title: Changing stakeholder relationships in nature reserve management: a case study on Snake Island-Laotie Mountain National Nature Reserve, Liaoning, China.
abstract: The number and total area of nature reserves in China has increased rapidly over the past couple of decades; however, the ability to effectively manage these reserves has not kept pace and conflicts between conservation efforts and economic development have emerged. The Snake Island-Laotie Mountain National Nature Reserve (SILMNNR) currently is experiencing the challenges of balancing conservation with local community development. This paper uses components analysis of human ecosystems (HEC) to examine conflicts arising from the management of the nature reserve and uses a stakeholder analysis to identify and better understand stakeholder inter-relationships in the SILMNNR-HEC. The goal of this study is to identify critical factors influencing stakeholder relationships in order to find ways of relieving conflicts between the reserve management and development. The stakeholder analysis revealed that the key stakeholders in the SILMNNR-HEC are natural resources, the Liaoning SILMNNR Authority, local residents, and enterprise developers; however, there was unequal power among stakeholders in the decision making process affecting the nature reserve. The paper evaluated the conditions and processes of SILMNNR-HEC through a framework of stakeholder relationships where critical factors, such as policy, finance, technology, and labor, and their respective strengths and feedbacks among stakeholders, were assessed and showed unequal flows of power among stakeholders. Two approaches are provided for transforming the unbalanced relationships into a stable and sustainable framework to sustainably manage the nature reserve: the first is by changing stakeholder relationships from opposition to cooperation; and the second by enhancing feedbacks and dynamics among stakeholders. The analysis used in this paper can be used as a model to assess conflicts around other protected areas in China and elsewhere.
authors.affiliation: Management of Science and Technology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China. Electronic address: jd_often@163.com.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China. Electronic address: wziyan1000@126.com.
authors.forename: Ziyan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, 14853-3001 Ithaca, NY, USA. Electronic address: lassoie@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lassoie
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Snake Island-Laotie Mountain National Nature Reserve Authority, Dalian, Liaoning 116041, China. Electronic address: xiaopingwang1978@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Snake Island-Laotie Mountain National Nature Reserve Authority, Dalian, Liaoning 116041, China. Electronic address: sunlixin@tom.com.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D002681:China; D003256:Community Participation; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics*; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans; D019982:Organizational Case Studies
keywords: Evaluation framework; Nature reserve management; Participation level; Stakeholder analysis; Stakeholder relationship