title: Conserved mechanisms of microtubule-stimulated ADP release, ATP binding, and force generation in transport kinesins.
abstract: Kinesins are a superfamily of microtubule-based ATP-powered motors, important for multiple, essential cellular functions. How microtubule binding stimulates their ATPase and controls force generation is not understood. To address this fundamental question, we visualized microtubule-bound kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 motor domains at multiple steps in their ATPase cycles--including their nucleotide-free states--at ∼ 7 Å resolution using cryo-electron microscopy. In both motors, microtubule binding promotes ordered conformations of conserved loops that stimulate ADP release, enhance microtubule affinity and prime the catalytic site for ATP binding. ATP binding causes only small shifts of these nucleotide-coordinating loops but induces large conformational changes elsewhere that allow force generation and neck linker docking towards the microtubule plus end. Family-specific differences across the kinesin-microtubule interface account for the distinctive properties of each motor. Our data thus provide evidence for a conserved ATP-driven mechanism for kinesins and reveal the critical mechanistic contribution of the microtubule interface.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atherton
authors.affiliation: Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Farabella
authors.affiliation: Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
authors.forename: I-Mei
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.affiliation: Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houdusse
authors.affiliation: Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Topf
authors.affiliation: Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carolyn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moores
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D001692:Biological Transport; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy; D006801:Humans; D016547:Kinesins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007700:Kinetics; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011485:Protein Binding; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary
chemical_list: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D016547:Kinesins; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: ATPase; biophysics; cryo-electron microscopy; cytoskeleton; human; kinesin; microtubule; motor; structural biology