title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) from the Beaufort Sea and associative fish health effects.
abstract: In 2012, Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) were collected from offshore regions of the Beaufort Sea to determine the concentrations of CYP1A1 phase I metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in liver and to correlate measured concentrations with (i) morphometric measurements that are known to be indicative of fish health and, (ii) biochemical end points of health including vitamin A/E and metabolites and hepatic deiodinase activity (DI). Four ring OH-PAHs were detected in 90% of our samples with a mean liver concentration of 1829.2 ± 159.2 ng/g (ww). Total (∑) concentrations of 5/6-membered ring OH-PAHs in liver were smaller [mean of 931.6 ± 104.3 ng/g, (ww)] and detected less frequently (75%) than the 4-ring OH-PAHs. Fish length and liver weight were both negatively correlated to ∑ concentrations of 4-ringed OH-PAHs (p < 0.001). Liver somatic index was also negatively correlated to ∑4-OH-PAHs (p < 0.05) but not for ∑5/6-OH-PAHs (p > 0.1). There was a significant positive relationship between DI and 4-ring OH-PAHs (p < 0.05) in liver, suggesting an induction of this enzyme. No such correlation was observed for the 5/6-ring OH-PAHs. Retinyl palmitate (RP) was the only vitamin that could be measured in liver ranging from 0.230 to 26.3 ug/g (ww). No associations between RP and levels of the 4- or 5/6-ringed OH-PAHs were observed. Continued baseline studies are clearly warranted to further understand effects of OH-PAHs on fish health before planned exploration activities begin in this region.
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba , Department of Chemistry, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Gregg T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Tomy
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halldorson
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chernomas
authors.forename: Lianna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bestvater
authors.forename: Kirstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Danegerfield
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pleskach
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atchison
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majewski
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reist
authors.forename: Vince P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Palace
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004224:Diterpenes; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D048388:Gadiformes; D005843:Geography; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012016:Reference Values; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014801:Vitamin A; C014794:retinol palmitate; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1