title: Chronic hydrocephalus and perihematomal tissue injury developed in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension.
abstract: Primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with secondary intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is an important clinical problem of which little is known. IVH and hydrocephalus are independent predictors of poor outcome in ICH. The aims of this study were, therefore, to establish a rat model of ICH with ventricular extension and investigate the occurrence of post-hemorrhagic chronic hydrocephalus and perihematomal tissue injury. Based on our previous rat model of IVH, we adjusted the injection coordinates and 200 μl autologous blood was stereotaxically infused into the right striatum (coordinates: 0.2 mm posterior, 2.2 mm lateral, and 5.0 mm depth to the bregma). At 24 h post-infusion, the rats produced reproducible hematoma and ventricle expansion, which closely mimics the ICH with ventricular extension in humans. Hematoma consequences and perihematomal tissue injury were evaluated on the acute phase. At 4 weeks, ventricular dilatation, brain tissue loss, hippocampus volume, and cortical thickness were measured with magnetic resonance imaging and neurocognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze test. With blood infusion, the animals demonstrated brain edema, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and marked perihematomal tissue injury on the acute phase. At 4 weeks, the T2 images showed remarkable hydrocephalus and tissue loss, and the Morris water maze test revealed neurocognitive deficits. The present ICH with the ventricular extension rat model features characteristics of both ICH and IVH rat models, which could be used for extending our pathophysiological understanding of post-hemorrhagic chronic hydrocephalus and perihematomal tissue damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qianwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yihao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology; D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous / Q000009:adverse effects; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D002452:Cell Count; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; C534582:fluoro-jade C