title: Inflammation profile in overweight/obese adolescents in Europe: an analysis in relation to iron status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between inflammatory parameters (CRP, c-reactive protein; AGP, α1-acid glycoprotein), iron status indicators (SF, serum ferritin; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor) and body mass index (BMI) z-score, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) in European adolescents. Differences in intake for some nutrients (total iron, haem and non-haem iron, vitamin C, calcium, proteins) were assessed according to BMI categories, and the association of nutrient intakes with BMI z-score, FM and FFM was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 876 adolescents participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence-Cross Sectional Study were included in the study sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean CRP values (standard error; s.e.) were significantly higher in overweight/obese adolescents (1.7±0.3 and 1.4±0.3 mg/l in boys and girls, respectively) than in thin/normal-weight adolescents (1.1±0.2 and 1.0±0.1 mg/l in boys and girls, respectively) (P<0.05). For boys, mean SF values (s.e.) were significantly higher in overweight/obese adolescents (46.9±2.7 μg/l) than in thin/normal-weight adolescents (35.7±1.7 μg/l) (P<0.001), whereas median sTfR values did not differ among BMI categories for both boys and girls. Multilevel regression analyses showed that BMI z-score and FM were significantly related to CRP and AGP (P<0.05). Dietary variables did not differ significantly among BMI categories, except for the intake of vegetable proteins, which, for boys, was higher in thin/normal-weight adolescents than in overweight/obese adolescents (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adiposity of the European adolescents was sufficient to cause chronic inflammation but not sufficient to impair iron status and cause iron deficiency.
authors.affiliation: CRA-NUT, Agricultural Research Council-Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Granada University, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuenca-García
authors.affiliation: 1] CRA-NUT, Agricultural Research Council-Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy [2] ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valtueña
authors.affiliation: 1] GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, E.U. Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoaza, Spain [2] Visiting Professor, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo - Department of Preventive Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: CRA-NUT, Agricultural Research Council-Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Censi
authors.affiliation: 1] ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain [2] Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences-Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harakopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Androutsos
authors.affiliation: Department of Consumer & Sensory Sciences, Campden BRI, Gloucestershire, UK.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: International Agency for research on Cancer (IARC), Dietary Exposure Assessment group, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: INSERM U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univesité Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dallongeville
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs-József A.7, Hungary.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.affiliation: 1] Ghent University, Department of Public Health, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium [2] University College Ghent, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Care 'Vesalius', Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.affiliation: Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez-Martínez
authors.affiliation: 1] GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, E.U. Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoaza, Spain [2] School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo - Post-Graduate Program in Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C F
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Adolescents Medicine, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Private Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.affiliation: CRA-NUT, Agricultural Research Council-Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leclercq
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight; D012737:Sex Factors; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D009961:Orosomucoid; D014168:Transferrin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005293:Ferritins