title: Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: advice seeking behavior among primary health care physicians in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using measles and tuberculosis as case examples, with a systems thinking approach, this study examines the human advice-seeking behavior of primary health care (PHC) physicians in a rural district of Pakistan. This study analyzes the degree to which the existing PHC system supports their access to human advice, and explores in what ways this system might be strengthened to better meet provider needs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a rural district of Pakistan and, with a cross-sectional study design, it employed a range of research methods, namely extensive document review for mapping existing information systems, social network analysis of physicians' advice-seeking practice, and key stakeholder interviews for an in-depth understanding of the experience of physicians. Illustrations were prepared for information flow mechanism, sociographs were generated for analyzing social networks, and content analysis of qualitative findings was carried out for in-depth interpretation of underlying meanings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings of this study reveal that non-availability of competent supervisory staff, a focus on improving performance indicators rather than clinical guidance, and a lack of a functional referral system have collectively created an environment in which PHC physicians have developed their own strategies to overcome these constraints. They are well aware of the human expertise available within and outside the district. However, their advice-seeking behavior was dependent upon existence of informal social interaction with the senior specialists. Despite the limitations of the system, the physicians proactively used their professional linkages to seek advice and also to refer patients to the referral center based on their experience and the facilities that they trusted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of functional referral systems, limited effective linkages between PHC and higher levels of care, and a focus on programmatic targets rather than clinical care have each contributed to the isolation of physicians and reactive information seeking behavior. The study findings underscore the need for a functional information system comprising context sensitive knowledge management and translation opportunities for physicians working in PHC centers. Such an information system needs to link people and resources in ways that transcend geography and discipline, and that builds on existing expertise, interpersonal relationships, and trust.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Health Services, House 1-B, Street 50, Sector F-8/4, Islamabad, Pakistan. asmat.malik@uqconnect.edu.au.
authors.forename: Asmat U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Cameron D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: Anar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ulikpan
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D006801:Humans; D057226:Information Seeking Behavior; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D010154:Pakistan; D010820:Physicians; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011361:Professional Competence; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012424:Rural Population