title: Vaccination strategies to improve outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplant in leukemia patients: early evidence and future prospects.
abstract: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has largely improved the prognosis of leukemia patients. However, relapse is still a major concern. One promising option for the prevention of relapse is vaccination therapy. The post allogeneic HSCT period provides a unique platform for vaccination, because tumor burden is minimal, lymphopenic condition allows for rapid expansion of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), donor-derived CTLs are not exhausted and inflammatory condition is caused by allo reactions. Tumor cells, dendritic cells and peptides have been used as vaccines targeting leukemia-associated antigens or minor histocompatibility antigens. Clinical trials with several types of vaccines for post-HSCT patients showed that the vaccination induced immunological response and might benefit patients with minimal residual disease, while their effect in patients with advanced disease were limited. To enhance the effect, vaccination in combination with other immune-modulatory drugs such as checkpoint antibodies is now being considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hosen
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashii
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.forename: Sumiyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakae
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takashima
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oji
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumanogoh
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000628:therapy*; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit
keywords: WT1; allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; immunotherapy; leukemia; vaccine