title: A nutrient-tunable bistable switch controls motility in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
abstract: Many bacteria are motile only when nutrients are scarce. In contrast, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is motile only when nutrients are plentiful, suggesting that this bacterium uses motility for purposes other than foraging, most likely for host colonization. In this study, we investigated how nutrients affect motility in S. enterica and found that they tune the fraction of motile cells. In particular, we observed coexisting populations of motile and nonmotile cells, with the distribution being determined by the concentration of nutrients in the growth medium. Interestingly, S. enterica responds not to a single nutrient but apparently to a complex mixture of them. Using a combination of experimentation and mathematical modeling, we investigated the mechanism governing this behavior and found that it results from two antagonizing regulatory proteins, FliZ and YdiV. We also found that a positive feedback loop involving the alternate sigma factor FliA is required, although its role appears solely to amplify FliZ expression. We further demonstrate that the response is bistable: that is, genetically identical cells can exhibit different phenotypes under identical growth conditions. Together, these results uncover a new facet of the regulation of the flagellar genes in S. enterica and further demonstrate how bacteria employ phenotypic diversity as a general mechanism for adapting to change in their environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Many bacteria employ flagella for motility. These bacteria are often not constitutively motile but become so only in response to specific environmental cues. The most common is nutrient starvation. Interestingly, in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, nutrients enhance the expression of flagella, suggesting that motility is used for purposes other than foraging. In this work, we investigated how nutrients affect motility in S. enterica and found that nutrients tune the fraction of motile cells within a population. Using both experimental and mathematical analysis, we determined the mechanism governing this tunable response. We further demonstrated that the response is bistable: that is, genetically identical cells can exhibit different phenotypes under identical growth conditions. These results reveal a new facet of motility in S. enterica and demonstrate that nutrients determine not only where these bacteria swim but also the fraction of them that do so.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koirala
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mears
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Ido
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: Yann R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Chemla
authors.forename: Phillip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Aldridge
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA chris@scs.uiuc.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005407:Flagella / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D065288:Serogroup; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C064971:FliA protein, Bacteria; D012808:Sigma Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors