title: Apparatus for investigating the reactions of soft-bodied invertebrates to controlled humidity gradients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While many studies have assayed behavioral responses of animals to chemical, temperature and light gradients, fewer studies have assayed how animals respond to humidity gradients. Our novel humidity chamber has allowed us to study the neuromolecular basis of humidity sensation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Russell et al., 2014).
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe an easy-to-construct, low-cost humidity chamber to assay the behavior of small animals, including soft-bodied invertebrates, in controlled humidity gradients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that our humidity-chamber design is amenable to soft-bodied invertebrates and can produce reliable gradients ranging 0.3-8% RH/cm across a 9-cm long × 7.5-cm wide gel-covered arena.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous humidity chambers relied on circulating dry and moist air to produce a steep humidity gradient in a small arena (e.g. Sayeed and Benzer, 1996). To remove the confound of moving air that may elicit mechanical responses independent of humidity responses, our chamber controlled the humidity gradient using reservoirs of hygroscopic materials. Additionally, to better observe the behavioral mechanisms for humidity responses, our chamber provided a larger arena. Although similar chambers have been described previously, these approaches were not suitable for soft-bodied invertebrates or for easy imaging of behavior because they required that animals move across wire or fabric mesh.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The general applicability of our humidity chamber overcomes limitations of previous designs and opens the door to observe the behavioral responses of soft-bodied invertebrates, including genetically powerful C. elegans and Drosophila larvae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain, Behavior & Evolution, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain, Behavior & Evolution, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Electronic address: jonps@austin.utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pierce-Shimomura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006813:Humidity; D007814:Larva; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D012685:Sepharose
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D012685:Sepharose
keywords: Humidity; Hygrosensation; Hygrotaxis; Larva; Nematode