title: The role of mechanics during brain development.
abstract: Convolutions are a classical hallmark of most mammalian brains. Brain surface morphology is often associated with intelligence and closely correlated to neurological dysfunction. Yet, we know surprisingly little about the underlying mechanisms of cortical folding. Here we identify the role of the key anatomic players during the folding process: cortical thickness, stiffness, and growth. To establish estimates for the critical time, pressure, and the wavelength at the onset of folding, we derive an analytical model using the Föppl-von-Kármán theory. Analytical modeling provides a quick first insight into the critical conditions at the onset of folding, yet it fails to predict the evolution of complex instability patterns in the post-critical regime. To predict realistic surface morphologies, we establish a computational model using the continuum theory of finite growth. Computational modeling not only confirms our analytical estimates, but is also capable of predicting the formation of complex surface morphologies with asymmetric patterns and secondary folds. Taken together, our analytical and computational models explain why larger mammalian brains tend to be more convoluted than smaller brains. Both models provide mechanistic interpretations of the classical malformations of lissencephaly and polymicrogyria. Understanding the process of cortical folding in the mammalian brain has direct implications on the diagnostics of neurological disorders including severe retardation, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Erlangen / Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Budday
authors.affiliation: Chair of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Erlangen / Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steinmann
authors.affiliation: Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuhl
keywords: Brain development; cortical folding; growth; instabilities; thin films