title: Consensus and controversy in hepatic surgery: a survey of Canadian surgeons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heterogeneity in practice provides an opportunity for further study, as it may [IRT Rev 1] reflect deficiencies in knowledge translation or knowledge gaps. This survey aimed to assess practice patterns for the surgical treatment of malignancies of the liverwith the goal of identifying areas of variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  We created a web-based survey focusing on scope of surgical practice, pre-and post-operative measures and practice patterns for liver and biliary surgery. We piloted the survey for clarity and made changes as needed. All members of the Canadian Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Association (CHPBA) were invited to participate. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey was sent to sixty-nine surgeons and thirty-six (52%) completed the survey in its entirety. Areas of agreement include defining the resectability of a tumourand in imaging modalities used to determine resectability. Variability surrounded utlilization of blood conservation strategies, withlow CVP anesthesia frequently used and all other strategies (autologous blood donation, acute normovolemic hemodilution, cell-saver, and tranexamic acid) rarely used. Post-operative analgesic technique was variable with epidural analgesia (50%) and IV-PCA (35.3%) nearly equally preferred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is variability in some techniques and approaches used by hepatobiliary surgeons. Future research focusing on areas of uncertainty including techniques of blood conservation and post-operative analgesia are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cyr
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lam-McCulloch
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Karanicolas
mesh_terms: D057668:Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures; D002170:Canada; D002496:Central Venous Pressure; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: hepatic surgery; liver metastases; survey; technique; variability