title: Impact of genotype-specific herd immunity on the circulatory dynamism of norovirus: a 10-year longitudinal study of viral acute gastroenteritis.
abstract: Human norovirus is a major cause of viral acute gastroenteritis worldwide. However, the transition of endemic norovirus genotypes remains poorly understood. The characteristics of natural immunity against norovirus are unclear because few studies have been performed in the natural infection setting. This prospective 10-year surveillance study of acute gastroenteritis in the province of Osaka, Japan, revealed that norovirus spread shows temporal, geographic, and age group-specific features in the humans. Genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) was detected in most sporadic pediatric cases, as well as in foodborne and nursing home outbreaks, respectively. The dominant genotypes in outbreaks at childcare facilities and schools shifted every season and involved GI, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, and GII.6. Evidence at both the facility and individual levels indicated that genotype-specific herd immunity lasted long enough to influence the endemic norovirus genotype in the next season. Thus, norovirus circulates through human populations in a uniquely dynamic fashion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakon
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health.
authors.forename: Daiki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kanbayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoda
authors.affiliation: Mantani Pediatric Clinic, Osaka.
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mantani
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Komano
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D032521:Immunity, Herd; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: genotype; herd immunity; longitudinal surveillance; norovirus; reinfection