title: The association between race and income on risk of mortality in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socioeconomic status (SES) is independently associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression; however, its association with other CKD outcomes is unclear. In particular, the potential differential effect of SES on mortality among blacks and whites is understudied in CKD. We aimed to examine survival among individuals with prevalent CKD by income and race in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 2,761 participants with prevalent CKD stage 3 or 4 between 2003 and 2007 in the REGARDS cohort. Participants were followed through March 2013. Mortality from any cause was assessed by income and race (black or white). Low income was defined as an annual household income < $20,000, and was compared to higher incomes (≥$20,000). Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, gender, education, insurance, CKD stage, comorbidity and county-level poverty were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 750 deaths (27.5%) occurred during the follow-up period. Average follow-up time was 6.6 years among those alive and 3.7 years among those who died. Low income participants had an elevated adjusted hazard of mortality (HR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.24-2.00) compared to higher income participants. Low income was associated with all-cause mortality regardless of race (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.18-1.99 among blacks and HR 1.38; 95% CI 1.10-1.74 among whites), with no significant statistical interaction between household income and race (p-value = 0.634). However, black participants had a higher adjusted hazard of mortality (HR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.02-1.65) compared to whites, which was independent of income.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Income was associated with increased mortality for both blacks and whites with CKD. Blacks with CKD had higher mortality than whites even after adjusting for important socio-demographic and clinical factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Claudia Nance Rollins Building, 3rd Floor, 1518 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. sfedewa@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fedewa
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.forename: Orlando M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Deidra C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Crews
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*