title: A mid-morning snack of almonds generates satiety and appropriate adjustment of subsequent food intake in healthy women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of consuming a mid-morning almond snack (28 and 42 g) tested against a negative control of no almonds on acute satiety responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  On three test days, 32 healthy females consumed a standard breakfast followed by 0, 28 or 42 g of almonds as a mid-morning snack and then ad libitum meals at lunch and dinner. The effect of the almond snacks on satiety was assessed by measuring energy intake (kcal) at the two ad libitum meals and subjective appetite ratings (visual analogue scales) throughout the test days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intake at lunch and dinner significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in response to the almond snacks. Overall, a similar amount of energy was consumed on all three test days indicating that participants compensated for the 173 and 259 kcals consumed as almonds on the 28 and 42 g test days, respectively. Subjective appetite ratings in the interval between the mid-morning snack and lunch were consistent with dose-dependent enhanced satiety following the almond snacks. However, in the interval between lunch and dinner, appetite ratings were not dependent on the mid-morning snack.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almonds might be a healthy snack option since their acute satiating effects are likely to result in no net increase in energy consumed over a day.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research, Leatherhead Food Research, Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 7RY, UK, shull@leatherheadfood.com.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Re
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Echaniz
authors.forename: Martin S J
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wickham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009754:Nuts; D000068181:Prunus dulcis; D012527:Satiation; D012528:Satiety Response; D062410:Snacks