title: Toxic effects of the joint exposure of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on soil microorganism and enzyme activity.
abstract: Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are the main contaminants at e-waste recycling sites, and their potential toxicological effects have received extensive attention. However, the impact on soil culturable microbial population and enzyme activity of joint exposure to the two chemicals remains almost unknown. Therefore, indoor incubation tests were performed on control and contaminated soil samples to determine the eco-toxicological response in the joint presence of BDE209 and TBBPA for the first time. The results have demonstrated some notable toxic effects due to long-term exposure to either or both contaminants. The inhibition ratios of microbial populations increased with incubation time and increasing concentrations of BDE209 or TBBPA following certain dose-response relationships and time-effect trends. The response sensitivity sequence was fungi>bacteria>actinomycete. The influence of the two chemicals on soil enzymes reached peak values on day 7, and highly significant differences (P<0.01) were observed compared to the controls. Urease was more susceptive to the two chemicals than catalase and saccharase activities. Generally, the joint toxicity of both contaminants on soil microbes, catalase or saccharase activities indicated antagonistic effects, while, as for urease activity, addition role was dominant. Such observations have provided the useful information of potential ecological effects of brominated flame retardants contamination in the environment.
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key, Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China. Electronic address: wzhang@ecust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key, Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key, Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key, Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Kou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key, Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Kuangfei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Agricultural Extension and Service Center, Shanghai 201103, China. Electronic address: zhaoli5741@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000633:toxicity*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014510:Urease / Q000378:metabolism; D043324:beta-Fructofuranosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002374:Catalase; D043324:beta-Fructofuranosidase; D014510:Urease; C020806:tetrabromobisphenol A; C010902:decabromobiphenyl ether
keywords: BDE209; Combined effect; Soil enzyme; Soil microbe; TBBPA