title: Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes.
abstract: Gibbons are small arboreal apes that display an accelerated rate of evolutionary chromosomal rearrangement and occupy a key node in the primate phylogeny between Old World monkeys and great apes. Here we present the assembly and analysis of a northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) genome. We describe the propensity for a gibbon-specific retrotransposon (LAVA) to insert into chromosome segregation genes and alter transcription by providing a premature termination site, suggesting a possible molecular mechanism for the genome plasticity of the gibbon lineage. We further show that the gibbon genera (Nomascus, Hylobates, Hoolock and Symphalangus) experienced a near-instantaneous radiation ∼5 million years ago, coincident with major geographical changes in southeast Asia that caused cycles of habitat compression and expansion. Finally, we identify signatures of positive selection in genes important for forelimb development (TBX5) and connective tissues (COL1A1) that may have been involved in the adaptation of gibbons to their arboreal habitat.
authors.affiliation: 1] Oregon Health &Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA. [3] Oregon Health &Science University, Department of Molecular &Medical Genetics, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. [4] Oregon Health &Science University, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Division, Department of Medical Informatics &Clinical Epidemiology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: R Alan
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Nabsys, 60 Clifford Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Sante
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gnerre
authors.affiliation: 1] University of Arizona, ARL Division of Biotechnology, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. [2] Stony Brook University, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook, New York 11790, USA.
authors.forename: Krishna R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Veeramah
authors.affiliation: IBE, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lorente-Galdos
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huddleston
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health &Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: 1] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. [2] The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK. [3] Bill Lyons Informatics Center, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (J.He); Seven Bridges Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (D.P.L.); Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA (F.L.M.); BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA (B.t.H.); University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA (M.C.W.); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (C.W.W.); The CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (B.Z.).
authors.forename: Javier
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authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
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authors.affiliation: 1] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. [2] European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
authors.forename: Bronwen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aken
authors.affiliation: University of Bari, Department of Biology, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anaclerio
authors.affiliation: University of Bari, Department of Biology, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Archidiacono
authors.affiliation: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: 1] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. [2] European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barrell
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Batzer
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beal
authors.affiliation: University of Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31062, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blancher
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
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authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brameier
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: University of Bari, Department of Biology, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Oronzo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Capozzi
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casola
authors.affiliation: University of Bari, Department of Biology, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiatante
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cree
authors.affiliation: Babes-Bolyai-University, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Molecular Biology Center, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania.
authors.forename: Annette
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authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, BACPAC Resources, Oakland, California 94609, USA.
authors.forename: Pieter J
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authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
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authors.lastname: Dumas
authors.affiliation: IBE, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Callejo
authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
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authors.lastname: Flicek
authors.affiliation: Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany.
authors.forename: Nina V
authors.initials: NV
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authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
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authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gut
authors.affiliation: Indiana University, School of Informatics and Computing, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
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authors.affiliation: IBE, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: LaDeana W
authors.initials: LW
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109-5234, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hubley
authors.affiliation: Babes-Bolyai-University, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Molecular Biology Center, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania.
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
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authors.affiliation: Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany.
authors.forename: Zsuzsanna
authors.initials: Z
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authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Anthropology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Nina G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Jablonski
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, ARL Division of Biotechnology, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Laurel M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Anis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karimpour-Fard
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Miriam K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Konkel
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
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authors.affiliation: Oregon Health &Science University, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Division, Department of Medical Informatics &Clinical Epidemiology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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authors.initials: NH
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authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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authors.affiliation: 1] The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. [2] Bill Lyons Informatics Center, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (J.He); Seven Bridges Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (D.P.L.); Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA (F.L.M.); BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA (B.t.H.); University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA (M.C.W.); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (C.W.W.); The CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (B.Z.).
authors.forename: Devin P
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authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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authors.affiliation: 1] University of Arizona, ARL Division of Biotechnology, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. [2] Bill Lyons Informatics Center, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (J.He); Seven Bridges Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (D.P.L.); Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA (F.L.M.); BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA (B.t.H.); University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA (M.C.W.); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (C.W.W.); The CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (B.Z.).
authors.forename: Fernando L
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authors.affiliation: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Nevonen
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Majesta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Bleness
authors.affiliation: Babes-Bolyai-University, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Molecular Biology Center, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania.
authors.forename: Cornelia
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authors.affiliation: 1] European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. [2] University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK-Cambridge Institute, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
authors.forename: Duncan T
authors.initials: DT
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authors.affiliation: 1] University of California, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158-226, USA. [2] Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0794, USA. [3] Division of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0794, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.affiliation: IBE, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quilez
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: David
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authors.affiliation: University of Bari, Department of Biology, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocchi
authors.affiliation: Paul Ehrlich Institute, Division of Medical Biotechnology, 63225 Langen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerald G
authors.initials: GG
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authors.affiliation: European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
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authors.lastname: Searle
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
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authors.affiliation: Gibbon Conservation Center, 19100 Esguerra Rd, Santa Clarita, California 91350, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skollar
authors.affiliation: The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Arian
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authors.affiliation: 1] Oregon Health &Science University, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Division, Department of Medical Informatics &Clinical Epidemiology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. [2] Oregon Health &Science University, Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Institute on Development and Disability, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Kemal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonmez
authors.affiliation: 1] Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, BACPAC Resources, Oakland, California 94609, USA. [2] Bill Lyons Informatics Center, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (J.He); Seven Bridges Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (D.P.L.); Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA (F.L.M.); BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA (B.t.H.); University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA (M.C.W.); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (C.W.W.); The CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (B.Z.).
authors.forename: Boudewijn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: ten Hallers
authors.affiliation: Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Terhune
authors.affiliation: Indiana University, School of Informatics and Computing, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA.
authors.forename: Gregg W C
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Brygg
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ullmer
authors.affiliation: University of Bari, Department of Biology, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Jerilyn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0794, USA. [2] Division of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0794, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: 1] University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK-Cambridge Institute, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK. [2] Bill Lyons Informatics Center, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (J.He); Seven Bridges Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (D.P.L.); Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA (F.L.M.); BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA (B.t.H.); University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA (M.C.W.); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (C.W.W.); The CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (B.Z.).
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wheelan
authors.affiliation: 1] Oregon Health &Science University, Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Institute on Development and Disability, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. [2] Bill Lyons Informatics Center, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (J.He); Seven Bridges Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (D.P.L.); Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA (F.L.M.); BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA (B.t.H.); University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA (M.C.W.); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (C.W.W.); The CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (B.Z.).
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.affiliation: European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Oregon National Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, ARL Division of Biotechnology, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: August E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Woerner
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yandell
authors.affiliation: 1] Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, BACPAC Resources, Oakland, California 94609, USA. [2] Bill Lyons Informatics Center, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK (J.He); Seven Bridges Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (D.P.L.); Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA (F.L.M.); BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA (B.t.H.); University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA (M.C.W.); Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (C.W.W.); The CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (B.Z.).
authors.forename: Baoli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, ARL Division of Biotechnology, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.affiliation: 1] IBE, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. [2] Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marques-Bonet
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Evan E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Eichler
authors.affiliation: The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Lucinda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.affiliation: The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Catrina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fronick
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Muzny
authors.affiliation: The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Wesley C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Kim C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Worley
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gibbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D015186:Hominidae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006922:Hylobates / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D059785:Karyotype; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D061806:Transcription Termination, Genetic
chemical_list: D018626:Retroelements