title: Comparison of measurements of mandible growth using cone beam computed tomography and its synthesized cephalograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study aimed to compare the measurements of the mandible morphology using 3D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images with those using 2D CBCT-synthesized cephalograms; to quantify errors in measurements based on 2D synthesized cephalograms; and to clarify the effects such errors have on the description of the mandibular growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mandibles of six miniature pigs were scanned monthly using CBCT over 12 months and the data were used to reconstruct the 3D bone models. Five anatomical landmarks were identified on each bone model, and the inter-marker distances and monthly distance changes were calculated and taken as the gold standard. Synthetic 2D cephalograms were also generated for each bone model using a digitally reconstructed radiography (DRR)-generation method. Errors in cephalogram measurements were determined as the differences between the calculated variables in cephalograms and the gold standard. The variations between cephalograms and the gold standard were also compared using paired t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the inter-marker distance increases varied among the marker pairs, all marker pairs increased their inter-marker distances gradually every month, reaching 50% of the total annual increases during the fourth and fifth months, and then slowing down in the subsequent months. The 2D measurements significantly underestimated most of the inter-marker distances throughout the monitoring period, in most of the monthly inter-marker distance changes during the first four months, and in the total growth (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant errors exist in the measurements using 2D synthesized cephalogram, underestimating the mandibular dimensions and their monthly changes in the early stages of growth, as well as the total annual growth. These results should be considered in dental treatment planning at the beginning of the treatment in order to control more precisely the treatment process and outcome.
authors.forename: Hsien-Shu
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jia-Da
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yunn-Jy
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Cheng-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan. twlu@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tung-Wu
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Mu-Hsiung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development*; D023421:Models, Animal; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature