title: A child presenting with tuberculous spondylitis in a single third cervical vertebra: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite a global reduction in tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis is increasing. Spinal tuberculosis remains the commonest form of skeletal tuberculosis. Cervical spine involvement is rare but is the most dangerous form because of diagnostic difficulties and serious residual disability. We report a child who had single vertebral involvement of her third cervical vertebra which is extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge isolated third cervical vertebra involvement in a child by tuberculosis has not been reported previously. Difficulties in obtaining material for histology and bacterial culture from this critical location and how the diagnosis was reached despite these challenges are highlighted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-year-old Sinhalese girl developed painful torticollis and 'cries during sleep'. She had received Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine at birth, was well nourished, and had no loss of weight, anorexia or contact with tuberculosis. A plain radiograph of her neck showed a collapsed third cervical vertebra with no disc involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed isolated destruction of third cervical vertebra associated with prevertebral soft tissue swelling indenting the thecal sac without cord compression. Her chest radiograph was normal. There was peripheral lymphocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, negative tuberculin (Mantoux) test, and negative QuantiFERON®-TB GoldIn-Tube assay. Invasive procedures to obtain tissue for histology, smear or culture were perceived by parents as dangerous due to surrounding critical structures and consent was denied. The differential diagnosis included spinal tuberculosis and unifocal Langerhan cell histiocytosis. Nocturnal symptoms and the prevertebral collection of soft tissue ('cold abscess') were characteristic of tuberculosis, and nonspecific findings of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and lymphocytosis supported this diagnosis. An incidental finding of a calcified hepatic nodule when evaluating for multifocal histiocytosis was presumed to be tuberculous because schistosomiasis and visceral leishmaniasis were extremely rare in her country of residence, Sri Lanka. Empirical treatment with a 12-month course of antitubercular therapy resulted in clinical recovery and radiological healing. There was no kyphosis or neurological sequel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report highlights to clinicians the value of a high index of suspicion and careful history taking in spinal tuberculosis; and how a combination of nonspecific findings helped reach a clinicoradiological diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka. manouri.senanayake@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manouri P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Senanayake
authors.forename: Irantha
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karunaratne
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D011859:Radiography; D013188:Sri Lanka; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014399:Tuberculosis, Spinal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents