title: Molecular identification of giardia intestinalis in patients with dyspepsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Giardia intestinalis triggers symptoms of functional dyspepsia. The aim of this study was to distinguish genotypes of G. intestinalis isolated from dyspeptic patients to evaluate their correlation with dyspeptic symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 120 dyspeptic subjects were investigated by upper endoscopy, including gastric and duodenal biopsies for histopathological examination, and parasitological examination of their stools and duodenal aspirates was performed. The patients were classified into five groups: group I (G. intestinalis) included 19 patients, group II (Helicobacter pylori) included 36 patients, group III (coeliac disease) included 3 patients, group IV (mixed G. intestinalis and H. pylori infection) included 4 patients, and group V (unexplained aetiology) included 58 patients. Genotyping of G. intestinalis was performed for groups I and IV using PCR-RFLP. The urease test was performed for H. pylori. Serum anti-gliadin, anti-endomysial and anti-transglutaminase antibody estimation was performed for the diagnosis of coeliac disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotype A of G. intestinalis was detected in the stool samples of 68.42% (13/19) and the duodenal aspirates of 42.1% (8/19) of dyspeptic patients harbouring the parasite. Genotype B was detected in 31.58% (6/19) of cases in stool samples and in 3 cases in duodenal aspirates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H. pylori, G. intestinalis and coeliac disease are common causes of dyspepsia. G. intestinalis genotype A demonstrated a greater association with dyspeptic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Shawky A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fouad
authors.forename: Serag
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esmat
authors.forename: Maha M A
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Basyoni
authors.forename: Marwa Salah
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Farhan
authors.forename: Mohamed H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kobaisi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004386:Duodenum / Q000473:pathology; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000209:etiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D005838:Genotype; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult