title: EEG spectral analysis of attention in ADHD: implications for neurofeedback training?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), an increased theta/beta ratio in the resting EEG typically serves as a rationale to conduct theta/beta neurofeedback (NF) training. However, this finding is increasingly challenged. As NF may rather target an active than a passive state, we studied the EEG in a condition that requires attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  In children with ADHD of the DSM-IV combined type (ADHD-C; N = 15) and of the predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I; N = 9) and in typically developing children (N = 19), EEG spectral analysis was conducted for segments during the attention network test (ANT) without processing of stimuli and overt behavior. Frontal (F3, Fz, F4), central (C3, Cz, C4) and parietal (P3, Pz, P4) electrodes were included in the statistical analysis. To investigate if EEG spectral parameters are related to performance measures, correlation coefficients were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Particularly in the ADHD-C group, higher theta and alpha activity was found with the most prominent effect in the upper-theta/lower-alpha (5.5-10.5 Hz) range. In the ADHD-I group, a significantly higher theta/beta ratio was observed at single electrodes (F3, Fz) and a tendency for a higher theta/beta ratio when considering all electrodes (large effect size). Higher 5.5-10.5 Hz activity was associated with higher reaction time variability with the effect most prominent in the ADHD-C group. A higher theta/beta ratio was associated with higher reaction times, particularly in the ADHD-I group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) In an attention demanding period, children with ADHD are characterized by an underactivated state in the EEG with subtype-specific differences. (2) The functional relevance of related EEG parameters is indicated by associations with performance (reaction time) measures. (3) Findings provide a rationale for applying NF protocols targeting theta (and alpha) activity and the theta/beta ratio in subgroups of children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital of Erlangen Erlangen, Germany ; Heckscher-Klinikum München, Germany.
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital of Erlangen Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital of Erlangen Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.affiliation: Practice of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Karlheinz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital of Erlangen Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunther H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital of Erlangen Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kratz
keywords: ADHD; EEG; attention; brain-behavior-relationship; neurofeedback; spectral analysis; subtypes