title: A method to model anticipatory postural control in driver braking events.
abstract: Human body models (HBMs) for vehicle occupant simulations have recently been extended with active muscles and postural control strategies. Feedback control has been used to model occupant responses to autonomous braking interventions. However, driver postural responses during driver initiated braking differ greatly from autonomous braking. In the present study, an anticipatory postural response was hypothesized, modelled in a whole-body HBM with feedback controlled muscles, and validated using existing volunteer data. The anticipatory response was modelled as a time dependent change in the reference value for the feedback controllers, which generates correcting moments to counteract the braking deceleration. The results showed that, in 11 m/s(2) driver braking simulations, including the anticipatory postural response reduced the peak forward displacement of the head by 100mm, of the shoulder by 30 mm, while the peak head flexion rotation was reduced by 18°. The HBM kinematic response was within a one standard deviation corridor of corresponding test data from volunteers performing maximum braking. It was concluded that the hypothesized anticipatory responses can be modelled by changing the reference positions of the individual joint feedback controllers that regulate muscle activation levels. The addition of anticipatory postural control muscle activations appears to explain the difference in occupant kinematics between driver and autonomous braking. This method of modelling postural reactions can be applied to the simulation of other driver voluntary actions, such as emergency avoidance by steering.
authors.affiliation: Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Applied Mechanics, Division of Vehicle Safety, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: jonas.osth@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Östh
authors.affiliation: Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Applied Mechanics, Division of Vehicle Safety, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: erikeli@student.chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.affiliation: BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. Electronic address: R.Happee@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Riender
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Happee
authors.affiliation: Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Applied Mechanics, Division of Vehicle Safety, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: karin.brolin@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brolin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003654:Deceleration; D004576:Electromyography; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Active muscles; Anticipatory postural control; Driver braking; Human body model