title: The risk for depression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is frequent in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. However, epidemiological data about the potential increase in risk are lacking. This study compares the rate of doctor-diagnosed depression in a well defined cohort of AS patients to the general population seeking care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Skåne Healthcare Register comprises healthcare data of each resident in Region Skåne, Sweden (population 1.2 million), including ICD-10 diagnoses. Using physician coded consultation data from years 1999 to 2011, we calculated depression consultation rates for all AS patients. We obtained standardized depression-rate ratios by dividing the observed depression rate in AS patients by the expected rate based on the corresponding age- and sex-specific rates of depression in the general population seeking care. A ratio > 1 equals a higher rate of depression among AS patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AS cohort consisted of 1738 subjects (65% men) with a mean age of 54 years. The reference population consisted of 967,012 subjects. During the 13-year observation period 10% (n = 172) of the AS cohort had a doctor-diagnosed depression compared to 6% (n = 105) to be expected. The standardized estimate of depression-rate ratio was 1.81 (95% confidence interval 1.44 to 2.24) in women men and 1.49 (1.20 to 1.89) in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of doctor-diagnosed depression is increased about 80% in female and 50% in male AS patients. Future challenges are to timely identify and treat the AS patients who suffer from depression.
authors.forename: Jorit J L
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meesters
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bremander
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Ingemar F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Petersson
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turkiewicz
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Englund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology