title: Toxic optic neuropathies: an updated review.
abstract: Toxic optic neuropathy (TON) is caused by the damage to the optic nerve through different toxins, including drugs, metals, organic solvents, methanol and carbon dioxide. A similar clinical picture may also be caused by nutritional deficits, including B vitamins, folic acid and proteins with sulphur-containing amino acids. This review summarizes the present knowledge on disease-causing factors, clinical presentation, diagnostics and treatment in TON. It discusses in detail known and hypothesized relations between drugs, including tuberculostatic drugs, antimicrobial agents, antiepileptic drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, disulfiram, halogenated hydroquinolones, antimetabolites, tamoxifen and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and optic neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Poznań City Hospital, Poznań, Poland.|Departtment of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grzybowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Poznań City Hospital, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zülsdorff
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tonagel
mesh_terms: D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy; adalimumab optic neuropathy; antitumor necrosis factor alpha optic neuropathy; cuban epidemic optic neuropathy; ethambutol optic neuropathy; infliximab optic neuropathy; nutritional optic neuropathy; tobacco-alcohol amblyopia; toxic optic neuropathy