title: Patient-controlled analgesia in the pediatric population: morphine versus hydromorphone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) is commonly used to provide analgesia following surgical procedures in the pediatric population. Morphine and hydromorphone remain the most commonly used opioids for PCA. Although both are effective, adverse effects may occur. When these adverse effects are unremitting or severe, opioid rotation may be required. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated PCA use, the adverse effect profile, and the frequency of opioid rotation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study was performed at Nationwide Children's Hospital (Columbus, OH). The hospital's electronic registry was queried for PCA use delivering either morphine or hydromorphone from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 514 patients were identified, that met study entry criteria. Of the 514 cases, 298 (56.2%) were initially started on morphine and 225 (43.8%) were initially started on hydromorphone. There were a total of 26 (5.1%) opioid changes in the cohort of 514 patients. Of the 26 switches, 23 of 298 (7.7%) were from morphine to hydromorphone, and 3 of 225 (1.3%) were from hydromorphone to morphine (P=0.0008). Of the 17 morphine-to-hydromorphone switches with adverse effects, pruritus (64.7%), and inadequate pain control (47.1%) were the most common side effects. The most common side effect resulting in a hydromorphone-to-morphine switch was nausea (66.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCA switches from morphine-to-hydromorphone (88.5%) were more common than vice-versa (11.5%). The most common reasons for morphine-to-hydromorphone switch were pruritus and inadequate pain control. These data suggest that a prospective study is necessary to determine the side effect differences between morphine and hydromorphone in pediatric PCA.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State School of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DiGiusto
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foerschler
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State School of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Megan J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tobias
keywords: acute pain; analgesia; opioids; pediatric