title: Compartment differences of inflammatory activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with local and systemic inflammation. The knowledge of interaction and co-variation of the inflammatory responses in different compartments is meagre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy controls (n = 23), smokers with (n = 28) and without (n = 29) COPD performed spirometry and dental examinations. Saliva, induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum were collected. Inflammatory markers were assessed in all compartments using ELISA, flow cytometry and RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Negative correlations between lung function and saliva IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were found in smokers with COPD. IL-8 and MMP-9 in saliva correlated positively with periodontal disease as assessed by gingival bleeding in non-smokers.Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in saliva, serum and TNF-α mRNA expression on macrophages in BAL-fluid were lower in smokers than in non-smokers. There were positive correlations between soluble TNF-α receptor 1 (sTNFR1) and soluble TNF-α receptor 2 (sTNFR2) in sputum, BAL-fluid and serum in all groups. Sputum interleukin-8 (IL-8) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) was positively correlated with sTNFR1 or sTNFR2 in non-smokers and with sTNFR2 in COPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Saliva which is convenient to collect and analyse, may be suitable for biomarker assessment of disease activity in COPD. An attenuated TNF-α expression was demonstrated by both protein and mRNA analyses in different compartments suggesting that TNF-α response is altered in moderate and severe COPD. Shedding of TNFR1 or TNFR2 is similarly regulated irrespective of airflow limitation.
authors.affiliation: Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden. jie.ji@ki.se.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: von Schéele
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Billing
authors.forename: Barbro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dahlén
authors.forename: Ann-Sofie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lantz
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palmberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D013183:Sputum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators