title: Perceived friend and peer smoking and direct and indirect refusal skills as predictors of cigarette smoking in U.S. and Japanese middle school students.
abstract: Adolescents (aged 12-14 years) from the United States (n = 539) and Japan (n = 644) completed surveys regarding tobacco use, perceptions of friend and peer smoking, and their own likelihood of using smoking refusal skills. U.S. youth were more likely to report lifetime or monthly tobacco use, whereas Japanese youth were more likely to smoke ≥20 cigarettes per week. High perceived friend and peer smoking prevalence predicted lifetime smoking, whereas direct refusal skill use (e.g., "saying no") predicted less lifetime tobacco use. Results are discussed in terms of cultural influences that may mediate the effect of risk factors on U.S. and Japanese youth.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health, Division of Prevention and Health Behavior , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , New York.
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gibbon
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Sakurako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanno
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.forename: Gilbert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Botvin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D010465:Perception; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: perceived smoking prevalence; refusal skills; risk factor; youth smoking