title: Borderline personality features as a potential moderator of the effect of anger and depressive rumination on shame, self-blame, and self-forgiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have suggested that types of rumination differ on how they impact psychopathology. Few research studies, however, have compared the two types of rumination. The primary aim of this research was to examine the effects of anger rumination and depressive rumination on factors related to self-conscious experiences (shame, self-blame, self-forgiveness) and negative affect among individuals with varying levels of borderline personality disorder (BPD) features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 120), screened for BPD features, were randomly assigned to an anger or depressive mood induction followed by a rumination induction. Participants then completed self-report measures of emotional state and self-conscious experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both anger and depressive rumination conditions, participants reported significantly increased negative affect and decreased positive affect relative to their baseline measurements. Participants with elevated levels of BP features reported higher levels of self-blame and shame. In the low-BPD group, self-blame levels were higher following depressive rumination compared to anger rumination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to resource constraints this study lacked a control condition involving no rumination. The range of BPD features was also restricted due to the use of a non-clinical sample thereby limiting the ability to examine BPD features as a moderator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the limitations, the current study is one of few investigations comparing the differential effects of induced anger rumination and depressive rumination on affect and self-conscious experiences. This study also addresses an important gap in literature on the mechanisms by which rumination influences negative affect.
authors.affiliation: Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; University of Southern Mississippi, Owings-McQuagge Hall #5025, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406-0001, USA. Electronic address: keyne.cky.law@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Keyne C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Law
authors.affiliation: Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Electronic address: alchapma@sfu.ca.
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D057566:Self Report; D012752:Shame; D013850:Thinking; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Borderline personality disorder; Emotion regulation; Rumination; Self-blame; Self-forgiveness; Shame