title: Hydronephrosis: prenatal and postnatal evaluation and management.
abstract: Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) is one of the most frequently detected abnormalities found on routine prenatal ultrasounds, affecting 1% to 4.5% of all pregnancies. Despite its prevalence, there continues to be uncertainty regarding the clinical impact after birth. Prognosis depends on the severity of the dilation. Expectant prenatal management is the rule with fetal intervention rarely needed in a few select cases. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux are the most common postnatal diagnoses. A renal and bladder ultrasound is essential in the follow-up of patients with ANH and helps dictate further investigation with voiding cystourethrography and/or diuretic renography.
authors.affiliation: Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 24, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Electronic address: dbliu@luriechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Dennis B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, 820 South Wood Street, M/C 955, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 24, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maizels
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Antenatal diagnosis; Hydronephrosis; Obstructive uropathy; Radiology; Urinary tract infections; Vesicoureteral reflux