title: The type and composition of alginate and hyaluronic-based hydrogels influence the viability of stem cells of the apical papilla.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present work was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the influence of various types and compositions of natural hydrogels on the viability and metabolic activity of SCAPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two alginate, three hyaluronic-based (Corgel™) hydrogel formulations and Matrigel were characterized for their mechanical, surface and microstructure properties using rheology, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. A characterized SCAP cell line (RP89 cells) was encapsulated in the different experimental hydrogel formulations. Cells were cultured in vitro, or implanted in cyclosporine treated mice. In vitro cell viability was evaluated using a Live/Dead assay and in vitro cellular metabolic activity was evaluated with a MTS assay. In vivo cell apoptosis was evaluated by a TUNEL test and RP89 cells were identified by human mitochondria immunostaining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydrogel composition influenced their mechanical and surface properties, and their microstructure. In vitro cell viability was above 80% after 2 days but decreased significantly after 7 days (60-40%). Viability at day 7 was the highest in Matrigel (70%) and then in Corgel 1.5 (60%). Metabolic activity increased over time in all the hydrogels, excepted in alginate SLM. SCAPs survived after 1 week in vivo with low apoptosis (<1%). The highest number of RP89 cells was found in Corgel 5.5 (140cells/mm(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these data demonstrate that SCAP viability was directly modulated by hydrogel composition and suggest that a commercially available hyaluronic acid-based formulation might be a suitable delivery vehicle for SCAP-based dental pulp regeneration strategies.
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lambricht
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Berdt
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanacker
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leprince
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Anibal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diogenes
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft Matter Unit, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goldansaz
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouzin
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Préat
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft Matter Unit, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dupont-Gillain
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: anne.desrieux@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: des Rieux
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D003771:Dental Papilla / Q000166:cytology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005260:Female; D064593:Heterografts / Q000637:transplantation; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D007797:Laminin / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D016062:Porosity; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000737:chemistry; D012212:Rheology; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004338:Drug Combinations; D020100:Hydrogels; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; C059485:matrigel; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003094:Collagen
keywords: Alginate; Dental pulp; Hyaluronic acid; Hydrogel; Regenerative endodontics; SCAP; Stem cells; Tissue engineering