title: Control of brain development and homeostasis by local and systemic insulin signalling.
abstract: Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are important regulators of growth and metabolism. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, insulin/IGFs are made available to various organs, including the brain, through two routes: the circulating systemic insulin/IGFs act on distant organs via endocrine signalling, whereas insulin/IGF ligands released by local tissues act in a paracrine or autocrine fashion. Although the mechanisms governing the secretion and action of systemic insulin/IGF have been the focus of extensive investigation, the significance of locally derived insulin/IGF has only more recently come to the fore. Local insulin/IGF signalling is particularly important for the development and homeostasis of the central nervous system, which is insulated from the systemic environment by the blood-brain barrier. Local insulin/IGF signalling from glial cells, the blood-brain barrier and the cerebrospinal fluid has emerged as a potent regulator of neurogenesis. This review will address the main sources of local insulin/IGF and how they affect neurogenesis during development. In addition, we describe how local insulin/IGF signalling couples neural stem cell proliferation with systemic energy state in Drosophila and in mammals.
authors.affiliation: The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spéder
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D055495:Neurogenesis; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C583557:IGF1 protein, human; C035170:IGF2 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; C435941:INSR protein, human; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1; D011972:Receptor, Insulin
keywords: blood-brain barrier; glia; insulin/IGF; neural stem cell; neurogenesis