title: 11C-choline PET/CT for restaging of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate of C-choline PET/CT in bladder cancer (BC) patients with suspected relapse after primary therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five BC patients with surgery (21 [84%]) or radiotherapy (4 [16%]) with curative intent had PET/CT for suspicion of relapse. Mean TNM was T2b N0 M0 (range, T1a N0 M0 to T4 N2 M0), whereas mean age was 71.3 years (range, 50-85 years). Nine (36%) of 25 were treated with adjuvant or salvage chemotherapy within 6 months before PET/CT. Positive findings were validated by histology or correlative imaging and/or clinical follow-up lasting at least 12 months. Age, TNM, histology, previous chemotherapy, and type of primary treatment were correlated with PET/CT positivity by univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C-choline PET/CT was positive in 16 (64%) of 25. Six (37.5%) of 16 were positive in residual bladder/bladder bed, with 2 local false positive (FP) and 1 false negative (FN) on lymph nodes (LNs); 3 of 16 patients had PET-positive LNs with 1 FP; 1 of 16 patients showed distant metastases. Two (12.5%) of 16 had positive residual bladder/bladder bed and locoregional LNs; 1 (6.3%) of 16, residual bladder/bladder bed and bone; metastasis, 1 (6.3%) of 16 residual bladder/bladder bed and lung metastasis; 2 (12.5%) of 16, LN and distant metastasis. Five (56%) of 9 of PET negatives were FN in residual bladder/bladder bed. Eighteen (72%) of 25 were validated by histology, with 7 (18%) of 25 by correlative imaging and/or clinical follow-up. C-choline PET/CT was sensitive, specific, and accurate, with good positive and negative predictive values for local relapse of 66.7%, 84.6%, 76%, 80%, and 73.3% and 90%, 93.3%, 92%, 90%, and 93.3% for LNs and distant relapse, respectively. No FP or FN was detected for distant metastasis. None of the investigated factors were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C-choline PET/CT is useful for restaging BC suspected of relapse, especially for the evaluation of LN or distant metastases.
authors.affiliation: From the *Service of Nuclear Medicine, Sant' Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; †Section of Nuclear Medicine, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; ‡Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; §Department of Urology, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna; and ∥Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET/CT Centre, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy; and ¶Department of Radiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Graziani
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ceci
authors.forename: Flavia Lobo
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Josè
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chichero
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castellucci
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiavina
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chondrogiannis
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Colletti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rubello
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fanti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002794:Choline; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D002794:Choline