title: Anatomical pediatric model for craniosynostosis surgical training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several surgical training simulators have been created to improve the learning curve of residents in neurosurgery and plastic surgery. Laboratory training is fundamental for acquiring familiarity with the techniques of surgery and the skill in handling instruments. The aim of this study is to present a novel simulator for training in the technique of craniosynostectomy, specifically for the scaphocephaly type.
  This realistic simulator was built with a synthetic thermo-retractile and thermo-sensible rubber which, when combined with different polymers, produces more than 30 different formulas. These formulas present textures, consistencies, and mechanical resistance similar to many human tissues. Fiberglass molds in the shape of the skull constitute the basic structure of the craniosynostectomy training module. It has been possible to perform computerized tomography images due to the radiopacity of this simulator and to compare the pre- and postoperative images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors present a training model to practice the biparietal remodeling used in scaphocephaly correction. All aspects of the procedure are simulated: the skin incision, the subcutaneous and subperiosteal dissection, the osteotomies, and finally, the skull remodeling with absorbable microplates. The presence of superior sagittal sinus can simulate emergency situations with bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors conclude that this training model can represent a fairly useful method to accustom trainees to the required surgical techniques and simulates well the steps of standard surgery for scaphocephaly. This training provides an alternative to the use of human cadavers and animal models. Furthermore, it can represent the anatomical alteration precisely as well as intraoperative emergency situations.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurosurgery Center/CENEPE, Beneficência Portuguesa Hospital, Rua Capitão Mor Roque Barreto, no. 47 - Térreo Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP, 01323-030, Brazil, gigicoelho7@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Giselle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Warf
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lyra
authors.forename: Nelci
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zanon
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000193:education; D003479:Curriculum; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008348:Manikins; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009445:Neuroanatomy / Q000193:education*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed