title: Muscle wasting: an overview of recent developments in basic research.
abstract: The syndrome of cachexia, i.e. involuntary weight loss in patients with underlying diseases, sarcopenia, i.e. loss of muscle mass due to ageing, and general muscle atrophy from disuse and/or prolonged bed rest have received more attention over the last decades. All lead to a higher morbidity and mortality in patients and therefore, they represent a major socio-economic burden for the society today. This mini-review looks at recent developments in basic research that are relevant to the loss of skeletal muscle. It aims to cover the most significant publication of last three years on the causes and effects of muscle wasting, new targets for therapy development and potential biomarkers for assessing skeletal muscle mass. The targets include 1) E-3 ligases: TRIM32, SOCS1 and SOCS3 by involving the elongin BC ubiquitin-ligase, Cbl-b, culling 7, Fbxo40, MG53 (TRIM72) and the mitochondrial Mul1, 2) the kinase MST1 and 3) the G-protein Gαi2. D(3)-creatine has the potential to be used as a novel biomarker that allows to monitor actual change in skeletal muscle mass over time. In conclusion, significant development efforts are being made by academic groups as well as numerous pharmaceutical companies to identify new targets and biomarkers muscle, as muscle wasting represents a great medical need, but no therapies have been approved in the last decades.
authors.affiliation: Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palus
authors.affiliation: Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Haehling
authors.affiliation: Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. Electronic address: jochen.springer@med.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Springer
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002100:Cachexia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D044783:F-Box Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D050721:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D000099317:Hippo Kinases
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D044783:F-Box Proteins; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D050721:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C525752:FBXO40 protein, human; C108944:SOCS1 protein, human; C106644:SOCS3 protein, human; C558399:TRIM72 protein, human; C492211:CBLB protein, human; C529067:MUL1 protein, human; C094027:TRIM32 protein, human; C095566:STK4 protein, human; D000099317:Hippo Kinases
keywords: Cachexia; Muscle wasting; Signaling; Target