title: Fearful thinking predicts hypervigilance towards pain-related stimuli in patients with chronic pain.
abstract: Cognitive impairment plays a role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Patients with painful disorders are reported to show attentional biases toward pain-related information. However, these findings are controversial, and rarely has any study examined whether chronic pain patients have attentional biases to pain-related conditioned stimuli (CS). In this study, twenty-one patients diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) were recruited from the neurosurgical department of a large urban general hospital. Sixteen family members and twenty-one pain-free volunteers were included as two separate control groups. Pain ratings, pain-related anxiety, general anxiety, and depression were measured in all subjects using questionnaires. Two dot probe tests were performed, one that used pictures of painful versus neutral faces as cues, and another that presented three types of CS as cues that predicted certain, uncertain, or no pain. Our results demonstrate that the TN patients showed attentional biases towards painful faces and the CSs that signaled uncertain pain. Moreover, the ratings of negative emotion about their pain conditions correlated significantly with the presence of attentional biases. The patients' close family members, however, displayed biases towards uncertain-pain CS. This study demonstrates that patients with chronic pain have increased attention towards pain-related information, and the fearful thinking about pain was positively correlated with this phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong province, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhao-Cai
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Yan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luo
keywords: attentional bias; chronic pain; dot probe task; pain signal