title: Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of cutaneous viral infections- part II: cutaneous viral infections by parvoviruses, poxviruses, paramyxoviridae, picornaviridae, retroviruses and filoviruses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cutaneous viral infections are increasing in recent years, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides a rapid and helpful tool that can be applied to confirm the diagnosis of specific viral infections that may be difficult to diagnose with certainty using routine microscopy alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several immunostains that are useful in histopathology have been reviewed and tested in cutaneous samples of viral infections. Emphasis is placed on new stains and novel uses of existing stains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This article is an up-to-date overview of the potential uses of IHC in the histopathologic diagnosis of cutaneous viral infections by parvoviruses, polyomaviruses, poxviruses, paramyxoviridae, picornaviridae, retroviruses, and filoviruses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific monoclonal antibodies are commercially available only for some members of these virus families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IHC may assist dermatopathologists to appropriately diagnose viral infections by parvoviruses, polyomaviruses, poxviruses, paramyxoviridae, picornaviridae, retroviruses, and filoviruses.
authors.affiliation: *Associate Professor of Dermatology and Dermatologist (Dr Molina-Ruiz), Chairman and Professor of Dermatology (Dr Requena), Department of Dermatology; †Pathologist, Department of Pathology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; ‡Dermatopathologist, Dermatophatologisches Gemeinschaftslabor, Friedrichshafen, Germany; and §Director of Dermatopathology and Professor of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Molina-Ruiz
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santonja
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rütten
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cerroni
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kutzner
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Requena
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy; D018702:Filoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D011213:Poxviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012192:Retroviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D017193:Skin Diseases, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D015415:Biomarkers