title: Novel modular anastomotic valve device for hemodialysis vascular access: preliminary computational hemodynamic assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arteriovenous graft patency is limited by terminal occlusion caused by intimal hyperplasia (IH). Motivated by evidence that flow disturbances promote IH progression, a modular anastomotic valve device (MAVD) was designed to isolate the graft from the circulation between dialysis periods (closed position) and enable vascular access during dialysis (open position). The objective of this study was to perform a preliminary computational assessment of the device ability to normalize venous flow between dialysis periods and potentially limit IH development and thrombogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to compare flow and wall shear stress (WSS) in a native vein and MAVD prototypes featuring anastomotic angles of 90° and 30°. Low WSS (LWSS) regions prone to IH development were characterized in terms of temporal shear magnitude (TSM), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT). Thrombogenic potential was assessed by investigating the loading history of fluid particles traveling through the device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The closed MAVD exhibited the same flow characteristics as the native vein (0.3% difference in pressure drop, 3.5% difference in surface-averaged WSS). The open MAVD generated five LWSS regions (TSM <0.5 Pa) exhibiting different degrees of flow reversal (surface-averaged OSI: 0.03-0.36) and stagnation (max RRT: 2.50-37.16). Reduction in anastomotic angle resulted in the suppression of three LWSS regions and overall reductions in flow reversal (surface-averaged OSI <0.21) and stagnation (max RRT <18.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests the ability of the MAVD to normalize venous flow between dialysis periods while generating the typical hemodynamics of end-to-side vein-graft anastomoses during dialysis.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana - USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: A George
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Akingba
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sucosky
mesh_terms: D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D014654:Vascular Patency