title: Toxicity of pristine graphene in experiments in a chicken embryo model.
abstract: Evaluation of the potential cytotoxicity of graphene is a key factor for medical applications, where flakes or a surface of graphene may be used as bioactive molecules, drug carriers, or biosensors. In the present work, effects of pristine graphene (pG) on the development of a living organism, with an emphasis on morphological and molecular states of the brain, were investigated using a chicken embryo model. Fertilized chicken eggs were divided into the control group and groups administered with pG suspended in milli-Q water at concentrations of 50 μg/L, 100 μg/L, 500 μg/L, 1,000 μg/L, 5,000 μg/L, and 10,000 μg/L (n=30 per group). The experimental solutions were injected in ovo into the albumin and then the eggs were incubated. After 19 days of incubation, the survival, weight of the body and organs, and blood serum biochemical indices were measured. The brain samples were collected for microscopic examination of brain ultrastructure and measurements of gene and protein expression. Survival of embryos was significantly decreased after treatment with pG, but the body and organ weights as well as biochemical indices were not affected. In all treatment groups, some atypical ultrastructures of the brain were observed, but they were not enhanced by the increasing concentrations of pG. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen at the messenger ribonucleic acid level was downregulated, and the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive nuclei was significantly reduced in the 500-10,000 μg/L groups compared with the control group, indicating a decreased rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the brain. The present results demonstrate some harmful effects of the applied pG flakes on the developing organism, including brain tissue, which ought to be considered prior to any medical applications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sawosz
authors.affiliation: Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Slawomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaworski
authors.affiliation: Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kutwin
authors.affiliation: Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hotowy
authors.affiliation: Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wierzbicki
authors.affiliation: Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grodzik
authors.affiliation: Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurantowicz
authors.affiliation: Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Strojny
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ludwika
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lipińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chwalibog
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006108:Graphite
keywords: brain; graphene; nanostructure; toxicity