title: Neuroprotective effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: Penehyclidine hydrochloride can promote microcirculation and reduce vascular permeability. However, the role of penehyclidine hydrochloride in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unclear. In this study, in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion models were established in experimental rats, and penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment was given via intravenous injection prior to model establishment. Tetrazolium chloride, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling and immunohistochemical staining showed that, penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment markedly attenuated neuronal histopathological changes in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum, reduced infarction size, increased the expression level of Bcl-2, decreased the expression level of caspase-3, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Xanthine oxidase and thiobarbituric acid chromogenic results showed that penehyclidine hydrochloride upregulated the activity of superoxide dismutase and downregulated the concentration of malondialdehyde in the ischemic cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as reduced the concentration of extracellular excitatory amino acids in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, penehyclidine hydrochloride inhibited the expression level of the NR1 subunit in hippocampal nerve cells in vitro following oxygen-glucose deprivation, as detected by PCR. Experimental findings indicate that penehyclidine hydrochloride attenuates neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress injury after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, thus exerting a neuroprotective effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China ; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Cuicui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China.
authors.forename: Junke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; apoptosis; brain injury; cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury; excitatory amino acid; ischemic cerebrovascular disease; middle cerebral artery occlusion; neural regeneration; neuroregeneration; oxygen free radicals; oxygen-glucose deprivation; penehyclidine hydrochloride; photographs-containing paper; superoxide dismutase