title: New insights into physical findings associated with postblepharoplasty lower eyelid retraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postblepharoplasty lower eyelid retraction (PBLER) has been linked to anterior lamellar shortage, unaddressed eyelid laxity, and middle lamellar scarring. The authors believe there are other, less-appreciated physical findings (orbicularis weakness, negative-vector eyelid, and inferior eyelid/orbit volume deficit) that also influence the development and potentially the management of this complex type of eyelid malposition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To better understand PBLER, potentially prevent its development, and improve treatment options, the authors determined the incidence of various physical findings present on initial examination of patients referred for PBLER revision.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical charts of patients referred for PBLER revision over a 21-month period were reviewed. The presence of anterior lamellar shortage, lower eyelid laxity, and a middle lamellar (internal eyelid) scar was documented. Orbicularis weakness, negative-vector eyelid topography, and volume deficiency of the lower eyelid/inferior orbit also were noted. The incidence of each finding was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients (35 women, 11 men) were included. All patients had undergone primary transcutaneous surgery, which led to the eyelid retraction. Orbicularis weakness, anterior lamellar shortage, inferior eyelid/orbital volume deficit, negative-vector eyelid topography, and eyelid laxity were common. A middle lamellar scar of significance was found in only 17% of eyelids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that the aforementioned underappreciated findings are common in patients with PBLER. Evaluating these factors when planning primary blepharoplasty may reduce the incidence of PBLER. Awareness of these findings when planning revisional procedures may improve surgical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: Dr Griffin is a facial plastic surgeon in private practice in Woodbury, MinnesotaDr Azizzadeh is a facial plastic surgeon in private practice in Beverly Hills, CaliforniaDr Massry is an ophthalmic plastic surgeon in private practice in Beverly Hills, California.
authors.forename: Garrett
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: Dr Griffin is a facial plastic surgeon in private practice in Woodbury, MinnesotaDr Azizzadeh is a facial plastic surgeon in private practice in Beverly Hills, CaliforniaDr Massry is an ophthalmic plastic surgeon in private practice in Beverly Hills, California.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Azizzadeh
authors.affiliation: Dr Griffin is a facial plastic surgeon in private practice in Woodbury, MinnesotaDr Azizzadeh is a facial plastic surgeon in private practice in Beverly Hills, CaliforniaDr Massry is an ophthalmic plastic surgeon in private practice in Beverly Hills, California gmassry@drmassry.com.
authors.forename: Guy G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Massry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: blepharoplasty; eyelid laxity; eyelid retraction; eyelid scar; eyelid vector; eyelid volume; orbicularis weakness