title: Glutamine prevents oxidative stress in a model of mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate preventative effects of glutamine in an animal model of gut ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were housed in a controlled environment and allowed access to food and water ad libitum. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: (1) control group (control) - rats underwent exploratory laparotomy; (2) control + glutamine group (control-GLU) - rats were subjected to laparotomy and treated intraperitoneally with glutamine 24 and 48 h prior to surgery; (3) I/R group - rats were subjected to occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min followed by 15 min of reperfusion; and (4) ischemia/reperfusion + glutamine group (G + I/R) - rats were treated intraperitoneally with glutamine 24 and 48 h before I/R. Local and systemic injuries were determined by evaluating intestinal and lung segments for oxidative stress using lipid peroxidation and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) after mesenteric I/R.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipid peroxidation of the membrane was increased in the animals subjected to I/R (P < 0.05). However, the group that received glutamine 24 and 48 h before the I/R procedure showed levels of lipid peroxidation similar to the control groups (P < 0.05). The activity of the antioxidant enzyme SOD was decreased in the gut of animals subjected to I/R when compared with the control group of animals not subjected to I/R (P < 0.05). However, the group that received glutamine 24 and 48 h before I/R showed similar SOD activity to both control groups not subjected to I/R (P < 0.05). The mean area of NF-κB staining for each of the control groups was similar. The I/R group showed the largest area of staining for NF-κB. The G + I/R group had the second highest amount of staining, but the mean value was much lower than that of the I/R group (P < 0.05). For IL-6, control and control-GLU groups showed similar areas of staining. The I/R group contained the largest area of IL-6 staining, followed by the G + I/R animals; however, this area was significantly lower than that of the group that underwent I/R without glutamine (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that pretreatment with glutamine prevents mucosal injury and improves gut and lung recovery after I/R injury in rats.
authors.affiliation: Gilmara Pandolfo Zabot, Gustavo Franco Carvalhal, Henrique Sarubbi Fillmann, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilmara Pandolfo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zabot
authors.affiliation: Gilmara Pandolfo Zabot, Gustavo Franco Carvalhal, Henrique Sarubbi Fillmann, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Franco
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Carvalhal
authors.affiliation: Gilmara Pandolfo Zabot, Gustavo Franco Carvalhal, Henrique Sarubbi Fillmann, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Norma Possa
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Marroni
authors.affiliation: Gilmara Pandolfo Zabot, Gustavo Franco Carvalhal, Henrique Sarubbi Fillmann, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Minuzzo
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Gilmara Pandolfo Zabot, Gustavo Franco Carvalhal, Henrique Sarubbi Fillmann, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vinícius Duval
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Gilmara Pandolfo Zabot, Gustavo Franco Carvalhal, Henrique Sarubbi Fillmann, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique Sarubbi
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Fillmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D005973:Glutamine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Glutamine; Interleukin 6; Ischemia-reperfusion; Lipid peroxidation; Nuclear factor-kappa beta; Superoxide dismutase