title: In vitro cytotoxicity of Indonesian stingless bee products against human cancer cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To screen crude extracts of propolis, bee pollen and honey from four stingless bee species [Trigona incisa (T. incisa)], Timia apicalis, Trigona fusco-balteata and Trigona fuscibasis) native to East Kalimantan, Indonesia for cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines (HepG2, SW620, ChaGo-I, KATO-III and BT474).
  
  
  METHODS
  All samples were extracted with methanol, and then subpartitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Each crude extract was screened at 20 µg/mL for in vitro cytotoxicity against the cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In addition, four previously shown bioactive components from propolis (apigenin, caffeic acid phenyl ester, kaempferol and naringenin) and two chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil) were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, crude extracts from propolis and honey had higher cytotoxic activities than bee pollen, but the activity was dependent upon the extraction solvent, bee species and cell line. Propolis extracts from T. incisa and Timia apicalis showed the highest and lowest cytotoxic activity, respectively. Only the HepG2 cell line was broadly sensitive to the honey extracts. For pure compounds, doxorubicin was the most cytotoxic, the four propolis compounds the least, but the ChaGo-I cell line was sensitive to kaempferol at 10 µg/mL and KATO-III was sensitive to kaempferol and apigenin at 10 µg/mL. All pure compounds were effective against the BT474 cell line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propolis from T. incisa and Trigona fusco-balteata contain an in vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. Further study is required, including the isolation and characterization of the active antiproliferative agent(s).
authors.affiliation: Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand ; Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kustiawan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Songchan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puthong
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Enos T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Arung
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chanpen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chanchao
keywords: Antiproliferative activity; Bee product; Cancer cell lines; Cytotoxicity; Ethyl acetate extract; Honey; Methanol; Propolis; n-Hexane