title: Two novel simian arteriviruses in captive and wild baboons (Papio spp.).
abstract: Since the 1960s, simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV; Nidovirales, Arteriviridae) has caused highly fatal outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive Asian macaque colonies. However, the source(s) of these outbreaks and the natural reservoir(s) of this virus remain obscure. Here we report the identification of two novel, highly divergent simian arteriviruses related to SHFV, Mikumi yellow baboon virus 1 (MYBV-1) and Southwest baboon virus 1 (SWBV-1), in wild and captive baboons, respectively, and demonstrate the recent transmission of SWBV-1 among captive baboons. These findings extend our knowledge of the genetic and geographic diversity of the simian arteriviruses, identify baboons as a natural host of these viruses, and provide further evidence that baboons may have played a role in previous outbreaks of simian hemorrhagic fever in macaques, as has long been suspected. This knowledge should aid in the prevention of disease outbreaks in captive macaques and supports the growing body of evidence that suggests that simian arterivirus infections are common in Old World monkeys of many different species throughout Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Historically, the emergence of primate viruses both in humans and in other primate species has caused devastating outbreaks of disease. One strategy for preventing the emergence of novel primate pathogens is to identify microbes with the potential for cross-species transmission in their natural state within reservoir species from which they might emerge. Here, we detail the discovery and characterization of two related simian members of the Arteriviridae family that have a history of disease emergence and host switching. Our results expand the phylogenetic and geographic range of the simian arteriviruses and define baboons as a natural host for these viruses. Our findings also identify a potential threat to captive macaque colonies by showing that simian arteriviruses are actively circulating in captive baboons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lauck
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sibley
authors.affiliation: Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jerilyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pecotte
authors.affiliation: Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weny
authors.affiliation: Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tumukunde
authors.affiliation: Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hyeroba
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Correll
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gleicher
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jahrling
authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jens H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7800-6045
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Tony L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA doconnor@primate.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D028382:Arteriviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D010215:Papio; D058974:Phylogeography; D012327:RNA Virus Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019371:Topography, Medical
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral