title: Stimulation and suppression of innate immune function by American ginseng polysaccharides: biological relevance and identification of bioactives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polysaccharides constituting about 10% by weight of ginseng root are known to stimulate the immune system but have recently been shown to also suppress induced proinflammatory responses. Our study aims to determine whether American ginseng root polysaccharides (AGRPS) stimulates basal innate immune function and at the same time can suppress response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced proinflammatory response. An in vitro mechanistic study was used to identify the bioactive fraction(s) responsible for AGRPS immunomodulatory effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ex vivo and in vivo immunomodulatory effects after oral administration of AGRPS extract was studied in adult rats by measuring cultured alveolar macrophage production of NO and changes of plasma cytokine level, modification of LPS proinflammatory immune response by AGRPS extract was also examined. To identify the bioactive fraction(s) responsible for AGRPS extract immunomodulatory effects, the immunobioactivities of the extract fractions (isolated by ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography) was investigated in an in vitro mechanistic study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Culture of alveolar macrophages obtained from AGRPS extract treated rats resulted in an increase of ex vivo production of NO and also reduced alveolar macrophage responsiveness to ex vivo LPS challenge. Oral treatment with AGRPS extract elevated plasma TNF-α concentration in vivo. This treatment also suppressed LPS induced elevation of plasma TNF-α in vivo. AGRPS extract immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects were mediated primarily by acid PS and its species with molecular weights ≥ 100 kDa and 50-100 kDa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AGRPS extract exerted immunostimulation and suppressed LPS immune response under basal and LPS induced proinflammatory conditions respectively.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Ginseng Innovation and Research Consortium, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada, chikeazike@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Chike G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Azike
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.forename: Edmund M K
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lui
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry; D008517:Phytotherapy; D018517:Plant Roots; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011134:Polysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide