title: Carnosine attenuates early brain injury through its antioxidative and anti-apoptotic effects in a rat experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage model.
abstract: Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) has been demonstrated to provide antioxidative and anti-apoptotic roles in the animal of ischemic brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to examine whether carnosine prevents subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced early brain injury (EBI) in rats. We found that intraperitoneal administration of carnosine improved neurobehavioral deficits, attenuated brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability, and decreased reactive oxygen species level at 48 h following SAH in rat models. Carnosine treatment increased tissue copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzymatic activities, and reduced post-SAH elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in rats. Furthermore, carnosine treatment attenuated SAH-induced microglia activation and cortical neuron apoptosis. These results indicated that administration of carnosine may provide neuroprotection in EBI following SAH in rat models.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation at the Universities of Shandong, Life Science Research Centre, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China, zongyongzhanghust@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zong-yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bao-liang
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ming-feng
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Da-wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002336:Carnosine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D008055:Lipids; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C546339:Rbfox3 protein, rat; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002336:Carnosine; D004247:DNA; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D053148:Caspase 3