title: A high-throughput method for determination of metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants in urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.
abstract: Organophosphate triesters are common flame retardants used in a wide variety of consumer products from which they can migrate and pollute the indoor environment. Humans may thus be continuously exposed to several organophosphate triesters which might be a risk for human health. An analytical method based on direct injection of 5 μL urine into an ultra performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been developed and validated to monitor exposure to organophosphate triesters through their respective dialkyl and diaryl phosphate metabolites (DAPs). The targeted analytes were: di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP). Separation was achieved in less than 3 min on a short column with narrow diameter and small particle size (50 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.7 μm). Different mobile phases were explored to obtain optimal sensitivity. Acetonitrile/water buffered with 5mM of ammonium hydroxide/ammonium formate (pH 9.2) was the preferred mobile phase. Quantification of DAPs was performed using deuterated analogues as internal standards in synthetic urine (averaged DAP accuracy was 101%; RSD 3%). Low method limits of quantification (MLQ) were obtained for DNBP (0.40 ng mL(-1)), DPHP (0.10 ng mL(-1)), BDCIPP (0.40 ng mL(-1)) and BBOEP (0.60 ng mL(-1)), but not for the most polar DAPs, BCEP (∼12 ng mL(-1)) and BCPP (∼25 ng mL(-1)). The feasibility of the method was tested on 84 morning urine samples from 42 mother and child pairs. Only DPHP was found above the MLQ in the urine samples with geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 1.1 ng mL(-1) and 0.57 ng mL(-1) for mothers and children respectively. BDCIPP was however, detected above the method limit of detection (MLD) with GM of 0.13 ng mL(-1) and 0.20 ng mL(-1). While occasionally detected, the GM of DNBP and BBOEP were below MLD in both groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway; Departament of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University of Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. Electronic address: enrique.cequier@fhi.no.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cequier
authors.affiliation: Departament of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University of Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Marcé
authors.affiliation: Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Becher
authors.affiliation: Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Cathrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomsen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D010755:Organophosphates
keywords: Flame retardants; Human biomonitoring; Time-of-flight mass spectrometry; Urinary metabolites