title: Full-field strain measurement during mechanical testing of the human femur at physiologically relevant strain rates.
abstract: Understanding the mechanical properties of human femora is of great importance for the development of a reliable fracture criterion aimed at assessing fracture risk. Earlier ex vivo studies have been conducted by measuring strains on a limited set of locations using strain gauges (SGs). Digital image correlation (DIC) could instead be used to reconstruct the full-field strain pattern over the surface of the femur. The objective of this study was to measure the full-field strain response of cadaver femora tested at a physiological strain rate up to fracture in a configuration resembling single stance. The three cadaver femora were cleaned from soft tissues, and a white background paint was applied with a random black speckle pattern over the anterior surface. The mechanical tests were conducted up to fracture at a constant displacement rate of 15 mm/s, and two cameras recorded the event at 3000 frames per second. DIC was performed to retrieve the full-field displacement map, from which strains were derived. A low-pass filter was applied over the measured displacements before the crack opened in order to reduce the noise level. The noise levels were assessed using a dedicated control plate. Conversely, no filtering was applied at the frames close to fracture to get the maximum resolution. The specimens showed a linear behavior of the principal strains with respect to the applied force up to fracture. The strain rate was comparable to the values available in literature from in vivo measurements during daily activities. The cracks opened and fully propagated in less than 1 ms, and small regions with high values of the major principal strains could be spotted just a few frames before the crack opened. This corroborates the hypothesis of a strain-driven fracture mechanism in human bone. The data represent a comprehensive collection of full-field strains, both at physiological load levels and up to fracture. About 10,000 points were tracked on each bone, providing superior spatial resolution compared to ∼15 measurements typically collected using SGs. These experimental data collection can be further used for validation of numerical models, and for experimental verification of bone constitutive laws and fracture criteria.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: Sami P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Väänänen
authors.forename: Saber Amin
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Yavari
authors.forename: Jukka S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jurvelin
authors.forename: Harrie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weinans
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ristinmaa
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zadpoor
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isaksson
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D055815:Young Adult