title: Racial difference in cochlear pigmentation is associated with hearing loss risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this study are to characterize the distribution of melanin pigmentation in the human cochlea and to investigate differences in pigment content between races.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human temporal bone specimens from the Johns Hopkins Temporal Bone Collection were examined. Demographic, clinical, and audiometric data were analyzed. Melanin pigmentation in the cochlea was quantified in each specimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen African-American (AA) and 27 Caucasian specimens were selected for the study. The mean ages were 64 and 70 years for AA and Caucasian specimens, respectively (p = 0.21). At all cochlear turns, AA specimens contained significantly more pigmentation in the stria vascularis (p = 0.0003) and Rosenthal's canal (p < 0.0001) compared with Caucasian specimens. Strial melanin content increased significantly with age. Cochlear pigmentation content was not associated with sex or hearing thresholds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Melanin pigmentation is significantly more abundant in AA cochleae than in Caucasian cochleae. This study provides a detailed description of pigmentation in the cochlea and may help to explain the observed racial differences in hearing thresholds.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, †Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and ‡National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Daniel Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Howard W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Wade W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Chien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001299:Audiometry; D003051:Cochlea / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010858:Pigmentation; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins