title: The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy in a population-based study in Korea (KNHANES V-2, 3).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk factors for and relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN), including microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy, in a population-based study of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based, cross-sectional study. From the fifth (2011, 2012) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 971 participants with type 2 DM were included. The prevalence of DR and DN was determined. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors, including DR, associated with DN in the Korean population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In DM patients, we observed a prevalence of 20.0% for any DR and 3.8% for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Microalbuminuria prevalence was 19.3% and overt nephropathy prevalence was 5.5%. The risk factors of microalbuminuria were presence of hypertension; higher systolic blood pressure, serum hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and serum blood urea nitrogen level; as well as the presence of PDR. The risk factors of overt nephropathy were long duration of DM; high levels of HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and serum creatinine; as well as the presence of DR CONCLUSIONS: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is associated with microalbuminuria and DR is associated with overt nephropathy in Korean DM patients. Our findings suggest that when an ophthalmologist finds the presence of DR or PDR, timely evaluation of the patient's renal status should be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Won June
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sobrin
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Jeong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Mincheol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seong
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
authors.forename: Heeyoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: KNHANES; diabetic nephropathy; diabetic retinopathy; epidemiological study; microalbuminuria; overt nephropathy