title: Imaging and management of greater trochanteric pain syndrome.
abstract: Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) is a commonly diagnosed regional pain syndrome with a wide spectrum of aetiologies, reflecting the anatomy of the structures outside the hip joint capsule. There are five muscle tendons that insert on to the greater trochanter and three bursae in the region of the greater trochanter. The term GTPS includes tendinopathies, tendinous tears, bursal inflammation and effusion. There are a range of treatments and therapies depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of the condition. Many patients with GTPS can be successfully managed conservatively with weight loss and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Patients suffering from more chronic pain can receive varying degrees of symptomatic relief with lateral hip corticosteroid and local anaesthetic injections. More severe refractory cases of GTPS can be treated with surgical intervention. It is therefore important to make the correct diagnosis to ensure that appropriate management can be implemented. The clinical features of GTPS however are often non-specific because common conditions such as lumbar radicular pain and hip joint osteoarthritis can present with an almost identical form of lateral hip pain. The various diagnostic imaging modalities have particular strengths and weaknesses with ultrasound being the best first-line investigation due to its availability, low cost, dynamic nature and ability to guide treatments such as steroid injections. MRI can be very helpful in the further investigation of patients in whom there is diagnostic uncertainty as to the cause of lateral hip pain and in whom specialist orthopaedic referral is being considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Rajat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naaseri
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gajan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajeswaran
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002062:Bursitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D011859:Radiography; D013577:Syndrome; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones