title: Prospective evaluation of cytokine in saliva of preterm and fullterm neonates.
abstract: Little is known about the ontogeny of the cytokines in saliva of newborn. Previous studies showed that levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva could be influenced by prematurity. So, the aim of this study was to analyze the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in sample saliva of fullterm (FT) and preterm (PT) neonates at birth (T0) and after 3 months of age (T3). Saliva from 50 infants (25 FT and 25 PT) were collected at T0 and T3 and analyzed by Luminex Corporation (Austin, Texas, United States) multiplex assay. Clinical characteristics and social-economic data were assessed through questionnaires. All cytokines could be detected at birth in levels higher than found in T3. The mean levels and frequency of detection of cytokines were significantly higher in PT than FT at T0 (P<0.05). There were a positive association between IL-10 and infection (P<0.05) and IL-6 and stress (P<0.005). Salivary cytokines were detected within the first hours after birth and their levels decreased after 3 months. The cytokine levels were different between PT and FT children and appear to be influenced by stress situation and/or antigenic microbial challenge. The results confirm the necessity for further studies about the mucosal immune system by using of saliva as a source of diagnostic by identification of biomarkers of the status of the immune.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: malutase@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Maria Lucia Talarico
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sesso
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mariana.ped@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariana Castro Loureiro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: vplferri@fmrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Virginia Paes Leme
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Ferriani
authors.affiliation: Uberaba University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: vinigmartins@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Vinicius Rangel
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Geraldo-Martins
authors.affiliation: Uberaba University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: denise.rodrigues@uniube.br.
authors.forename: Denise Bertulucci Rocha
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Uberaba University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: ruchele_nogueira@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Ruchele Dias
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Nogueira
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007239:Infections; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cytokines; Immunoglobulin A; Interferon interleukins; Prematurity; Saliva