title: Development and clinical implementation of a universal bolus to maintain spot size during delivery of base of skull pencil beam scanning proton therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on a universal bolus (UB) designed to replace the range shifter (RS); the UB allows the treatment of shallow tumors while keeping the pencil beam scanning (PBS) spot size small.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with brain cancers treated from 2010 to 2011 were planned using the PBS technique with bolus and the RS. In-air spot sizes of the pencil beam were measured and compared for 4 conditions (open field, with RS, and with UB at 2- and 8-cm air gap) in isocentric geometry. The UB was applied in our clinic to treat brain tumors, and the plans with UB were compared with the plans with RS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A UB of 5.5 cm water equivalent thickness was found to meet the needs of the majority of patients. By using the UB, the PBS spot sizes are similar with the open beam (P>.1). The heterogeneity index was found to be approximately 10% lower for the UB plans than for the RS plans. The coverage for plans with UB is more conformal than for plans with RS; the largest increase in sparing is usually for peripheral organs at risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integrity of the physical properties of the PBS beam can be maintained using a UB that allows for highly conformal PBS treatment design, even in a simple geometry of the fixed beam line when noncoplanar beams are used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: Stefan.Both@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Both
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Jiajian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Liyong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Shikui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alonso-Basanta
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lustig
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Curtiland
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deville
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hill-Kayser
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Zelig
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tochner
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonough
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000379:methods; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D061766:Proton Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D019291:Skull Base; D013679:Technology, Radiologic