title: Muscle ultrasonography as an additional diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the utility of muscle ultrasonography (MUS) in addition to electromyography (EMG) in the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 60 patients with ALS and 20 with other neuromuscular disorders underwent MUS and EMG. In addition, 30 healthy controls underwent only MUS. Occurrence of fasciculations and fibrillations was evaluated. Ultrasonic echogenicity was graded semiquantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of fasciculations was significantly higher in patients undergoing MUS than in those undergoing EMG (p<0.05), even in muscles of full strength (p<0.001). However, EMG was more sensitive in detecting fibrillations (p<0.05). MUS had an overall higher sensitivity in detecting spontaneous activity in the tongue (p<0.05). Patients with ALS showed significantly increased muscle echo intensity (EI) compared to patients who were initially suspected as having ALS and normal controls (p<0.05), irrespective of the clinical or electrophysiological status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of MUS in diagnosing ALS was almost equivalent to those of EMG, using the Awaji criteria. Combination of MUS and EMG enhances the diagnostic accuracy compared to EMG alone (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of EMG and MUS can be used to evaluate the lower motor neuron affection by reducing the use of the often painful and uncomfortable EMG examinations but without decreasing the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: alexander.grimm@usb.ch.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.affiliation: Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Décard
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Studies (CCS), Jena University Hospital, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.affiliation: Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: O W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.affiliation: Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Axer
authors.affiliation: Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grosskreutz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Electromyography; Myosonography; Neuromuscular; Ultrasound