title: Risk Estimation Modeling and Feasibility Testing for a Mobile eHealth Intervention for Binge Drinking Among Young People: The D-ARIANNA (Digital-Alcohol RIsk Alertness Notifying Network for Adolescents and young adults) Project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Binge drinking is common among young people but often relevant risk factors are not recognized. eHealth apps, attractive for young people, may be useful to enhance awareness of this problem. We aimed at developing a current risk estimation model for binge drinking, incorporated into an eHealth app--D-ARIANNA (Digital-Alcohol RIsk Alertness Notifying Network for Adolescents and young adults)--for young people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal approach with phase 1 (risk estimation), phase 2 (design), and phase 3 (feasibility) was followed. Risk/protective factors identified from the literature were used to develop a current risk estimation model for binge drinking. Relevant odds ratios were subsequently pooled through meta-analytic techniques with a random-effects model, deriving weighted estimates to be introduced in a final model. A set of questions, matching identified risk factors, were nested in a questionnaire and assessed for wording, content, and acceptability in focus groups involving 110 adolescents and young adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten risk factors (5 modifiable) and 2 protective factors showed significant associations with binge drinking and were included in the model. Their weighted coefficients ranged between -0.71 (school proficiency) and 1.90 (cannabis use). The model, nested in an eHealth app questionnaire, provides in percent an overall current risk score, accompanied by appropriate images. Factors that mostly contribute are shown in summary messages. Minor changes have been realized after focus groups review. Most of the subjects (74%) regarded the eHealth app as helpful to assess binge drinking risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We could produce an evidence-based eHealth app for young people, evaluating current risk for binge drinking. Its effectiveness will be tested in a large trial.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences , University College London , London , UK.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrà
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy.|c Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crocamo
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schivalocchi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bartoli
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carretta
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Medicine , University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clerici
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063731:Mobile Applications; D008960:Models, Psychological; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescents; binge drinking; eHealth; young adults