title: Circulating suPAR levels are affected by glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria in primary and secondary glomerulonephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating levels of soluble urokinase-like plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) have been associated with proteinuria and renal function in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This study aimed to evaluate if circulating suPAR levels are independently associated with proteinuria in patients with non-FSGS glomerulonephritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional analysis of suPAR levels on 42 patients with primary non-FSGS glomerulonephritis (group GN) and 140 patients with secondary glomerulonephritis within an autoimmune disease (group AID).
  
  
  RESULTS
  suPAR serum levels were significantly higher in AID patients (4,733 ± 3,073 pg/ml) than in healthy controls (1,908 ± 1,685 pg/ml; p < 0.001), whereas GN patients displayed intermediate levels (3,670 ± 2,435 pg/ml; p = 0.021). Multivariate analysis for elevated serum suPAR (>3,000 pg/ml) showed an independent association with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) [odds ratio (OR) = 4.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.67-10.54, p = 0.002], proteinuria >0.5 g/day (OR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.32-6.70; p = 0.009) and presence of secondary vs. primary GN (OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.25-6.23; p = 0.013). A general linear model confirmed that suPAR levels were significantly affected by proteinuria >0.50 g/day (coefficient +1,477 pg/ml), eGFR (-38 pg/ml per 1 ml/min/1.73 m(2) increase) and presence of secondary vs. primary GN (+1,368 pg/ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that elevated serum suPAR levels are associated with reduced eGFR and presence of proteinuria in both primary and secondary GN, suggesting that circulating suPAR may represent a common biomarker of renal involvement in a wide spectrum of GN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medicine and Interdisciplinary Research Center Autoimmune Disease (IRCAD), Nephrology and Renal Transplant Unit "Maggiore Della Carità"Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100, Novara, Italy, claudio.musetti@med.unipmn.it.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Musetti
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quaglia
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cena
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiocchetti
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: Nausicaa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magnani
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dianzani
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stratta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015551:Autoimmunity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007668:Kidney / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C524898:PLAUR protein, human; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator