title: Regeneration and transformation of Crambe abyssinica.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crambe abyssinica (crambe) is a non-food oil seed crop. Its seed oil is widely used in the chemical industry because of the high erucic acid content. Furthermore, it is a potential platform for various feedstock oils for industrial uses based on genetic modification. Here, we describe the development of a series of protocols for all steps required in the process of generating genetically modified crambe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different explant types from crambe seedlings were tested for shoot regeneration using different hormone-combinations. Cotyledonary nodes on basic medium with 0.5 μM NAA and 2.2 μM BAP gave the highest regeneration percentages. For propagation by tissue culture, explants of stems, petioles, leaves and axillary buds of in vitro plantlets were tested using the optimized medium. Axillary buds showed the highest shoot proliferation efficiency. Cotyledonary nodes were used to test the proper concentration of kanamycin for selection of transformation events, and 10 to 25 mg · L(-1) were identified as effective. The cotyledonary nodes and cotyledons from 7-day-old seedlings were used in Agrobacterium-mediated transformations with two kinds of selection strategies, shifting or consistent. Using the shifting selection method (10 mg · L(-1) kanamycin, 25 mg · L(-1), then back to 10 mg · L(-1)) cotyledonary nodes gave 10% transformation frequency, and cotyledons 4%, while with the consistent method (25 mg · L(-1)) lower frequencies were found, 1% for cotyledonary nodes and 0% for cotyledons). Later, in vitro plant axillary buds were tried as explants for transformation, however, transformation frequency was low ranging from 0.5 to 2%. Overall, testing six different vectors and two kinds of Agrobacterium strains, the average transformation frequency using the shifting method was 4.4%. Determining T-DNA insertion numbers by Southern blotting showed that approximately 50% of the transgenic lines had a single-copy insertion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present research revealed the potential of using crambe meristematic tissue for genetic transformation and in vitro propagation. The most efficient method of transformation used cotyledonary node explants from 7-days-old seedlings with a shifting kanamycin selection. Meristematic tissues (cotyledonary node or axillary bud) had the highest ability for shoot proliferation. Single-copy T-DNA insert lines could be efficiently and reproducibly generated.
authors.forename: Weicong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Iris E M
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Tinnenbroek-Capel
authors.forename: Jan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Schaart
authors.forename: Bangquan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jihua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Richard G F
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Eibertus N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Van Loo
authors.forename: Frans A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Krens
mesh_terms: D060054:Agrobacterium; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D031218:Crambe Plant / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012038:Regeneration; D036226:Seedlings / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C036483:T-DNA