title: Effect of ascorbic acid on the properties of ammonia caramel colorant additives and acrylamide formation.
abstract: Ammonia caramels are among the most widely used colorant additives in the food industry. They are commonly prepared through the Maillard reaction and caramelization of mixtures of reducing sugars with ammonia or ammonium salts. Antioxidants are known to inhibit acrylamide formation during the Maillard reaction, and they may affect the properties of the ammonia caramel products. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the antioxidant ascorbic acid on the properties of ammonia caramel. A mixture of glucose and ammonia was allowed to react at 120 °C for 60 min in the presence of ascorbic acid at final concentrations of 0 to 0.08 M. The ammonia caramels obtained from these reactions were all positively charged. As the concentration of ascorbic acid increased, the color intensity of the ammonia caramel showed a decreasing trend, while the intensity of the fluorescence and total amount of pyrazines in the volatiles showed a tendency to increase. The addition of ascorbic acid did not result in obvious changes in the UV-visible spectra of the ammonia caramels and the types of pyrazines in the volatiles were also unchanged. It is noteworthy that the addition of 0.02 to 0.08 M ascorbic acid did reduce the formation of the by-product acrylamide, a harmful substance in food. When the concentration of ascorbic acid added reached 0.04 M, the content of acrylamide in the ammonia caramel was 20.53 μg/L, which was approximately 44% lower than that without ascorbic acid. As a result, ascorbic acid can be considered to improve the quality and safety of ammonia caramels.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ, Wuxi 214122, China; Yancheng Inst. of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China.
authors.forename: Hongxing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhengbiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000032:analysis*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D063427:Food Quality; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D015416:Maillard Reaction
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D000975:Antioxidants; D002241:Carbohydrates; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; C569050:caramel coloring; D005947:Glucose; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: acrylamide; ammonia caramel; ascorbic acid; color intensity; pyrazines