title: Cosmetic lower limb lengthening by Ilizarov apparatus: what are the risks?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compelled by the psychosocial implications of short stature, patients with short stature are increasingly undergoing distraction osteogenesis for cosmetic limb lengthening. To the degree that this is true, evaluation of the risks and benefits of this treatment are very important, but to date, there are few studies reporting on using distraction osteogenesis for this indication.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed a group of patients undergoing cosmetic lower-extremity lengthening in terms of (1) soft tissue challenges, (2) bone-related complications, and (3) functional and subjective clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was retrospective by reviewing data from medical records and radiographs. Between 1983 and 2006, we treated 138 somatically normal patients with bilateral lower-limb distraction osteogenesis for cosmetic purposes at our center using an Ilizarov external fixator, of whom 131 (95%; 65 males, 66 females) had complete clinical and radiographic data a minimum of 1 year after treatment (mean, 6 years; range, 1-14 years) and were reviewed for this report. The mean age of these patients was 25 years (range, 14-68 years) and their mean preoperative height was 159 cm (range, 130-174 cm). One hundred twenty-four (95%) patients had lengthening of the tibia alone, of which 66 (53%) were monofocal and 58 (47%) were bifocal. Six patients (4.58%) had crossed contralateral lengthening of the femur and tibia and one patient (0.76%) had bilateral lengthening of the femur. The mean height gained was 6.9 cm (range, 2-13 cm), 7.3 cm (range, 3.5-13 cm) in males and 6.5 cm (range, 2-13 cm) in females. The mean lengthening, maturation, and external fixator indexes were 12 days/cm (range, 4.3-24 days/cm), 19 days/cm (range, 5.2-63 days/cm), and 31 days/cm (range, 12-78 days/cm), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight patients (37%) had 59 complications related to treatment. Thirty-seven were soft tissue related (28%), of which 17 (46%) needed reinterventions, and 22 were bone related (17%), of which 16 (73%) needed reinterventions. At final followup, the outcome was excellent for 72 patients (55%), good for 52 (40%), satisfactory for six (4.58%), and poor for one (0.77%). One hundred thirty of 131 patients subjectively felt satisfied and had improved self-esteem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distraction osteogenesis using the Ilizarov external fixator is an option for carefully selected motivated patients with awareness of this technique. Soft tissue and bone-related complications including those that necessitate reinterventions should be expected during the course of treatment, although most can be managed without permanent sequelae or disability. Future studies with more robust methods will need to determine whether the risks and benefits of this procedure are well balanced. Preoperative counseling, considering the ethical questions this procedure can raise, is of paramount importance for the patient to weigh the risk versus anticipated benefits. Studies from other centers will be important as we move forward.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Traumatology and Orthopaedics Department No. 13, Russian Ilizarov Scientific Centre for "Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics", 6, M Ulianova Street, 640014, Kurgan, Russia, drkinovikov@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Konstantin I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Novikov
authors.forename: Koushik N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Subramanyam
authors.forename: Serghei O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Muradisinov
authors.forename: Olga S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Novikova
authors.forename: Elina S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kolesnikova
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001827:Body Height; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018889:Ilizarov Technique / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007870:Leg Length Inequality / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D020427:Peroneal Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult