title: Cephalometric analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth in unrepaired isolated cleft palate patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to analyze the craniofacial morphology in patients with unrepaired isolated cleft palate (UICP) at childhood, adolescence and adulthood, in order to assess the influence of nonsurgical factors on the craniofacial growth in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms of 106 non-syndromic UICP patients and 102 normal matched controls were obtained and analyzed. Patients and controls were divided into three subgroups: children (5-7 years), adolescents (12-14 years), and adults (>18 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  UICP patients in childhood showed a shortened cranial basal length; reduced bony nasopharyngeal height; short maxillary depth and height with a posterior positioned maxilla and an increased width of the nasal cavity, maxilla and orbit; and a shortened mandibular length and height. UICP patients in adulthood showed a normal nasopharyngeal and mandibular morphology. However, the patients in this subgroup still showed a shortened cranial basal length, and short maxillary depth and anterior height with increased width of the nasal cavity, maxilla and orbit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Craniofacial morphology and growth in patients with UICP were significantly affected by nonsurgical factors. Growth of the cranial base and upper face were absolutely reduced, while growth of the bony nasopharynx and mandible were only postponed.
authors.affiliation: Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China. Electronic address: xuyij10@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Academic Medical Center/ACTA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem Hans
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Schreuder
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
authors.forename: Jiayu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. Electronic address: wangyanscu@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology*; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D009915:Orbit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D012886:Skull / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cleft palate; Growth and development; Skull