title: The effects and effectiveness of electromotive drug administration and chemohyperthermia for treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preliminary studies show that device assisted intravesical therapies appear more effective than passive diffusion intravesical therapy for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in specific settings, and phase III studies are now being conducted. Consequently, we have undertaken a non-systematic review with the objective of describing the scientific basis and mechanisms of action of electromotive drug administration (EMDA) and chemohyperthermia (CHT).
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Library were searched to source evidence for this non-systematic review. Randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were evaluated. Publications regarding the scientific basis and mechanisms of action of EMDA and CHT were identified, as well as clinical studies to date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EMDA takes advantage of three phenomena: iontophoresis, electro-osmosis and electroporation. It has been found to reduce recurrence rates in NMIBC patients and has been proposed as an addition or alternative to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy in the treatment of high risk NMIBC. CHT improves the efficacy of mitomycin C by three mechanisms: tumour cell cytotoxicity, altered tumour blood flow and localised immune responses. Fewer studies have been conducted with CHT than with EMDA but they have demonstrated utility for increasing disease-free survival, especially in patients who have previously failed BCG therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is anticipated that EMDA and CHT will play important roles in the management of NMIBC in the future. Techniques of delivery should be standardised, and there is a need for more randomised controlled trials to evaluate the benefits of the treatments alongside quality of life and cost-effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Porfiri
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Bryan
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D053672:Electrochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents