title: Promotion of cardiovascular health at three stages of life: never too soon, never too late.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with an especially devastating impact in low-to-medium income countries. Cardiovascular disease has been elevated to this position by a combination of factors that include urbanization and its attendant effects, such as obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, changes in dietary habits, and smoking. Given the enormous extent of the problem and the complexity of its causes, which include cultural, social, political, and health care factors, an equally sophisticated and comprehensive strategy is required to combat cardiovascular disease on a global scale. Because exposure to cardiovascular risk factors occurs from early ages, this strategy must be expanded and adjusted throughout the life of an individual. Thus, our efforts should be concentrated not only on cardiovascular disease treatment and prevention, but also on health promotion and primordial prevention. In this review, we present different strategies yielding encouraging results at the population level, from childhood until old age, that aim to protect against the challenges facing the scientific community when combating cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, United States; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peñalvo
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, United States.
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bansilal
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, United States; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: valentin.fuster@mountsinai.org.
authors.forename: Valentín
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fuster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: Adopción de hábitos cardiosaludables; Adoption of heart-healthy habits; Enfermedad neurodegenerativa; Neurodegenerative disease; Promoción de la salud cardiovascular; Promotion of cardiovascular health