title: Increasing phosphorus supply is not the mechanism by which arbuscular mycorrhiza increase attractiveness of bean (Vicia faba) to aphids.
abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, important plant mutualists, provide plants with nutrients such as phosphorus (P) in return for carbon. AM fungi also enhance the attractiveness of plants to aphids via effects on emissions of plant volatiles used in aphid host location. We tested whether increased P uptake by plants is the mechanism through which AM fungi alter the volatile profile of plants and aphid behavioural responses by manipulating the availability of P and AM fungi to broad beans (Vicia faba L.) in a multi-factorial design. If AM fungi affect plant volatiles only via increased P acquisition, we predicted that the emission of volatiles and the attractiveness of mycorrhizal beans to aphids would be similar to those of non-mycorrhizal beans supplied with additional P. AM fungi and P addition increased leaf P concentrations by 40 and 24%, respectively. The production of naphthalene was less in mycorrhizal plants, regardless of P addition. By contrast, production of (S)-linalool, (E)-caryophyllene and (R)-germacrene D was less in plants colonized by AM fungi but only in the absence of P additions. The attractiveness of plants to pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) was positively affected by AM fungi and correlated with the extent of root colonization; however, attractiveness was neither affected by P treatment nor correlated with leaf P concentration. These findings suggest that increased P uptake is not the main mechanism by which mycorrhiza increase the attractiveness of plants to aphids. Instead, the mechanism is likely to operate via AM fungi-induced plant systemic signalling.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK zdenka.babikova@upol.cz.
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Babikova
authors.affiliation: James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
authors.forename: Kate C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.affiliation: Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
authors.forename: Toby J A
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pickett
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000502:physiology*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism*; D031307:Vicia faba / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus
keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; broad bean (Vicia faba); insect host location; pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum); phosphorus; plant volatiles.