title: Methylated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from Vietnam and India: occurrence, distribution and in vitro toxicity evaluation.
abstract: Methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MePAHs), unsubstituted PAHs and AhR-mediated activities were determined in street dust collected from Vietnam and India using a combined approach of chemical analysis and in vitro reporter gene assay. MePAHs and PAHs diagnostic ratios indicated that the main sources of MePAHs in Vietnam were pyrogenic emissions, whereas in India there were mixed sources of pyrogenic and petrogenic emissions. AhR-mediated activities determined by using DR-CALUX assay were observed in urban street dust at mean 40, 29 and 20 ng CALUX-TEQ/g dw for Hanoi, Bangalore and New Delhi, respectively. MePAHs and PAHs contributed only 5% or less to AhR-mediated activity in street dust, indicating the occurrence of unknown AhR agonists. The principal contributors to Theoretical-TEQs among target compounds were methyl benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]- and benzo[k]fluoranthene. The present study indicates importance of MePAHs in evaluation of toxic risk related to AhR-mediated activity in urban polluted areas.
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Le Huu
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Tuyen
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Minh
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Tue
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Faculty, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Japan. Electronic address: shint@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Pham Hung
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Viet
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.affiliation: Kle's Nijalingappa College, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Kesav A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bulbule
authors.affiliation: E-Parisara Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Peethambaram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parthasarathy
authors.affiliation: Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Alagappan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanabe
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007194:India; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: AhR; CALUX; India; MePAHs; Street dust; Vietnam