title: Significant association between hypolipoproteinemia(a) and lifetime risk of cancer: an autopsy study from a community-based Geriatric Hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our recent study showed that a low lipoproteinemia(a) [Lp(a)] level was a risk factor for cancer and all-cause deaths. The purpose of this study was to verify the role of the Lp(a) level on cancer among consecutive autopsy cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects consisted of 1354 cases (775 men and 579 women). The average age at death was 79.9 years. Hypolipoproteinemia(a) was defined as an Lp(a) level of below 80 mg/L. Overall, 62.3% of the subjects had suffered from at least one to a maximum of five malignancies throughout their lives. The most frequent type of malignancy was gastric cancer, followed by leukemia, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cancer-bearing status decreased linearly according to the Lp(a) level in both men and women (P=0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). The median Lp(a) level was significantly lower among the cases with hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancers or hematopoietic malignancy, but was higher among cases with lung cancer, especially lung adenocarcinoma. Hypolipoproteinemia(a) was a significant risk factor for any origins of cancer, with an odds ratio of 1.94 (95% CI, 1.45-2.60; P<0.001). It was also a risk factor for hepato-biliary cancers and leukemia, but it was a protective factor for lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggested hypolipoproteinemia(a) would be a significant risk factor for cancer except lung cancer. This study complements our previous study showing that hypolipoproteinemia(a) would increase the lifetime risk of cancer other than lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, Center for Information, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Makiko Naka
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Mieno
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; Section of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. Electronic address: m.sawabe.mp@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Motoji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655</postal>, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamamatsu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chida
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Urara
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Seijiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inamatsu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.affiliation: Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.affiliation: Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aida
authors.affiliation: Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaiyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takubo
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsushita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001344:Autopsy; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007009:Hypolipoproteinemias / Q000150:complications*; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017270:Lipoprotein(a)
keywords: Anti-neoplastic effect; Autopsy; Lipoprotein(a); Lung cancer; Malignant neoplasms