title: A hard tissue cephalometric comparative study between hand tracing and computerized tracing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze and compare the angular and linear hard tissue cephalometric measurements using hand-tracing and computerized tracings with Nemoceph and Dolphin software systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 cephalograms were randomly chosen for study with the following criteria, cephalograms of patients with good contrast, no distortion, and minimal radiographic artifacts were considered using the digital method (Kodak 8000 C) with 12 angular and nine linear parameters selected for the study. Comparisons were determined by post-hoc test using Tukey HSD method. The N-Par tests were performed using Kruskal-Walli's method.
  
  
  METHODS
  ANOVA and post-hoc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study show that there is no significant difference in the angular and linear measurements recorded. The P values were significant at 0.05 levels for two parameters, Co-A and Co-Gn with the hand-tracing method. This was significant in ANOVA and post-hoc test by Tukey HSD method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study of comparison provides support for transition from digital hand to computerized tracing methodology. In fact, digital computerized tracings were easier and less time consuming, with the same reliability irrespective of each method of tracing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Ramachandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Karthikeyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saravanan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: N Raj
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Vikram
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Adarsh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reddy
keywords: Cephalometrics; computerized tracing; hand-tracing