title: Oxidative degradation study on antimicrobial agent ciprofloxacin by electro-Fenton process: kinetics and oxidation products.
abstract: Oxidative degradation of the antimicrobial agent ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) has been investigated using electro-Fenton (EF) treatment with a constant current in the range 60-500 mA. The process generates highly oxidant species OH in situ via electrochemically monitored Fenton reaction. The EF experiments were performed using cells with a carbon felt cathode and Pt anode. Effect of applied current and catalyst concentration on the kinetics of oxidative degradation and mineralization efficiency have been investigated. Degradation of CIP followed pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The rate constant of the oxidation of CIP by OH has been determined to be (1.01 ± 0.14) × 10(10) M(-1) s(-1) by using competitive kinetics method. An optimum current of 400 mA and a catalyst concentration of Fe(2+) at 0.1mM are found to be optimal for an effective degradation of CIP under our operating conditions. A remarkably high degree of mineralization (>94%) was obtained at 6h of treatment under these conditions. A number of stable intermediate products have been identified using HPLC and LC-MS/MS analyses. Based on the identified reaction intermediates, a plausible reaction pathway was proposed for the mineralization process. The high degree of mineralization obtained in this work highlights the potential application of EF process in the efficient removal of fluoroquinolone based drugs in aqueous medium.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Électrochimie et Chimie Analytique (LECA), Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Muna Sh
authors.initials: MSh
authors.lastname: Yahya
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4506, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oturan
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Électrochimie et Chimie Analytique (LECA), Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Kacem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: El Kacemi
authors.affiliation: Physicochemical Service, Drugs Quality Control Laboratory, Division of Drugs and Pharmacy, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Miloud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Karbane
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Aravindakumar
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4506, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France. Electronic address: Mehmet.oturan@univ-paris-est.fr.
authors.forename: Mehmet A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oturan
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000737:chemistry*; D004566:Electrodes; D004572:Electrolysis; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010984:Platinum / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C045076:Fenton's reagent; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010984:Platinum; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D002244:Carbon; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron
keywords: Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs); Antibiotics; Ciprofloxacin; Electro-Fenton; Hydroxyl radicals; Mineralization