title: Kinetics of degradation of carbendazim by B. subtilis strains: possibility of in situ detoxification.
abstract: Food safety is a global concern due to the increased use of pesticides in agriculture. In grapes, carbendazim is one of the frequently detected fungicides. However, it is amenable to biodegradation. In this study, we aimed to assess the degradation of carbendazim by four Bacillus subtilis strains, which had earlier shown potential for biocontrol of grape diseases. In liquid medium, each of the four strains, namely, DR-39, CS-126, TL-171, and TS-204, could utilize carbendazim as the sole carbon source. The half-life was minimized from 8.4 days in the uninoculated spiked control to 4.0-6.2 days by the four strains. In Thompson Seedless sprayed with carbendazim at 1.0 g L(-1), the residue on grape berries in control was 0.44 mg kg(-1) after 25 days of application, whereas in grapes treated with the four B. subtilis strains, the residues had decreased to 0.02 mg kg(-1). The degradation kinetics showed low half-lives of 3.1 to 5.2 days in treated grapes as compared to 8.8 days in control. In inoculated soils, the half-lives were 5.9 to 7.6 days in autoclaved and 6.5 to 7.2 days in nonautoclaved soils as compared to 8.2 and 8.0 days in respective controls. The growth dynamics of these strains in all the three matrices was not affected by presence of carbendazim. Bacillus strains TS-204 and TL-171 showed higher degradation rate than the other two strains in all the three matrices and show promise for in situ biodegradation of carbendazim.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Grapes, P.O. Manjri Farm, Pune, 412 307, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Varsha P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Salunkhe
authors.forename: Indu S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Sawant
authors.forename: Kaushik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Pallavi N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Wadkar
authors.forename: Sanjay D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sawant
authors.forename: Sandip A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hingmire
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002219:Carbamates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006207:Half-Life; D007700:Kinetics; D012987:Soil / Q000145:classification; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C006698:carbendazim