title: Hip muscle loads during running at various step rates.
abstract: METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study, cross-sectional. Objectives To characterize hip muscle forces and powers during running, and to determine how these quantities change when altering step rate for a given running speed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hip musculature has been implicated in a variety of running-related injuries and, as such, is often the target of rehabilitation interventions, including resistance exercises and gait retraining. The differential contributions of the hip muscles to the task of running are not well understood, and may be important for recognizing the biomechanical mechanisms of running-related injuries and refining current treatment and prevention strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy participants ran at their preferred speed at 3 different step rates: 90%, 100%, and 110% of their preferred step rate. Whole-body kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded. A 3-D musculoskeletal model was used to estimate muscle forces needed to produce the measured joint accelerations. Forces and powers of each muscle were compared across step-rate conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak force produced by the gluteus medius during running was substantially greater than that of any other hip muscle, with the majority of muscles displaying a period of negative work immediately preceding positive work. The higher running step rate led to an increase in hip flexor, hamstring, and hip extensor loading during swing, but, conversely, substantially diminished peak force and work during loading response for several hip muscles, including the gluteal muscles and piriformis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing running step rate for a given running speed heightened hamstring and gluteal muscle loading in late swing, while decreasing stance-phase loading in the gluteal muscles and piriformis. These results may enable clinicians to support and refine current treatment strategies, including exercise prescription and gait retraining for running-related injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenhart
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thelen
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heiderscheit
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: gait retraining; hip injury; modeling; running injury; step rate