title: Improved brain uptake of peptide-based CNS drugs via alternative routes of administrations of its nanocarrier delivery systems: a promising strategy for CNS targeting delivery of peptides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, developing peptide-based drugs to treat CNS diseases has gained increasing attention in both academics and pharmaceutical industry. However, targeting delivery of peptides to brain is one of the most challenging problems faced in the treatment of CNS diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  After explaining the brain barriers limiting the delivery of peptides, the current review focuses on summarizing the most promising approaches for the enhancement of peptide and brain uptake, including delivery via alternative routes of administrations or using nanocarriers or intranasal administration of nanocarriers loaded with peptide. In addition, the biopharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic details of several successful peptide-based CNS drugs are highlighted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although using nanocarriers or delivery via alternative routes could improve to a certain extent the brain uptake of peptides, the magnitude of changes remains moderate. Alternatively, intranasal administration of nanocarriers loaded with peptide has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for CNS-targeted delivery of peptides.
authors.affiliation: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences , Room 801C, Building, Area 39, Shatin, N.T., SAR , Hong Kong +852 3943 6832 ; +852 2603 5295 ; joanzuo@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Qianwen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zuo
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D010455:Peptides
keywords: alternative route of administrations; intranasal administration; nanocarriers; peptide-based CNS drugs