title: Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk among women in three sub-Saharan African countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol drinking is linked to the development of breast cancer. However, there is little knowledge about the impact of alcohol consumption on breast cancer risk among African women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study among 2,138 women with invasive breast cancer and 2,589 controls in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Uganda from 1998 to 2013. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on alcohol consumption, defined as consuming alcoholic beverages at least once a week for six months or more. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among healthy controls, the overall alcohol consumption prevalence was 10.4%, and the prevalence in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Uganda were 5.0%, 34.6%, and 50.0%, respectively. Cases were more likely to have consumed alcohol (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.33-1.97). Both past (aOR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.19-2.00) and current drinking (aOR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.30-2.23) were associated with breast cancer risk. A dose-response relationship was observed for duration of alcohol drinking (P-trend <0.001), with 10-year increase of drinking associated with a 54% increased risk (95% CI: 1.29-1.84).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk, suggesting that this modifiable risk factor should be addressed in breast cancer prevention programs in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Temidayo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogundiran
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ningqi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Service, Yaoundé General Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ndom
authors.affiliation: Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gakwaya
authors.affiliation: Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Johashaphat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jombwe
authors.affiliation: Center for Population and Reproductive Health, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Morhason-Bello
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adebamowo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adeyinka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ademola
authors.affiliation: Center for Population and Reproductive Health, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oladosu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ojengbede
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Olufunmilayo I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Olopade
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dezheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huo
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires