title: Inhibition of the growth and development of mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) treated with extract from leaves of Pseudocalymma alliaceum (Bignonaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine larvicidal activity of the essential oil, hydrolat and botanical extracts derived from leaves of Pseudocalymma alliaceum on mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups of twenty larvae were used in the larvicidal assays. The mortality, relative growth rate, the larval and pupal duration and viability was estimated. The essential oil was analyzed by solid phase microextraction using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Essential oil at 800 ppm showed larvicidal activity at 24 h with lethal values of LC50 and LC90 of 267.33 and 493.63 ppm. The hydrolat at 20% and 10% on 2nd stage larvae showed 100% effectiveness after 24 h. The aqueous extract at 10% had a relative growth index of 0.58, while the ethanolic and methanolic extract obtained values of 0.76 and 0.70 and control reached 0.99. Larvae treated with 10% of methanol, ethanol and aqueous extract showed a reduction in larval duration of 5.00, 2.20 and 4.35 days; ethanol extract at 1% provoke decrease of 2.40 days in the development and exhibited an increment of 3.30 days when treated with 0.01%. Aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts at 10% reduced in 6.15, 3.42 and 5.57 days pupal development. The main compounds were diallyl disulfide (50.05%), diallyl sulfide (11.77%) and trisulfide di-2-propenyl (10.37%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated for the first time, the larvicidal activity of the essential oil and hydrolat of Pseudocalymma alliaceum; aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts inhibited the normal growth and development of mosquito larvae, prolonging and delaying larval and pupal duration.
authors.affiliation: CIIDIR-OAXACA, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México. C.P. 71230.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Granados-Echegoyen
authors.affiliation: CIIDIR-OAXACA, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México. C.P. 71230. Electronic address: rafaelperezpacheco@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soto-Hernández
authors.affiliation: CIIDIR-OAXACA, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México. C.P. 71230.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Vega
authors.affiliation: CIIDIR-OAXACA, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México. C.P. 71230.
authors.forename: Luicita
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lagunez-Rivera
authors.affiliation: CIIDIR-OAXACA, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Hornos 1003, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México. C.P. 71230.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alonso-Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kouri"La Habana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gato-Armas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029402:Bignoniaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D009032:Mosquito Control; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Botanical extracts; Essential oils; Hydrolat; Mosquito control; Pseudocallyma; growth inhibition