title: Pesticide residues in two frog species in a paddy agroecosystem in Palakkad district, Kerala, India.
abstract: Pesticides residues were quantified in 109 frogs comprising two species (Fejervarya limnocharis and Hoplobatrachus crassus) from organic and conventional paddy farms in Kerala, India. Seven frogs from conventional but none from the organic farms revealed deformities. Levels of total Organochlorines (OCs) (33.22 ng/g) and Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate-II (26.91/42.15 ng/g) in deformed F. limnocharis and H. crassus were significantly greater than in healthy frogs. Among OCs in healthy frogs, traces of γ (gamma)-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) (2.12 ng/g) were found only in F. limnocharis from organic farm. Among Organophosphates, Phorate (1.02 ng/g) and Quinalphos (2.62 ng/g) were present in traces in deformed F. limnocharis, while Parathion ethyl (1.02 ng/g) was detected in deformed H. crassus. The data indicate that the high level of pesticides may have contributed to the deformity of frogs. Therefore, an elaborative study will be essential to conserve amphibians in India.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Anaikatty, Coimbatore, 641 108, India, ganeshk1985@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ganesan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kittusamy
authors.forename: Chandrasekar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kandaswamy
authors.forename: Nambirajan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kandan
authors.forename: Muralidharan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subramanian
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007194:India; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D058871:Organic Agriculture; D012275:Oryza / Q000254:growth & development; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues