title: Adjunctive techniques for optimization of ocular hemodynamics in children undergoing ophthalmic artery infusion chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a reproducible technique for selective ophthalmic artery infusion chemotherapy (SOAIC) that is technically efficacious in children with unfavorable patterns of ophthalmic artery (OA) flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially, all SOAIC was performed with intention to treat using a standard selective OA (microcatheter) infusion technique (sSOAIC). Temporary balloon occlusion (TBO) of the external carotid artery (ECA), a balloon-assisted SOAIC (bSOAIC) technique, was performed only if OA angiography did not show robust and sustained anterograde OA flow. In our more recent experience, all SOAIC was performed with intention to treat by bSOAIC. Verapamil infusion into the OA and internal carotid artery was performed in selected cases. Technical success was defined as delivery of chemotherapeutic agent(s) into the OA with robust and sustained anterograde perfusion. sSOAIC was considered to have failed if converted to bSOAIC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  19 eyes were treated in 17 patients (age 5 months to 16 years) between December 2008 and May 2013. Eighty-three procedures were undertaken and the OA was successfully catheterized in all. Technical success was achieved in 35/41 (85%) sSOAIC cases and 42/42 (100%) bSOAIC cases. TBO of the ECA augmented anterograde OA flow and converted all cases of retrograde OA flow to anterograde. Verapamil further augmented anterograde ocular perfusion during SOAIC. There were no access site complications, strokes, or deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TBO of the ECA is a safe, effective, and reproducible method for optimizing ocular hemodynamics during SOAIC regardless of baseline OA flow pattern. Verapamil infusion may further favorably modify OA flow.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01466855.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Abruzzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: James I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kimbrough
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Zélia M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Augsburger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011859:Radiography; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014700:Verapamil
keywords: Balloon; Blood Flow; Drug; Malignant; Pediatrics