title: Rural outreach by specialist doctors in Australia: a national cross-sectional study of supply and distribution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outreach has been endorsed as an important global strategy to promote universal access to health care but it depends on health workers who are willing to travel. In Australia, rural outreach is commonly provided by specialist doctors who periodically visit the same community over time. However information about the level of participation and the distribution of these services nationally is limited. This paper outlines the proportion of Australian specialist doctors who participate in rural outreach, describes their characteristics and assesses how these characteristics influence remote outreach provision.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) survey, collected between June and November 2008. Weighted logistic regression analyses examined the effect of covariates: sex, age, specialist residential location, rural background, practice arrangements and specialist group on rural outreach. A separate logistic regression analysis studied the effect of covariates on remote outreach compared with other rural outreach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4,596 specialist doctors, 19% (n = 909) provided outreach; of which, 16% (n = 149) provided remote outreach. Most (75%) outreach providers were metropolitan specialists. In multivariate analysis, outreach was associated with being male (OR 1.38, 1.12 to 1.69), having a rural residence (both inner regional: OR 2.07, 1.68 to 2.54; and outer regional/remote: OR 3.40, 2.38 to 4.87) and working in private consulting rooms (OR 1.24, 1.01 to 1.53). Remote outreach was associated with increasing 5-year age (OR1.17, 1.05 to 1.31) and residing in an outer regional/remote location (OR 10.84, 5.82 to 20.19). Specialists based in inner regional areas were less likely than metropolitan-based specialists to provide remote outreach (OR 0.35, 0.17 to 0.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a healthy level of interest in rural outreach work, but remote outreach is less common. Whilst most providers are metropolitan-based, rural doctors are more likely to provide outreach services. Remote distribution is influenced differently: inner regional specialists are less likely to provide remote services compared with metropolitan specialists. To benefit from outreach services and ensure adequate remote distribution, we need to promote coordinated delivery of services arising from metropolitan and rural locations according to rural and remote health need.
authors.affiliation: School of Rural Health, Office of Research, Monash University, Level 3, 26 Mercy St, PO Box 666, Bendigo, Victoria 3550, Australia. Belinda.osullivan@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Belinda G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McGrail
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001315:Australia; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010820:Physicians; D011365:Professional Practice Location; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D013038:Specialization; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000078329:Workforce