title: Physicochemical and biological characterization of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes in biological media.
abstract: To study the toxicity of nanoparticles under relevant conditions, it is important to reproducibly disperse nanoparticles in biological media in in vitro and in vivo studies. Here, single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs) were physicochemically and biologically characterized when dispersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA-SWNT/DWNT interaction resulted in a reduction of aggregation and an increase in particle stabilization. Based on the protein sequence coverage and protein binding results, DWNTs exhibited higher protein binding than SWNTs. SWNT and DWNT suspensions in the presence of BSA increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in A549 cells as compared to corresponding samples in the absence of BSA. We next determined the effects of SWNTs and DWNTs on pulmonary protein modification using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as a surrogate collected form BALB/c mice. The BALF proteins bound to SWNTs (13 proteins) and DWNTs (11 proteins), suggesting that these proteins were associated with blood coagulation pathways. Lastly, we demonstrated the importance of physicochemical and biological alterations of SWNTs and DWNTs when dispersed in biological media, since protein binding may result in the misinterpretation of in vitro results and the activation of protein-regulated biological responses.
authors.affiliation: School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: lion5835@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wen-Te
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: mybien@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Mauo-Ying
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Bien
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: kjc@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Kai-Jen
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: tychang@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ta-Yuan
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK. Electronic address: JonesTP@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK. Electronic address: Berube@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: BéruBé
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK. Electronic address: LalevGM1@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Georgi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lalev
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: Daihua.Tsai@hospvd.ch.
authors.forename: Dai-Hua
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: r92841005@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: tcheng@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tsun-Jen
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D002417:Cattle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Carbon nanotube; Inflammation; Nanomaterials; Nanotoxicology; Proteomics