title: Comparison of the frictional resistance between archwire and different bracket system: An in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the frictional resistance generated by conventional stainless steel, radiance ceramic bracket, self-ligating and composite brackets using a 0.019 × 0.025 stainless steel straight length wires in a 022 slot and to select brackets based on their frictional characteristic.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to conduct this study, four different types of bracket system were selected of the mclaughlin-bennet-trevesi (MBT) discipline. They are Group 1 - stainless steel, Group 2 - composite bracket Group 3 - (American Orthodontics) radiance ceramic bracket Group 4 - self-ligating bracket (SLB) (Empower). In this study, five maxillary brackets of an arch of each type were used. All brackets are 0.022 × 0.028 in preadjusted edgewise appliance which simulates the dental arch. Five brackets were bonded to a stainless steel bar of dimension 150 mm × 25 mm × 3 mm. The bracket-arch wire units were submitted to mechanical test with an Instron universal testing machine 3365. A testing apparatus or holding jig was designed to hold the bracket during the mechanical test. Each sample was pulled at a speed of 6 mm for 1 min. Descriptive statistical information including mean and standard deviation of maximum friction force was calculated for each bracket wire combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SLB has the least friction among the four groups. The ceramic bracket showed the highest friction followed by stainless steel bracket, composite bracket, and SLB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Ajith R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gangadharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Satheesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
keywords: Instron; orthodontic brackets; stainless steel arch wire