title: Remplissage, humeral osteochondral grafts, weber osteotomy, and shoulder arthroplasty for the management of humeral bone defects in shoulder instability: systematic review and quantitative synthesis of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes, rate of recurrence, complications, and range of movement after remplissage, Weber osteotomy, humeral allograft reconstruction, shoulder arthroplasty, and hemiarthroplasty in patients with anterior or posterior shoulder instability associated with humeral bone loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of published studies on the management of dislocation of the shoulder with humeral bony procedures was performed. A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Medline, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar databases was performed using various combinations of the keywords "shoulder," "dislocation," "treatment," "remplissage," "hemiarthroplasty," "arthroplasty," "allograft," "osteotomy," "bone," "loss," "clinical," "outcome," and "Hill Sachs" since inception of the databases to 2014. The following data were extracted: demographic characteristics, bone defects and other lesions, type of surgery, outcome measurement, range of motion, recurrence of instability, and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six studies were included, in which 769 shoulders were evaluated. The mean value of the Coleman Methodology Score was 69.2 points. Preoperatively, the most detected injuries were Hill-Sachs and Bankart lesions. Shoulder arthroplasty procedures had the highest rate of postoperative recurrence and the lowest scores for postoperative clinical outcomes. The combination of remplissage and Bankart procedures was associated with a lower rate of recurrence when compared with Bankart repair alone (odds ratio, 0.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.25; P = .0002). A high heterogeneity (I(2) = 85%) across the study results was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthroscopic remplissage is the safest technique for the management of patients with shoulder instability with humeral bone loss. Remplissage-Bankart procedures are associated with a lower rate of recurrence when compared with Bankart repair alone. Weber osteotomy, humeral allograft reconstruction, shoulder arthroplasty, and hemiarthroplasty are characterized by a high rate of recurrence, complications, and poor outcome scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, systematic review of Level II, III, and IV studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: g.longo@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: Umile Giuseppe
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mattia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loppini
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rizzello
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciuffreda
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berton
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, London, England; Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Denaro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001178:Arthroplasty / Q000379:methods*; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000601:surgery*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012008:Recurrence; D012782:Shoulder / Q000601:surgery; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000601:surgery; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*