title: Music enhances performance and perceived enjoyment of sprint interval exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interval exercise training can elicit physiological adaptations similar to those of traditional endurance training, but with reduced time. However, the intense nature of specific protocols, particularly the "all-out" efforts characteristic of sprint interval training (SIT), may be perceived as being aversive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether listening to self-selected music can reduce the potential aversiveness of an acute session of SIT by improving affect, motivation, and enjoyment, and to examine the effects of music on performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty moderately active adults (22 ± 4 yr) unfamiliar with interval exercise completed an acute session of SIT under two different conditions: music and no music. The exercise consisted of four 30-s "all-out" Wingate Anaerobic Test bouts on a cycle ergometer, separated by 4 min of rest. Peak and mean power output, RPE, affect, task motivation, and perceived enjoyment of the exercise were measured. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate changes in dependent measures over time and between the two conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak and mean power over the course of the exercise session were higher in the music condition (coefficient = 49.72 [SE = 13.55] and coefficient = 23.65 [SE = 11.30]; P < 0.05). A significant time by condition effect emerged for peak power (coefficient = -12.31 [SE = 4.95]; P < 0.05). There were no between-condition differences in RPE, affect, or task motivation. Perceived enjoyment increased over time and was consistently higher in the music condition (coefficient = 7.00 [SE = 3.05]; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Music enhances in-task performance and enjoyment of an acute bout of SIT. Listening to music during intense interval exercise may be an effective strategy for facilitating participation in, and adherence to, this form of training.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA; and 2Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CANADA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stork
authors.forename: Matthew Y W
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gibala
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Martin Ginis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009146:Music; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult