title: Irregular ovarian activity, body condition and behavioural differences are associated with reproductive success in female eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli).
abstract: Ex situ populations of endangered species such as the black rhinoceros play an important role in global conservation strategies. However, the European captive population of eastern black rhinoceros is performing sub-optimally, with growth rates and genetic viability limited by low birth rates and high reproductive skew. We investigated several intrinsic differences between parous and nulliparous females that may underlie differences in reproductive success, including ovarian cyclicity, adrenal activity, behaviour and body condition. Faecal samples were collected from 39 females (17 parous, 15 nulliparous and 7 pre-reproductive) at 11 zoological institutions, every other day for between 4months and 6years. Progestagen metabolite concentration indicated that although all non-pregnant females exhibited ovarian activity, irregular cyclicity was common. Longer cycles (>40days) were more common in nulliparous females and periods of acyclicity observed more often in females that had not bred for at least 7years. Even when endocrine data indicated clear ovarian activity, overt behavioural signs of oestrus were not always apparent, particularly among nulliparous females. Faecal glucocorticoids did not differ between parous and nulliparous females, although did differ according to individual temperament. More unpredictable temperaments were associated with higher glucocorticoids, and nulliparous females tended to be rated as more unpredictable. Finally, nulliparous females had higher body condition scores than parous females. This is the first comprehensive survey of the reproductive physiology of this European captive population, and highlights a number of intrinsic differences related to parity, which may underlie differences in reproductive success among captive female black rhinoceros.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK. Electronic address: k.edwards@chesterzoo.org.
authors.forename: Katie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shultz
authors.affiliation: North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pilgrim
authors.affiliation: North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D056727:Endangered Species; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000378:metabolism; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology*; D010298:Parity; D010527:Perissodactyla / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids
keywords: Adrenal activity; Cyclicity; Estrus; Ex situ; Parity; Temperament