title: [Profile of moral reasoning in persons with bipolar affective disorder].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The subject of the research presented in this paper was to analyze the relationships between bipolar disorder (BD) and the profile of moral reasoning according to the concept of James Rest.
  
  
  METHODS
  86 persons took part in the research, including 43 bipolar patients and 43 healthy individuals. To measure the severity of depression and mania symptoms the following scales were used: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Young Rating Scale for Mania (YMRS). Profile of moral reasoning was defined on the basis of the results obtained in the Defining Issue Test (DIT) by James Rest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis showed that there is a relationship between bipolar disorder (and its phases) and the profile of moral reasoning: bipolar patients significantly less often than healthy individuals chose answers indicating the postconventional thinking (p = 0.000) - and more often - answers indicating stage 3 and those belonging to the anti-institutional thinking index (p = 0.000). There was also a relationship shown between the development of moral reasoning and the phase of bipolar disorder: patients in mania less often than persons in euthymia chose answers indicating the final stage of moral thinking (p = 0.050). There were no significant differences between the results of patients with a depressive episode and the results of patients in mania and between the results of patients with a depressive episode and the results of patients in euthymia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the psychological state of the individual may have an impact on the process of moral reasoning - bipolar disorder may to some extent influence the way of thinking about moral dilemmas. The collected data also seem to emphasize the specificity of the manic phase which is especially worth exploration when conducting further studies.
authors.forename: Roksana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Epa
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Czyzowska
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dudek
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siwek
authors.forename: Józef Krzysztof
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gierowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes; D008875:Middle Aged; D009014:Morals; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D056345:Theory of Mind; D013850:Thinking