title: The relationship between ACE polymorphism and panic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, which has been found to have an insertion and deletion polymorphism (I/D), is of increasing interest in etiology and treatment of various psychiatric disorders such as panic disorder. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between ACE polymorphism and panic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 43 patients diagnosed with panic disorder at the Erenköy Mental and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul and 41 healthy controls were enrolled. The ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism of exon 16 was evaluated using the polymerase chain reaction method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant association between I/D genotype and panic disorder (p=0.003). However, the frequency of the I allele was found to be significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p=0.002). In addition, we recognized a significant association between I/D polymorphism and respiratory-type panic disorder in patients. Carriers of the D allele also had an increased risk of respiratory type panic disorder patients (p=0.034). Moreover, the result of Spearman correlation analysis showed an association with ACE D allele and severity of panic disorder (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene is associated with panic disorder and particularly respiratory-type panic disorder in patients. The I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene seems to influence therapeutic outcome in patients suffering from panic disorder. Our results indicate that ACE D allele is associated with the severity of panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Seda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulec-Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: Erenkoy Mental Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Huseyın
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gulec
authors.affiliation: Yeditepe Unıversity Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Altay Burak
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dalan
authors.affiliation: Erenkoy Mental Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bugra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cetın
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tımırcı-Kahraman
authors.affiliation: Erenkoy Mental Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dıcle Bılge
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ogut
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hande
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Atasoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yeditepe University, Istanbul Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulız Arikan
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Dırımen
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Guldal Inal
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Gultekın
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey turgay.isbir@yeditepe.edu.tr tisbir@superonline.com.
authors.forename: Turgay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isbır
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme); panic disorder; polymorphism