title: Spider-fearful individuals hesitantly approach threat, whereas depressed individuals do not persistently approach reward.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Much research documents that anxiety is related to the avoidance of threatening information. Research is also beginning to suggest that depression is related to a lack of approach toward positive information. However, many questions remain regarding the specificity and robustness of these effects. The goal of the present study was to examine specific motivational patterns differentiating between anxiety and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study used the approach-avoidance task (AAT) to further investigate these phenomena. Spider-fearful, depressed, and non-fearful/non-depressed (control) participants pulled or pushed a joystick lever in response to positive, neutral, and negative (spider and spider-unrelated) pictures. Unlike in previous AAT studies, duration times (DTs) of joystick movements were examined in addition to reaction times (RTs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As hypothesized, in contrast to depressed and control groups, spider-fearful participants exhibited avoidance tendencies by evidencing slower RTs when pulling the joystick in response to spider versus neutral pictures. As further hypothesized, depressed participants exhibited diminished approach motivation as evidenced by their pulling positive pictures for a shorter duration than neutral pictures, in comparison to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants in our study were from a non-clinical student sample and further research is required for generalization to spider phobia and major depressive disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings inform theoretical understanding of the specific motivational tendencies of anxiety and depression, and introduce a modification of the AAT that, if incorporated in clinical settings, would increase the specificity and success of cognitive bias modifications.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. Electronic address: gbarto3@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartoszek
authors.affiliation: Mississippi State University, PO Box 6161, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
authors.forename: E Samuel
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Winer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D057566:Self Report; D013112:Spiders; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: AAT; Approach; Avoidance; Depression; Motivation; Spider phobia