title: Electrokinetics for sample preparation of biological molecules in biological samples using microfluidic systems.
abstract: Sample preparation is the first part of every analytical method, but is often considered only after the optimization of the method. It is traditionally performed using a range of techniques requiring extensive manual handling, with solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation and ultracentrfiguation, among others, being used depending on the targets and the application. In this article, we will focus on alternatives based on electrokinetics for applications including sample clean-up, concentration and derivatization of large biological molecules (DNA, peptides and proteins) of diagnostic importance, as well as small molecules as a tool for therapeutic drug monitoring. This article describes these approaches in terms of mechanisms, applicability and potential to be integrated into a lab-on-a-chip device for directly processing biological samples. Examples dealing with treated or clean samples have been excluded except where they show exceptionally high value.
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
authors.forename: Aliaa I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Shallan
authors.forename: Rosanne M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Guijt
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Breadmore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D057625:Isotachophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins; D004247:DNA