title: Heart rate and cardiovascular events: a nested case-control in Isfahan Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated heart rate (HR) is known to be a risk factor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of HR with the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Iranian adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Isfahan cohort study (ICS) was a longitudinal study started in 2001 on 6504 adults aged ≥ 35 years in urban and rural areas of central Iran. In a nested case control study, a control was randomly selected for each CVD event occurring during 7 years of follow up using density sampling method. HR at baseline was assessed by electrocardiogram. CVD was defined as incident coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction, unstable angina and sudden cardiac death) and stroke. The odds ratios (OR) were estimated by conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  432 participants with CVD events in the case group and 401 participants free of CVD in the control group were included in the analysis. While HR did not show any significant relationship with CVD events in the crude model (P = 0.208), it was detrimentally associated with them when age was included (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.02, P = 0.024). A dose response effect of quintiles of HR was seen in which significant association with CVD events started at third quintile [OR = 1.98 (1.15 - 3.41)] and increased toward fifth quintile [OR = 2.53 (1.47 - 4.36)] in the adjusted model for age, sex and HR-lowering drugs (P for trend = 0.001). This association remained statistically significant when other traditional risk factors were included in the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An elevated heart rate was associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular events. It can be considered as a predictor of cardiovascular disease independently of other risk factors in Iranian adults.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. drimanzand1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talaei
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zand
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oveisgharan
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Rokhsareh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iranipour
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esteki Ghashghaei
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Nizal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarrafzadegan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology