title: Personal particulate matter exposures and locations of students in four neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana.
abstract: Air pollution exposure and places where the exposures occur may differ in cities in the developing world compared with high-income countries. Our aim was to measure personal fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure of students in neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic status in Accra, Ghana, and to quantify the main predictors of exposure. We measured 24-hour PM2.5 exposure of 56 students from eight schools in four neighborhoods. PM2.5 was measured both gravimetrically and continuously, with time-matched global positioning system coordinates. We collected data on determinants of exposure, such as distances of homes and schools from main roads and fuel used for cooking at their home or in the area of residence/school. The association of PM2.5 exposure with sources was estimated using linear mixed-effects models. Personal PM2.5 exposures ranged from less than 10 μg/m(3) to more than 150 μg/m(3) (mean 56 μg/m(3)). Girls had higher exposure than boys (67 vs 44 μg/m(3); P-value=0.001). Exposure was inversely associated with distance of home or school to main roads, but the associations were not statistically significant in the multivariate model. Use of biomass fuels in the area where the school was located was also associated with higher exposure, as was household's own biomass use. Paved schoolyard surface was associated with lower exposure. School locations in relation to major roads, materials of school ground surfaces, and biomass use in the area around schools may be important determinants of air pollution exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Raphael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Arku
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kathie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dionisio
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Allison F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vallarino
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Spengler
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Marcia C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agyei-Mensah
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter