title: Secondary correction of post-traumatic craniofacial deformities.
abstract: Despite advances in the acute management of craniofacial fractures, some patients will present with secondary deformities. In an attempt to formulate treatment guidelines, we present a review of 152 cases of post-traumatic craniofacial deformities treated by us using different surgical techniques. Analysis of the underlying bony and soft tissue deficits was followed by stepwise reassembly of the skeletal fragments and re-establishment of facial contour and symmetry. The postoperative outcomes were evaluated in terms of aesthetic and functional parameters. Though all patients had considerable improvement after secondary correction of these deformities, soft tissue deficits and time elapsed till secondary reconstruction remain the major factors in achieving an ideal aesthetic outcome.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Plastic Surgery, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Sushrusha Hospital, and Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Nitin Jagannath
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Mokal
authors.forename: Mahinoor Feroze
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004954:Esthetics; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009667:Nose Deformities, Acquired / Q000601:surgery; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult