title: Dietary milk fat globule membrane improves endurance capacity in mice.
abstract: Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) comprises carbohydrates, membrane-specific proteins, glycoproteins, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. We evaluated the effects of MFGM consumption over a 12-wk period on endurance capacity and energy metabolism in BALB/c mice. Long-term MFGM intake combined with regular exercise improved endurance capacity, as evidenced by swimming time until fatigue, in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of dietary MFGM plus exercise was accompanied by higher oxygen consumption and lower respiratory quotient, as determined by indirect calorimetry. MFGM intake combined with exercise increased plasma levels of free fatty acids after swimming. After chronic intake of MFGM combined with exercise, the triglyceride content in the gastrocnemius muscle increased significantly. Mice given MFGM combined with exercise had higher mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (Pgc1α) and CPT-1b in the soleus muscle at rest, suggesting that increased lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle contributes, in part, to improved endurance capacity. MFGM treatment with cyclic equibiaxial stretch consisting of 10% elongation at 0.5 Hz with 1 h on and 5 h off increased the Pgc1α mRNA expression of differentiating C2C12 myoblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Supplementation with sphingomyelin increased endurance capacity in mice and Pgc1α mRNA expression in the soleus muscle in vivo and in differentiating myoblasts in vitro. These results indicate that dietary MFGM combined with exercise improves endurance performance via increased lipid metabolism and that sphingomyelin may be one of the components responsible for the beneficial effects of dietary MFGM.
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haramizu
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan.
authors.forename: Kohjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hase
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan.
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan shimotoyodome.akira@kao.co.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimotoyodome
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066292:Lipid Droplets; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D023421:Models, Animal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D006017:Glycolipids; D006023:Glycoproteins; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C110367:milk fat globule; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
keywords: endurance; milk fat globule membrane; sphingomyelin