title: Wheat aleurone polyphenols increase plasma eicosapentaenoic acid in rats.
abstract: METHODS
  These studies were designed to assess whether wheat polyphenols (mainly ferulic acid [FA]) increased the very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (VLC n-3) [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] in rats. Wheat aleurone (WA) was used as a dietary source of wheat polyphenols. Two experiments were performed; in the first one, the rats were fed WA or control pellets (CP) in presence of linseed oil (LO) to provide alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the precursor of VLC n-3. In the second one, the rats were fed WA or CP in presence of control oil (CO) without ALA. The concentrations of phenolic acid metabolites in urine were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urinary concentration of conjugated FA increased with WA ingestion (p<0.05). Plasma EPA increased by 25% (p<0.05) with WA in the CO group but not in the LO group. In contrast, there was no effect of WA on plasma DHA and omega-6 fatty acids (n-6). Finally, both n-3 and n-6 in the liver remained unchanged by the WA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that WA consumption has a significant effect on EPA in plasma without affecting n-6. Subsequent studies are required to examine whether these effects may explain partly the health benefits associated with whole wheat consumption.
authors.affiliation: TIMC-IMAG CNRS UMR 5525, Laboratoire PRETA, Cœur et Nutrition, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France ; Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France ; Inserm, U1055, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Fayçal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ounnas
authors.affiliation: TIMC-IMAG CNRS UMR 5525, Laboratoire PRETA, Cœur et Nutrition, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France ; Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France ; Inserm, U1055, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Privé
authors.affiliation: TIMC-IMAG CNRS UMR 5525, Laboratoire PRETA, Cœur et Nutrition, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salen
authors.affiliation: Unité Biochimie Hormonale et Nutritionnelle, Département de Biochimie, Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hazane-Puch
authors.affiliation: Unité Biochimie Hormonale et Nutritionnelle, Département de Biochimie, Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laporte
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France ; Inserm, U1055, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.affiliation: LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Medical School, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele Del
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Rio
authors.affiliation: LS9 Interlab Group, Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Medical School, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calani
authors.affiliation: Barilla G. R., Fratelli Spa, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Melegari
authors.affiliation: Barilla G. R., Fratelli Spa, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta Angela
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France ; Inserm, U1055, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Demeilliers
authors.affiliation: TIMC-IMAG CNRS UMR 5525, Laboratoire PRETA, Cœur et Nutrition, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Lorgeril
keywords: liver; plasma; polyphenols; rats; very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids; wheat aleurone