title: A Gamblers Clustering Based on Their Favorite Gambling Activity.
abstract: The objective of this study was to identify profiles of gamblers to explain the choice of preferred gambling activity among both problem and non-problem gamblers. 628 non-problem and problem gamblers were assessed with a structured interview including "healthy" (sociodemographic characteristics, gambling habits and personality profile assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory-125) and "pathological" [diagnosis of pathological gambling, gambling-related cognitions (GRCs) and psychiatric comorbidity] variables. We performed a two-step cluster analysis based solely on "healthy" variables to identify gamblers' profiles which typically reflect the choice of preferred gambling activity. The obtained classes were then described using both "healthy" and "pathological" variables, by comparing each class to the rest of the sample. Clusters were generated. Class 1 (Electronic Gaming Machines gamblers) showed high cooperativeness, a lower level of GRC about strategy and more depressive disorders. Class 2 (games with deferred results gamblers) were high novelty seekers and showed a higher level of GRC about strategy and more addictive disorders. Class 3 (roulette gamblers) were more often high rollers and showed a higher level of GRC about strategy and more manic or hypomanic episodes and more obsessive-compulsive disorders. Class 4 (instant lottery gamblers) showed a lower tendency to suicide attempts. Class 5 (scratch cards gamblers) were high harm avoiders and showed a lower overall level of GRC and more panic attacks and eating disorders. The preference for one particular gambling activity may concern different profiles of gamblers. This study highlights the importance of considering the pair gambler-game rather than one or the other separately, and may provide support for future research on gambling and preventive actions directed toward a particular game.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders", Federative Institute of Behavioral Addictions, CHU de Nantes - Hôpital Saint Jacques - IFAC, Bât. Louis Philippe, 85 rue de Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France. gaelle.bouju@chu-nantes.fr.|EA 4275 SPHERE "bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam", Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France. gaelle.bouju@chu-nantes.fr.
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Challet-Bouju
authors.affiliation: EA 4275 SPHERE "bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam", Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.|Unit of Methodology and Biostatistics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Benoit
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hardouin
authors.affiliation: Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders", Federative Institute of Behavioral Addictions, CHU de Nantes - Hôpital Saint Jacques - IFAC, Bât. Louis Philippe, 85 rue de Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.|EA 4275 SPHERE "bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam", Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Noëlle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.affiliation: EA 4430 CLIPSYD «CLInique PSYchanalyse Développement», University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France.|Louis Mourier Hospital of Colombes, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Legauffre
authors.affiliation: Marmottan Medical Center, GPS Perray-Vaucluse, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valleur
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Psychiatry, Sainte-Marguerite University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Magalon
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Laboratory, Sanpsy CNRS USR 3413, University of Bordeaux and Charles Perrens Hospital, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Mélina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fatséas
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chéreau-Boudet
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Addictology Department, Paul Brousse University Hospital of Villejuif, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.|Addictology Department, University Hospital Group Henri Mondor of Creteil, Creteil, France.
authors.forename: Mohamed-Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gorsane
authors.affiliation: Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders", Federative Institute of Behavioral Addictions, CHU de Nantes - Hôpital Saint Jacques - IFAC, Bât. Louis Philippe, 85 rue de Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.|EA 4275 SPHERE "bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam", Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vénisse
authors.affiliation: Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx mood Disorders", Federative Institute of Behavioral Addictions, CHU de Nantes - Hôpital Saint Jacques - IFAC, Bât. Louis Philippe, 85 rue de Saint Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.|EA 4275 SPHERE "bioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciEnces Research tEam", Faculties of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grall-Bronnec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012647:Self-Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Clustering; Continuous gambling; Distorted cognitions; Gambling; Gambling habits; Personality