title: Helicobacter pylori in vegetables and salads: genotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties.
abstract: From a clinical and epidemiological perspective, it is important to know which genotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns are present in H. pylori strains isolated from salads and vegetables. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to find this purpose. Three hundred eighty washed and unwashed vegetable samples and fifty commercial and traditional salad samples were collected from Isfahan, Iran. Samples were cultured and those found positive for H. pylori were analyzed using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method. Seven out of 50 (14%) salad and 52 out of 380 (13.68%) vegetable samples harbored H. pylori. In addition, leek, lettuce, and cabbage were the most commonly contaminated samples (30%). The most prevalent virulence genes were oipA (86.44%) and cagA (57.625). VacA s1a (37.28%) and iceA1 (47.45%) were the most prevalent genotypes. Forty different genotypic combinations were recognized. S1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA+ (33.89%), s1a/cagA+/iceA2/oipA (30.50%), and m1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA+ (28.81%) were the most prevalent combined genotypes. Bacterial strains had the highest levels of resistance against metronidazole (77.96%), amoxicillin (67.79%), and ampicillin (61.01%). High similarity in the genotyping pattern of H. pylori among vegetable and salad samples and human specimens suggests that vegetable and salads may be the sources of the bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yahaghi
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers and Elites Club, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, P.O. Box 166, Shahrekord, Iran.
authors.forename: Faham
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khamesipour
authors.affiliation: Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mashayekhi
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers and Elites Club, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, P.O. Box 166, Shahrekord, Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Safarpoor Dehkordi
authors.affiliation: Scientific Association of Veterinary Office, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, P.O. Box 166, Shahrekord, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sakhaei
authors.affiliation: Scientific Association of Veterinary Office, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, P.O. Box 166, Shahrekord, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masoudimanesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Imam Reza Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam Khayyat
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Khameneie
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors