title: [Specific learning disabilities - from DSM-IV to DSM-5].
abstract: The publication of the DSM-5 means changes in the classification and recommendations for diagnosis of specific learning disabilities. Dyslexia and dyscalculia have been reintroduced into the DSM. Three specific learning disorders - impairment in reading, impairment in the written expression, and impairment in mathematics, described by subskills - are now part of the DSM-5. Three subcomponents of the reading disorder are expressly differentiated: word reading accuracy, reading rate, and fluency and reading comprehension. Impaired subskills of the specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression are spelling accuracy, grammar and punctuation accuracy, and clarity and organization of written expression. Four subskills are found in the mathematics disorder: number sense, memorization of arithmetic facts, accurate or fluent calculation, and accurate math reasoning. Each impaired academic domain and subskill should be recorded. A description of the severity degree was also included. The diagnosis is based on a variety of methods, including medical history, clinical interview, school report, teacher evaluation, rating scales, and psychometric tests. The IQ discrepancy criterion was abandoned, though that of age or class discrepancy criterion was retained. The application of a discrepancy is recommended by 1 to 2.5 SD. All three specific developmental disorders are common (prevalence 5 %-15 %), occur early during the first years of formal schooling, and persist into adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, <location>München</location>
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulte-Körne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D060705:Dyscalculia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011939:Mental Recall; D011340:Problem Solving; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014956:Writing
keywords: Diagnostik; Dyskalkulie; Klassifikation; Legasthenie; Lernstörungen; classification; diagnosis; dyscalculia; dyslexia; learning disorders