title: The virus-induced HSPs regulate the apoptosis of operatus APCs that results in autoimmunity, not in homeostasis.
abstract: The viruses are salient in the roles of environmental factors that trigger autoimmunity. The virus realizes its effects by the power of its induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) as well as by the viral IE-axis-mediated conversion of organ epithelial cells into virgin de novo professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The HSP is the accomplished operator in homeostasis by the logic of it being the regulator of apoptosis. That HSP which regulates and controls different points in the pathways of apoptosis is rationally propitious as both HSP and apoptosis are highly conserved in multicellular organisms. By virtue of its regulation of apoptosis, the HSP is also involved in human autoimmunity and this involvement is tripartite: (i) adornment of viral IE-axis-generated virgin de novo professional APCs with HSP-induced co-stimulatory molecules which transform these otherwise epithelial cells to achieve the status of fledged competent antigen-presenters, the operatus APCs, which are liable to apoptosis that becomes the initiator of organ damages that can culminate in the autoimmune syndrome(s); apoptosis is a routine fate that befalls all APCs following their antigen presentation; (ii) molecular mimicry mechanism: epitopes on the HSP may be mistaken for viral peptides and be presented by operatus APCs to autoreactive TCRs resulting in the apoptosis of the operatus APCs; and (iii) regulation of MHC class II-DR-mediated apoptosis of operatus APCs which can ultimately consequent in organ-specific autoimmune syndromes. We should remember, however, that Nature's intended purpose for the apoptosis of the professional APCs is benevolence: as a principal regulator of homeostasis. It is only from the apoptosis of our postulated operatus APCs that the apoptotic consequence can be deleterious, an autoimmune syndrome(s). The transformation of virgin de novo professional APCs to operatus APCs mirrors the maturation of DCs, through their acquisition of HSP-induced co-stimulatory molecules; and what happens to mature DCs as antigen-presenters that ends in homeostasis is replicated by what happens to operatus APCs that ends instead in autoimmune syndromes (Fig. 1).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: temajo@grapevine.net.au.
authors.forename: Norbert O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Temajo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: nevilleh@chw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D017951:Antigen Presentation; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D015551:Autoimmunity; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology; D014780:Viruses / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
keywords: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs); Apoptosis; Autoimmunity; Heat-shock proteins (HSPs); Immediate early proteins (IE); Viruses