title: Smooth muscle in the maintenance of increased airway resistance elicited by methacholine in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Airway narrowing is maintained for a prolonged period after acute bronchoconstriction in humans in the absence of deep inspirations (DIs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether maintenance of airway smooth muscle (ASM) shortening is responsible for the persistence of airway narrowing in healthy subjects following transient methacholine (MCh)-induced bronchoconstriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  On two separate visits, five healthy subjects underwent MCh challenges until respiratory system resistance (Rrs) had increased by approximately 1.5 cm H2O/L/s. Subjects took a DI either immediately after or 30 minutes after the last dose. The extent of renarrowing following the bronchodilator effect of DI was used to assess the continued action of MCh (calculated as percent change in Rrs from the pre-DI Rrs). We then used human bronchial rings to determine whether ASM can maintain shortening during a progressive decrease of carbachol concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increased Rrs induced by MCh was maintained for 30 minutes despite waning of MCh concentration over that period, measured as attenuated renarrowing when the DI was taken 30 minutes after compared with immediately after the last dose (7 min post-DI, -36.2 ± 11.8 vs. 14.4 ± 13.2%; 12 min post-DI, -39.5 ± 9.8 vs. 15.2 ± 17.8%). Ex vivo, ASM shortening was largely maintained during a progressive decrease of carbachol concentration, even down to concentrations that would not be expected to induce shortening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maintenance of airway narrowing despite MCh clearance in humans is attributed to an intrinsic ability of ASM to maintain shortening during a progressive decrease of contractile stimulation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Chris D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Pascoe
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee-Gosselin
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.forename: Chun Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Seow
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Paré
authors.forename: Cheryl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Salome
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Ynuk
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bossé
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents; D016210:Methacholine Chloride
keywords: airway responsiveness; bronchodilation; deep inspiration; renarrowing; smooth muscle contraction