title: Chronic intestinal failure after Crohn disease: when to perform transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of the severity of disease and additional surgery, Crohn disease (CD) may result in intestinal failure (IF) and dependency on home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Defining the indication and timing for intestinal transplantation (ITx) is challenging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the limitations of conventional surgery and to facilitate the decision making for transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively and obtained by retrospective review of medical records from all patients with CD who were assessed for ITx in Oxford, United Kingdom, and Berlin, Germany, from October 10, 2003, through July 31, 2013. Patients were considered suitable for ITx if a diagnosis of irreversible IF was established and life-threatening complications under HPN were unresolvable. Twenty patients with CD and IF, established on HPN, were evaluated for ITx. The mean (SD) age at CD onset was 17.8 (9.8) years. On first diagnosis, most patients had a stricturing CD. By the time of referral, most had a combination of stricturing and fistulizing disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  New scoring system: a modification of the American Gastroenterology Association guidelines for ITx. Modifications are related to CD-specific issues that potentially lead to a poorer outcome and are based on the findings of the study to determine the expected benefit from ITx.
  
  
  METHODS
  A scoring system that would alert the physician to the severity of the patient's CD and trigger early referral for ITx. This system may translate into better long-term outcomes for patients with CD. In addition, the Karnofsky performance status score was used to compare pretransplantation and posttransplantation outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients underwent ITx, 4 were on the waiting list, and 4 were unavailable for follow-up. One patient was taken off the waiting list because of severe deterioration. One patient underwent conventional stricturoplasty and did not need transplantation. Among the transplant recipients, 17 (85%) had a stoma or enterocutaneous fistula, and the mean (SD) residual bowel length was 71.5 (38) cm. A total of 80% of transplant recipients had life-threatening catheter infections, and 13 (65%) had a significant decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate. At a mean (SD) follow-up of 27.6 (36.1) months for transplant recipients, the patient and graft survival is 80%, and their Karnofsky performance status score increased by a mean of 18.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal transplantation is a suitable treatment option for patients with CD and IF. It should be considered before any additional attempts at conventional surgery, which may cause eligible patients to miss this opportunity through perioperative complications. The suggested scoring system enables the physician to identify patients who may benefit from transplantation before HPN-associated secondary organ failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Undine A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.affiliation: Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vrakas
authors.affiliation: Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Srikanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Baumgart
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Baumgar
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.affiliation: Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Friend
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascher
authors.affiliation: Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaidya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007422:Intestines / Q000637:transplantation*; D008297:Male; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents