title: Neuroimaging of goal-directed behavior in midlife women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motivational interventions to improve health behaviors based on conventional cognitive and behavioral theories have been extensively studied; however, advances in neuroimaging technology make it possible to assess the neurophysiological basis of health behaviors, such as physical activity. The goals of this approach are to support new interventions to achieve optimal outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess differences in brain responses in healthy weight to obese midlife women during a goal-directed decision task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty nondiabetic, midlife (age 47-55 years) women with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 18.5 to 40 kg/m were recruited. A descriptive, correlational design was used to assess the relationship between brain activations and weight status. Participants underwent a goal-directed behavior task in the fMRI scanner consisting of a learning and implementation phase. The task was designed to assess both goal-directed and habitual behaviors. One participant was omitted from the analysis because of excessive motion (>4 mm), and six were omitted because of fewer than 50% correct responses on the exit survey. Four participants developed claustrophobia in the scanner and were disqualified from further participation. The remaining 19 participants were included in the final analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brain responses while participants learned goal-directed behavior showed a positive correlation with BMI in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and a negative correlation with BMI in the insula. During the implementation of goal-directed behavior, brain responses in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) negatively correlated with BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that overweight women activate regions associated with cognitive control to a greater degree than healthy weight women during goal-directed learning. The brain regions activated (dmPFC, dlPFC, insula) are associated with cognitive control and self-regulation. On the other hand, healthy weight women activate regions associated with emotion processing, planning, and self-regulation (lateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula) to a greater degree than overweight women during goal-directed learning and implementation of goal-directed behavior. Overweight women activate cognitive control regions while learning associations between actions and outcomes; however, this is not the case during the implementation phase--which may make it more difficult to transform goals into action (e.g., maintain physical activity over time). Overall, these results indicate that overweight midlife women respond differently during learning and implementation of actions that lead to positive outcomes during a general test of goal-directed behavior. Future study is needed to assess the transfer of goal-directed and habitual behavior to specific aspects of energy balance to improve health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Kelly Bosak, PhD, APRN, is Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University of Kansas Medical Center. Laura Martin, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, and Associate Director, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bosak
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006040:Goals; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward