title: The anatomical origin and course of the angular artery regarding its clinical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purposes of this study were to determine the morphological features and conceptualize the anatomical definition of the angular artery (AA) as an aid to practical operations in the clinical field.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one hemifaces from 17 Korean cadavers and 26 hemifaces from 13 Thai cadavers were dissected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The topography of the AA was classified into 4 types according to its course: Type I (persistent pattern), in which the AA traverses the lateral side of the nose (11%); Type II (detouring pattern), in which the AA traverses the cheek and tear trough area (18%); Type III (alternative pattern), in which the AA traverses the medial canthal area through a branch of the ophthalmic artery (22.8%); and Type IV (latent pattern), in which the AA is absent (26.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study will contribute toward improved outcomes for cosmetic surgery involving the injection of facial filler by enhancing the understanding of AA anatomy.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; †Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea; ‡Department of Anatomy, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; §The Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Yi-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Da-Yae
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Young-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Kyung-Seok
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Tanvaa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tansatit
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002102:Cadaver; D002610:Cheek / Q000098:blood supply; D004210:Dissection; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000098:blood supply