title: Comparative susceptibility to permethrin of two Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Southern Benin, regarding mosquito sex, physiological status, and mosquito age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate what kind of mosquito sample is necessary for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (An. gambiae) mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Littoral and Oueme departments. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed male and female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. CDC susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed, blood fed and gravid female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. These susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed and blood fed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old and 20 days old. CDC biochemical assay using synergist was also carried out to detect any increase in the activity of enzyme typically involved in insecticide metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations were more susceptible than the males when they were unfed and aged 2-5 days old. The mortality rates of blood fed female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when females were unfed. In addition, the mortality rates of gravid female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when they were unfed. The mortality rate obtained when female An. gambiae Sekandji populations were unfed and aged 20 days old was higher than the one obtained when these populations were unfed and aged 2-5 days old. The results obtained after effects of synergist penicillin in beeswax on F1 progeny of An. gambiae Ladji populations resistant to permethrin showed that mono-oxygenases were involved in permethrin resistant F1 progeny from Ladji.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The resistance is a hereditary and dynamic phenomenon which can be due to metabolic mechanisms like overproduction of detoxifying enzymes activity. Many factors influence vector susceptibility to insecticide. Among these factors, there are mosquito sex, mosquito age, its physiological status. Therefore, it is useful to respect the World Health Organization criteria in the assessment of insecticide susceptibility tests in malaria vectors. Otherwise, susceptibility testing is conducted using unfed female mosquitoes aged 3-5 days old. Tests should also be carried out at (25±2) °C and (80±10)% relative humidity.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin ; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Calavi, Bénin.
authors.forename: Nazaire
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aïzoun
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin ; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Calavi, Bénin.
authors.forename: Rock
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aïkpon
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin ; University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Roseric
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Azondekon
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medecine, Keppel Street WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asidi
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin ; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Calavi, Bénin.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akogbéto
keywords: Mosquito age; Mosquito sex; Permethrin; Physiological status; Susceptibility; Synergist