title: Mechanism of action of whole milk and its components on glycemic control in healthy young men.
abstract: Milk reduces post-meal glycemia when consumed either before or within an ad libitum meal. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of each of the macronutrient components and their combination with whole milk on postprandial glycemia, glucoregulatory and gastrointestinal hormones and gastric emptying in healthy young men. In a randomized, crossover study, 12 males consumed beverages (500 ml) of whole milk (3.25% M.F.) (control), a simulated milk beverage based on milk macronutrients, complete milk protein (16 g), lactose (24 g) or milk fat (16 g). Whole and simulated milk was similar in lowering postprandial glycemia and slowing gastric emptying while increasing insulin, C-peptide, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK), but simulated milk resulted in higher (41%) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and lower (43%) ghrelin areas under the curve (AUC) than whole milk (P=.01 and P=.04, respectively). Whole and simulated milk lowered glucose (P=.0005) more than predicted by the sum of AUCs for their components. Adjusted for energy content, milks produced lower glucose and hormone responses than predicted from the sum of their components. The effect of protein/kcal on the AUCs was higher than fat/kcal for insulin, C-peptide, insulin secretion rate, GLP-1, CCK and paracetamol (P<.0001), but similar to lactose except for CCK and paracetamol, which were lower. The response in PYY and ghrelin was similar per unit of energy for each macronutrient. In conclusion, milk lowers postprandial glycemia by both insulin and insulin-independent mechanisms arising from interactions among its macronutrient components and energy content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
authors.forename: Shirin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: El Khoury
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
authors.forename: Ruslan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubant
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akhavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Faculty of Professional Studies, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3M 2J6.
authors.forename: Bohdan L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Luhovyy
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
authors.forename: H Douglas
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2. Electronic address: harvey.anderson@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: G Harvey
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D019518:Postprandial Period; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D019894:Peptide YY; D002766:Cholecystokinin
keywords: Gastric emptying; Glucoregulatory and gastrointestinal hormones; Glycemic control; Milk macronutrients; Whole milk