title: Hibicuslide C-induced cell death in Candida albicans involves apoptosis mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide the observation that hibicuslide C-induced cell death in yeast Candida albicans involves apoptosis mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hibicuslide C was isolated from Abutilon theophrasti by column chromatography. In reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, C. albicans treated with hibicuslide C showed increase in ROS, and its accumulation induced fungal cell death. In particular, hydroxyl radicals were a large part of the ROS. Mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial depolarization and release of cytochrome c, which is a pro-apoptotic factor, was detected by JC-1 assay and Western blot. CaspACE FITC-VAD-FMK staining using caspase inhibitor showed metacaspase activation. Also, the increase in intracellular Ca(2+), which is a signal molecule of apoptosis, was detected by Fura-2AM and Rhod-2AM assays. Finally, annexin V-FITC and PI double staining and TUNEL assay confirmed that hibicuslide C induces early apoptosis followed by secondary necrosis in C. albicans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hibicuslide C exerts antifungal activity against C. albicans through new mechanism inducing apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candida albicans is the common cause of nosocomial infections with high mortality. Our findings provide that hibicuslide C can be a model molecule that induces apoptosis in C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: E-R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D019660:Malvaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C000595664:hibicuslide C; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Candida albicans; ROS production; antifungal activity; hibicuslide C; yeast apoptosis