title: Optimizing real time fMRI neurofeedback for therapeutic discovery and development.
abstract: While reducing the burden of brain disorders remains a top priority of organizations like the World Health Organization and National Institutes of Health, the development of novel, safe and effective treatments for brain disorders has been slow. In this paper, we describe the state of the science for an emerging technology, real time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, in clinical neurotherapeutics. We review the scientific potential of rtfMRI and outline research strategies to optimize the development and application of rtfMRI neurofeedback as a next generation therapeutic tool. We propose that rtfMRI can be used to address a broad range of clinical problems by improving our understanding of brain-behavior relationships in order to develop more specific and effective interventions for individuals with brain disorders. We focus on the use of rtfMRI neurofeedback as a clinical neurotherapeutic tool to drive plasticity in brain function, cognition, and behavior. Our overall goal is for rtfMRI to advance personalized assessment and intervention approaches to enhance resilience and reduce morbidity by correcting maladaptive patterns of brain function in those with brain disorders.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, USA ; Harvard Medical School, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center, USA ; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Stoeckel
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Garrison
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center, USA ; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wighton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, USA ; Harvard Medical School, USA ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Princeton University, USA.
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Turk-Browne
authors.affiliation: Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: deBettencourt
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scheinost
authors.affiliation: Child Mind Institute, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Craddock
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Mexico.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, USA ; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Breiter
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whitfield-Gabrieli
authors.affiliation: McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gabrieli
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, USA ; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: LaConte
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hirshberg
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, USA ; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hampson
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center, USA ; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Der Kouwe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, USA ; Harvard Medical School, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Evins
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Brain-computer interface; Neurofeedback; Neurotherapeutic; Real time fMRI