title: Rat globus pallidus neurons: functional classification and effects of dopamine depletion.
abstract: The rat globus pallidus (GP) is homologous to the primate GP externus. Studies with injectable anesthetics suggest that GP neurons can be classified into Type-I and Type-II cells based on extracellularly recorded spike shape, or positively coupled (PC), negatively coupled (NC), and uncoupled (UC) cells based on functional connectivity with the cortex. In this study, we examined the electrophysiology of rat GP neurons using the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane which offers more constant and easily regulated levels of anesthesia than injectable anesthetics. In 130 GP neurons recorded using small-tip glass electrodes (<1 μm), all but one fired Type-II spikes (positive/negative waveform). Type-I cells were unlikely to be inhibited by isoflurane since all GP neurons also fired Type-II spikes under ketamine-induced anesthesia. When recorded with large-tip electrodes (∼2 μm), however, over 70% of GP neurons exhibited Type-I spikes (negative/positive waveform). These results suggest that the spike shape, recorded extracellularly, varies depending on the electrode used and is not reliable in distinguishing Type-I and Type-II neurons. Using dual-site recording, 40% of GP neurons were identified as PC cells, 17.5% NC cells, and 42.5% UC cells. The three subtypes also differed significantly in firing rate and pattern. Lesions of dopamine neurons increased the number of NC cells, decreased that of UC cells, and significantly shifted the phase relationship between PC cells and the cortex. These results support the presence of GP neuron subtypes and suggest that each subtype plays a different role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 69:41-51, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Behavioral Health, Loma Linda, California, 92350.
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karain
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bellone
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Wei-Xing
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D016627:Oxidopamine; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine; D016627:Oxidopamine; D007530:Isoflurane; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: 6-hydroxydopamine; Parkinson's disease; action potential shape; firing pattern; functional connectivity; isoflurane