title: Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal carriage in rural and urban northern Vietnam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen that can colonise the respiratory tract and cause infection. Here we investigate the risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage of S. aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]) in Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February and June 2012, nasal and pharyngeal swabs for S. aureus culture, and demographic and socioeconomic data were taken from 1016 participants in urban and rural northern Vietnam, who were randomly selected from pre-specified age strata.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall S. aureus prevalence was 303/1016 (29.8%; adjusted for age: 33.8%). Carriage in the main cohort was found to be associated with younger age (≤5 years [OR 3.13, CI 1.62-6.03]; 6-12 [OR 6.87, CI 3.95-11.94]; 13-19 [OR 6.47, CI 3.56-11.74]; 20-29 [OR 4.73, CI 2.40-9.31]; 30-59 [OR 1.74, CI 1.04-2.92); with ≥60 as reference), living in an urban area (OR 1.36, CI 1.01-1.83) and antibiotics use (OR 0.69, CI 0.49-0.96). MRSA was detected in 80/1016 (7.9%). Being aged ≤5 years (OR 4.84, CI 1.47-15.97); 6-12 (OR 10.21, CI 3.54-29.50); 20-29 (OR 4.01, CI 1.09-14.77) and wealth (>3/5 wealth index, OR 1.63 CI 1.01-2.62) were significant risk factors for MRSA carriage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. aureus is present in one-third of the Vietnamese population, and is more prevalent among children. Pharyngeal carriage is more common than nasal carriage. Risk factors for S. aureus (including MRSA) carriage are identified in the community.
authors.affiliation: National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Kinh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Nguyen
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Tianying
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Bich Ngoc
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Thi Vu
authors.affiliation: National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Trinh Tuyet
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Dao
authors.affiliation: Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Toan Khanh
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Diep Ngoc
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Thi Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Huong Kieu
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Thi Tran
authors.affiliation: Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Chuc Kim
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Thi Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Horby
authors.affiliation: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Heiman.wertheim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Heiman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wertheim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014505:Urban Population; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Carriage; MRSA; Nose; Staphylococcus aureus; Throat; Vietnam