title: The ReactorSTM: atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy under high-pressure, high-temperature catalytic reaction conditions.
abstract: To enable atomic-scale observations of model catalysts under conditions approaching those used by the chemical industry, we have developed a second generation, high-pressure, high-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM): the ReactorSTM. It consists of a compact STM scanner, of which the tip extends into a 0.5 ml reactor flow-cell, that is housed in a ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system. The STM can be operated from UHV to 6 bars and from room temperature up to 600 K. A gas mixing and analysis system optimized for fast response times allows us to directly correlate the surface structure observed by STM with reactivity measurements from a mass spectrometer. The in situ STM experiments can be combined with ex situ UHV sample preparation and analysis techniques, including ion bombardment, thin film deposition, low-energy electron diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The performance of the instrument is demonstrated by atomically resolved images of Au(111) and atom-row resolution on Pt(110), both under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.
authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
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authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
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authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
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authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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authors.lastname: Stoltz
authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cañas-Ventura
authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verdoes
authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Spronsen
authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crama
authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taminiau
authors.affiliation: Leiden Probe Microscopy B.V., J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
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authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ofitserov
authors.affiliation: Leiden Probe Microscopy B.V., J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J C
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van Baarle
authors.affiliation: Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Frenken