title: RSM based optimization of chemical and enzymatic transesterification of palm oil: biodiesel production and assessment of exhaust emission levels.
abstract: Current study presents RSM based optimized production of biodiesel from palm oil using chemical and enzymatic transesterification. The emission behavior of biodiesel and its blends, namely, POB-5, POB-20, POB-40, POB-50, POB-80, and POB-100 was examined using diesel engine (equipped with tube well). Optimized palm oil fatty acid methyl esters (POFAMEs) yields were depicted to be 47.6 ± 1.5, 92.7 ± 2.5, and 95.4 ± 2.0% for chemical transesterification catalyzed by NaOH, KOH, and NaOCH3, respectively, whereas for enzymatic transesterification reactions catalyzed by NOVOZYME-435 and A. n. lipase optimized biodiesel yields were 94.2 ± 3.1 and 62.8 ± 2.4%, respectively. Distinct decrease in particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels was experienced in exhaust emissions from engine operating on biodiesel blends POB-5, POB-20, POB-40, POB-50, POB-80, and POB-100 comparative to conventional petroleum diesel. Percentage change in CO and PM emissions for different biodiesel blends ranged from -2.1 to -68.7% and -6.2 to -58.4%, respectively, relative to conventional diesel, whereas an irregular trend was observed for NOx emissions. Only POB-5 and POB-20 showed notable reductions, whereas all other blends (POB-40 to POB-100) showed slight increase in NOx emission levels from 2.6 to 5.5% comparative to petroleum diesel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Waseem
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Mumtaz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7085-9887
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan ; College of Pharmacy, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Farooq
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nazamid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saari
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004951:Esterification; D000073878:Palm Oil; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D059205:Renewable Energy; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010938:Plant Oils; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D000073878:Palm Oil