title: Effects of polishing, cooking, and storing on total arsenic and arsenic species concentrations in rice cultivated in Japan.
abstract: The effects of polishing, cooking, and storing on total arsenic (As) and As species concentrations in rice were studied adopting typical Japanese conditions. Total and inorganic As levels in three white rice samples polished by removing 10% of bran by weight were reduced to 61-66% and 51-70% of those in brown rice. The As levels in the white rice after three washings with deionized water were reduced to 81-84% and 71-83% of those in raw rice. Rinse-free rice, which requires no washing before cooking because bran remaining on the surface of the rice was removed previously, yielded an effect similar to that of reducing As in rice by washing. Low-volume cooking (water:rice 1.4-2.0:1) rice to dryness did not remove As. The As content of brown rice stored in grain form for one year was stable.
authors.affiliation: National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan. Electronic address: naito@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Shigehiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Japan Food Research Laboratories, 6-11-10 Nagayama, Tama-shi, Tokyo 206-0025, Japan.
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shindoh
authors.affiliation: Japan Food Research Laboratories, 6-11-10 Nagayama, Tama-shi, Tokyo 206-0025, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000032:analysis*; D003296:Cooking; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling; D061353:Food Storage; D007564:Japan; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Cooking; Inorganic arsenic; Polishing; Rice; Storage; Total arsenic; Washing