title: Reward pathway dysfunction in gambling disorder: A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies.
abstract: Recent emerging functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified many brain regions in which gambling cues or rewards elicit activation and may shed light upon the ongoing disputes regarding the diagnostic and neuroscientific issues of gambling disorder (GD). However, no studies to date have systemically reviewed fMRI studies of GD to analyze the brain areas activated by gambling-related cues and examine whether these areas were differentially activated between cases and healthy controls (HC). This study reviewed 62 candidate articles and ultimately selected 13 qualified voxel-wise whole brain analysis studies to perform a comprehensive series of meta-analyses using the effect size-signed differential mapping approach. Compared with HC, GD patients showed significant activation in right lentiform nucleus and left middle occipital gyrus. The increased activities in the lentiform nucleus compared to HC were also found in both GD subgroups, regardless of excluding or not excluding any kind of substance use disorder. In addition, the South Oaks Gambling Screen scores were associated with hyperactivity in right lentiform nucleus and bilateral parahippocampus, but negatively related to right middle frontal gyrus. These results suggest dysfunction within the frontostriatal cortical pathway in GD, which could contribute to our understanding of the categories and definition of GD and provide evidence for the reclassification of GD as a behavioral addiction in the DSM-5.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
authors.forename: Ya-jing
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China.
authors.forename: Hui-yao
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China. Electronic address: guowjcn@163.com.
authors.forename: Wan-jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China. Electronic address: xuntao26@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Chaw
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Institute of post-disaster reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic, Hong Kong, China; Department of forensic medicine, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D005715:Gambling / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012201:Reward
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Effect size signed differential mapping (ES-SDM); Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI); Gambling disorder (GD); The frontostriatal cortical pathway