title: Susceptibility to Bt proteins is not required for Agrotis ipsilon aversion to Bt maize.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize has been widely adopted in diverse regions around the world, relatively little is known about the susceptibility and behavioral response of certain insect pests to Bt maize in countries where this maize is not currently cultivated. These are important factors to consider as management plans are developed. These factors were investigated for Agrotis ipsilon, a global pest of maize, with Cry1F and Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 maize.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agrotis ipsilon demonstrated an initial, post-ingestive aversive response to Cry1F maize. Development and mortality were also affected - survival on Cry1F maize tissue was 40% and weight gain of survivors of Cry1F exposure was significantly reduced. A post-ingestive aversive response was also seen for Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 maize; however, longer-term feeding, weight gain and survival were not affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Agrotis ipsilon showed aversion to both Bt treatments. Aversion to Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 maize was unexpected because these proteins have no known insecticidal effect against Lepidoptera; however, results confirm that this aversion was temporary and did not affect growth or development. The Cry1F results suggest that A. ipsilon will abandon Cry1F maize in the field before any selection for resistance. These data support the use of refuge to delay Cry1F resistance development in A. ipsilon populations.
authors.affiliation: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Binning
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coats
authors.forename: Xiaoxiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hellmich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis
keywords: antixenosis; event DAS-59122-7; event TC1507; larval movement; refuge; transgenic corn