title: Toll-like receptor 2 ligand, lipoteichoic acid is inhibitory against infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is one of the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that activates toll-like receptor (TLR)2-cluster of differentiation (CD)14 signalling pathway. This recognition elicits antiviral responses that have been recorded against viruses of mammals although such responses have not been characterized adequately against avian viruses. In this investigation, we characterized the LTA induced antiviral responses against infectious laryntotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection in vitro and in vivo. We found that LTA is capable of up regulating mRNA expression of innate proteins in macrophages such as MyD88, iNOS and IL-1β and reduces the ILTV plaques in vitro. Similarly, we found that LTA treatment of embryonic day 18 (ED18) eggs can lead to the antiviral response against pre-hatch ILTV infection in vivo and is associated with expansion of macrophage populations and expression of IL-1β and MyD88 in the lung. The data highlight that LTA can be a potential innate immune stimulant that can be used against ILTV infection in chickens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haddadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kameka
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czub
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Science Research Station, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muench
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C64, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 2Z6. Electronic address: faizal.abdulcareem@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Abdul-Careem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001352:Herpesvirus 1, Gallid / Q000276:immunology*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007370:Interferon Type I; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
keywords: In ovo; Infectious laryngotracheitis virus; Lipoteichoic acid; Macrophage; Nitric oxide; Toll-like receptor 2