title: Typical pedestrian accident scenarios for the development of autonomous emergency braking test protocols.
abstract: An increasing proportion of new vehicles are being fitted with autonomous emergency braking systems. It is difficult for consumers to judge the effectiveness of these safety systems for individual models unless their performance is evaluated through track testing under controlled conditions. This paper aimed to contribute to the development of relevant test conditions by describing typical circumstances of pedestrian accidents. Cluster analysis was applied to two large British databases and both highlighted an urban scenario in daylight and fine weather where a small pedestrian walks across the road, especially from the near kerb, in clear view of a driver who is travelling straight ahead. For each dataset a main test configuration was defined to represent the conditions of the most common accident scenario along with test variations to reflect the characteristics of less common accident scenarios. Some of the variations pertaining to less common accident circumstances or to a minority of casualties in these scenarios were proposed as optional or supplementary test elements for an outstanding performance rating. Many considerations are incorporated into the final design and implementation of an actual testing regime, such as cost and the state of development of technology; only the representation of accident data lay within the scope of this paper. It would be desirable to ascertain the wider representativeness of the results by analysing accident data from other countries in a similar manner.
authors.affiliation: Loughborough University, Design School, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, England, United Kingdom. Electronic address: J.A.Lenard@lboro.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lenard
authors.affiliation: University Institute for Automobile Research (INSIA), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Carretera de Valecia km7, 28031 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: alexandro.badea@upm.es.
authors.forename: Alexandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badea-Romero
authors.affiliation: GBB (UK) Ltd., Crown House, Bridgewater Close, Burnley BB11 5TE, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Danton
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001336:Automobiles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Accident scenario; Autonomous emergency braking; Cluster analysis; Pedestrian; Test configuration