title: Alloparenting for chimpanzee twins.
abstract: In April 2009, a female chimpanzee named Sango, living in a captive group at the Noichi Zoo, Japan, gave birth to dizygotic male-female twin chimpanzees (male: Daiya, female: Sakura). The extent to which adult group members cared for the twins was investigated using a focal animal sampling method targeting six adults (one male) when the twin chimpanzees were two years old. Data were collected for an average of 6.78 h (SD = 0.79) per focal participant. An unaffiliated female adult of Sango was engaged in parenting Sakura as much as Sango. Given that Sakura was in lesser proximity to Sango than Daiya, Sakura's departures from her mother and her ability to gesture requests might have enabled non-kin adults to provide her care.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kishimoto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Juko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Noichi Zoological Park of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tatara
authors.affiliation: Noichi Zoological Park of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Noichi Zoological Park of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.affiliation: Noichi Zoological Park of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Hirakawa Zoological Park, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukumori
authors.affiliation: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomonaga
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D017028:Caregivers; D005260:Female; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic