title: Parasomnias and isolated sleep symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a questionnaire study on 661 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep disorders are among the most common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of parasomnias and their association with other symptoms were studied in a questionnaire study among 1447 randomly selected Parkinson patients, aged 43 to 89 years. The response rate was 59.0% and of these 77% had answered to all questions that were used in the analyses (N = 661).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) evaluated by the RBDSQ ≥ 6 was 39.0%. The occurrences of other parasomnias (≥ 1/week) in patients with PD were: nightmares 17.2%, night terrors 3.9%, sleepwalking 1.8%, enuresis 21.0%, and hallucinations 15.3%. Occurrences (≥ 1/week) of the isolated sleep symptoms were: nocturnal sweating 28.8%, bruxism 4.7%, and sleep talking 21.7%. Association of RBD with sleepwalking (parasomnia overlap disorder) was found in 1.7% of all PD patients. Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that weekly nightmares (OR 12.5; 95% CI 5.3 to 29.7), hallucinations (OR 5.1; 2.1 to 12.4), sleep talking (OR 11.6; 5.9 to 22.8), male gender (OR 1.9; 1.1 to 3.1), and restless legs syndrome (OR 4.7; 1.7 to 13.2) associated with the presence of RBD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parkinson patients with RBD have often also other parasomnias and/or isolated sleep symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Vitalmed Research Center, Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Helsinki, Finland; Hospital of Laakso, Department of Neurology, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: ari.ylikoski@fimnet.fi.
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ylikoski
authors.affiliation: The Finnish Parkinson Association, The Finnish Parkinson Foundation, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martikainen
authors.affiliation: Vitalmed Research Center, Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Partinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004325:Dreams / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020447:Parasomnias / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D020187:REM Sleep Behavior Disorder / Q000209:etiology; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D012890:Sleep; D020922:Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D013009:Somnambulism / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Isolated sleep symptoms; Other parasomnias; Parkinson's disease; RBD; Sleep