title: Amplitude variation in calibrated audiometer systems in clinical simulations.
abstract: Manual pure tone audiometry is considered to be the gold standard for the assessment of hearing thresholds and has been in consistent use for a long period of time. An increased legislative requirement to monitor and screen workers, and an increasing amount of legislation relating to hearing loss is putting greater reliance on this as a tool. There are a number of questions regarding the degree of accuracy of pure tone audiometry when undertaken in field conditions, particularly relating to the difference in conditions between laboratory calibration and clinical or industrial screening use. This study analyzed the output sound pressure level of four different commercial audiometers, all using TDH39 headphones and each of which had recently undergone calibration at an appropriate laboratory. Levels were measured using a Bruël and Kjaer Head and Torso simulator, which accurately replicates the size and shape of a human head, including the ears. A clinical environment was simulated by a trained audiometrist replacing the headphones for each test. Tests were undertaken at three presentation levels, and at the frequencies of 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz and 6 kHz. The results showed a high level of test-retest variability, both between different audiometers and within the same audiometer. Maximum variation of sound pressure level at the ear for the same tone presentation was 21 decibels, with a particularly high level of variation at 6 kHz for all meters. An audiometer with attenuating cups exhibited significantly higher variation than ones using supral-aural headphones. Overall the variation exhibited suggests that there is a higher degree of potential error with screening pure tone audiometry than is commonly assumed and that results particularly at the 6 kHz frequency need to be assessed carefully alongside other methods such as speech audiometry.
authors.affiliation: School of Technology, Southampton Solent University, Southampton SO14 0RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashmore
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D002138:Calibration; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D013018:Sound Spectrography