title: Novel metabolic biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for one in every six deaths in US individuals. Great advances have been made in identifying important risk factors for CHD, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and hypercholesterolaemia, which have led to major developments in therapy. In particular, statins represent one of the greatest successes in the prevention of CHD. While these standard risk factors are important, an obvious opportunity exists to take advantage of ongoing scientific research to better risk-stratify individuals and to identify new treatment targets. In this Review, we summarize ongoing scientific research in a number of metabolic molecules or features, including lipoproteins, homocysteine, calcium metabolism and glycaemic markers. We evaluate the current state of the research and the strength of evidence supporting each emerging biomarker. We also discuss whether the associations with CHD are strong and consistent enough to improve current risk stratification metrics, and whether these markers enhance our understanding of the underlying biology of CHD and thus point towards new treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, 02115 Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Majken K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, 02115 Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Monica L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bertoia
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, 02115 Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Leah E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, 02115 Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Isha
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, 02115 Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, 1309 Beacon Street, 02446 Brookline, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mukamal
mesh_terms: D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000378:metabolism; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase; D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006242:Haptoglobins; D006710:Homocysteine; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014807:Vitamin D; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D