title: Outcomes of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection undergoing cardiovascular surgery in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advances in highly active antiretroviral therapy have dramatically improved the lifespan of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We sought to examine the impact of HIV status on outcomes in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 5,621,817 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), valve, aortic, or other cardiovascular surgery between 1998 and 2009 from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Of these, 9771 (0.17%) patients were seropositive for HIV. Using multivariable logistic regression modeling and 1:1 propensity-score matching, we determined the influence of HIV infection on outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of HIV+ patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery increased significantly from 0.09% to 0.23%. HIV+ patients were more often male, black, younger than 55 years of age, and on Medicaid, and they were more likely to undergo valve and other cardiovascular surgeries, but less likely to have CABG. Among propensity-matched pairs, patients with HIV were at no increased risk for in-patient mortality. HIV+ patients were more likely to receive a blood transfusion and have any postoperative complication. Patients with HIV were less likely to have a postoperative stroke. Rates of pneumonia, renal complications, and wound infection were similar between the groups. The median length of stay and mean total cost were not different between the groups. Factors that predicted in-hospital death in HIV+ patients included metastatic cancer, coagulopathy, renal failure, and aortic, other, or combined surgical procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular surgery can be performed safely on patients with HIV with no increased hospital mortality and only minimal increased need for blood transfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Robich
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schiltz
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mick
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. Electronic address: soltese@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Soltesz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D017721:Hospital Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D057216:Propensity Score; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D055815:Young Adult