title: The risk of kidney cancer in patients with kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between a history of kidney stones and kidney cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed from inception until June 2014. Studies that reported odds ratios or hazard ratios comparing the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract in patients with the history of kidney stones versus those without the history of kidney stones were included. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven studies were included in our analysis to assess the association between a history of kidney stones and RCC. The pooled RR of RCC in patients with kidney stones was 1.76 (95% CI, 1.24-2.49). The subgroup analysis found that the history of kidney stones was associated with increased RCC risk only in males (RR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.11-1.80]), but not in females (RR, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.86-1.49]). Five studies were selected to assess the association between a history of kidney stones and TCC. The pooled RR of TCC in patients with kidney stones was 2.14 (95% CI, 1.35-3.40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates a significant increased risk of RCC and TCC in patients with prior kidney stones. However, the increased risk of RCC was noted only in male patients. This finding suggests that a history of kidney stones is associated with kidney cancer and may impact clinical management and cancer surveillance.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA cheungpasitporn.wisit@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheungpasitporn
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thongprayoon
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: O'Corragain
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Edmonds
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ungprasert
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kittanamongkolchai
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Erickson
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000209:etiology*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000150:complications*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male