title: Prevalence and Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
abstract: Overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent among HIV-infected populations. We describe their prevalence and associated risk factors among HIV-infected adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the proportion of patients who were overweight or obese at enrollment to care and treatment centres from 2004 to 2011. Multivariate relative risk regression models were fit to identify risk factors.
  
  
  
  A total of 53 825 patients were included in the analysis. In all, 16% of women and 8% of men were overweight, while 7% and 2% were obese, respectively. In multivariate analyses, older age, higher CD4 count, higher hemoglobin levels, female sex, and being married were associated with obesity and overweight. World Health Organization HIV disease stage, tuberculosis history, and previous antiretroviral therapy were inversely associated with obesity and overweight.
  
  
  
  Overweight and obesity were highly prevalent among HIV-infected patients. Screening for overweight and obesity and focused interventions should be integrated into HIV care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania hi.semu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Semu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zack
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Enju
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hertzmark
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutritional Service, Division of GI/Nutrition, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sztam
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Guerino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chalamila
authors.affiliation: Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Aisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muya
authors.affiliation: Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Hellen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siril
authors.affiliation: Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Ramadhani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mwiru
authors.affiliation: Prime Ministers' Office, Regional Authority and Local Government, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Deo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mtasiwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Wafaie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fawzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: AIDS; ART; HIV; obesity; overweight