title: Survival of pediatric blunt trauma patients presenting with no signs of life in the field.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest is associated with dismal prognosis, and patients rarely survive to hospital discharge. Recently established guidelines do not apply to the pediatric population because of paucity of data. The study objective was to determine the survival of pediatric patients presenting in the field with no signs of life after blunt trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank research data set (2002-2010). All patients 18 years and younger with blunt traumatic injuries were identified (DRG International Classification of Diseases-9th Rev. codes 800-869). No signs of life (SOL) was defined on physical examination findings and included the following: pulse, 0; respiratory rate, 0; systolic blood pressure, 0; and no evidence of neurologic activity. These same criteria were reassessed on arrival at the emergency department (ED). Furthermore, we examined patients presenting to the ED who underwent resuscitative thoracotomy (Current Procedural Terminology code 34.02). Our primary outcome was survival to discharge from the hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 3,115,597 pediatric patients who were found in the field after experiencing blunt trauma. Of those, 7,766 (0.25%) had no SOL. Seventy percent of the patients with no SOL in the field were male. Survival to hospital discharge of all patients presenting with no SOL was 4.4% (n = 340). Twenty-five percent of the patients in the field with no SOL were successfully resuscitated in the field and regained SOL by the time they arrived to the ED (n = 1,913). Of those patients who regained SOL, 13.8% (n = 265) survived to hospital discharge. For patients in the field with no SOL, survival to discharge was significantly higher in patients who did not receive a resuscitative thoracotomy than in those who did.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival of pediatric blunt trauma patients in the field without SOL is dismal. Resuscitative thoracotomy poses a heightened risk of blood-borne pathogen exposure to involved health care workers and is associated with a significantly lower survival rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic study, level III; therapeutic study, level IV.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatric Surgery (V.D., R.V.B., D.B., H.R.F., J.S.U.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and Keck School of Medicine (R.V.B., D.B., H.R.F., J.S.U.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duron
authors.forename: Rita V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bliss
authors.forename: Henri R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Upperman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012151:Resuscitation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055986:Vital Signs; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy