title: Poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticle-encapsulated honeybee (Apis melifera) venom promotes clearance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in experimentally challenged pigs through the up-regulation of T helper type 1 specific immune responses.
abstract: Honeybee (Apis melifera) venom (HBV), which includes melittin and lipid-soluble ingredients (chrysin and pinocembrin), elicited increases in the CD4(+)/CD8(+) T lymphocyte ratio, relative mRNA expression levels of the T helper type 1 (Th 1) cytokines (interferon-γ and IL-12) and reinforced viral clearance of an experimental porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus infection in our previous study. On the basis of that previous study, we have now developed poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)-encapsulated HBV nanoparticles (P-HBV) for longer sustained release of HBV. We administered P-HBV to pigs via the rectal route, and then evaluated the potential immune-enhancing and bacterial clearance effects of P-HBV against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The CD4(+)/CD8(+) lymphocyte ratio, proliferative capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes and relative mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 (produced mainly by Th1 lymphocytes) were significantly increased in the P-HBV group up to 2 weeks post-administration of P-HBV. After S. Typhimurium infection, the P-HBV group showed a marked reduction in microbial burden in feces and all tissue samples (including the ileum, cecum, colon, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN)), a significant increase in Th 1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12) and a marked decrease in a Th 2 cytokine (IL-4) in all tissue samples and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Thus, P-HBV may be a promising strategy for immune enhancement and prevention of S. Typhimurium or other bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Hwy 271, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, USA.
authors.forename: Bock-Gie
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Hoon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Wissen Co., Ltd, #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Pung-mi
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: Wissen Co., Ltd, #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-woon
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Wissen Co., Ltd, #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Cheong-Weon
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Guk-Hyun
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: bjlee@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bong-Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001514:Bee Venoms / Q000737:chemistry*; D019344:Lactic Acid; D053758:Nanoparticles; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D001514:Bee Venoms; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Bee venom; Immune enhancing; Melittin; Nanoparticle; PLGA; Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium