title: Biomechanics principle of elbow joint for transhumeral prostheses: comparison of normal hand, body-powered, myoelectric & air splint prostheses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding of kinematics force applied at the elbow is important in many fields, including biomechanics, biomedical engineering and rehabilitation. This paper provides a comparison of a mathematical model of elbow joint using three different types of prosthetics for transhumeral user, and characterizes the forces required to overcome the passive mechanical of the prosthetics at the residual limb.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study modeled the elbow as a universal joint with intersecting axes of x-axis and y-axis in a plain of upper arm and lower arm. The equations of force applied, torque, weight and length of different type of prosthetics and the anthropometry of prosthetics hand are discussed in this study. The study also compares the force, torque and pressure while using all three types of prosthetics with the normal hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result was measured from the elbow kinematics of seven amputees, using three different types of prosthetics. The F-Scan sensor used in the study is to determine the pressure applied at the residual limb while wearing different type of prostheses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These technological advances in assessment the biomechanics of an elbow joint for three different type of prosthetics with the normal hand bring the new information for the amputees and prosthetist to choose the most suitable device to be worn daily.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. nas_role85@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nasrul Anuar
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abd Razak
authors.forename: Noor Azuan
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abu Osman
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gholizadeh
authors.forename: Sadeeq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000674:Amputees; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013165:Splints; D019415:Torque