ AFM/SEM imaging of particles are compared with the in situ streaming potential measurements. An equivalency of both methods is demonstrated, especially in respect to the binding energy determination. It is shown that these experimental results can be adequately interpreted in terms of the hybrid theoretical approach that combines the bulk transport step with the surface blocking effects derived from the random sequential adsorption model. It is also concluded that the particle release kinetics is governed by the discrete electrostatic interactions among ion pairs on particle and substrate surfaces. The classical theories based on the mean-field (averaged) zeta potential concept proved inadequate. Using the ion pair concept the minor dependence of the binding energy on particle size, ionic strength, pH and temperature is properly explained. The final sections of this review are devoted to the application of silver nanoparticles and their monolayers in medicine, analytical chemistry and catalysis.
authors.affiliation: Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland. Electronic address: ncocwiej@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oćwieja
authors.affiliation: Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland. Electronic address: ncadamcz@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Adamczyk
authors.affiliation: Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland. Electronic address: ncmorga@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morga
authors.affiliation: Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland. Electronic address: nckubiak@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubiak
keywords: Applications of silver nanoparticles; Chemical synthesis of silver particles; Deposition of silver particles; Modeling of silver particle deposition; Release kinetics of silver particles; Silver particle monolayers and bilayers