title: Noninvasive body contouring: biological and aesthetic effects of low-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent advancements in body-contouring techniques have prompted the investigation of ultrasound (US) technology as a potential noninvasive alternative for nonobese subjects for lifting, tightening, and reducing small areas of unwanted fat. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the biological and aesthetic effects of a low-frequency, low-intensity US device in reducing localized fat deposits for improving the body contours.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 female subjects included in this study were subjected to low-frequency US in the abdomen area. The effectiveness of this technique was determined by measuring changes in the anthropometric measurements and body composition, photographs, and a Client Satisfaction Questionnaire. The safety of the technique for application was determined by assessing the clinical features and biochemical tests results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After five US sessions, a significant mean reduction of 1.5, 2.1, and 1.9 cm was noted in the waist, abdominal, and umbilical circumferences, respectively. No significant changes were noted in the levels of free fatty acids, insulin, liver enzymes, or lipid profile. However, a significant increase in the fasting glucose level was noted. However, four adverse side effects were reported: mild burning or discomfort, tingling or unilateral numbness in the lower limbs, pain around the bony areas, and soreness in the abdomen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low-frequency, low-intensity US device provides reduction in the abdominal region with a moderate level of satisfaction. However, more studies are required to assess the effectiveness of US for body contouring and its effect on glucose metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus UVF, CCB II, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36.570-000, Brazil, livia_bordalo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Livia Bordalo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Tonucci
authors.forename: Denise Machado
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mourão
authors.forename: Andreia Queiroz
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bressan
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods