title: Fungal endocarditis: current challenges.
abstract: Whilst it used to affect mostly intravenous drug users and patients who underwent valvular surgery with suboptimal infection control procedures, fungal endocarditis is now mostly observed in patients with severe immunodeficiency (onco-haematology), in association with chronic central venous access and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. The incidence of fungal endocarditis has probably decreased in most developed countries with access to harm-reduction policies (i.e. needle exchange programmes) and with improved infection control procedures during cardiac surgery. Use of specific blood culture bottles for diagnosis of fungal endocarditis has decreased due to optimisation of media and automated culture systems. Meanwhile, the advent of rapid techniques, including fungal antigen detection (galactomannan, mannan/anti-mannan antibodies and β-1,3-d-glucans) and PCR (e.g. universal fungal PCR targeting 18S rRNA genes), shall improve sensitivity and reduce diagnostics delays, although limited data are available on their use for the diagnosis of fungal endocarditis. New antifungal agents available since the early 2000s may represent dramatic improvement for fungal endocarditis: (i) a new class, the echinocandins, has the potential to improve the management of Candida endocarditis owing to its fungicidal effect on yeasts as well as tolerability of increased dosages; and (ii) improved survival in patients with invasive aspergillosis with voriconazole compared with amphotericin B, and this may apply to Aspergillus sp. endocarditis as well, although its prognosis remains dismal. These achievements may allow selected patients to be cured with prolonged medical treatment alone when surgery is considered too risky.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases and ICU, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France; INSERM U835, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, IFR140, Rennes, France; Association pour l'Etude et la Prévention de l'Endocardite Infectieuse (AEPEI), Bichat-Claude Bernard Hôpital, Paris, France. Electronic address: pierre.tattevin@chu-rennes.fr.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tattevin
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases and ICU, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France; Association pour l'Etude et la Prévention de l'Endocardite Infectieuse (AEPEI), Bichat-Claude Bernard Hôpital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Revest
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lefort
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases and ICU, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michelet
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lortholary
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents
keywords: Aspergillus sp.; Candida sp.; Echinocandins; Endocarditis; β-1,3-d-Glucans