title: [Cross-cultural validated adaptation of dysfunctional voiding symptom score (DVSS) to Japanese language and cognitive linguistics in questionnaire for pediatric patients].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Validated questionnaire for evaluation of pediatric lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is of a great need. We performed cross-cultural validated adaptation of Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (DVSS) to Japanese language, and assessed whether children understand and respond to questionnaire correctly, using cognitive linguistic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We translated DVSS into two Japanese versions according to a standard validation methodology: translation, synthesis, back-translation, expert review, and pre-testing. One version was written in adult language for parents, and the other was written in child language for children. Pre-testing was done with 5 to 15-year-old patients visiting us, having normal intelligence. A specialist in cognitive linguistics observed the response by children and parents to DVSS as an interviewer. When a child could not understand a question without adding or paraphrasing the question by the parents, it was defined as 'misidentification'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed pretesting with 2 trial versions of DVSS before having the final version. The pre-testing for the first trial version was done for 32 patients (male to female ratio was 19 : 13). The pre-testing for the second trial version was done for 11 patients (male to female ratio was 8 : 3). In DVSS in child language, misidentification was consistently observed for representation of time or frequency. We completed the formal validated translation by amending the problems raised in the pre-testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-cultural validated adaptation of DVSS to child and adult Japanese was completed. Since temporal perception is not fully developed in children, caution should be taken for using the terms related with time or frequency in the questionnaires for children.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnin
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Farhat
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanematsu
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic