title: Development of the first chloroplast microsatellite loci in Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate population genetics, phylogeography, and cultivar origin of Ginkgo biloba, chloroplast microsatellite primers were developed. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one chloroplast microsatellite markers were identified referring to the two published chloroplast genomes of G. biloba. Polymorphisms were assessed on four natural populations from the two refugia in China. Eight loci were detected to be polymorphic in these populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven, and the unbiased haploid diversity per locus varied from 0.441 to 0.807. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, we developed 21 chloroplast microsatellite markers for G. biloba, including 13 monomorphic and eight polymorphic ones within the assessed natural populations. These markers should provide a powerful tool for the study of genetic variation of both natural and cultivated populations of G. biloba, as well as cultivars.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China ; Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology, and Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chun-Xiang
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Administration Bureau of Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve, Lin'an 311311, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming-Shui
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology, and Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Xin
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China ; Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology, and Conservation Center for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yun-Peng
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhao
keywords: Ginkgo biloba; Ginkgoaceae; chloroplast microsatellite; cpSSR; genetic diversity; gymnosperm; molecular marker