title: Casein improves brachial and central aortic diastolic blood pressure in overweight adolescents: a randomised, controlled trial.
abstract: Arterial stiffness, blood pressure (BP) and blood lipids may be improved by milk in adults and the effects may be mediated via proteins. However, limited is known about the effects of milk proteins on central aortic BP and no studies have examined the effects in children. Therefore, the present trial examined the effect of milk and milk proteins on brachial and central aortic BP, blood lipids, inflammation and arterial stiffness in overweight adolescents. A randomised controlled trial was conducted in 193 overweight adolescents aged 12-15 years. They were randomly assigned to drink 1 litre of water, skimmed milk, whey or casein for 12 weeks. The milk-based test drinks contained 35 g protein/l. The effects were compared with the water group and a pretest control group consisting of thirty-two of the adolescents followed 12 weeks before the start of the intervention. Outcomes were brachial and central aortic BP, pulse wave velocity and augmentation index, serum C-reactive protein and blood lipids. Brachial and central aortic diastolic BP (DBP) decreased by 2·7% (P = 0·036) and 2·6 % (P = 0·048), respectively, within the casein group and the changes were significantly different from those of the pretest control group (P = 0·040 and P = 0·034, respectively). There was a significant increase in central aortic DBP, and in brachial and central systolic BP in the whey group compared with the water group (P = 0·003, P = 0·009 and P = 0·002, respectively). There were no changes in measures of arterial stiffness or blood lipid concentrations. A high intake of casein improves DBP in overweight adolescents. Thus, casein may be beneficial for younger overweight subjects in terms of reducing the long-term risk of CVD. In contrast, whey protein seems to increase BP compared with drinking water; however, water may be considered an active control group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports , University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg , Denmark.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arnberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports , University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg , Denmark.
authors.forename: Anni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larnkjær
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports , University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg , Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Michaelsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports , University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg , Denmark.
authors.forename: Signe Marie
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg , Denmark.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports , University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg , Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mølgaard
keywords: ACE, angiotensin-I-converting enzyme; Aix, augmentation index; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; Casein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Overweight children: Blood pressure; PWV, pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Whey