title: The use of ECMO in HIV/AIDS with Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: There are few reports of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy for respiratory failure because of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). None of the cases reported involvement of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), a paradoxical clinical worsening after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in ART-naïve patients because of an exaggerated systemic inflammation with cell count recovery. We present a patient with newly diagnosed AIDS and PJP pneumonia that progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to probable IRIS for which veno-venous ECMO was initiated. He transitioned to conventional ventilator after 57 days of ECMO therapy. However, he did not survive to hospital discharge. Combined with four previously reported cases of ARDS in human immunodeficiency virus patients secondary to PJP treated with ECMO, three of the five patients survived to ECMO decannulation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is considered an accepted modality for adult patients with respiratory and/or cardiac failure refractory to maximal medical therapy. As ECMO becomes increasingly utilized in clinical practice, there is ongoing controversy regarding the appropriate selection of patients. In the past, contraindications to ECMO included immunocompromised states and conditions with known poor prognosis. The cases herein suggest the indications and contraindications warrant further discussion and research.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; †Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and ‡Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cawcutt
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallo De Moraes
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Schears
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nemergut
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology