title: Structural and biomechanical changes in shoulders of junior javelin throwers: a comprehensive evaluation as a proof of concept for a preventive exercise protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop a preventive exercise protocol based on structural and functional changes present in shoulder joints of young throwing athletes. As a proof of concept, these changes were previously evaluated in a cross-section of high-performance junior javelin throwers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen members of the German and Bavarian junior javelin squad (mean age 17.5 ± 0.8 years) completed a systematic clinical examination, shoulder range of motion (ROM) measurement, and were scored with standardized clinical tools. 3.0 tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted on both shoulders. Bilateral three-dimensional analysis of the scapulothoracic motion during multiplanar humeral elevation and isokinetic strength testing of the shoulder internal and external rotators was accomplished. Based on the findings, a preventive exercise protocol was confirmed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dominant internal ROM was significantly decreased (dominant 48° ± 20° vs. non-dominant 57° ± 19°; P = 0.006) and dominant external ROM increased (dominant 117° ± 15° vs. non-dominant 107° ± 10°; P = 0.008). MRI revealed posterosuperior intraosseous cysts of the humeral head with a size larger than >3 mm in 69 % of the dominant shoulders and only in 15 % in the non-dominant shoulders. Motion analysis of the static scapular resting position was significantly different between dominant and non-dominant sides regarding anterior tilt (dominant > non-dominant, mean difference 4.2°, P = 0.010) and retraction (dominant > non-dominant, mean difference 2.4°, P = 0.038). Dominant scapular anterior tilt during flexion and abduction was significantly increased (-4.3°, P = 0.006; -3.4°, P = 0.046). Dominant retraction was significantly increased during abduction (-2.3°, P = 0.040). Isokinetic outcome parameters presented nonsignificant bilateral differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elite junior javelin throwers already present structural (humeral intraosseous cysts) and biomechanical changes (ROM deficits and asymmetric scapulothoracic motion patterns), even if they have no history of major shoulder pain or injury. A novel exercise protocol was developed in order to address the complex of alterations in a comprehensive way. Preventive diagnostics in combination with a systematic all-year preventive exercise intervention might be one option to detect and control risk factors of a symptomatic throwing shoulder at an early stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beitzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Zandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buchmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Pediatric Radiology, Städtisches Klinikum München-Schwabing, Munich, Germany.|Department of Radiology, Campus Grosshadern, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit€at, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirsten I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Beitzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwirtz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. a.imhoff@lrz.tum.de.
authors.forename: Andreas B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Imhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Brucker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D001845:Bone Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Injury prevention; Javelin; Junior athletes; Motion analysis; Scapular motion analysis; Throwers shoulder