title: Effective radiation dosage of three-dimensional rotational angiography in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) is a relatively new but promising imaging technique in the paediatric catheterization laboratory. However, data on effective dose (ED) of this technique in children are lacking. The purpose of this study is to provide ED of 3DRA and to correlate this with parameters readily available in daily practice. Furthermore, the effect of dose-reducing techniques is evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Effective doses were calculated with Monte Carlo PCXMC 2.0 in 14 patients who underwent a total of 17 3DRAs at our paediatric catheterization laboratory. Median age was 5.7 years (range 1 day-16.6 years). Median ED was 1.6 milliSievert (mSv) (range 0.7-4.9). Effective dose did not correlate with age and body surface area but did correlate with dose area product (DAP) and milliGray (mGy) with r(2) of 0.75 and 0.83, respectively. Reduction of the total amount of frames from 248 to 133 per rotation resulted in further dose reduction of over 50% with preserved image quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The median ED of 3DRA in children is 1.6 mSv and correlates with DAP and mGy. This dose can be halved by applying frame reduction. A significant further dose reduction can be achieved by obtaining additional knowledge of the equipment used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, Utrecht, AB 3508, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, Utrecht, AB 3508, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.affiliation: Business unit Radiation & Environment, NRG Nuclear Research and consultancy Group, Petten, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, Utrecht, AB 3508, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molenschot
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, Utrecht, AB 3508, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mathhias W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, Utrecht, AB 3508, The Netherlands h.breur@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Johannes M P J
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Breur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Angiography; Congenital heart disease; Image-guided intervention; Interventional radiology; Radiation dosing