title: Prophylactic effect of baicalein against renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats.
abstract: Despite a tremendous advancement in the management of diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy (DN) is still a significant problem for many patients with diabetes, because of the inefficacy and associated side effects of pharmacological drugs. There is a demand for new therapeutic drugs which on one hand efficiently prevent the development of DN by targeting several metabolic and inflammatory pathways, and on the other hand, are side-effect free. In recent years, many researchers have suggested that inflammation plays an important role in the development of DN, hence, NF-κB has received much attention. We investigated the nephroptotective effects of baicalein (BAC), a flavonoid, in high fat diet/streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic Wistar rats. BAC (10 mg/kg bw/day and 20 mg/kg bw/day) treatment was given to the diabetic rats by oral gavage for 16 weeks post induction of diabetes. The effect of BAC was compared to a commercial antidiabetic drug rosiglitazone (RZ, 3 mg/kg bw/day). BAC and RZ treatment significantly lowered food intake, body weight and levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA-IR) in diabetic rats. Both, BAC and RZ restored normal renal function and mitigated renal oxidative stress. BAC and RZ also suppressed the activation of NF-κB, decreased expression of iNOS and TGF-β1, and ameliorated the structural changes in renal tissues. Moreover, BAC also normalized the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and liver function enzymes. However, rosiglitazone treatment produced liver toxicity as was evident from increased serum levels of liver function enzymes; ALP, SGOT and SGPT. Taken together, BAC treatment preserved renal function by anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, BAC was found to be more effective as compared to RZ, suggesting the efficacy of BAC in the treatment of DN.
authors.affiliation: Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Amjid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mujeeb
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
authors.forename: Haseeb
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.affiliation: Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India. Electronic address: wasiddiqui01@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Waseem Ahmad
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D044950:Flavanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D013311:Streptozocin; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D044950:Flavanones; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; C006680:baicalein; D013311:Streptozocin; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase
keywords: Baicalein; Diabetic nephropathy; Insulin resistance; Oxidative stress; Renal function