title: Anger in health, benign breast disease and breast cancer: a prospective case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2) is a psychometric instrument measuring anger experience and expression. Associations between the STAXI-2 and risk of breast cancer (BC) are rarely considered together in a prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 117 women with breast symptoms referred for breast examination were selected and assessed before any diagnostic procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four patients with BC, 44 with benign breast disease (BBD) and 49 healthy individuals (HHS) were included. Scores for parameters state anger/feel like expressing anger physically (SANGP) were significantly higher in the HHS group (HHS vs. BBD: p=0.027; HHS vs. BC: p=0.025). BC patients showed a trend to lower scores in almost all scales of STAXI-2, except for the scales trait anger/angry temperament (TANGT), anger expression-in (AX-I), and anger control-out (AC-O), that were higher than the two other groups' scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study do not support a specific link between STAXI-2 and breast cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy antonio.bruno@unime.it.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pandolfo
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scimeca
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Clemente
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cedro
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Racchiusa
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco Antonio
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zoccali
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria A
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Muscatello
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D001706:Biopsy; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Breast disease; STAXI-2; anger; breast cancer risk