title: Measurement of time delays in gated radiotherapy for realistic respiratory motions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gated radiotherapy is used to reduce internal motion margins, escalate target dose, and limit normal tissue dose; however, its temporal accuracy is limited. Beam-on and beam-off time delays can lead to treatment inefficiencies and/or geographic misses; therefore, AAPM Task Group 142 recommends verifying the temporal accuracy of gating systems. Many groups use sinusoidal phantom motion for this, under the tacit assumption that use of sinusoidal motion for determining time delays produces negligible error. The authors test this assumption by measuring gating time delays for several realistic motion shapes with increasing degrees of irregularity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time delays were measured on a linear accelerator with a real-time position management system (Varian TrueBeam with RPM system version 1.7.5) for seven motion shapes: regular sinusoidal; regular realistic-shape; large (40%) and small (10%) variations in amplitude; large (40%) variations in period; small (10%) variations in both amplitude and period; and baseline drift (30%). Film streaks of radiation exposure were generated for each motion shape using a programmable motion phantom. Beam-on and beam-off time delays were determined from the difference between the expected and observed streak length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the system investigated, all sine, regular realistic-shape, and slightly irregular amplitude variation motions had beam-off and beam-on time delays within the AAPM recommended limit of less than 100 ms. In phase-based gating, even small variations in period resulted in some time delays greater than 100 ms. Considerable time delays over 1 s were observed with highly irregular motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sinusoidal motion shapes can be considered a reasonable approximation to the more complex and slightly irregular shapes of realistic motion. When using phase-based gating with predictive filters even small variations in period can result in time delays over 100 ms. Clinical use of these systems for patients with highly irregular patterns of motion is not advised due to large beam-on and beam-off time delays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Brige P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Chugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quirk
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conroy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D005373:Film Dosimetry; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D009068:Movement; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration; D013995:Time