title: Possible impact of comorbid conditions on the persistence of nocturnal enuresis: results of a long-term follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the natural history of patients with nocturnal enuresis (NE) during a 10-year period and to evaluate possible impact of comorbid conditions on the persistence of NE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five children (male to female ratio [M:F] 65:30), aged at first visit between 6 and 21 years were included in this study. Of study subjects 75 had primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE), 3 had secondary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (SMNE) and 17 had non-mono­symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE). Demographic and NE-related details were assessed from electron­ic medical records and by telephone interview at the times 3, 6, 12 months and 3, 5, 10 years after the first examination. Sixty-seven of 95 patients were enrolled, of whom 57 had PMNE (M:F ratio 39:18, mean age 9.35 ± 2.81 years, mean age at improvement 11.5 ± 4.08 years), 8 had NMNE (M:F ratio 4:4, mean age 10.1 ± 2.64 years, mean age at improvement 12.6 ± 1.68 years) and 2 had SMNE (M:F ratio 1:1, mean age 12 years, mean age at improvement 13.5 ± 2.12 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of follow up was 7.2 ± 2.5 years. All of the 67 children had 5 years follow up. Only 29 of 67 patients (19 with PMNE, 8 with NMNE and 2 with SMNE) had 10 years follow up and 4 of 19 with PMNE were still affected by NE. Out of 57 patients with PMNE 12 (2/12 with language disorders, 1/12 varicocele and 1/12 cryptorchidism) and out of 8 patients with NMNE 1 were still enuretic while all patients with SMNE were in remission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that language disorders and testicular pathology in NE children could be comor­bidities associated with persistence of NE and treatment resistance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatric, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. pferrara@rm.unicatt.it.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.affiliation: Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.affiliation: Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Caporale
authors.affiliation: Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malamisura
authors.affiliation: Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Del Volgo
authors.affiliation: Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Flaminia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vena
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatric, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gatto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatric, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiaretti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D050034:Antidiuretic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012074:Remission Induction; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D013997:Time Factors; D014646:Varicocele / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D050034:Antidiuretic Agents; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin