title: The costs of evaluating species densities and composition of snakes to assess development impacts in amazonia.
abstract: Studies leading to decision-making for environmental licensing often fail to provide accurate estimates of diversity. Measures of snake diversity are regularly obtained to assess development impacts in the rainforests of the Amazon Basin, but this taxonomic group may be subject to poor detection probabilities. Recently, the Brazilian government tried to standardize sampling designs by the implementation of a system (RAPELD) to quantify biological diversity using spatially-standardized sampling units. Consistency in sampling design allows the detection probabilities to be compared among taxa, and sampling effort and associated cost to be evaluated. The cost effectiveness of detecting snakes has received no attention in Amazonia. Here we tested the effects of reducing sampling effort on estimates of species densities and assemblage composition. We identified snakes in seven plot systems, each standardised with 14 plots. The 250 m long centre line of each plot followed an altitudinal contour. Surveys were repeated four times in each plot and detection probabilities were estimated for the 41 species encountered. Reducing the number of observations, or the size of the sampling modules, caused significant loss of information on species densities and local patterns of variation in assemblage composition. We estimated the cost to find a snake as $ 120 U.S., but general linear models indicated the possibility of identifying differences in assemblage composition for half the overall survey costs. Decisions to reduce sampling effort depend on the importance of lost information to target-issues, and may not be the preferred option if there is the potential for identifying individual snake species requiring specific conservation actions. However, in most studies of human disturbance on species assemblages, it is likely to be more cost-effective to focus on other groups of organisms with higher detection probabilities.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael de
authors.initials: Rd
authors.lastname: Fraga
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stow
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Albertina P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D001938:Brazil; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005843:Geography; D011156:Population Density; D065947:Rainforest; D012911:Snakes