title: Tactile imaging of an imbedded palpable structure for breast cancer screening.
abstract: Apart from texture, the human finger can sense palpation. The detection of an imbedded structure is a fine balance between the relative stiffness of the matrix, the object, and the device. If the device is too soft, its high responsiveness will limit the depth to which the imbedded structure can be detected. The sensation of palpation is an effective procedure for a physician to examine irregularities. In a clinical breast examination (CBE), by pressing over 1 cm(2) area, at a contact pressure in the 70-90 kPa range, the physician feels cancerous lumps that are 8- to 18-fold stiffer than surrounding tissue. Early detection of a lump in the 5-10 mm range leads to an excellent prognosis. We describe a thin-film tactile device that emulates human touch to quantify CBE by imaging the size and shape of 5-10 mm objects at 20 mm depth in a breast model using ∼80 kPa pressure. The linear response of the device allows quantification where the greyscale corresponds to the relative local stiffness. The (background) signal from <2.5-fold stiffer objects at a size below 2 mm is minimal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.
authors.forename: Chieu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Nguyen
authors.forename: Ravi F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Saraf
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004548:Elasticity; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D061848:Optical Imaging; D010173:Palpation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
keywords: breast cancer screening; nanoelectronics; nanoparticle; palpability; tactile sensor