title: In vivo evaluation of needle force and friction stress during insertion at varying insertion speed into the brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Convection enhanced delivery (CED) infuses drugs directly into brain tissue. Needle insertion is required and results in tissue damage which can promote flowback along the needle track and improper targeting. The goal of this study was to evaluate friction stress (calculated from needle insertion force) as a measure of tissue contact and damage during needle insertion for varying insertion speeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forces and surface dimpling during needle insertion were measured in rat brain in vivo. Needle retraction forces were used to calculate friction stresses. These measures were compared to track damage from a previous study. Differences between brain tissues and soft hydrogels were evaluated for varying insertion speeds: 0.2, 2, and 10mm/s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In brain tissue, average insertion force and surface dimpling increased with increasing insertion speed. Average friction stress along the needle-tissue interface decreased with insertion speed (from 0.58 ± 0.27 to 0.16 ± 0.08 kPa). Friction stress varied between brain regions: cortex (0.227 ± 0.27 kPa), external capsule (0.222 ± 0.19 kPa), and CPu (0.383 ± 0.30 kPa). Hydrogels exhibited opposite trends for dimpling and friction stress with insertion speed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previously, increasing needle damage with insertion speed has been measured with histological methods. Friction stress appears to decrease with increasing tissue damage and decreasing tissue contact, providing the potential for in vivo and real time evaluation along the needle track.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Force derived friction stress decreased with increasing insertion speed and was smaller within white matter regions. Hydrogels exhibited opposite trends to brain tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Neurology, Neuroscience, and J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wilder Center of Excellence for Epilepsy Research, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Electronic address: msarnt@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Malisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarntinoranont
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology*; D017276:Friction; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009339:Needles; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Brain tissue damage; Cannula; Convection-enhanced delivery; Intraparenchymal infusion; Needle insertion velocity speed; Pre-stress