title: Update of intravitreal steroids for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.
abstract: Diabetic macular edema is considered the most important factor related to visual impairment in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Together with the use of grid and focal laser photocoagulation, today the intravitreal administration of pharmacotherapies represents the standard of care for the treatment of this complication: anti-vascular endothelium growth factor agents and steroids are the drugs currently used for this aim. Differently from laser therapy, which prevents visual deterioration, the intravitreal approach allows the promotion of visual recovery. However, the intravitreal injections require to be repeated with high frequency, and this carries the risk of drug- and procedure-related adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bandello
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Preziosa
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Querques
authors.forename: Rosangela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lattanzio
mesh_terms: D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide