title: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport activity: postural control as the key to success.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk for re-tear following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is influenced by several hormonal, neuromuscular, biomechanical and anatomic factors. One of the most important negative prognostic factors that markedly increase the risk for ACL re-tear is the presence of high knee-abduction moment (KAM), which can be measured immediately by landing on both feet after a vertical jump. We evaluated the effect in postoperative values for KAM according to the type of graft used for ACL reconstruction (hamstring vs patellar tendon) and a specific rehabilitation protocol focusing on recovery of muscular strength, proprioception and joint stabilisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 2010 to September 2012, we enrolled 40 female recreational athletes with clinical and imaging evidence of ACL tear and randomised them in two groups. One group of patients underwent reconstruction with a hamstring-tendon graft and the second with a patellar-tendon graft. A custom rehabilitation programme focusing on proprioception was adopted. Clinical outcomes [International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm scores] and performance in functional test for stability (single-leg hop, timed hop, crossover triple hop, KAM test) were assessed preoperatively at three and six months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients showed statistically significant clinical improvements postoperatively when compared with preoperative values (P < 0.0001). No significant intergroup difference was observed in all clinical scores and functional tests, with the exception of the value registered for the KAM test (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACL reconstruction using patellar-tendon graft followed by rehabilitation centred on strength, proprioception and stability restoration can produce satisfactory values for KAM within the physiological range. The surgical strategies should be adapted to the patient on the basis of a multidisciplinary approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Papalia
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tecame
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Adamio
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Denaro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000637:transplantation; D000068958:Return to Sport; D012421:Rupture / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult