title: Outcomes of off-label drug uses in hospitals: a multicentric prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to assess the clinical evidence, outcome and cost of off-label use of medicines in the hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentric prospective cohort study of patients treated with off-label medicines was carried out in five tertiary hospitals from May 2011 to May 2012. Information on clinical characteristics of patients, drugs, outcomes and costs was collected. Patients were followed up to 6 months, and information was assessed by reviewing clinical records and interviewing physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 226 patients were included. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) age of patients was 46 (33-62) years; 59 % were women. Patients had received a median of three previous treatments, and a lack of response (or suboptimal) was the main reason for off-label use (72.1 %). A total of 232 off-label medicines were administered for 102 different indications. The most frequent medicines were rituximab (49; 21.1 %), botulinum toxin (25; 10.7 %) and omalizumab (14; 6.0 %). In 117 (51.8 %) cases, the level of clinical evidence for their use was low. A partial clinical response was observed in 82 patients (36.3 %), complete response in 71 (31.4 %) and stabilization in 11 (4.9 %). A total of 58 (26.5 %) patients had adverse effects, which in 11 (4.9 %) were severe. The median (IQR) cost per patient was <euro>2,943.07 (541.9-5,872.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high variability of off-label medicines and indications. Although the clinical evidence of off-label medicines was often low, clinical response was observed in many patients with previous multiple treatment failure, but at the expense of some adverse effects and a high cost. Registers of patients would be helpful for clinical decisions, although clinical trials are needed.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology Service, Fundació Institut Català de Farmacologia. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, Barcelona, Spain, idanes.ficf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Danés
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agustí
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vallano
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alerany
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gratacós
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olmo
authors.forename: S M Cano
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Marron
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valderrama
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bonafont
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056687:Off-Label Use / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult