title: Testosterone and Adipokines are Determinants of Physical Performance, Strength, and Aerobic Fitness in Frail, Obese, Older Adults.
abstract: In this study, we evaluated the independent and combined effects of baseline circulating gonadal, anabolic hormones and adipokines on physical function in 107 frail, obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)), and older (≥65 yr) subjects. Our results showed significant positive correlations between circulating testosterone and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) with knee flexion, knee extension, one-repetition maximum (1-RM), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak), while no correlation was observed with estradiol. Among the adipokines, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) and leptin negatively correlated with the modified physical performance testing (PPT), knee flexion, knee extension, 1-RM, and VO2 peak. Interleukin-6 ( Il-6) negatively correlated with knee flexion and VO2 peak and soluble tumor necrosis factors receptor-1 (sTNFr1) correlated with PPT, 1-RM, and VO2 peak. Adiponectin correlated negatively with 1-RM. Multiple regression analysis revealed that, for PPT, sTNFr1 was the only independent predictor. Independent predictors included adiponectin, leptin, and testosterone for knee flexion; leptin and testosterone for knee extension; adiponectin, leptin, and testosterone for 1-RM; and IGF-1, IL-6, leptin, and testosterone for VO2 peak. In conclusion, in frail obese older adults, circulating levels of testosterone, adiponectin, and leptin appear to be important predictors of physical strength and fitness, while inflammation appears to be a major determinant of physical frailty.
authors.affiliation: New Mexico VA Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA ; Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
authors.forename: Lina E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.affiliation: New Mexico VA Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
authors.forename: Irum Zeb
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.affiliation: New Mexico VA Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA ; Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.affiliation: University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand ; University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: New Mexico VA Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA ; University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Villareal
authors.affiliation: New Mexico VA Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA ; University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Reina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Armamento-Villareal