title: Calcium chloride in neonatal parenteral nutrition: compatibility studies using laser methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously reported results of precipitation studies for neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions containing calcium chloride and sodium phosphate using visual methods to determine compatibility. The purpose of this study was to do further testing of compatibility for solutions containing calcium chloride using more sensitive methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solutions of Trophamine (Braun Medical Inc, Irvine, CA) and Premasol (Baxter Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, IL) were compounded with calcium chloride and potassium phosphate. Controls contained no calcium or phosphate. After incubation at 37° for 24 hours solutions without visual precipitation were analyzed to determine mean particle size using dynamic light scattering from a laser light source.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Particle sizes were similar for control solutions and those without visual precipitation and a mean particle size <1000 nm. Compatible solutions were defined as those with added calcium and phosphate with no visual evidence of precipitation and mean particle size <1000 nm. In solutions containing 2.5-3% amino acids and 10 mmol/L of calcium chloride the maximum amount of potassium phosphate that was compatible was 7.5 mmol/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maximum amounts of phosphate that could be added to parenteral nutrition solutions containing Trophamine and calcium chloride were about 7.5-10 mmol/L less for a given concentration of calcium based upon laser methodology compared to visual techniques to determine compatibility. There were minor differences in compatibility when adding calcium chloride and potassium phosphate to Premasol versus Trophamine.
authors.affiliation: Northwest Newborn Specialists, PC and Pediatrix Medical Group, Portland, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Huston
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: J Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chanida
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karnpracha
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver CO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jill E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Pharmacy, Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Pharmacy, Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Evelyn A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Migaki
authors.affiliation: Medical Data Research Center, Providence Health and Services, Portland, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: YingXing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D000067493:Dynamic Light Scattering / Q000379:methods*; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods; D057947:Parenteral Nutrition Solutions / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004573:Electrolytes; D057947:Parenteral Nutrition Solutions; D012996:Solutions; C545824:amino-acid, glucose, and electrolyte solution; D005947:Glucose; D002122:Calcium Chloride