title: Embroidered polymer-collagen hybrid scaffold variants for ligament tissue engineering.
abstract: Embroidery techniques and patterns used for scaffold production allow the adaption of biomechanical scaffold properties. The integration of collagen into embroidered polylactide-co-caprolactone [P(LA-CL)] and polydioxanone (PDS) scaffolds could stimulate neo-tissue formation by anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test embroidered P(LA-CL) and PDS scaffolds as hybrid scaffolds in combination with collagen hydrogel, sponge or foam for ligament tissue engineering. ACL cells were cultured on embroidered P(LA-CL) and PDS scaffolds without or with collagen supplementation. Cell adherence, vitality, morphology and ECM synthesis were analyzed. Irrespective of thread size, ACL cells seeded on P(LA-CL) scaffolds without collagen adhered and spread over the threads, whereas the cells formed clusters on PDS and larger areas remained cell-free. Using the collagen hydrogel, the scaffold colonization was limited by the gel instability. The collagen sponge layers integrated into the scaffolds were hardly penetrated by the cells. Collagen foams increased scaffold colonization in P(LA-CL) but did not facilitate direct cell-thread contacts in the PDS scaffolds. The results suggest embroidered P(LA-CL) scaffolds as a more promising basis for tissue engineering an ACL substitute than PDS due to superior cell attachment. Supplementation with a collagen foam presents a promising functionalization strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Bioanalytics, Technische Universität Berlin Seestr. 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoyer
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Leather and Plastic Sheeting-FILK, Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Drechsel
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Leather and Plastic Sheeting-FILK, Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials and Processing, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Material Science, Technische Universität Dresden Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hinüber
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials and Processing, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breier
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials and Processing, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Material Science, Technische Universität Dresden Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hahner
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials and Processing, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Material Science, Technische Universität Dresden Helmholtzstraße 10, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rentsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalytics, Technische Universität Berlin Seestr. 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: L-A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Garbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ertel
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: gundula.schulze-tanzil@charite.de.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulze-Tanzil
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Garystrasse 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lohan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011108:Polymers; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D003094:Collagen
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; Collagen; Embroidered scaffold; Ligament tissue engineering; Polydioxanone; Polylactide-co-caprolactone