title: Adolescent alcohol-drinking frequency and problem-gambling severity: adolescent perceptions regarding problem-gambling prevention and parental/adult behaviors and attitudes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study examined in adolescents how alcohol-drinking frequency relates to gambling-related attitudes and behaviors and perceptions of both problem-gambling prevention strategies and adult (including parental) behaviors/attitudes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey assessing alcohol, gambling, and health and functioning measures in 1609 high school students. Students were stratified into low-frequency/nondrinking and high-frequency-drinking groups, and into low-risk and at-risk/problematic gambling groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-frequency drinking was associated with at-risk/problematic gambling (χ(2)(1,N = 1842) = 49.22, P < .0001). High-frequency-drinking versus low-frequency/nondrinking adolescents exhibited more permissive attitudes towards gambling (e.g., less likely to report multiple problem-gambling prevention efforts to be important). At-risk problematic gamblers exhibited more severe drinking patterns and greater likelihood of acknowledging parental approval of drinking (χ(2)(1, N = 1842) = 31.58, P < .0001). Problem-gambling severity was more strongly related to gambling with adults among high-frequency-drinking adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 3.17, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = [1.97, 5.09]) versus low-frequency/nondrinking (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = [0.61, 2.68]) adolescents (interaction OR = 1.78, 95% CI = [1.05, 3.02]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interrelationships between problematic drinking and gambling in youth may relate to more permissive attitudes across these domains. Stronger links between at-risk/problem gambling and gambling with adults in the high-frequency-drinking group raises the possibility that interventions targeting adults may help mitigate youth gambling and drinking.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Ardeshir S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Balodis
authors.forename: Corey E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pilver
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Leeman
authors.forename: Rani A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Marvin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Loreen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rugle
authors.forename: Suchitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan-Sarin
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Potenza
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescence; alcohol drinking; gambling; gambling prevention; parental attitudes