title: Immunological assessment of cryotherapy in breast cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In murine studies, cryotherapy has induced antitumor immune responses associated with the rejection of tumors. However, the effects of freezing-induced immunomodulation in breast cancer (BC) patients remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten BC patients were prospectively divided into two groups: 1) cryotherapy followed by surgical excision and 2) surgical excision-alone. The cytokine profiles of plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed using flow cytometry following in vitro stimulation with the 30-mer MUC1 peptide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in the percentages of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing cluster of differentiation (CD)4(+) or CD8(+) T cells and the plasma levels of IFN-γ, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF-β were observed between these 2 groups, and PBMCs were not significantly altered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alternations to the type 1 and 2 helper cytokine profiles were not detected in vitro in BC patients treated with cryotherapy-alone.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan shigeo_koido@jikei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koido
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mogami
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Immunotherapeutics, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Sadamu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkusa
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tajiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Junta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D017679:Cryotherapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D008875:Middle Aged; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018396:Mucin-1
keywords: Cryotherapy; breast cancer; immunomodulation