title: Comprehensive metabolomics to evaluate the impact of industrial processing on the phytochemical composition of vegetable purees.
abstract: The effects of conventional industrial processing steps on global phytochemical composition of broccoli, tomato and carrot purees were investigated by using a range of complementary targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches including LC-PDA for vitamins, (1)H NMR for polar metabolites, accurate mass LC-QTOF MS for semi-polar metabolites, LC-MRM for oxylipins, and headspace GC-MS for volatile compounds. An initial exploratory experiment indicated that the order of blending and thermal treatments had the highest impact on the phytochemicals in the purees. This blending-heating order effect was investigated in more depth by performing alternate blending-heating sequences in triplicate on the same batches of broccoli, tomato and carrot. For each vegetable and particularly in broccoli, a large proportion of the metabolites detected in the purees was significantly influenced by the blending-heating order, amongst which were potential health-related phytochemicals and flavour compounds like vitamins C and E, carotenoids, flavonoids, glucosinolates and oxylipins. Our metabolomics data indicates that during processing the activity of a series of endogenous plant enzymes, such as lipoxygenases, peroxidases and glycosidases, including myrosinase in broccoli, is key to the final metabolite composition and related quality of the purees.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: p.lopezsanchez@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lopez-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Centre for Biosystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R C H
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.affiliation: Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Centre for Biosystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.affiliation: Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Centre for Biosystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mumm
authors.affiliation: Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Centre for Biosystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bialek
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leenman
authors.affiliation: Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strassburg
authors.affiliation: Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vreeken
authors.affiliation: Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hankemeier
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schumm
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: john.van.duynhoven@wur.nl.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Duynhoven
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D064209:Phytochemicals; D002338:Carotenoids; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Broccoli; Carrot; GC–MS; LC–MRM MS; LC–MS; Metabolomics; NMR; Processing; Puree; Tomato; Vitamins