title: RAFT-mediated control of nanogel structure and reactivity: chemical, physical and mechanical properties of monomer-dispersed nanogel compositions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines how nanogel structure correlates with photopolymerization and key polymer properties upon addition of nanogels with latent reactivity into a monomer dispersant to produce polymer/polymer composites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two nanogels that retained RAFT functionality based on the synthetic approach were prepared to have different branching densities. These reactive nanogels were dispersed in triethylene glycol dimethacrylate at 0-40 wt%. Reaction kinetics, volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress associated with the photopolymerization of nanogel-modified formulations were measured in real time with mechanical properties of the polymers also evaluated. The basic structure of RAFT-derived nanogel particles was examined by the preparation of a separate nanogel constructed with degradable disulfide crosslinking groups. The model nanogel molecular weight and polydispersity were compared before and after degradation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the controlled radical synthetic approach, the nanogels, which are composed of multiple interconnected, short primary chains, presented relatively high polydispersity. Through addition of the reactive nanogels to a monomer that both infiltrates and disperses the nanogels, the photopolymerization rate was moderately reduced with the increase of nanogel loading levels. Volumetric shrinkage decreased proportionally with nanogel concentration; however, a greater than proportional reduction of polymerization-induced stress was observed. Mechanical properties, such as flexural strength, storage modulus were maintained at the same levels as the control resin for nanogel systems up to 40 wt%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that beyond the use of RAFT functionality to produce discrete nano-polymeric structures, the residual chain end groups are important to maintain reactivity and mechanical properties of nanogel-modified resin materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: JianCheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. Electronic address: jeffrey.stansbury@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Stansbury
mesh_terms: D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D005782:Gels; D008422:Materials Testing; D049329:Nanostructures; D058105:Polymerization; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D005782:Gels
keywords: Highly branched polymer; Methacrylate resins; Nanoparticles; Photopolymerization; Polymer networks; RAFT polymerization; Shrinkage stress; Volumetric shrinkage