title: Extraction efficiency of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants from lyophilized foods using pressurized liquid extraction and manual extraction.
abstract: The efficient extraction of antioxidants from food samples is necessary in order to accurately measure their antioxidant capacities. α-Tocopherol and gallic acid were spiked into samples of 5 lyophilized and pulverized vegetables and fruits (onion, cabbage, Satsuma mandarin orange, pumpkin, and spinach). The lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in the samples were sequentially extracted with a mixed solvent of n-hexane and dichloromethane, and then with acetic acid-acidified aqueous methanol. Duplicate samples were extracted: one set was extracted using an automated pressurized liquid extraction apparatus, and the other set was extracted manually. Spiked α-tocopherol and gallic acid were recovered almost quantitatively in the extracted lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions, respectively, especially when pressurized liquid extraction was used. The expected increase in lipophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (L-ORAC) due to spiking with α-tocopherol, and the expected increase in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities and total polyphenol content due to spiking with gallic acid, were all recovered in high yield. Relatively low recoveries, as reflected in the hydrophilic ORAC (H-ORAC) value, were obtained following spiking with gallic acid, suggesting an interaction between gallic acid and endogenous antioxidants. The H-ORAC values of gallic acid-spiked samples were almost the same as those of postadded (spiked) samples. These results clearly indicate that lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants are effectively extracted from lyophilized food, especially when pressurized liquid extraction is used.
authors.affiliation: the Natl. Food Research Inst, Natl. Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oki
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takebayashi
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takano-Ishikawa
mesh_terms: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D028464:Cucurbita / Q000737:chemistry; D003890:Desiccation; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D019697:Onions / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000737:chemistry; D012015:Reference Standards; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000592:standards; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010851:Picrates; D059808:Polyphenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005707:Gallic Acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
keywords: antioxidant; extraction; food samples; pressurized liquid extraction; spike-and-recovery