title: Developmental toxicity and risk assessment of nonylphenol to the South American toad, Rhinella arenarum.
abstract: The toxicity of Nonylphenol, an emerging pollutant, on the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum was stage and time dependent, thus Median Lethal Concentrations (LC50) for acute (96h), short-term chronic (168h) and chronic exposure (336h) were 1.06; 0.96 and 0.17mgNP/L from embryonic period (S.4), whereas for exposure from larvae (S.25), LC50 remained constant at 0.37mgNP/L from 96h to 168h, decreasing to 0.11mgNP/L at 336h. NOEC-168h for exposure from embryos was 0.025mgNP/L. The Teratogenic Potential (NOEC-lethality/NOEC-sublethal effects) was 23 times higher than the threshold value, indicating a high risk for embryos to be malformed in absence of significant lethality and representing a threat for the species conservation. By comparing with other amphibians, the early development of R. arenarum was very sensitive to NP. The results highlight the relevance of extending the exposure time and look for the most sensitive stage in order to perform the bioassays for conservation purposes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA) Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia. C.P.: 1650. San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Aronzon Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mariel
authors.affiliation: Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Babay Paola
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Alejandra
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA) Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia. C.P.: 1650. San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: perezcoll@unsam.edu.ar.
authors.forename: Pérez Coll Cristina
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Silvia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002022:Bufo arenarum / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010636:Phenols; D013723:Teratogens; C025256:nonylphenol
keywords: Amphibians; Embryo-larval development; Nonylphenol; Stage-dependent susceptibility; Teratogenesis