title: An effective system to produce smoke solutions from dried plant tissue for seed germination studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An efficient and inexpensive system was developed to produce smoke solutions from plant material to research the influence of water-soluble compounds from smoke on seed germination. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoke solutions (300 mL per batch) were produced by burning small quantities (100-200 g) of dried plant material from a range of species in a bee smoker attached by a heater hose to a side-arm flask. The flask was attached to a vacuum water aspirator, to pull the smoke through the water. The entire apparatus was operated in a laboratory fume hood. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with other smoke solution preparation systems, the system described is easy to assemble and operate, inexpensive to build, and effective at producing smoke solutions from desired species in a small indoor space. Quantitative measurements can be made when using this system, allowing for replication of the process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, Illinois 61920-3099 USA.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coons
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, Illinois 61920-3099 USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Coutant
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, Illinois 61920-3099 USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, Illinois 61920-3099 USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, Illinois 61920-3099 USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finn
keywords: seed germination; smoke compounds; smoke solution system