title: Development of a skull/brain model for military wound ballistics studies.
abstract: Reports on penetrating ballistic head injuries in the literature are dominated by case studies of suicides; the penetrating ammunition usually being .22 rimfire or shotgun. The dominating cause of injuries in modern warfare is fragmentation and hence, this is the primary threat that military helmets protect the brain from. When helmets are perforated, this is usually by bullets. In combat, 20% of penetrating injuries occur to the head and its wounding accounts for 50% of combat deaths. A number of head simulants are described in the academic literature, in ballistic test methods for helmets (including measurement of behind helmet blunt trauma, BHBT) and in the 'open' and 'closed' government literature of several nations. The majority of these models are not anatomically correct and are not assessed with high-velocity rifle ammunition. In this article, an anatomically correct 'skull' (manufactured from polyurethane) and 'brain' (manufactured from 10%, by mass, gelatine) model for use in military wound ballistic studies is described. Filling the cranium completely with gelatine resulted in a similar 'skull' fracture pattern as an anatomically correct 'brain' combined with a representation of cerebrospinal fluid. In particular, posterior cranial fossa and occipital fractures and brain ejection were observed. This pattern of injury compared favourably to reported case studies of actual incidents in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Impact and Armour Group, Centre for Defence Engineering, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, Wiltshire, SN6 8LA, UK, d.j.carr@cranfield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Anne-Christine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jareborg
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Champion
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Waddell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teagle
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Horsfall
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kieser
mesh_terms: D044709:Forensic Ballistics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005780:Gelatin; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D008348:Manikins; D008889:Military Personnel; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D011140:Polyurethanes; D005780:Gelatin