title: Postpartum glucose tolerance in women with gestational diabetes using levonorgestrel intrauterine contraception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postpartum contraception is critical in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We evaluated the effect of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on glucose tolerance in postpartum women with GDM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is a descriptive analysis of 12-month glucose tolerance in women with recent GDM who used the LNG-IUS, the copper IUD or postpartum sterilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve months postpartum, 3 of 13 LNG-IUS users (23.1%) and 1 of 6 nonhormonal contraceptive users (16.6%) had prediabetes. No woman developed overt diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first and only to measure the metabolic effects of the LNG-IUS women with GDM. Larger trials are necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of levonorgestrel intrauterine contraception does not appear to negatively affect glucose tolerance in postpartum women with a history of gestational diabetes. Additional appropriately powered clinical studies are needed to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 1315, Chicago, IL 60611. Electronic address: jkiley@nmff.org.
authors.forename: Jessica W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kiley
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 1315, Chicago, IL 60611.
authors.forename: Cassing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 1315, Chicago, IL 60611.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niznik
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N. Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rademaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N. Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611.
authors.forename: Dachao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 1315, Chicago, IL 60611.
authors.forename: Lee P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Shulman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper / Q000009:adverse effects; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D016912:Levonorgestrel
keywords: Gestational diabetes; Glucose tolerance; Intrauterine device; LARC; Postpartum contraception