title: Creating internal conductivity in dry biological SEM samples by a simple vapour treatment.
abstract: Internal sample conductivity in scanning electron microscopy can be a valuable alternative to metal coating. Proton conductivity may be used for this purpose. Many solid materials with active hydrogen atoms, such as hydrogen- and ammonium-salts, organic acids, and even ice, are protonic conductors or semiconductors. Here we present a method to generate proton conductivity in dry biological materials. A simple treatment with hydrogen chloride gas or hydrochloric acid vapour for a few minutes provides sufficient conductivity for many samples. After a removal of excess hydrogen chloride vapour with a vacuum desiccator, the objects may be examined in the SEM without metal coating. The use of internally conductive samples extends the range of easy-to-perform SEM preparation techniques. It is advantageous for material contrast imaging of uncoated samples, and it can be used in combination with metal coating to enhance conductivity on difficult samples with complex overlapping surfaces, where simple metal coating does not reliably eliminate charging problems.
authors.affiliation: Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ensikat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weigend
mesh_terms: D003890:Desiccation / Q000379:methods; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D008670:Metals; D011522:Protons; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid
keywords: Charging; hydrogen chloride; protonic conductivity; sample preparation