title: Endogenous neuropeptide S tone influences sleep-wake rhythm in rats.
abstract: Neuropeptide S (NPS) is an endogenous peptide that exerts wakefulness promoting, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects when administered exogenously. However, it remains to be determined if endogenous NPS tone is involved in the control of the diurnal sleep-wake cycle, or spontanous behavior. In this study, we examined the effects of the NPS receptor antagonist [D-Cys((t)Bu)(5)]NPS (2 and 20 nmol, icv) on physiological sleep and spontaneous locomotor behavior. The higher dose of [D-Cys((t)Bu)(5)]NPS decreased the amount of time spent in wakefulness [control 782.5 ± 25.5 min, treatment 751.7 ± 28.1 min; p<0.05] and increased the time spent in NREMS [control 572.6 ± 17.2 min, treatment 600.2 ± 26.1 min; p<0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference in time spent in REMS. There were no behavioral changes including abnormal gross motor behavior in response to [D-Cys((t)Bu)(5)]NPS administration. Collectively these data suggest an involvement of the endogenous NPS/NPS receptor system in physiological sleep architecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki 036-8563, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan. Electronic address: tetsuyak@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kushikata
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidetomo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki 036-8563, Japan.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yakoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki 036-8563, Japan.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Girolamo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Remo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerrini
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004569:Electroencephalography; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; C568280:neuropeptide S receptor, rat; C535232:neuropeptide S, 5-Cys(tBu)-; C534458:neuropeptide S, rat
keywords: EEG; Locomotor activity; Neuropeptide S; Sleep; Wakefulness