title: Outside looking in: the community impacts of anti-lesbian, gay, and bisexual hate crime.
abstract: Hate crime scholars have long argued that the harms of hate crime extend beyond the immediate victim to negatively impact the victim's reference community. However, this assertion is speculative and in need of empirical support. Utilizing focus group data from 15 people who identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or pansexual, this pilot study explored the extent to which the harms of anti-LGB hate crime spread beyond the immediate victim to impact nonvictims in the LGB community. The findings suggest that anti-LGB hate violence can have profound and negative effects on the psychological and emotional well-being of nonvictims who are LGB and may result in dramatic behavioral change as well. The findings also indicate that hate violence negatively affected participants' decisions to disclose their sexual orientation to others. On a more positive note, however, awareness of such violence may also mobilize some people within the LGB community.
authors.affiliation: a Centre of Criminology & Sociolegal Studies , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D002170:Canada; D003415:Crime / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005783:Gender Identity; D006252:Hate; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000523:psychology; D063509:Homophobia / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D018452:Homosexuality, Female / Q000523:psychology*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012922:Social Change; D012945:Social Values; D014754:Violence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology
keywords: anti-LGB violence; community impacts; hate crime; homophobia; violence