title: Preterm birth risk at high altitude in Peru.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High altitude has been implicated in a variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia and stillbirth. Smaller studies show conflicting data on the association between high altitude and preterm birth (PTB). The objective of this study was to assess the association between altitude and PTB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was performed using data from the Perinatal Information System, which includes deliveries from 43 hospitals in Peru from 2000 through 2010. Altitude was classified into the following categories: low (0-1999 m), moderate (2000-2900 m), and high (3000-4340 m). The primary outcome was PTB (delivery <37 weeks). Secondary outcomes were cesarean delivery and small for gestational age (SGA). Deliveries less than 23 weeks are not included in the database. χ(2) analyses were performed to compare categorical variables, and a logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios and control for confounders. Clustering by hospital was accounted for using generalized estimating equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 550,166 women were included (68% low, 15% moderate, 17% high altitude). The overall PTB rate was 5.9%, with no difference in the PTB rate among the 3 altitudes (5.6%, 6.2%, 6.8%, P = .13). There was a significant difference in cesarean rates (28.0%, 26.6%, 20.6%, P < .001) with a 34% decreased risk at high vs low altitude adjusted for confounders (adjusted odds ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.85). There was a difference in SGA (3.3%, 3.6%, 5.0%, P = .02) with a 51% increased risk at high vs low altitude adjusted for confounders (adjusted odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High altitude is not associated with PTB. At high altitude, the cesarean rate was reduced and the SGA rate was increased.
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: lisa.obgyndoc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Gustavo F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Vilma L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gasco
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Mary D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sammel
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Sindhu K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludmir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Peru; cesarean delivery; high altitude; preterm birth; small for gestational age