title: Computational tools for fitting the Hill equation to dose-response curves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many biological response curves commonly assume a sigmoidal shape that can be approximated well by means of the 4-parameter nonlinear logistic equation, also called the Hill equation. However, estimation of the Hill equation parameters requires access to commercial software or the ability to write computer code. Here we present two user-friendly and freely available computer programs to fit the Hill equation - a Solver-based Microsoft Excel template and a stand-alone GUI-based "point and click" program, called HEPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both computer programs use the iterative method to estimate two of the Hill equation parameters (EC50 and the Hill slope), while constraining the values of the other two parameters (the minimum and maximum asymptotes of the response variable) to fit the Hill equation to the data. In addition, HEPB draws the prediction band at a user-defined confidence level, and determines the EC50 value for each of the limits of this band to give boundary values that help objectively delineate sensitive, normal and resistant responses to the drug being tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both programs were tested by analyzing twelve datasets that varied widely in data values, sample size and slope, and were found to yield estimates of the Hill equation parameters that were essentially identical to those provided by commercial software such as GraphPad Prism and nls, the statistical package in the programming language R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Excel template provides a means to estimate the parameters of the Hill equation and plot the regression line in a familiar Microsoft Office environment. HEPB, in addition to providing the above results, also computes the prediction band for the data at a user-defined level of confidence, and determines objective cut-off values to distinguish among response types (sensitive, normal and resistant). Both programs are found to yield estimated values that are essentially the same as those from standard software such as GraphPad Prism and the R-based nls. Furthermore, HEPB also has the option to simulate 500 response values based on the range of values of the dose variable in the original data and the fit of the Hill equation to that data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA. Electronic address: sgadagkar@midwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Sudhindra R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gadagkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
authors.forename: Gerald B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Call
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012984:Software
keywords: Computer program; Dose–response relationship; EC(50); Four-parameter logistic model; Hill slope; Iteration; Methods; Prediction band; Sigmoidal curve; Simulation