title: Outcomes in spasticity after repetitive transcranial magnetic and transcranial direct current stimulations.
abstract: Non-invasive brain stimulations mainly consist of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation exhibits satisfactory outcomes in improving multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury and cerebral palsy-induced spasticity. By contrast, transcranial direct current stimulation has only been studied in post-stroke spasticity. To better validate the efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulations in improving the spasticity post-stroke, more prospective cohort studies involving large sample sizes are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aysegul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gunduz
authors.affiliation: Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain ; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain ; Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumru
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
keywords: central nervous system; motor cortex; muscle spasticity; reviews; stroke; transcranial direct current stimulation; transcranial magnetic stimulation