title: Spectrum of carpal dislocations and fracture-dislocations: imaging and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this article are to discuss the imaging of carpal dislocations and fracture-dislocations and to review the ligamentous anatomy of the wrist, mechanisms of injury, and routine management of these injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perilunate dislocations, perilunate fracture-dislocations (PLFDs), and lunate dislocations are high-energy wrist injuries that can and should be recognized on radio-graphs. These injuries are a result of important sequential osseous and ligamentous injuries or failures. Prompt and accurate radiographic diagnosis aids in the management of patients with perilunate dislocations, PLFDs, and lunate dislocations while assisting orthopedic surgeons with subsequent surgical planning. CT may better show the extent of the injury and help in treatment planning particularly in cases of delayed treatment or chronic perilunate dislocation. A CT examination with coronal, sagittal, and 3D reformatted images is ordered at our institution in cases in which the extent of the carpal injuries is poorly shown on radiographic examination.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medical Imaging, The University of Arizona Health Network, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245067, Tucson, AZ 85724-5067.
authors.forename: Luke R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Scalcione
authors.forename: Lana H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Gimber
authors.forename: Annette M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.forename: Mihra S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Taljanovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Mayfield classification; lunate dislocations; perilunate dislocations; perilunate fracture-dislocations; transcapitate; transradial styloid; transscaphoid; transtriquetral; transulnar styloid