title: Control values of ovarian cancer tumor markers and standardisation of a protocol for sampling peritoneal fluid and performing washing during laparoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Determination of the tumor marker concentration in peritoneal fluid (PF) may help to assess its potential to detect small concentration changes between benign ovarian pathology and early stage ovarian cancer. Peritoneal washing, which can also be obtained when PF is absent, is already included in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging classification for ovarian cancer but sampling has not yet been standardized. Since our aim was to evaluate the relationship between marker concentration in PF and washing, standardization of the sampling protocol was a prerequisite to ensure reliable results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three women with non-malignant pathology of the reproductive organs were included in the study. We used three promising tumor markers for evaluation of the marker concentration in local fluid: osteopontin (sOPN), splice variant 6 of sCD44 (sCD44-v6) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1). After aspiration of PF, washing of the uterus, ovaries and pelvic peritoneum was performed with saline solution. Patients were divided into two groups based on the solution volume: A-20 ml and B-50 ml. To determine the efficiency of washing in relation to solution volume, washing was repeated three times. Concentrations of markers in samples were determined using flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean concentrations of markers were significantly higher (P <0.001) in PF than in the first washing. We demonstrated a significant positive correlation between marker concentrations in PF and first washing (sOPN: r = 0.447, P = 0.048; sCD44-v6: r = 0.660, P = 0.002; sVCAM-1: r = 0.526, P = 0.017). When using a smaller solution volume for washing, significantly higher (sVCAM-1: 2.5-fold, P = 0.021; sOPN: 3-fold, P = 0.024) or equal (sCD44-v6) mean concentrations of tumor markers were obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our work demonstrates for the first time that concentrations of sOPN, sCD44-v6 and sVCAM-1 in PF correlate with peritoneal washing in women with non-malignant pathology of the reproductive organs. This indicates that, for selected tumor markers, washing can replace PF when PF is absent. A standardized protocol for sampling PF and performing washing during laparoscopy was established.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Galic Jerman
authors.forename: Borut
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kobal
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakimovska
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Verdenik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. katarina.cerne@mf.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cerne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000473:pathology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage; D011379:Prognosis; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C497483:CD44 protein, human; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D053495:Osteopontin