title: Rugged and breathable forms of stretchable electronics with adherent composite substrates for transcutaneous monitoring.
abstract: Research in stretchable electronics involves fundamental scientific topics relevant to applications with importance in human healthcare. Despite significant progress in active components, routes to mechanically robust construction are lacking. Here, we introduce materials and composite designs for thin, breathable, soft electronics that can adhere strongly to the skin, with the ability to be applied and removed hundreds of times without damaging the devices or the skin, even in regions with substantial topography and coverage of hair. The approach combines thin, ultralow modulus, cellular silicone materials with elastic, strain-limiting fabrics, to yield a compliant but rugged platform for stretchable electronics. Theoretical and experimental studies highlight the mechanics of adhesion and elastic deformation. Demonstrations include cutaneous optical, electrical and radio frequency sensors for measuring hydration state, electrophysiological activity, pulse and cerebral oximetry. Multipoint monitoring of a subject in an advanced driving simulator provides a practical example.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Kyung-In
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [2] Samsung Display Co. Display R&D Center, Yongin-city, Gyeongki-do 446-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Youn
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: 1] Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [2] Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3.
authors.forename: Kyle E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Mathewson
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [3] Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yihui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Jae-Woong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Gwang-Tae
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: R Chad
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Jung Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dawidczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Rak Hwan
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609735, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA.
authors.forename: Woon-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Huanyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Sang Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Jeahoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Byunggik
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Ha Uk
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Dongjun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Yiyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Moongee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: 1] Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [2] Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carbonari
authors.affiliation: 1] Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [2] Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabiani
authors.affiliation: 1] Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [2] Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gratton
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D004548:Elasticity; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones