title: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of renal impairment in patients with multiple myeloma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal impairment (RI) is a common complication of multiple myeloma (MM) and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Several new markers of kidney damage have been introduced in recent years. The aim of this study was to assess whether neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) can be used as a biomarker of RI in patients with MM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 199 samples from patients with MM were studied. Plasma NGAL, serum creatinine (sCr), cystatin C (Cys-C), serum free light chain (sFLC), and myeloma protein (M protein) concentrations were measured, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma NGAL levels significantly correlated with the degree of RI as defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes chronic kidney disease stage and with sCr and Cys-C concentrations and eGFR. Moreover, the plasma NGAL level was predictive of the myeloma burden and showed a significant correlation with sFLC, dFLC (difference between involved and uninvolved FLC), and M-protein concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma NGAL is not only a sensitive biomarker of renal function but may also be a useful marker that reflects tumor burden in patients with MM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea; Catholic Laboratory Development and Evaluation Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyojin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyejin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoungho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea; Catholic Laboratory Development and Evaluation Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Myungshin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea; Catholic Laboratory Development and Evaluation Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address: yonggoo@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yonggoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Ki
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Min
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D012372:ROC Curve; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins
keywords: Cystatin C; M protein; Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Renal impairment