title: The importance of angle kappa evaluation for implantation of diffractive multifocal intra-ocular lenses using pseudophakic eye model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the critical value of the angle kappa in connection with a higher risk of photic phenomena for the AcrySof ReSTOR and Tecnis multifocal intra-ocular lens (MIOL) on a standardized pseudophakic eye model. To analyse the impact of biometric value changes on the critical angle kappa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Geometrical optic rules applied to a suitable optical model of the pseudophakic eye were used to calculate the critical value of the angle kappa for the Tecnis and three types of the AcrySof ReSTOR MIOLs. The angle kappa was defined as critical if the incident ray passed through the first ring's edge area. The influence of different positive optical corneal power (K), effective lens position (ELP) and axial length (AL) on the critical angle kappa (κc) was investigated. The dependence of κc on one of the parameters was studied for standardized values of the remaining parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest value of the critical angle kappa was evaluated for the Tecnis MIOL. The increase in ELP and K caused an increase in κc under the given conditions. On the contrary, an increase in AL led to lower values of κc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated the dependence of the critical angle kappa on the central part of the MIOL and on biometric parameters of the eye, especially on the effective lens position. According to these results, we conclude that shallow anterior chamber depth in connection with a higher angle kappa is an important risk factor for pronounced photic phenomena after implantation of a diffractive MIOL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Olomouc University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karhanová
authors.forename: František
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pluháček
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mlčák
authors.forename: Ondřej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vláčil
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Šín
authors.forename: Klára
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marešová
mesh_terms: D058452:Axial Length, Eye; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D019591:Pseudophakia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: angle kappa; anterior chamber depth; effective lens position; multifocal intra-ocular lens; photic phenomena