title: Dietary patterns of Pakistani adults and their associations with sociodemographic, anthropometric and life-style factors.
abstract: Dietary pattern analysis is an epidemiological method designed to consider the complexity of food preferences and diet patterns of populations. Few studies from South Asia have used this methodology to describe population food intake. Our objective was to identify dietary patterns and understand their associations with sociodemographic, anthropometric and life-style factors among low-income Pakistani urban adults. Dietary information was collected by a thirty-three-item FFQ and dietary patterns were derived by principal component analyses in 5491 subjects enrolled in the Control of Blood Pressure and Risk Attenuation (COBRA) study. Three dietary patterns were identified: a fat and sweet pattern characterised by fried snacks/foods, desserts, organ meats, bakery products, Pakistani bread and food purchased from outside the home; a fruit and vegetable pattern including fruits, juices, raw and cooked vegetables, lean meat and low-fat milk; and a seafood and yogurt pattern identified by prawns, fish, potatoes and yogurt. The fat and sweet pattern scores were low among older subjects, those with high BMI and waist circumference but high among females and physically active participants. The fruit and vegetable pattern was associated with younger age, high BMI, education and non-tobacco use. The seafood and yogurt pattern was associated with high BMI, increased physical activity and non-tobacco use. In conclusion, distinct dietary patterns exist for the Pakistani population that may be related to some of the population characteristics and thus may have importance in suggesting dietary and life-style interventions in the prevention of chronic diseases.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health , Dow University of Health Sciences , OJHA Campus, Suparco Road, Karachi 75270 , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nilofer F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Safdar
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Health Sciences , University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA 01003-9282 , USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bertone-Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences , University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA 01003-9282 , USA.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences , Aga Khan University , Stadium Road, Karachi 74800 , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tazeen H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Jafar
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences , University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA 01003-9282 , USA.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Cohen
keywords: COBRA, Control of Blood Pressure and Risk Attenuation; Dietary patterns; Factor analysis; Life-style behaviours; Pakistan; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist:hip ratio