title: Nontherapeutic laparotomy in American combat casualties: a 10-year review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The civilian literature has expanded the indications for selective nonoperative management (SNOM) for abdominal trauma to minimize morbidity from nontherapeutic laparotomies (NTLs); however, this treatment modality remains controversial and rare in austere settings. This study aimed to quantify the percentage of NTL and incidence of failed SNOM performed in theater and to define each of their respective intra-abdominal-related morbidities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective evaluation of all patients who underwent a laparotomy from 2002 to 2011 during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was performed for patients who survived a minimum of 24 hours. With the use of DRG International Classification of Diseases--9th Rev. procedure codes, a therapeutic laparotomy was defined by the presence of a defined intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal procedure; an NTL was defined by the absence of a defined intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal procedure. Second, patients transferred from North American Treaty Organization Role II to Role III medical treatment facilities to be operated on were deemed failed SNOM. Finally, intra-abdominal complications and mortality were identified for patients undergoing therapeutic laparotomy, NTL, and failed SNOM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blunt, burn, and penetrating injuries accounted for 38.5% (n = 490), 1.1% (n = 14), and 60.4% (n = 769) of all laparotomies in the OEF and OIF, respectively. Thirty-two percent of all laparotomies performed during the OEF and OIF campaigns were NTL; specifically, the NTL rates in OEF and OIF were 38.2% and 28.6%, respectively. In addition, 31.6% and 32.2% of all penetrating and blunt injury mechanisms resulted in an NTL, respectively. The percentage of all patients identified as failing SNOM was 7.5% (n = 95). The early intra-abdominal complication rate for failed SNOM and for all patients undergoing NTL was 2.1% and 1.7%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The OIF and OEF combined NTL rate was 32.1%, with an associated 1.7% intra-abdominal early complication rate. The infrequent application of SNOM in a deployed military environment is likely secondary to unpredictable fragmentation trajectories and related blast injury patterns, limited medical resources including computed tomography, and a complex aeromedical evacuation system preventing serial observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiologic study, level IV.
authors.affiliation: From the San Antonio Military Medical Center (T.A.M., T.E.B., L.B., C.W.); and US Army Institute of Surgical Research (T.H., J.K.A.), Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: Tyson E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Aden
authors.forename: Lorne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blackbourne
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult