title: Relationship between isolated mild tricuspid valve regurgitation in second-trimester fetuses and postnatal congenital cardiac disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In most cases, the clinical importance of fetal isolated mild tricuspid valve regurgitation is not known. This study evaluated the relationship between fetal isolated mild tricuspid regurgitation in the general obstetric population and postnatal congenital cardiac disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed fetal echocardiography was done between 18 and 24 weeks' gestation to detect tricuspid regurgitation and to exclude complicated cardiac defects. Routine second-trimester targeted organ scans were also performed to exclude extracardiac defects. Follow-up was done until birth. After birth, the cardiac anatomy of the neonates was examined by echocardiography. The association between fetal isolated mild tricuspid regurgitation and postnatal congenital cardiac disorders was assessed by logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major cardiac disorders were found postnatally. Some minor disorders were found, including a patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defects, a patent ductus arteriosus, and small ventricular septal defects. Fetuses with isolated mild tricuspid regurgitation had a significantly higher likelihood of having ventricular septal defects (odds ratio, 5.80; P = .027) or a patent foramen ovale with atrial septal defects and a patent ductus arteriosus (odds ratio, 11.61; P = .007). There was no significant association between tricuspid regurgitation and an isolated patent foramen ovale or a patent foramen ovale with atrial septal defects in neonates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetuses with isolated mild tricuspid regurgitation in the second trimester did not have a higher incidence of major cardiac disorders after birth. The presence of isolated mild tricuspid regurgitation may be an indication of minor postnatal congenital cardiac disorders.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.Z., Yu.Z., Q.Z., Yi.Z., X.L., Y.Y.); Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.G., C.C., C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China (X.L.).
authors.forename: Jizi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.Z., Yu.Z., Q.Z., Yi.Z., X.L., Y.Y.); Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.G., C.C., C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China (X.L.).
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.Z., Yu.Z., Q.Z., Yi.Z., X.L., Y.Y.); Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.G., C.C., C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China (X.L.).
authors.forename: Yonghao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.Z., Yu.Z., Q.Z., Yi.Z., X.L., Y.Y.); Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.G., C.C., C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China (X.L.).
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.Z., Yu.Z., Q.Z., Yi.Z., X.L., Y.Y.); Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.G., C.C., C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China (X.L.).
authors.forename: Congcong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.Z., Yu.Z., Q.Z., Yi.Z., X.L., Y.Y.); Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.G., C.C., C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China (X.L.).
authors.forename: Qiongjie
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.Z., Yu.Z., Q.Z., Yi.Z., X.L., Y.Y.); Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.G., C.C., C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China (X.L.).
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.Z., Yu.Z., Q.Z., Yi.Z., X.L., Y.Y.); Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.G., C.C., C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China (X.L.). xiaotianli555@163.com yan_ying_liu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaotian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.Z., Yu.Z., Q.Z., Yi.Z., X.L., Y.Y.); Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y.G., C.C., C.Z.); and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China (X.L.). xiaotianli555@163.com yan_ying_liu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yingliu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: congenital cardiac disorders; echocardiography; fetal; isolated mild tricuspid regurgitation; pediatric ultrasound; postnatal