title: Changing characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in children younger than five years in urban Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood rotavirus diarrhea is still one of the major public health challenges. The present study aimed to determine changing characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in under-5 children at two periods of time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 5,357 under-5 children with rotavirus positive in two different time periods; i) 1993-1997 (n = 2,493), and ii) 2008-2012 (n = 2,864) considering beginning and ending of two decades. These children were enrolled in the urban Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, proportion of rotavirus was about 25% in 1993-97, which was 42% in 2008-12 (68% rise; p<0.001). Significant higher proportion of children were stunted [38% vs. 22%; aOR-1.33 (95% CI-1.09-1.62)], had vomiting [87% vs. 74%; aOR-2.58 (95% CI-2.02-3.28)], fever [10% vs. 8%; aOR-1.31 (95% CI-0.96-1.78)], family members >5 [38% vs. 35%; aOR-1.32 (95% CI-1.10-1.58)] required more intravenous fluid [9% vs. 3%; aOR-4.93 (95% CI-3.19-7.63)], had higher co-infection with Shigella [3% vs. 1%; aOR-3.36 (95% CI-1.61-7.03)], Vibrio cholerae [4% vs. 1%; aOR-3.70 (95% CI-2.12-6.46)]; and ETEC [13% vs. 7%; aOR-2.21 (95% CI-1.65-2.97)]; however, significantly lower proportion of them used sanitary toilets [54% vs. 78%; aOR-0.66 (95% CI-0.54-0.80)], boiled drinking water [16% vs. 38%; aOR-0.60 (95% CI-0.48-0.74)], used antimicrobial at home [63% vs. 82%; aOR-0.56 (95% CI-0.46-0.69)] and had some or severe dehydration [18% vs. 34%; aOR-0.15 (95% CI-0.12-0.20)] in 1st observation period compared to that of 2nd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proportion of episodes of under-5 rotavirus diarrhea increased over the period. Concomitant changes in host, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and co-infections were also observed. Thus, vaccination campaign which is prevailing in private sector should also be introduced in public sector.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad Habibur Rahman
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sarker
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Sumon Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Shahnawaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Farzana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferdous
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Jui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Fahmida Dil
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Farzana
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Abu S M S B
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Shahunja
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mokibul Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Afrad
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad Abdul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammod Jobayer
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chisti
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Pradip Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Bardhan
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Mamun
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Abu S G
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Faruque
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004405:Dysentery, Bacillary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011634:Public Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D055815:Young Adult