title: Emergence from general anesthesia and the sleep-manifold.
abstract: The electroencephalogram (EEG) during the re-establishment of consciousness after general anesthesia and surgery varies starkly between patients. Can the EEG during this emergence period provide a means of estimating the underlying biological processes underpinning the return of consciousness? Can we use a model to infer these biological processes from the EEG patterns? A frontal EEG was recorded from 84 patients. Ten patients were chosen for state-space analysis. Five showed archetypal emergences; which consisted of a progressive decrease in alpha power and increase peak alpha frequency before return of responsiveness. The five non-archetypal emergences showed almost no spectral EEG changes (even as the volatile general anesthetic decreased) and then an abrupt return of responsiveness. We used Bayesian methods to estimate the likelihood of an EEG pattern corresponding to the position of the patient on a 2-dimensional manifold in a state space of excitatory connection strength vs. change in intrinsic resting neuronal membrane conductivity. We could thus visualize the trajectory of each patient in the state-space during their emergence period. The patients who followed an archetypal emergence displayed a very consistent pattern; consisting of progressive increase in conductivity, and a temporary period of increased connection strength before return of responsiveness. The non-archetypal emergence trajectories remained fixed in a region of phase space characterized by a relatively high conductivity and low connection strength throughout emergence. This unexpected progressive increase in conductivity during archetypal emergence may be due to an abating of the surgical stimulus during this period. Periods of high connection strength could represent forays into dissociated consciousness, but the model suggests all patients reposition near the fold in the state space to take advantage of bi-stable cortical dynamics before transitioning to consciousness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Darren F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hight
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Vera M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Dadok
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Szeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center/Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Logan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jamie W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sleigh
keywords: connection strength; emergence; general anesthesia; resting membrane conductivity; sleep-manifold