title: Transformation of vanadinite [Pb5 (VO4 )3 Cl] by fungi.
abstract: Saprotrophic fungi were investigated for their bioweathering effects on the vanadium- and lead-containing insoluble apatite group mineral, vanadinite [Pb5 (VO4 )3 Cl]. Despite the insolubility of vanadinite, fungi exerted both biochemical and biophysical effects on the mineral including etching, penetration and formation of new biominerals. Lead oxalate was precipitated by Aspergillus niger during bioleaching of natural and synthetic vanadinite. Some calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) was formed with natural vanadinite because of the presence of associated ankerite [Ca(Fe(2+) ,Mg)(CO3 )2 ]. Aspergillus niger also precipitated lead oxalate during growth in the presence of lead carbonate, vanadium(V) oxide and ammonium metavanadate, while abiotic tests confirmed the efficacy of oxalic acid in solubilizing vanadinite and precipitating lead as oxalate. Geochemical modelling confirmed the complexity of vanadium speciation, and the significant effect of oxalate. Oxalate-vanadium complexes markedly reduced the vanadinite stability field, with cationic lead(II) and lead oxalate also occurring. In all treatments and geochemical simulations, no other lead vanadate, or vanadium minerals were detected. This research highlights the importance of oxalate in vanadinite bioweathering and suggests a general fungal transformation of lead-containing apatite group minerals (e.g. vanadinite, pyromorphite, mimetite) by this mechanism. The findings are also relevant to remedial treatments for lead/vanadium contamination, and novel approaches for vanadium recovery.
authors.affiliation: Geomicrobiology Group, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.|Laboratorio Biodiversità dei Funghi, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceci
authors.affiliation: Geomicrobiology Group, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Young Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy, Central Imaging Facility, Centre for Advanced Scientific Technologies, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kierans
authors.affiliation: The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK.|Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.affiliation: The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pendlowski
authors.affiliation: The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Nia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Biodiversità dei Funghi, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, 00185, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Persiani
authors.affiliation: Geomicrobiology Group, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.|Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
authors.forename: Geoffrey Michael
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gadd
mesh_terms: D001031:Apatites / Q000378:metabolism*; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism*; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism*; D010087:Oxides / Q000378:metabolism; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D014639:Vanadium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D008903:Minerals; D010087:Oxides; D010710:Phosphates; C000604255:vanadinite; D014639:Vanadium; C471364:pyromorphite; C016189:whewellite; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D007854:Lead