title: Measurement of β-(1,3)-glucan in household dust samples using Limulus amebocyte assay and enzyme immunoassays: an inter-laboratory comparison.
abstract: Environmental levels of β-(1,3)-glucan, an inflammatory fungal cell wall component, have been suggested to be related to respiratory symptoms. However there is currently little data comparing β-(1,3)-glucan detection methods and/or results obtained in different laboratories. The aim of this study was to compare levels of β-(1,3)-glucans detected in household dust samples (n = 40) using different extraction/detection methods (Limulus amebocyte assay (LAL), inhibition enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and sandwich EIA) in five different laboratories. Dust sample aliquots were sent to participating centres, extracted and analysed for β-(1,3)-glucan according to standard in-house procedures. Significant differences in the levels of β-(1,3)-glucan were observed between all laboratories (geometric mean levels ranging from 15.4 μg g (-1) to 4754 μg g(-1) dust; p < 0.0001) with the exception of those using a similar LAL method. The inhibition EIA used in laboratory D produced mean β-(1,3)-glucan measurements 80-100 times higher than the LAL assays, 4 times higher than the sandwich EIA in the same lab, 17.6 times those obtained with the EIA in lab E and 363 times those obtained in the EIA in laboratory C. Pearson's correlations generally showed significant associations between methods and laboratories, particularly those using similar methodology (R ranging from 0.5 to 0.8; p < 0.001), although some poor and even inverse correlations were observed. Bland-Altman analyses showed moderate to good agreement between most assays, although clear absolute differences were observed. In conclusion, although results obtained with different methods were often significantly correlated and therefore comparable in relative terms, direct comparison of results between laboratories and assays may be inappropriate.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University Wellington Campus, Wellington, New Zealand. C.R.Brooks@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Collin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siebers
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Ilka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Noss
authors.forename: Inge M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raulf-Heimsoth
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Nervana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Metwali
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Douwes
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005936:Glucans / Q000032:analysis*; D006737:Horseshoe Crabs; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D005936:Glucans