title: Human neutrophil peptide 1-3, a component of the neutrophil extracellular trap, as a potential biomarker of lupus nephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human neutrophil peptides (HNP) were recently implicated in the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) complex, the impaired degradation of which has been associated with lupus nephritis (LN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty LN patients, 40 SLE patients without kidney injury, 63 immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients, 20 minimal change disease (MCD) patients and 33 healthy controls were included in the present study. LN, IgAN and MCD patients were diagnosed with renal biopsy. LN patients were followed for a median period of 5.5 years. Clinical and laboratory data at the time of renal biopsy and follow-up were collected for each LN patient. Serum levels of HNP1-3 were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum HNP1-3 levels in LN patients were significantly higher than for SLE patients without kidney injury (P < 0.001), IgAN patients (P = 0.012), MCD patients (P = 0.010) and healthy controls (P = 0.022). Serum HNP1-3 levels were an independent indicator of LN (P = 0.006, OR = 7.5, 95% CI, 1.782-31.842), were statistically correlated with urinary protein excretion (P = 0.009) and activity index (P = 0.042) and were only marginally correlated with neutrophils (P = 0.054) and white blood cell counts (P = 0.051). Serum levels of HNP1-3 were a predictor of proteinuria remission after correction for multiple parameters (multivariate hazard 0.209; 95% CI 0.046-0.951; P = 0.043).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data from this study indicated that HNP1-3, one component of the NET, is a potential biomarker for LN.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fa-Juan
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xu-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D065206:Extracellular Traps / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009402:Nephrosis, Lipoid / Q000097:blood; D011379:Prognosis; D023084:alpha-Defensins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D023084:alpha-Defensins; C406413:human neutrophil peptide 1; C406416:human neutrophil peptide 2; C406427:human neutrophil peptide 3
keywords: human neutrophil peptide; lupus nephritis; systemic lupus erythematosus