title: Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the large-seeded tree Protorhus deflexa (Anacardiaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protorhus deflexa is an endemic large-seeded tree in Madagascar that depends heavily on insects for cross-pollination and on large-bodied frugivores for seed dispersal. Because such mutualistic relationships are vulnerable to human disturbance, the development of microsatellite markers will enhance analyses of gene flow in this tree species in degraded forests. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen microsatellite markers were developed for P. deflexa using 454 pyrosequencing. The number of alleles ranged from two to nine, and the ranges of observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.200-0.800 and 0.303-0.821, respectively. The parentage exclusion probability by the 19 loci reached 0.98583 for the first parent and 0.99971 for the second parent. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These markers will be useful for studying gene flow via pollination and seed dispersal by animals and the genetic structure of P. deflexa in protected and degraded forests in Madagascar.
authors.affiliation: Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachicho, Yoshida, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adenyo
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harata
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanami
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-Ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen 2-1, Sanda 669-1337, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahata
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue-Murayama
keywords: 454 pyrosequencing; Anacardiaceae; Protorhus deflexa; large-seeded plants; microsatellite