title: No evidence of gene-calcium interactions from genome-wide analysis of colorectal cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium intake may reduce risk of colorectal cancer, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Studies of interaction between calcium intake and SNPs in calcium-related pathways have yielded inconsistent results.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify gene-calcium interactions, we tested interactions between approximately 2.7 million SNPs across the genome with self-reported calcium intake (from dietary or supplemental sources) in 9,006 colorectal cancer cases and 9,503 controls of European ancestry. To test for multiplicative interactions, we used multivariable logistic regression and defined statistical significance using the conventional genome-wide α = 5E-08.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After accounting for multiple comparisons, there were no statistically significant SNP interactions with total, dietary, or supplemental calcium intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence of SNP interactions with calcium intake for colorectal cancer risk in a large population of 18,509 individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that in genome-wide analysis common genetic variants do not strongly modify the association between calcium intake and colorectal cancer in European populations.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. mdu@fhcrc.org.
authors.forename: Mengmeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Xuehong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoffmeister
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Schoen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sonja I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Genetic Basis of Human Disease, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: W James
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gauderman
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Jian
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authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Tabitha A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Li
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authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Shuo
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authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
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authors.lastname: Kocarnik
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: Laurence N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: Loic
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authors.lastname: Le Marchand
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Polly A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Newcomb
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seminara
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Thornquist
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Brent W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Zanke
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Slattery
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang-Claude
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John D
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mesh_terms: D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary