title: Non-pharmaceutical factors for poor glycemic control in 13,970 Chinese women with drug-treated type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional survey in 77 tertiary hospitals in four Chinese cities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Achieving good glycemic control improves clinical outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to explore non-pharmaceutical factors for poor glycemic control in Chinese women with T2D who used antidiabetic drug(s).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted in March to June 2011 in 77 top tertiary hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (the coverage rates of the 3A hospitals: 74.4%, 76%, 55%, and 29.3%, respectively). Of 29,502 patients with T2D who used oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) alone or combined with insulin, 13,970 were women and used in the analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of factors for hyperglycemia defined as HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) ≥77 mmol/mol (7.0%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 60.3 (standard deviation 11.0) years, with a median of 4 (interquartile range 2-9) years of duration of diabetes, and 65.1% had hyperglycemia. In multivariable analysis, body height of ≥164 cm (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.15-1.37) and obesity (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04-1.31) was associated with increased risk of hyperglycemia, while self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) decreased the risk of hyperglycemia (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.73-0.84). Duration of diabetes ≥3 years (≥3 to <6 years, OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.32-1.62; ≥6 to <10 years, OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.44-1.89), especially ≥10 years (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.73-2.19), was associated with higher risks of hyperglycemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Body height ≥164 cm, obesity, and duration of diabetes ≥3 years increased while SMBG decreased risk of hyperglycemia in Chinese women with OAD-treated T2D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Juming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weijun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sino-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenying
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dajin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhiguang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiansu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dalong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital affiliated to 4th Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiuhe
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Linong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xilin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: HbA1c goal; hyperglycemia; oral antidiabetic drugs