title: Levels, distribution and human exposure of new non-BDE brominated flame retardants in the indoor dust of China.
abstract: Indoor environment is an important source of human exposure to several toxicants, such as brominated flame retardants. This study presents the concentrations of 22 Non-BDE brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in 81 indoor dust samples from 23 provinces across China in the winter of 2010. The concentrations of ΣNBFRs ranged from 6.3 to 20,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 720 ng/g. DBDPE was the dominated compound, followed by HBCD and BEHTBP. Significant differences of concentrations were found between samples from rural and urban areas, and between family and public houses, indicating different applications of NBFRs. The geographical distribution of NBFRs highlighted several hotspots in North China, suggesting the influence of room temperature (heating). The exposure via dust ingestion of NBFRs was 3.8-14 times higher than that of dermal absorption. The toddlers demonstrated the highest exposure dose (9.6 ng/kg-bw/day) of NBFRs through indoor dust among all life stages.
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Long
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Li-Yan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Ning-Zheng
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Wei
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China. Electronic address: mawanli002@163.com.
authors.forename: Wan-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China. Electronic address: ijrc_pts_paper@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
keywords: China; Human exposure; Indoor dust; Non-BDE brominated flame retardants; Spatial distribution