title: An instrument for evaluating clinical teaching in Japan: content validity and cultural sensitivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many instruments for evaluating clinical teaching have been developed but almost all in Western countries. None of these instruments have been validated for the Asian culture, and a literature search yielded no instruments that were developed specifically for that culture. A key element that influences content validity in developing instruments for evaluating the quality of teaching is culture. The aim of this study was to develop a culture-specific instrument with strong content validity for evaluating clinical teaching in initial medical postgraduate training in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on data from a literature search and an earlier study we prepared a draft evaluation instrument. To ensure a good cultural fit of the instrument with the Asian context we conducted a modified Delphi procedure among three groups of stakeholders (five education experts, twelve clinical teachers and ten residents) to establish content validity, as this factor is particularly susceptible to cultural factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two rounds of Delphi were conducted. Through the procedure, 52 prospective items were reworded, combined or eliminated, resulting in a 25-item instrument validated for the Japanese setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study describing the development and content validation of an instrument for evaluating clinical teaching specifically tailored to an East Asian setting. The instrument has similarities and differences compared with instruments of Western origin. Our findings suggest that designers of evaluation instruments should consider the probability that the content validity of instruments for evaluating clinical teachers can be influenced by cultural aspects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka, 81-8582 Kyushu, Japan. mkiku@edu.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kikukawa
authors.forename: Renee E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Stalmeijer
authors.forename: Sei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emura
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roff
authors.forename: Albert J J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scherpbier
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards; D003697:Delphi Technique; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000592:standards*; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007564:Japan