title: Heart failure risk across the spectrum of ankle-brachial index: the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between ankle brachial index (ABI) and the risk for heart failure (HF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The ABI is a simple, noninvasive measure associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and death; however, the relationship between ABI and risk for HF is less well characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1987 and 1989 in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study, an oscillometric device was used to measure blood pressure in a single upper and randomly chosen lower extremity to determine the ABI. Incident HF events were defined by the first hospitalization with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, code of 428.x through 2008. The risk for HF was assessed across the ABI range using restricted cubic splines and Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ABI was available in 13,150 participants free from prevalent HF. Over a mean 17.7 years of follow-up, 1,809 incident HF events occurred. After adjustment for traditional HF risk factors, prevalent coronary heart disease, subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, and interim myocardial infarction, compared with an ABI of 1.01 to 1.40, participants with ABIs ≤0.90 were at increased risk for HF (hazard ratio: 1.40; 95% confidence interval: 1.12 to 1.74), as were participants with ABIs of 0.91 to 1.00 (hazard ratio: 1.36; 95% confidence interval: 1.17 to 1.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a middle-age community cohort, an ABI ≤1.00 was significantly associated with an increased risk for HF, independent of traditional HF risk factors, prevalent coronary heart disease, carotid atherosclerosis, and interim myocardial infarction. Low ABI may reflect not only overt atherosclerosis but also pathologic processes in the development of HF beyond epicardial atherosclerotic disease and myocardial infarction alone. A low ABI, as a simple, noninvasive measure, may be a risk marker for HF.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Electronic address: deepak.gupta@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Deepak K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Hicham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skali
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Claggett
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Rumen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kasabov
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Amil M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Laura R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Loehr
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nambi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Lisa Miller
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wruck
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Rosamond
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: ankle brachial index; coronary artery disease; heart failure; myocardial infarction; vascular stiffness