title: AKI in early sepsis is a continuum from transient AKI without tubular damage over transient AKI with minor tubular damage to intrinsic AKI with severe tubular damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathophysiology of septic acute kidney injury (AKI) is incompletely understood, and there is controversy on the role of renal hypoperfusion in early sepsis. We hypothesized that renal hypoperfusion plays a role in early sepsis and that there is a continuum between transient AKI without tubular damage, transient AKI with minor tubular damage, and intrinsic AKI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 107 consecutive patients with sepsis were included. Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), urinary, and serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were measured at admission (T0) and 4 h (T4) and 24 h later (T24). Patients were classified according to FENa quartiles (FENaQ). Transient and intrinsic AKI were respectively defined as AKI that did or did not recover to no AKI in the following 5 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 57 developed transient AKI, 22 developed intrinsic AKI, and 28 did not have AKI. Of the ten patients with transient AKI classified in the two lowest FENa quartiles (FENa < 0.36 %) and without signs of local tubular damage, seven still did not show signs of tubular damage 24 h later. Also, 50 % of patients with intrinsic AKI classified in the same FENaQ did not show signs of local tubular damage at admission but did so 24 h later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a continuum between transient AKI without tubular damage, transient AKI with minor tubular damage, and intrinsic AKI in sepsis. Renal hypoperfusion seems to be the instigator for the development of AKI in the majority of patients with early sepsis. Other mechanisms in some patients cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Nephrology Section, 0K12, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B9000, Ghent, Belgium, Jill.Vanmassenhove@ugent.be.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanmassenhove
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glorieux
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoste
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhondt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanholder
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Biesen
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D054834:Lipocalins; D012964:Sodium