title: Human embryonic stem cell derived-mesenchymal stem cells: an alternative mesenchymal stem cell source for regenerative medicine therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To enumerate and characterize mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) for clinical application.
  
  
  METHODS
  hESC were differentiated into hESC-MSC and characterized by the expression of surface markers using flow cytometry. hESC-MSC were evaluated with respect to growth kinetics, colony-forming potential, as well as osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity. Immunosuppressive effects were assessed using peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hESC-MSC showed similar morphology, and cell surface markers as adipose (AMSC) and bone marrow-derived MSC (BMSC). hESC-MSC exhibited a higher growth rate during early in vitro expansion and equivalent adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and colony-forming potential as AMSC and BMSC. hESC-MSC demonstrated similar immunosuppressive effects as AMSC and BMSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hESC-MSC were comparable to BMSC and AMSC and hence can be used as an alternative source of MSC for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: San Jose State University, 1 Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192, USA.
authors.forename: Rishali
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gadkari
authors.forename: Longmei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Takele
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teklemariam
authors.forename: Basil M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hantash
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis; D044968:Regenerative Medicine
keywords: AMSC; BMSC; differentiation; growth kinetics; hESC-MSC; immunosuppression