title: Paralytic shellfish toxins, including deoxydecarbamoyl-STX, in wild-caught Tasmanian abalone (Haliotis rubra).
abstract: For the first time wild-caught Tasmanian abalone, Haliotis rubra, have been reported to contain paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). This observation followed blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. No illnesses were reported, but harvesting restrictions were enforced in commercial areas. Abalone were assayed using HPLC-FLD methodology based on AOAC official method 2005.06. An uncommon congener, deoxydecarbamoyl-STX (doSTX), was observed in addition to regulated PSTs as unassigned chromatographic peaks. A quantitative reference material was prepared from contaminated Tasmanian abalone viscera and ampouled at 54.2 μmol/L. The LD50 of doSTX via intraperitoneal injection was 1069 nmol/kg (95% confidence limits 983-1100 nmol/kg), indicating it is nearly 40 times less toxic than STX. A toxicity equivalence factor of 0.042 was generated using the mouse bioassay. Levels of PSTs varied among individuals from the same site, although the toxin profile remained relatively consistent. In the foot tissue, STX, decarbamoyl-STX and doSTX were identified. On a molar basis doSTX was the dominant congener in both foot and viscera samples. The viscera toxin profile was more complex, with other less toxic PST congeners observed and was similar to mussels from the same site. This finding implicates localised dinoflagellate blooms as the PST source in Tasmanian abalone.
authors.affiliation: Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand. Electronic address: tim.harwood@cawthron.org.nz.
authors.forename: D Tim
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.affiliation: Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Andrew I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Selwood
authors.affiliation: Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Ginkel
authors.affiliation: Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.affiliation: Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: McNabb
authors.affiliation: AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rex
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Munday
authors.affiliation: AquaBio Consultants Ltd, PO Box 560, Auckland 1140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Biotoxin Metrology, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada.
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Biotoxin Metrology, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quilliam
authors.affiliation: South Australian Research & Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Navreet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Malhi
authors.affiliation: South Australian Research & Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dowsett
authors.affiliation: South Australian Research & Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000378:metabolism*; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D012015:Reference Standards; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013648:Tasmania
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins
keywords: Abalone; Deoxydecarbamoyl-STX; Gymnodinium catenatum; Lawrence method; Paralytic shellfish toxins