title: Optimization of headspace solid phase microextraction based on nano-structured ZnO combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for preconcentration and determination of ultra-traces of chlorobenzenes in environmental samples.
abstract: In this study, a simple, novel and efficient preconcentration method for the determination of some chlorobenzenes (monochlorobenzene (MCB), three isomeric forms of dichlorobenzene (diCB), 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (triCB) and hexachlorobenze (hexaCB)) has been developed using a headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) based on nano-structured ZnO combined with capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). ZnO nanorods have been grown on fused silica fibers using a hydrothermal process. The diameter of ZnO nanorods was in the range of 50-80 nm. The effect of different variables on the extraction efficiency was studied simultaneously using an experimental design. The variables of interest in the HS-SPME were stirring rate, desorption time and temperature, ionic strength, extraction time and temperature. For this purpose, a multivariate strategy was applied based on an experimental design using a Plackett-Burman design for screening and a Box-Behnken design for optimizing of the significant factors. The detection limit and relative standard deviation (RSD) (n=5) for the target analytes were in the range of 0.01-0.1 ng L(-1) and 4.3-7.6%, respectively. The developed technique was found to be successfully applicable to preconcentration and determination of the target analytes in environmental water and soil samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FIN-50130 Mikkeli, Finland. Electronic address: ghasemi.e@iaups.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ensieh
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghasemi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FIN-50130 Mikkeli, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sillanpää
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D002722:Chlorobenzenes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002722:Chlorobenzenes; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C031294:chlorobenzene; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Chemometric design; Chlorobenzene; Environmental analysis; Solid phase microextraction; ZnO nanorod