title: Renal tubular acidosis in Sjögren's syndrome: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exact frequency of distal and proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) in Sjögren's syndrome is unknown. Other features of Sjögren's syndrome like polyuria, glomerular manifestations, familial occurrence and pregnancy are not widely reported. The aim was to prospectively study the clinical features and outcome of distal and proximal RTA in Sjögren's syndrome and also report on other renal manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study is a prospective consecutive case series of patients who presented with a history suggestive of RTA and Sjögren's syndrome. All patients were followed for 1 year. The diagnosis of RTA was by fractional excretion of bicarbonate. The diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome was according to the American-European classification system [modified by Tzioufas and Voulgarelis: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007;21:989-1010].
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of RTA patients diagnosed during this period was 149. Sjögren's syndrome accounted for 34.8% (52 of 149) of RTA patients. The important symptoms and laboratory parameters were oral and ocular symptoms in 23 (44.2%), dental caries in 12 (23%), body pains in 47 (90.3%), mean serum pH 7.202 ± 0.03, mean serum bicarbonate, 14.03 ± 1.66 mmol/l, and mean urine pH, 7.125 ± 0.54. There were 30 (57.6%) patients with distal RTA and 22 (42.3%) patients with proximal RTA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical implication of the present study is that RTA is a common feature of Sjögren's syndrome. It may be missed if the presentation is not due to oral and ocular symptoms. The present study is also the only one with a 1-year follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India.
authors.forename: Rapur
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: Gudithi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Swarnalatha
authors.forename: Kaligotla Venkata
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Dakshinamurty
mesh_terms: D000141:Acidosis, Renal Tubular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000097:blood; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009395:Nephritis, Interstitial / Q000209:etiology; D066087:Perinatal Death; D011141:Polyuria / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D001639:Bicarbonates; C035356:SS-A antibodies; C035357:SS-B antibodies