title: A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves.
abstract: Calf milk replacers (MR) commonly contain 40% to 50% lactose. For economic reasons, starch is of interest as a lactose replacer. Compared with lactose, starch digestion is generally low in calves. It is, however, unknown which enzyme limits the rate of starch digestion. The objectives were to determine which enzyme limits starch digestion and to assess the maximum capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves. A within-animal titration study was performed, where lactose was exchanged stepwise for one of four starch products (SP). The four corn-based SP differed in size and branching, therefore requiring different ratios of starch-degrading enzymes for their complete hydrolysis to glucose: gelatinised starch (α-amylase and (iso)maltase); maltodextrin ((iso)maltase and α-amylase); maltodextrin with α-1,6-branching (isomaltase, maltase and α-amylase) and maltose (maltase). When exceeding the animal's capacity to enzymatically hydrolyse starch, fermentation occurs, leading to a reduced faecal dry matter (DM) content and pH. Forty calves (13 weeks of age) were assigned to either a lactose control diet or one of four titration strategies (n=8 per treatment), each testing the stepwise exchange of lactose for one SP. Dietary inclusion of each SP was increased weekly by 3% at the expense of lactose and faecal samples were collected from the rectum weekly to determine DM content and pH. The increase in SP inclusion was stopped when faecal DM content dropped below 10.6% (i.e. 75% of the average initial faecal DM content) for 3 consecutive weeks. For control calves, faecal DM content and pH did not change over time. For 87% of the SP-fed calves, faecal DM and pH decreased already at low inclusion levels, and linear regression provided a better fit of the data (faecal DM content or pH v. time) than non-linear regression. For all SP treatments, faecal DM content and pH decreased in time (P<0.001) and slopes for faecal DM content and pH in time differed from CON; P<0.001 for all SP), but did not differ between SP treatments. Faecal DM content of SP-fed calves decreased by 0.57% and faecal pH by 0.32 per week. In conclusion, faecal DM content and pH sensitively respond to incremental inclusion of SP in calf MR, independently of SP characteristics. All SP require maltase to achieve complete hydrolysis to glucose. We therefore suggest that maltase activity limits starch digestion and that fermentation may contribute substantially to total tract starch disappearance in milk-fed calves.
authors.affiliation: 1Animal Nutrition Group,Wageningen University,PO Box 338,6700 AH,Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: 1Animal Nutrition Group,Wageningen University,PO Box 338,6700 AH,Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J J G C
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van den Borne
authors.affiliation: 1Animal Nutrition Group,Wageningen University,PO Box 338,6700 AH,Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berends
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Pediatrics;Center for Liver,Digestive and Metabolic Diseases,University Medical Centre Groningen,PO Box 30001,9713 GZ,Groningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pantophlet
authors.affiliation: 3Laboratory of Food Chemistry,Wageningen University,PO Box 17,6700 AA,Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Schols
authors.affiliation: 1Animal Nutrition Group,Wageningen University,PO Box 338,6700 AH,Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W J J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gerrits
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004063:Digestion; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005285:Fermentation; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism*; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D013213:Starch
keywords: maltodextrin; maltose; milk-fed calf; starch digestion; starch fermentation