title: Choosing not to act: neural bases of the development of intentional inhibition.
abstract: Choosing not to act, or the ability to intentionally inhibit your actions lies at the core of self-control. Even though most research has focused on externally primed inhibition, an important question concerns how intentional inhibition develops. Therefore, in the present study children (aged 10-12) and adults (aged 18-26) performed the marble task, in which they had to choose between acting on and inhibiting a prepotent response, while fMRI data were collected. Intentional inhibition was associated with activation of the fronto-basal ganglia network. Activation in the subthalamic nucleus and dorsal fronto-median cortex, regions which have previously been associated with intentional inhibition, did not differ between intentional inhibition and intentional action. Even though both children and adults intentionally inhibited their actions to a similar extent, children showed more activation in the fronto-basal ganglia network during intentional inhibition, but not in the subthalamic nucleus and dorsal fronto-median cortex. Furthermore, a positive relation between self-reported impulsivity and intentional inhibition was observed. These findings have important implications for our understanding of disorders of impulsivity, such as ADHD, which are associated with poor self-control abilities.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: mschel@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Margot A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: K Richard
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ridderinkhof
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eveline A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Crone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D033182:Intention; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D057566:Self Report; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Development; Fronto-basal ganglia network; Response inhibition; Self-control; Volition; fMRI