title: Vertebral artery anatomical variations as they relate to cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and categorize anatomical anomalies of the vertebral artery and determine the relationship of these unexpected variations to the site for cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections (CTESI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The cervical region and course of the vertebral arteries was dissected in 10 cadavers. Anatomical anomalies of the vertebral arteries were identified and documented. Those that could increase the risk of intra-arterial injection during fluoroscopically guided procedures are detailed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty percent of vertebral arteries were found to have anatomical variations including accessory vessels and lateral loops. These variations placed arterial segments in a portion of the posterior neural foramen where they could be at risk for cannulation during CETSI. In addition, 20% of the vertebral arteries entered the transverse foraminal column at a level other than C6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTESI have become a mainstay in the treatment algorithm for painful cervical radiculopathy. Described techniques take extreme care to avoid cannulation of the vertebral artery during this procedure. Unexpected deviation of the artery, or an arterial segment, into the posterior neural foramen, the target zone for CTESI, increases the risk of intraarterial cannulation during injection. Accordingly, the practitioner must be aware of variant anatomy of the vertebral artery and take all precautions to avoid potential complications that may arise as a consequence.
authors.forename: Andrew I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Gitkind
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Downie
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000002:abnormalities*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones