title: Recent population expansions of hepatitis B virus in the United States.
abstract: The recent epidemic history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in the United States is complex, as indicated by current disparity in HBV genotype distribution between acute and chronic hepatitis B cases and the rapid decline in hepatitis B incidence since the 1990s. We report temporal changes in the genetic composition of the HBV population using whole-genome sequences (n = 179) from acute hepatitis B cases (n = 1,206) identified through the Sentinel County Surveillance for Acute Hepatitis (1998 to 2006). HBV belonged mainly to subtypes A2 (75%) and D3 (18%), with times of their most recent common ancestors being 1979 and 1987, respectively. A2 underwent rapid population expansions in ca. 1995 and ca. 2002, coinciding with transient rises in acute hepatitis B notification rates among adults; D3 underwent expansion in ca. 1998. A2 strains from cases identified after 2002, compared to those before 2002, tended to cluster phylogenetically, indicating selective expansion of specific strains, and were significantly reduced in genetic diversity (P = 0.001) and frequency of drug resistance mutations (P = 0.001). The expansion of genetically close HBV A2 strains was associated with risk of infection among male homosexuals (P = 0.03). Incident HBV strains circulating in the United States were recent in origin and restricted in genetic diversity. Disparate transmission dynamics among phylogenetic lineages affected the genetic composition of HBV populations and their capacity to maintain drug resistance mutations. The tendency of selectively expanding HBV strains to be transmitted among male homosexuals highlights the need to improve hepatitis B vaccination coverage among at-risk adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains an important cause of acute and chronic liver disease globally and in the United States. Genetic analysis of HBV whole genomes from cases of acute hepatitis B identified from 1998 to 2006 in the United States showed dominance of genotype A2 (75%), followed by D3 (18%). Strains of both subtypes were recent in origin and underwent rapid population expansions from 1995 to 2000, indicating increase in transmission rate for certain HBV strains during a period of decline in the reported incidence of acute hepatitis B in the United States. HBV A2 strains from a particular cluster that experienced the most recent population expansion were more commonly detected among men who have sex with men. Vaccination needs to be stepped up to protect persons who remain at risk of HBV infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA dcq6@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Sumathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Purdy
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Guo-liang
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Zoya E
authors.initials: ZE
authors.lastname: Dimitrova
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Eyasu H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Teshale
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Chong Gee
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Yury E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Khudyakov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral