title: Use of an inertial measurement unit to assess the effect of forelimb lameness on three-dimensional hoof orientation in horses at a walk and trot.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine intralimb orientation changes with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in hooves of horses at a walk and trot after induction of weight-bearing single forelimb lameness and to determine whether hoof orientations are similar to baseline values following perineural anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 clinically normal horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  3-D hoof orientations were determined with an IMU mounted on the right forelimb hoof during baseline conditions, during 3 grades of lameness (induced by application of pressure to the sole), and after perineural anesthesia. Linear acceleration profiles were used to segment the stride into hoof breakover, stance, initial swing, terminal swing, and total swing phases. Intralimb data comparisons were made for each stride segment. A repeated-measures mixed-model ANOVA was used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lameness resulted in significant changes in hoof orientation in all planes of rotation. A significant increase in external rotation and abduction and a significant decrease in sagittal plane rotation of the hoof were detected at hoof breakover during lameness conditions. For sagittal plane orientation data, the SDs determined following perineural anesthesia were higher than the SDs for baseline and lameness conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study indicated the IMU could be used to detect 3-D hoof orientation changes following induction of mild lameness at a walk and trot. An increase in data variability for a sagittal orientation may be useful for assessment of local anesthesia for hooves. The IMU should be further evaluated for use in clinical evaluation of forelimb lameness in horses.
authors.affiliation: Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
authors.forename: Valerie J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Moorman
authors.forename: Raoul F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: Christie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mahaffey
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: C Wayne
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: McIlwraith
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kawcak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005552:Forelimb / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005684:Gait; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011312:Pressure; D016138:Walking; D016474:Weight-Bearing