title: Ocean acidification impacts mussel control on biomineralisation.
abstract: Ocean acidification is altering the oceanic carbonate saturation state and threatening the survival of marine calcifying organisms. Production of their calcium carbonate exoskeletons is dependent not only on the environmental seawater carbonate chemistry but also the ability to produce biominerals through proteins. We present shell growth and structural responses by the economically important marine calcifier Mytilus edulis to ocean acidification scenarios (380, 550, 750, 1000 µatm pCO2). After six months of incubation at 750 µatm pCO2, reduced carbonic anhydrase protein activity and shell growth occurs in M. edulis. Beyond that, at 1000 µatm pCO2, biomineralisation continued but with compensated metabolism of proteins and increased calcite growth. Mussel growth occurs at a cost to the structural integrity of the shell due to structural disorientation of calcite crystals. This loss of structural integrity could impact mussel shell strength and reduce protection from predators and changing environments.
authors.affiliation: School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fitzer
authors.affiliation: School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Vernon R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Phoenix
authors.affiliation: School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cusack
authors.affiliation: School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kamenos
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D060105:Animal Shells / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D057231:Climate Change; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D049880:Mytilus edulis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D002119:Calcium Carbonate