title: T lymphocytes are not required for the development of fatty degeneration after rotator cuff tear.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rotator cuff tears are among the most common and debilitating upper extremity injuries. Chronic cuff tears result in atrophy and an infiltration of fat into the muscle, a condition commonly referred to as 'fatty degeneration'. While stem cell therapies hold promise for the treatment of cuff tears, a suitable immunodeficient animal model that could be used to study human or other xenograft-based therapies for the treatment of rotator cuff injuries had not previously been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A full-thickness, massive supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear was induced in adult T-cell deficient rats. We hypothesised that, compared with controls, 28 days after inducing a tear we would observe a decrease in muscle force production, an accumulation of type IIB fibres, and an upregulation in the expression of genes involved with muscle atrophy, fibrosis and inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic cuff tears in nude rats resulted in a 30% to 40% decrease in muscle mass, a 23% reduction in production of muscle force, and an induction of genes that regulate atrophy, fibrosis, lipid accumulation, inflammation and macrophage recruitment. Marked large lipid droplet accumulation was also present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extent of degenerative changes in nude rats was similar to what was observed in T-cell competent rats. T cells may not play an important role in regulating muscle degeneration following chronic muscle unloading. The general similarities between nude and T-cell competent rats suggest the nude rat is likely an appropriate preclinical model for the study of xenografts that have the potential to enhance the treatment of chronically torn rotator cuff muscles. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:262-72.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gumucio
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harning
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedi
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mendias
keywords: Fatty degeneration; Macrophages; Muscle atrophy; Rotator cuff; T-lymphocytes