title: Learning curve for the management of recurrent and locally advanced primary rectal cancer: a single team's experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to define the learning curve required to gain satisfactory training to perform pelvic exenterative surgery for recurrent or locally advanced primary rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients undergoing exenterative pelvic surgery for recurrent and locally advanced primary rectal cancer, by one surgical team, between 2006 and 2011 were studied. They were divided into quartiles (Q1-Q4) according to the date of surgery. A risk-adjusted cumulative sum (RA-CUSUM) model was used to evaluate the learning curve. The chi-squared test with gamma ordinal was used to assess the change with time in the four quartiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred patients (70 males; median age 61 (25-85) years; 55 primary cancers) were included in the study. Thirty patients underwent abdominosacral resection. The number of patients who underwent plastic reconstruction (n = 53) increased from 12 in Q1 to 15 in Q4 (P = 0.781). The median operation time, intra-operative blood loss and hospital stay were 8 (3-17) h, 1.5 (0.1-17) l and 15 (9-82) days respectively. There was no significant change with time. Complete resection (R0) was achieved in 78 patients. Microscopic (R1) or macroscopic (R2) residual disease was present in 15 and seven patients respectively. The number of major complications was 20, and minor 30. RA-CUSUM analysis demonstrated an improvement in any complications after 14, in major after 12 and in minor after 25 operations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pelvic exenterative surgery for recurrent or locally advanced primary rectal cancer is complex and requires a minimum of 14 cases for an expert colorectal surgeon to gain the desirable training and experience to improve morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhangu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasheed
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tekkis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003107:Colorectal Surgery / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000601:surgery*; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D061646:Operative Time; D010388:Pelvis / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Learning curve; locally advanced; rectal cancer; recurrent