title: Reformulation of pizza crust in restaurants may increase whole-grain intake among children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whole-grain intake among children is well below recommendations. The purpose of the present study was to test the acceptability and liking of pizza made with whole-grain crust compared with refined-grain crust among children in restaurant and school settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plate waste data were collected via observation from child restaurant patrons consuming pizza made with either whole-grain or refined-grain crust. Waste was estimated by trained observers over eight months (August 2012-March 2013). Percentage waste was calculated and compared by crust type. A taste test was conducted with school children who tasted pizza made with whole-grain crust alongside pizza made with refined-grain crust and rated their liking of each product. Liking ratings were compared by crust type.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five Green Mill restaurant (a Midwest US chain) locations and one elementary school in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Child restaurant patrons (n 394) and school children (n 120, grades 3-5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children consumed as much of the pizza made with whole-grain crust (42·1 %) as the pizza made with refined-grain crust (44·6 %; P=0·55), based on an average serving size of 350-400 g. Liking ratings for both types of pizza were high (>4·5 of 5) and did not differ by crust type (P=0·47).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These positive consumption and liking outcomes indicate that whole-grain pizza crust is well accepted among children in a restaurant setting. The impact on whole-grain intake could be substantial if large, national restaurant chains served pizza made with whole-grain crust.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition,University of Minnesota,1334 Eckles Avenue,St. Paul,MN 55108,USA.
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tritt
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition,University of Minnesota,1334 Eckles Avenue,St. Paul,MN 55108,USA.
authors.forename: Marla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reicks
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition,University of Minnesota,1334 Eckles Avenue,St. Paul,MN 55108,USA.
authors.forename: Len
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marquart
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services; D005524:Food Technology; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D012147:Restaurants; D012574:Schools; D013649:Taste; D000067348:Whole Grains
keywords: Whole-grain intake