title: Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging of water evaporation dynamics for early detection of incipient caries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Incipient caries is characterized as demineralization of the tooth enamel reflecting in increased porosity of enamel structure. As a result, the demineralized enamel may contain increased amount of water, and exhibit different water evaporation dynamics than the sound enamel. The objective of this paper is to assess the applicability of water evaporation dynamics of sound and demineralized enamel for detection and quantification of incipient caries using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The time lapse of water evaporation from enamel samples with artificial and natural caries lesions of different stages was imaged by a near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system. Partial least squares regression was used to predict the water content from the acquired spectra. The water evaporation dynamics was characterized by a first order logarithmic drying model. The calculated time constants of the logarithmic drying model were used as the discriminative feature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conducted measurements showed that demineralized enamel contains more water and exhibits significantly faster water evaporation than the sound enamel. By appropriate modelling of the water evaporation process from the enamel surface, the contrast between the sound and demineralized enamel observed in the individual near infrared spectral images can be substantially enhanced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented results indicate that near-infrared based prediction of water content combined with an appropriate drying model presents a strong foundation for development of novel diagnostic tools for incipient caries detection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study enhance the understanding of the water evaporation process from the sound and demineralized enamel and have significant implications for the detection of incipient caries by near-infrared hyperspectral imaging.
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: peter.usenik@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Usenik
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: miran.burmen@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Miran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bürmen
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Hrvatski trg 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: ales.fidler@mf.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fidler
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: franjo.pernus@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Franjo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pernuš
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: bostjan.likar@fe.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Boštjan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Likar
mesh_terms: D001834:Body Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry*; D003890:Desiccation; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008956:Models, Chemical; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: Absorption; Dental enamel; Early diagnosis; Linear regression; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Tooth demineralization