title: A long term field study of the effect of fungicides penconazole and sulfur on yeasts in the vineyard.
abstract: This research deals with how two fungicide treatments against powdery mildew, penconazole as a systematic fungicide and sulfur as an inorganic broad-spectrum fungicide, affect the diversity and density of wine yeasts associated with grape berry surfaces and subsequent spontaneous fermentations. Unlike other studies in this area, this work aims to evaluate this effect on the population dynamics in the environment, the conditions of which are not reproducible in the laboratory. A long term (three year) sampling plan was thus devised. A minimum inhibitory concentration assay was also carried out in the laboratory in order to prove the influence of these antifungals on yeast populations. While both antifungal treatments (penconazole and sulfur) were similarly effective against powdery mildew, each had a very different effect on yeast populations. Penconazole showed the most negative effect on biodiversity in the vineyard and was the fungicide to which the isolated yeasts showed the greatest sensitivity. This study therefore evidences the suitability of treatment with sulfur, in both conventional and organic viticulture, to preserve the yeast population associated with grape berries, in particular the Saccharomyces cerevisiae species.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1 s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cordero-Bueso
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Agroalimentación, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural Agrario y Alimentario, Autovía A2, Km 38.2, 28800 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1 s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain. Electronic address: evalero@upo.es.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valero
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055321:Hanseniaspora / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D055163:Metschnikowia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012248:Rhodotorula / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013455:Sulfur / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027843:Vitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D014920:Wine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; C087058:penconazole; D013455:Sulfur
keywords: Bioassays; Conventional vineyard; Grape growth stages; Organic vineyard; Yeast diversity