title: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain: effects of the combination of incisional and intraperitoneal levobupivacaine before or after surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate whether the timing of administration, using a combination of incisional and intraperitoneal levobupivacaine (0.25%), has an effect on the postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a prospective, randomized, and controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty six patients were allocated to one of the three groups. Group BS received levobupivacaine before trocar site incision and intraperitoneal levobupivacaine immediately after pneumoperitoneum. Group AS received intraperitoneal levobupivacaine before trocars were withdrawn and incisional levobupivacaine administered at the end of surgery. Group C received no treatment. Data of intraoperative variables, postoperative pain relief, rescue analgesic consumption, and patient satisfaction were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intraoperative fentanyl consumption was found lower in Group BS, compared to Groups AS and C (p<0.05). VAS scores were lower in both Groups BS and AS, compared to Group C immediately after the operation (p<0.05). VAS scores were significantly decreased during the first two hours in Group AS, compared to Group C. The mean doses and number of patients needing rescue meperidine were lower in Group AS, compared to the Groups BS and C (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of incisional and intraperitoneal levobupivacaine administered before or after surgery can reduce postoperative pain and analgesic and antiemetic consumption together with improved patient satisfaction. However, administering levobupivacaine before surgery might be advantageous for less intraoperative fentanyl consumption, while levobupivacaine after surgery is advantageous for less postoperative rescue analgesic requirement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey. i.alper@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Işık
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alper
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sezgin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulukaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation Clinic, Malazgirt State Hospital, Muş, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gülsüm
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.affiliation: Department of Algology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Meltem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uyar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Taner
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Balcıoğlu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D010535:Laparoscopy; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine