title: Cross-sectional studies of tuberculosis prevalence in Cambodia between 2002 and 2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure trends in the pulmonary tuberculosis burden between 2002 and 2011 and to assess the impact of the DOTS (directly observed treatment, short-course) strategy in Cambodia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cambodia's first population-based nationwide tuberculosis survey, based on multistage cluster sampling, was conducted in 2002. The second tuberculosis survey, encompassing 62 clusters, followed in 2011. Participants aged 15 years or older were screened for active pulmonary tuberculosis with chest radiography and/or for tuberculosis symptoms. For diagnostic confirmation, sputum smear and culture were conducted on those whose screening results were positive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 40,423 eligible subjects, 37,417 (92.6%) participated in the survey; 103 smear-positive cases and 211 smear-negative, culture-positive cases were identified. The weighted prevalences of smear-positive tuberculosis and bacteriologically-positive tuberculosis were 271 (95% confidence interval, CI: 212-348) and 831 (95% CI: 707-977) per 100,000 population, respectively. Tuberculosis prevalence was higher in men than women and increased with age. A 38% decline in smear-positive tuberculosis (P = 0.0085) was observed with respect to the 2002 survey, after participants were matched by demographic and geographical characteristics. The prevalence of symptomatic, smear-positive tuberculosis decreased by 56% (P = 0.001), whereas the prevalence of asymptomatic, smear-positive tuberculosis decreased by only 7% (P = 0.7249).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tuberculosis burden in Cambodia has declined significantly, most probably because of the decentralization of DOTS to health centres. To further reduce the tuberculosis burden in Cambodia, tuberculosis control should be strengthened and should focus on identifying cases without symptoms and in the middle-aged and elderly population.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
authors.forename: Tan Eang
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533 Japan .
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533 Japan .
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
authors.forename: Satha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peou
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533 Japan .
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
authors.forename: Saly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saint
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
authors.forename: Pichenda
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kouet
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
authors.forename: Manith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chea
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
authors.forename: Sokonth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keo
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
authors.forename: Sok Heng
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pheng
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
authors.forename: Sivanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tieng
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia .
authors.forename: Kim Eam
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Khun
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533 Japan .
authors.forename: Tetsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugamoto
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533 Japan .
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533 Japan .
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshiyama
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-8533 Japan .
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland .
authors.forename: Ikushi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Onozaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D023801:Directly Observed Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*