title: Stenting versus endarterectomy and the impact of ultra-early revascularization for emergent admissions of carotid artery stenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The factors influencing outcomes after emergent admission for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis treated with revascularization by endarterectomy or stenting are yet to be fully elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed revascularization of carotid artery stenosis for patients admitted emergently using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2008-2011). Admission characteristics, economic measures, in-hospital mortality, and iatrogenic stroke were compared between (1) endarterectomy and stenting, (2) patients with and without cerebral infarction, and (3) ultra-early (within 48 hours of admission) and deferred (up to 2 weeks) intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  72,797 admissions meeting our inclusion criteria were identified. Factors associated with ultra-early revascularization were male patients, low comorbidity burden, stenosis without infarction, and stenting. Ultra-early intervention significantly decreased cost and length of stay, and stenting for patients without infarction decreased length of stay but increased cost. Patients without infarction treated within 48 hours had significantly lower mortality and iatrogenic stroke rate. Patients with infarction receiving ultra-early revascularization had increased odds of mortality and iatrogenic stroke in comparison with the deferred group. Patients with infarction receiving stenting experienced increased odds of mortality in comparison with those receiving endarterectomy, but there was no significant difference in iatrogenic stroke rate. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) administration on the day of revascularization greatly increased the odds of iatrogenic stroke and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larger prospectively randomized trials evaluating the optimum timing of revascularization after emergent admission of carotid artery stenosis seem warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Villwock
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Padalino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York. Electronic address: eric.m.deshaies@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Deshaies
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D015897:Comorbidity; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Carotid artery stenosis; carotid endarterectomy; carotid stent; early medical intervention; reperfusion