title: Cerebral structural changes in diabetic kidney disease: African American-Diabetes Heart Study MIND.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Albuminuria and reduced kidney function are associated with cognitive impairment. Relationships between nephropathy and cerebral structural changes remain poorly defined, particularly in African Americans (AAs), a population at higher risk for both cognitive impairment and diabetes than European Americans. We examined the relationship between urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and cerebral MRI volumes in 263 AAs with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional associations between renal parameters and white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), hippocampal, and WM lesion (WML) volumes were assessed using generalized linear models adjusted for age, education, sex, BMI, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, and hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants had a mean (SD) age of 60.2 years (9.7 years), and 62.7% were female. Mean diabetes duration was 14.3 years (8.9 years), HbA1c level was 8.2% (2.2%; 66 mmol/mol), eGFR was 86.0 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (23.2 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), and UACR was 155.8 mg/g (542.1 mg/g; median 8.1 mg/g). Those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or UACR >30 mg/g) had smaller GM and higher WML volumes. Higher UACR was significantly associated with higher WML volume and greater atrophy (larger cerebrospinal fluid volumes), and smaller GM and hippocampal WM volumes. A higher eGFR was associated with larger hippocampal WM volumes. Consistent with higher WML volumes, participants with CKD had significantly poorer processing speed and working memory. These findings were independent of glycemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found albuminuria to be a better marker of cerebral structural changes than eGFR in AAs with type 2 diabetes. Relationships between albuminuria and brain pathology may contribute to poorer cognitive performance in patients with mild CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Kaycee M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sink
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Divers
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiologic Sciences, Advanced Neuroscience Imaging Research Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Whitlow
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Center for Diabetes Research, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Nicholette D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: S Carrie
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Jianzhao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Christina E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hugenschmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiologic Sciences, Advanced Neuroscience Imaging Research Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Jeff D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Center for Diabetes Research, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiologic Sciences, Advanced Neuroscience Imaging Research Laboratory, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maldjian
authors.affiliation: Center for Diabetes Research, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC bfreedma@wakehealth.edu.
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D001284:Atrophy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology*; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin