title: Smoking behavior: a cross-sectional study to assess the dimensionality of the brief Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives and identify different typologies among young daily smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study aims to investigate the dimensionality of the brief version of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (B-WISDM) and identify different smoking motivational profiles among young daily smokers (N = 375).
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested 3 measurement models of the B-WISDM using confirmatory factor analysis, whereas cluster analysis was used to identify the smokers' motivational profiles. Furthermore, we compared clusters toward dependence level and the number of cigarettes smoked per day using analysis of variance tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results confirmed that the B-WISDM measures 11 first-order intercorrelated factors. The second-order model, originally proposed for the longer version of the questionnaire, showed adequate fit indices but fitted the data significantly worse than the first-order model. Five motivational clusters were identified and differed in terms of tobacco addiction and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Although each cluster had specific features, 2 main smoker groups were distinguished: Group A (composed of 3 clusters), which was mainly characterized by high levels of secondary dependence motives, and Group B (composed of 2 clusters), in which the primary and secondary dependence motives reached similar levels. In general, the clusters of Group B were more addicted to cigarettes than Group A clusters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the B-WISDM to identify different smoking motivational profiles has important practical implications because they might help characterize addiction, which represents the first step to help an individual quit smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy l.pancani@campus.unimib.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pancani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Addario
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Erika Rosa
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Cappelletti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monzani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steca
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014922:Wisconsin