title: Reforestation as a novel abatement and compliance measure for ground-level ozone.
abstract: High ambient ozone (O3) concentrations are a widespread and persistent problem globally. Although studies have documented the role of forests in removing O3 and one of its precursors, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the cost effectiveness of using peri-urban reforestation for O3 abatement purposes has not been examined. We develop a methodology that uses available air quality and meteorological data and simplified forest structure growth-mortality and dry deposition models to assess the performance of reforestation for O3 precursor abatement. We apply this methodology to identify the cost-effective design for a hypothetical 405-ha, peri-urban reforestation project in the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria O3 nonattainment area in Texas. The project would remove an estimated 310 tons of (t) O3 and 58 t NO2 total over 30 y. Given its location in a nitrogen oxide (NOx)-limited area, and using the range of Houston area O3 production efficiencies to convert forest O3 removal to its NOx equivalent, this is equivalent to 127-209 t of the regulated NOx. The cost of reforestation per ton of NOx abated compares favorably to that of additional conventional controls if no land costs are incurred, especially if carbon offsets are generated. Purchasing agricultural lands for reforestation removes this cost advantage, but this problem could be overcome through cost-share opportunities that exist due to the public and conservation benefits of reforestation. Our findings suggest that peri-urban reforestation should be considered in O3 control efforts in Houston, other US nonattainment areas, and areas with O3 pollution problems in other countries, wherever O3 formation is predominantly NOx limited.
authors.affiliation: Central Science Department, Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203; tkroeger@tnc.org.
authors.forename: Timm
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kroeger
authors.affiliation: School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Escobedo
authors.affiliation: ENVDAT Consulting, Knoxville, TN 37923; and.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.affiliation: School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delphin
authors.affiliation: Central Science Department, Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203;
authors.forename: Jonathan R B
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Texas Operations, Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, TX 77541.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waldron
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002947:Cities; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D016468:Forestry / Q000379:methods*; D005843:Geography; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010126:Ozone / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013781:Texas; D014197:Trees / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010126:Ozone; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: air pollution; ecosystem services; natural infrastructure; state implementation plan