title: High-fat meals induce systemic cytokine release without evidence of endotoxemia-mediated cytokine production from circulating monocytes or myeloid dendritic cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary fats have been shown to promote the translocation of bacterial endotoxins from the gut into circulation, which may induce systemic inflammation and modulate the inflammatory response of circulating immune cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the postprandial milieu on inflammation and the inflammatory response of antigen presenting cells in the context of type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with T1D and eleven nondiabetic controls were recruited as part of the FinnDiane study and given two fatty meals during 1 day. Cytokine responses in monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) as well as serum lipopolysaccharide activity levels, triglyceride concentrations and cytokine concentrations were measured from fasting and postprandial blood samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postprandially, patients with T1D and controls showed significant increases in eight inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-12 and MIP-1β) without concomitant increase in serum LPS activity. Serum cytokine production was similar in both groups. No postprandial change was seen in the IL-6, TNF-α or IL-1β production of mDCs or monocytes. At fasting, diabetic mDCs exhibited higher LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-1β production than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute high-fat meals increase circulating cytokines but have no effect on serum lipopolysaccharide activity levels or cytokine production in circulating mDCs or monocytes. Our results suggest that postprandial increase in serum cytokine levels is neither mediated by circulating endotoxins nor the activation of circulating innate cells. The production of high-fat meal-induced inflammatory markers is most likely regulated at the tissue level.
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki (Room C317b), Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fogarty
authors.forename: Janne K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peräneva
authors.forename: Mariann I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lassenius
authors.forename: Aila J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ahola
authors.forename: Marja-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Taskinen
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jauhiainen
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirveskari
authors.forename: Pirkko
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pussinen
authors.forename: Sohvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hörkkö
authors.forename: Ville-Petteri
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Mäkinen
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gordin
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsblom
authors.forename: Per-Henrik
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vaarala
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10