title: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of auditory hallucination of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online literature retrieval was conducted using PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from January 1985 to May 2012. Key words were "transcranial magnetic stimulation", "TMS", "repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation", and "hallucination".
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected studies were randomized controlled trials assessing therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Experimental intervention was low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in left temporoparietal cortex for treatment of auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Control groups received sham stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was total scores of Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale, Auditory Hallucination Subscale of Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale-Auditory Hallucination item, and Hallucination Change Scale. Secondary outcomes included response rate, global mental state, adverse effects and cognitive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen studies addressing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders were screened, with controls receiving sham stimulation. All data were completely effective, involving 398 patients. Overall mean weighted effect size for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus sham stimulation was statistically significant (MD = -0.42, 95%CI: -0.64 to -0.20, P = 0.000 2). Patients receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation responded more frequently than sham stimulation (OR = 2.94, 95%CI: 1.39 to 6.24, P = 0.005). No significant differences were found between active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and sham stimulation for positive or negative symptoms. Compared with sham stimulation, active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation had equivocal outcome in cognitive function and commonly caused headache and facial muscle twitching.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and effective treatment for auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
authors.affiliation: Psychological Counseling Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453002, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Yingli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453002, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Shichang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Library of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453002, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Changhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: auditory hallucination; cognitive func-tion; grants-supported paper; meta-analysis; neural regeneration; neuroregeneration; positive symptom; schizophre-nia; schizophrenia spectrum disorders; schizophreniform disorder; temporoparietal cortex; transcranial magnetic stimulation