title: The genetic diversity and evolutionary history of hepatitis C virus in Vietnam.
abstract: Vietnam has a unique history in association with foreign countries, which may have resulted in multiple introductions of the alien HCV strains to mix with those indigenous ones. In this study, we characterized the HCV sequences in Core-E1 and NS5B regions from 236 Vietnamese individuals. We identified multiple HCV lineages; 6a, 6 e, 6h, 6k, 6l, 6 o, 6p, and two novel variants may represent the indigenous strains; 1a was probably introduced from the US; 1b and 2a possibly originated in East Asia; while 2i, 2j, and 2m were likely brought by French explorers. We inferred the evolutionary history for four major subtypes: 1a, 1b, 6a, and 6 e. The obtained Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSPs) consistently showed the rapid HCV population growth from 1955 to 1963 until 1984 or after, corresponding to the era of the Vietnam War. We also estimated HCV growth rates and reconstructed phylogeographic trees for comparing subtypes 1a, 1b, and HCV-2.
authors.affiliation: Department of pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chunhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, PR China.
authors.forename: Manqiong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America. Electronic address: llu@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Molecular Diagnostic Section, The NK-BIOTEK Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Van H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Molecular Diagnostic Section, The NK-BIOTEK Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: An X D
authors.initials: AXD
authors.lastname: Vo
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mindie H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Molecular Diagnostic Section, The NK-BIOTEK Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan. Electronic address: kenjiabe@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: BEAST; Evolution; Genotype; HCV; Sequence; Vietnam