title: The use of light-based (optical) detection systems as adjuncts in the detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent decades, optical techniques utilising the principles of chemiluminescence and tissue autofluorescence have emerged to facilitate the early detection of any oral mucosal changes suspicious of cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of devices that utilise the principles of chemiluminescence and tissue autofluorescence as adjuncts in the detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the published literature to evaluate the effectiveness of the ViziLite(®) and ViziLite(®) Plus with toluidine blue, MicroLux™/DL and the VELscope™ as aids in the detection of oral cancer and OPMDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five primary studies published between 2004 and 2013 satisfied our criteria for selection - 13 utilised chemiluminescence and 12 tissue autofluorescence. Some had utilised both study methods on the same population. Chemiluminescence shows good sensitivity at detecting any OPMDs and oral cancer. However, it preferentially detects leukoplakia and may fail to spot red patches. The additive use of toluidine blue may improve specificity. Tissue autofluorescence is sensitive at detecting white, red and white and red patches, and the area of fluorescence visualisation loss (FVL) often extends beyond the clinically visible lesion. However, in addition to OPMDs, VELScope may detect erythematous lesions of benign inflammation resulting in false-positive test results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is limited evidence for their use in primary care, and these tools are better suited to specialist clinics in which there is a higher prevalence of disease and where experienced clinicians may better discriminate between benign and malignant lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warnakulasuriya
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D049449:Luminescence; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000379:methods; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000379:methods*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014048:Tolonium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014048:Tolonium Chloride
keywords: Chemiluminescence; Diagnostic tools; VELscope; ViziLite Plus; tissue autofluorescence