title: Luria revisited: complex motor phenomena in first episode schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
abstract: Patients with schizophrenia frequently exhibit motor deficits. However, to date, there are no studies comparing motor performance in first episode patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD; e.g. schizoaffective and brief psychosis). Participants comprised 57 first episode patients with schizophrenia, 32 first episode patients with SSD, and 51 healthy controls who underwent neuropsychological testing based on Luria׳s systematic approach, including the following tests on complex motor sequencing: the Fist-Edge-Palm (FEP) test and the bimanual probe (BP). Schizophrenia patients performed worse than SSD patients in FEP and BP, and both patient groups showed decreased scores compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, we found that a higher proportion of schizophrenia cases failed to correct their motor performance and needed external error correction, while SSD cases exhibited a higher proportion of self-correction in FEP and in BP. Lack of insight and poor executive functioning correlated with motor performance in schizophrenia, while impulse control and difficulties in abstract thinking were related to motor performance in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Thus, psychomotor impairments appear already in first episode patients with schizophrenia and differ from impairments in SSD. Especially the inability to self-correct errors may be characteristic of schizophrenia, suggesting that impairments in error monitoring are related to psychomotor dysfunction in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia; Human Science Centre, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; Prague Psychiatric Centre, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: yuliya.zaytseva@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yuliya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zaytseva
authors.affiliation: M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Natalya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Korsakova
authors.affiliation: Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Isaac Ya
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Gurovich
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rapp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bimanual probe; Error monitoring; First psychotic episode; Fist-Edge-Palm test; Luria; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia spectrum disorders