title: Recent evidence for pharmacological treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe emerging evidence for the pharmacological treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of PubMed (1966 to July 2014) was performed using the terms idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of articles was restricted to articles in English and relating to placebo-controlled or comparative clinical trial data of recent significance. Evidence statements from the most recent international guidelines and some historical trial data were also included for context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numerous treatment options have been evaluated for IPF. Therapies evaluated in large trials have either resulted in increased mortality (anticoagulation, triple-therapy with N-acetylcysteine [NAC], azathioprine, and prednisone) or demonstrated a lack of efficacy (endothelin receptor antagonists, single-agent NAC). Pirfenidone, a novel antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory agent, has demonstrated efficacy in several recent analyses and is the only approved medication for the treatment of IPF in more than 30 countries outside of the United States, with resubmission to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently made. Nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated encouraging results in phase III studies and has also recently been submitted for FDA approval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited options have existed for the treatment of IPF. New evidence suggests that safe and efficacious treatment options for IPF are on the horizon in the form of pirfenidone and nintedanib, although both agents await FDA decisions.
authors.affiliation: Duquesne University Mylan School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Covvey
authors.affiliation: Loyola University Health System, Maywood, IL, USA emancl@lumc.edu.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Mancl
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011728:Pyridones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007211:Indoles; D011728:Pyridones; C093844:pirfenidone; C530716:nintedanib; D001379:Azathioprine; D011241:Prednisone; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: N-acetylcysteine; cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; nintedanib; pharmacotherapy; pirfenidone; usual interstitial pneumonia