title: Ion release from, and fluoride recharge of a composite with a fluoride-containing bioactive glass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Materials that are capable of releasing ions such as calcium and fluoride, that are necessary for remineralization of dentin and enamel, have been the topic of intensive research for many years. The source of calcium has most often been some form of calcium phosphate, and that for fluoride has been one of several metal fluoride or hexafluorophosphate salts. Fluoride-containing bioactive glass (BAG) prepared by the sol-gel method acts as a single source of both calcium and fluoride ions in aqueous solutions. The objective of this investigation was to determine if BAG, when added to a composite formulation, can be used as a single source for calcium and fluoride ion release over an extended time period, and to determine if the BAG-containing composite can be recharged upon exposure to a solution of 5000ppm fluoride.
  
  
  METHODS
  BAG 61 (61% Si; 31% Ca; 4% P; 3% F; 1% B) and BAG 81 (81% Si; 11% Ca; 4% P; 3% F; 1% B) were synthesized by the sol-gel method. The composite used was composed of 50/50 Bis-GMA/TEGDMA, 0.8% EDMAB, 0.4% CQ, and 0.05% BHT, combined with a mixture of BAG (15%) and strontium glass (85%) to a total filler load of 72% by weight. Disks were prepared, allowed to age for 24h, abraded, then placed into DI water. Calcium and fluoride release was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and fluoride ion selective electrode methods, respectively, after 2, 22, and 222h. The composite samples were then soaked for 5min in an aqueous 5000ppm fluoride solution, after which calcium and fluoride release was again measured at 2, 22, and 222h time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to fluoride recharge, release of fluoride ions was similar for the BAG 61 and BAG 81 composites after 2h, and also similar after 22h. At the four subsequent time points, one prior to, and three following fluoride recharge, the BAG 81 composite released significantly more fluoride ions (p<0.05). Both composites were recharged by exposure to 5000ppm fluoride, although the BAG 81 composite was recharged more than the BAG 61 composite. The BAG 61 composite released substantially more calcium ions prior to fluoride recharge during each of the 2 and 22h time periods. Thereafter, the release of calcium at the four subsequent time points was not significantly different (p>0.05) for the two composites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that, when added to a composite formulation, fluoride-containing bioactive glass made by the sol-gel route can function as a single source for both calcium and fluoride ions, and that the composite can be readily recharged with fluoride.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S.W. Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA.
authors.forename: Harry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S.W. Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gwinner
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S.W. Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S.W. Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA. Electronic address: ferracan@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ferracane
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass
chemical_list: D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Bioactive glass; Composite; Ion release