title: Brain glucose sensing, glucokinase and neural control of metabolism and islet function.
abstract: It is increasingly apparent that the brain plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis, including the maintenance of blood glucose. This is achieved by various efferent pathways from the brain to periphery, which help control hepatic glucose flux and perhaps insulin-stimulated insulin secretion. Also, critically important for the brain given its dependence on a constant supply of glucose as a fuel--emergency counter-regulatory responses are triggered by the brain if blood glucose starts to fall. To exert these control functions, the brain needs to detect rapidly and accurately changes in blood glucose. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms postulated to play a role in this and examine the potential role of the low-affinity hexokinase, glucokinase, in the brain as a key part of some of this sensing. We also discuss how these processes may become altered in diabetes and related metabolic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, IMS Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ogunnowo-Bada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heeley
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brochard
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D005941:Glucokinase; D005947:Glucose
keywords: glucokinase; glucose sensing; glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; hypoglycaemia; hypothalamus; insulin