title: Visual feedback of own tics increases tic frequency in patients with Tourette's syndrome.
abstract: Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is characterized by motor and phonic tics. It is unknown how paying attention to one's own tics might modulate tic frequency. We determined tic frequency in freely ticcing GTS patients while they were being filmed. In Study 1, we investigated 12 patients (1) alone in a room (baseline); (2) alone in front of a mirror. In Study 2, we replicated these conditions in 16 patients and additionally examined how watching a video, in which the individual was shown not ticcing, affected their tic frequency. In both studies, tic frequency was significantly higher when patients watched themselves in a mirror compared to baseline. In contrast, tic frequency was significantly reduced in the video condition. Paying attention to one's own tics increases tic frequency when tics are not suppressed and appears to be specific for attention to tics, rather than attention to the self.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology , University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany.
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brass
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Münchau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012649:Self Concept; D020323:Tics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention; Gilles de la Tourette syndrome; Ideomotor theory; Self-awareness.; Theory of event coding; Tic