title: rTMS neuromodulation improves electrocortical functional measures of information processing and behavioral responses in autism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reports in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) of a minicolumnopathy with consequent deficits of lateral inhibition help explain observed behavioral and executive dysfunctions. We propose that neuromodulation based on low frequency repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) will enhance lateral inhibition through activation of inhibitory double bouquet interneurons and will be accompanied by improvements in the prefrontal executive functions. In addition we proposed that rTMS will improve cortical excitation/inhibition ratio and result in changes manifested in event-related potential (ERP) recorded during cognitive tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Along with traditional clinical behavioral evaluations the current study used ERPs in a visual oddball task with illusory figures. We compared clinical, behavioral and electrocortical outcomes in two groups of children with autism (TMS, wait-list group). We predicted that 18 session long course in autistic patients will have better behavioral and ERP outcomes as compared to age- and IQ-matched WTL group. We used 18 sessions of 1 Hz rTMS applied over the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex in 27 individuals with ASD diagnosis. The WTL group was comprised of 27 age-matched subjects with ASD tested twice. Both TMS and WTL groups were assessed at the baseline and after completion of 18 weekly sessions of rTMS (or wait period) using clinical behavioral questionnaires and during performance on visual oddball task with Kanizsa illusory figures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-TMS evaluations showed decreased irritability and hyperactivity on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), and decreased stereotypic behaviors on the Repetitive Behavior Scale (RBS-R). Following rTMS course we found decreased amplitude and prolonged latency in the frontal and fronto-central N100, N200 and P300 (P3a) ERPs to non-targets in active TMS treatment group. TMS resulted in increase of P2d (P2a to targets minus P2a to non-targets) amplitude. These ERP changes along with increased centro-parietal P100 and P300 (P3b) to targets are indicative of more efficient processing of information post-TMS treatment. Another important finding was decrease of the latency and increase of negativity of error-related negativity (ERN) during commission errors that may reflect improvement in error monitoring and correction function. Enhanced information processing was also manifested in lower error rate. In addition we calculated normative post-error treaction time (RT) slowing response in both groups and found that rTMS treatment was accompanied by post-error RT slowing and higher accuracy of responses, whereas the WTL group kept on showing typical for ASD post-error RT speeding and higher commission and omission error rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RESULTS from our study indicate that rTMS improves executive functioning in ASD as evidenced by normalization of ERP responses and behavioral reactions (RT, accuracy) during executive function test, and also by improvements in clinical evaluations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Estate M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sokhadze
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Ayman S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: El-Baz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Lonnie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Ioan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Opris
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Manuel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Casanova
keywords: ERP; TMS; autism; behavioral performance; motor response time