title: Echinochrome a increases mitochondrial mass and function by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis regulatory genes.
abstract: Echinochrome A (Ech A) is a natural pigment from sea urchins that has been reported to have antioxidant properties and a cardio protective effect against ischemia reperfusion injury. In this study, we ascertained whether Ech A enhances the mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation in rat cardio myoblast H9c2 cells. To study the effects of Ech A on mitochondrial biogenesis, we measured mitochondrial mass, level of oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial biogenesis regulatory gene expression. Ech A treatment did not induce cytotoxicity. However, Ech A treatment enhanced oxygen consumption rate and mitochondrial ATP level. Likewise, Ech A treatment increased mitochondrial contents in H9c2 cells. Furthermore, Ech A treatment up-regulated biogenesis of regulatory transcription genes, including proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator (PGC)-1α, estrogen-related receptor (ERR)-α, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor (PPAR)-γ, and nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1 and such mitochondrial transcription regulatory genes as mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (TFAM), mitochondrial transcription factor B2 (TFB2M), mitochondrial DNA direct polymerase (POLMRT), single strand binding protein (SSBP) and Tu translation elongation factor (TUFM). In conclusion, these data suggest that Ech A is a potentiated marine drug which enhances mitochondrial biogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center (CMDC), National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. shejeong96@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seung Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center (CMDC), National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. estrus74@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hyoung Kyu
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center (CMDC), National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. microvirus@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: In-Sung
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. msns6336@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Su Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. jcuevas.marquez@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jubert
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center (CMDC), National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. kskomd@paik.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center (CMDC), National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. bdrhee@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Byoung Doo
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center (CMDC), National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. narikim43@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nari
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: George B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. mischenkonp@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Natalia P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Mishchenko
authors.affiliation: George B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. fedoreev-s@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fedoreyev
authors.affiliation: George B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. stonik@piboc.dvo.ru.
authors.forename: Valentin A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Stonik
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center (CMDC), National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. phyhanj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D063269:Mitochondrial Turnover / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D032386:Myoblasts, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C007573:echinochrome A