title: Randomized controlled trial on the impact of music therapy during cardiac catheterization on reactive hyperemia index and patient satisfaction: the Functional Change in Endothelium After Cardiac Catheterization, With and Without Music Therapy (FEAT) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of music intervention on endothelial function, hemodynamics, and patient anxiety before, during, and after cardiac catheterization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The effect of music therapy during cardiac catheterization on endothelial function and patient satisfaction has received limited study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization were randomized to music therapy (n=36) or no music therapy (n=34). Peripheral arterial tonometry was performed before and after catheterization. A 6 item (24-point scale) questionnaire evaluating patient anxiety and discomfort levels was also administered after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both study groups had similar baseline characteristics, fluoroscopy time, and contrast administration. Reactive hyperemia index (RHI) change was 0.14 ± 0.72 in the music group and 0.30 ± 0.58 in the control group (P=.35). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) changes did not significantly differ between the two groups (systolic BP change -3.3 ± 17.3 mm Hg vs -2.3 ± 19.4 mm Hg; P=.83 and diastolic BP change -1.9 ± 12.2 mm Hg vs. 2.0 ± 13.4 mm Hg; P=.23). Heart rate changes were also comparable between the two groups (-1 ± 6 beats/ min vs -1 ± 7 beats/min; P=.22). Patient satisfaction questionnaire measurements were found to be similar in patients with and without music therapy (8 [7-11] vs 9 [8-12]; P=.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, music intervention did not elicit a vasodilator response, did not lower blood pressure or heart rate, and did not relieve anxiety or stress discomfort in patients who underwent coronary angiography.
authors.affiliation: Dallas VA Medical Center (111A), 4500 South Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216 USA. esbrilakis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ripley
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christopoulos
authors.forename: Tesfaldet T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alomar
authors.forename: Bavana V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Rangan
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roesle
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotsia
authors.forename: Subhash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Emmanouil S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Brilakis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000523:psychology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome