title: Prevalence of vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus compared with type-1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study of two cohorts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with considerable cardiovascular morbidity that has not yet been directly compared with other diseases with known cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and forty-one patients of the multicentre Swiss SLE cohort study (SSCS) were cross-sectionally assessed for coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD). SLE patients were compared with a cohort of 193 patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus being followed at the University Hospital Basel. A subgroup analysis of 50 age- and sex-matched patients from the University Hospital Basel was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of patients within the SSCS 13.3% had one or more vascular events: 8.3% CHD, 5% CVD and 1.2% PAD. In type-1 diabetes mellitus patients, 15% had vascular events: 9.3% CHD, 3.1% CVD and 5.6% PAD. In the matched subgroup, 26% of SLE patients had vascular events (14% CHD) compared with 12% in type-1 DM patients (2% CHD). Cardiovascular risk factors were similar in both groups. Vascular events in SLE patients were associated with age, longer disease duration, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular morbidity in SLE is at least as frequent as in age- and sex-matched type-1 diabetes mellitus patients. Therefore, aggressive screening and management of cardiovascular risk factors should be performed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland katrin.koenig@usb.ch.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology and Allergy, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ribi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radosavac
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Triemli Spital, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zulewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trendelenburg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus; cardiovascular events; non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors; type-1 diabetes mellitus