title: Saturation of the right-leg drive amplifier in low-voltage ECG monitors.
abstract: Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is a critical tool in patient care, but its utility is often balanced with frustration from clinicians who are constantly distracted by false alarms. This has motivated the need to readdress the major factors that contribute to ECG noise with the goal of reducing false alarms. In this study, we describe a previously unreported phenomenon in which ECG noise can result from an unintended interaction between two systems: 1) the dc lead-off circuitry that is used to detect whether electrodes fall off the patient; and 2) the right-leg drive (RLD) system that is responsible for reducing ac common-mode noise that couples into the body. Using a circuit model to study this interaction, we found that in the presence of a dc lead-off system, even moderate increases in the right-leg skin-electrode resistance can cause the RLD amplifier to saturate. Such saturation can produce ECG noise because the RLD amplifier will no longer be capable of attenuating ac common-mode noise on the body. RLD saturation is particularly a problem for modern ECG monitors that use low-voltage supply levels. For example, for a 12-lead ECG and a 2 V power supply, saturation will occur when the right-leg electrode resistance reaches only 2 MΩ. We discuss several design solutions that can be used in low-voltage monitors to avoid RLD saturation.
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gatzke
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mallas
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Brouse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D056902:Clinical Alarms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003626:Data Display; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D014584:User-Computer Interface