title: Effect of administration of water enriched in O2 by injection or electrolysis on transcutaneous oxygen pressure in anesthetized pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral administration of oxygenated water has been shown to improve blood oxygenation and could be an alternate way for oxygen (O2) supply. In this experiment, tissue oxygenation was compared in anesthetized pigs receiving a placebo or water enriched in O2 by injection or a new electrolytic process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two pigs randomized in three groups received either mineral water as placebo or water enriched in O2 by injection or the electrolytic process (10 mL/kg in the stomach). Hemodynamic parameters, partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood (PaO2), skin blood flow, and tissue oxygenation (transcutaneous oxygen pressure, or TcPO2) were monitored during 90 minutes of general anesthesia. Absorption and tissue distribution of the three waters administered were assessed using dilution of deuterium oxide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, PaO2, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and water absorption from the gut were not significantly different among the three groups. The deuterium to protium ratio was also similar in the plasma, skin, and muscle at the end of the protocol. Skin blood flow decreased in the three groups. TcPO2 slowly decreased over the last 60 minutes of the experiment in the three groups, but when compared to the control group, the values remained significantly higher in animals that received the water enriched in O2 by electrolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this protocol, water enriched in O2 by electrolysis lessened the decline of peripheral tissue oxygenation. This observation is compatible with the claim that the electrolytic process generates water clathrates which trap O2 and facilitate O2 diffusion along pressure gradients. Potential applications of O2-enriched water include an alternate method of oxygen supply.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, and EA 3072, Hôpital de Hautepierre; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charton
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Péronnet
authors.affiliation: CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France and University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doutreleau
authors.affiliation: CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France and University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lonsdorfer
authors.affiliation: Danone Research, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Danone Research, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.affiliation: CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, Strasbourg, France and University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geny
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, and EA 3072, Hôpital de Hautepierre; University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Diemunsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, CHU Clermont-Ferrand and INRA UMR 1019, CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Ruddy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richard
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D018681:Anesthetics, General; D000818:Animals; D017666:Deuterium Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D004572:Electrolysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D014867:Water; D017666:Deuterium Oxide; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: oxygenated water; tissue oxygenation; transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure determination; water clathrate