title: Prognostic significance of YWHAZ expression in localized prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer (PCa) patients are often over-treated because of the lack of biomarkers needed to distinguish the lethal from the indolent form of PCa. YWHAZ was recently identified as a potential therapeutic target in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Therefore, this study focused on determining the prognostic significance of YWHAZ in localized PCa.
  
  
  METHODS
  YWHAZ expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from 213 men who underwent radical prostatectomy. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to assess the prognostic value of YWHAZ intensity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High YWHAZ expression was strongly associated with high Gleason score at the time of diagnosis (P < 0.001) and PSA relapse (P = 0.001). Importantly, patients with high expression of YWHAZ had a higher risk of CRPC development (P = 0.002) and reduced survival time (P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that YWHAZ could serve as a promising prognostic biomarker in localized PCa to predict poor prognosis and to identify a subgroup of tumors, which might benefit from earlier adjuvant or YWHAZ-targeted therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rüenauver
authors.affiliation: Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden [2] Department of Urology, University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden [3] Institute of Health and Medical Science, University of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden [4] Member of the Transdisciplinary Prostate Cancer Partnership (ToPCaP).
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Urology, University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden [2] Institute of Health and Medical Science, University of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden [3] Member of the Transdisciplinary Prostate Cancer Partnership (ToPCaP).
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Urology, University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden [2] Institute of Health and Medical Science, University of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden [3] Member of the Transdisciplinary Prostate Cancer Partnership (ToPCaP).
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Andrén
authors.affiliation: Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.affiliation: Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perner
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C572235:YWHAZ protein, human