title: Perspectives on new biomarkers in gastric cancer: diagnostic and prognostic applications.
abstract: Gastric cancer is considered one of the most deadly tumors worldwide. Even with the decline in its incidence, the mortality rate of this disease has remained high, mainly due to its late diagnosis and to the lack of precise prognostic markers. The main purpose of this review is to present genetic, epigenetic and proteomic molecular markers that may be used in a diagnostic and prognostic manner and to discuss the pros and cons of each type of marker for improving clinical practice. In this sense, we observed that the use of genetic markers, especially mutations and polymorphisms, should be carefully considered, as they are strongly affected by ethnicity. Proteomic-based markers show promise, but the higher costs of the associated techniques continue to make this approach expensive for routine use. Alternatively, epigenetic markers appear to be very promising, as they can be detected in bodily fluids as well as tissues. However, such markers must be used carefully because epigenetic changes may occur due to environmental factors and aging. Despite the advances in technology and its access, to date, there are few defined biomarkers of prognostic and diagnostic use for gastric tumors. Therefore, the use of a panel of several approaches (genetic, epigenetic and proteomic) should be considered the best alternative for clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Danilo do Rosário Pinheiro, Master Program of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém PA 66077-530, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danilo do Rosário
authors.initials: Ddo R
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Danilo do Rosário Pinheiro, Master Program of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém PA 66077-530, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wallax Augusto Silva
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Danilo do Rosário Pinheiro, Master Program of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém PA 66077-530, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariceli Baia Leão
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Danilo do Rosário Pinheiro, Master Program of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém PA 66077-530, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Diniz
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Danilo do Rosário Pinheiro, Master Program of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém PA 66077-530, Brazil.
authors.forename: Symara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Antunes
authors.affiliation: Danilo do Rosário Pinheiro, Master Program of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém PA 66077-530, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bárbara do Nascimento
authors.initials: Bdo N
authors.lastname: Borges
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Diagnosis; Epigenetic; Gastric tumors; Genetic; Molecular markers; Prognosis; Proteomic