title: Association between dietary intake of micronutrients and cardiorespiratory fitness in Japanese men.
abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that meeting the dietary recommendations for macronutrients was significantly associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels in adults. However, the relation between the status of micronutrient intake and CRF still remains unclear. This study examined the association between micronutrient intake status (based on adherence to the dietary reference intakes (DRI)) and CRF in Japanese men. The study comprised 373 Japanese men aged 30-69 years. Dietary intake was assessed with a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Overall micronutrient intake status was quantified using an overall nutrient adequacy score (ONAS) for thirteen selected micronutrients. ONAS was calculated based on adherence to the DRI for Japanese. CRF was defined as V̇O2max during a maximal incremental test on a bicycle ergometer. Physical activity was measured using accelerometer-based activity monitors for seven consecutive days. We observed a significant inverse trend for the prevalence of inadequacy for the intake of vitamin A and Ca across incremental CRF categories (P < 0·05). In a multivariate model, the ONAS was positively associated with absolute (β = 0·10, P = 0·02) and relative V̇O2max (β = 0·09, P = 0·04), independent of physical activity. The OR for being unfit (the lowest 25 % of the age-specific distribution of V̇O2max) in the third ONAS tertile compared with the first ONAS tertile was 0·52 (95 % CI 0·28, 0·96). These results demonstrated that the intake of several individual micronutrients and overall micronutrient intake status are independently and positively associated with CRF in Japanese men.
authors.affiliation: Health Promotion and Exercise Program , National Institute of Health and Nutrition , Tokyo , Japan ; Faculty of Sport Sciences , Waseda University , Saitama , Japan.
authors.forename: Zhen-Bo
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Health Promotion and Exercise Program , National Institute of Health and Nutrition , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Azusa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Health Science , Matsumoto University , Matsumoto , Japan.
authors.forename: Taewoong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine , Kagawa University , Kagawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyatake
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Health Science Center , Aichi Health Promotion Foundation , Aichi , Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsushita
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Sciences , Waseda University , Saitama , Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Health Promotion and Exercise Program , National Institute of Health and Nutrition , Tokyo , Japan ; Faculty of Sport and Health Science , Ritsumeikan University , Shiga , Japan.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tabata
keywords: BDHQ, brief self-administered diet history questionnaire; CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness; DRI, dietary reference intake; Diet; Nutrient inadequacy; ONAS, overall nutrient adequacy score; Physical activity; V̇O2max