title: Advances in development of rechargeable mitochondrial antioxidants.
abstract: It has been about 15 years since the introduction of the rechargeable mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (RMA). Two major groups have been developing RMA of the MitoQ and SkQ types independently, and many additional trials have been done by other researchers. This has provided solid preclinical evidence of RMA efficacy in various models. Human trials of systemic MitoQ were not followed by further advances, but the safety of MitoQ and, most likely, other RMA in humans has been demonstrated. A prooxidant effect at higher concentrations of RMA was described. For RMA of the SkQ type, a large window between anti- and prooxidant concentrations was observed, which makes SkQs promising as potential medicines. Significant RMA-induced improvements in many diseases that do not have an accepted treatment have been described. This justifies further clinical trials of RMA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Lukashev
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Maxim V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Skulachev
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ostapenko
authors.affiliation: I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alla Yu
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Savchenko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Pavshintsev
authors.affiliation: A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Skulachev
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004194:Disease; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014475:Uncoupling Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014475:Uncoupling Agents
keywords: Dry eye syndrome; Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen species