title: Increased levels of exhaled sICAM1, sVCAM1, and sE-selectin in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mortality of lung cancer remains high and methods for early diagnosis are still lacking. Recently, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been considered a potential tool for obtaining biological information leading to a reliable diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the potentials of exhaled and serum concentrations of soluble(s) forms of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM1), and E-selectin as biomarkers for diagnosis and predicting metastasis in NSCLC patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 33 patients with NSCLC, 35 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 30 healthy controls. EBC and serum samples from subjects were collected at the time of diagnosis and, where applicable, 3 months after surgical treatment. Measurements of sICAM1, sVCAM1, and sE-selectin were determined by enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of sICAM1, sVCAM1, and sE-selectin in the EBC and sera of NSCLC patients were significantly elevated compared to COPD patients and healthy controls. The exhaled and serum levels of sICAM1 and sVCAM1, but not sE-selectin, decreased significantly after tumor resection from pre-surgery levels. In addition, analyzed results showed a correlation between exhaled sICAM1 levels and disease progression of NSCLC patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the levels of sICAM1, sVCAM1, and sE-selectin in EBC and sera of NSCLC patients are higher than those of COPD patients or healthy controls. Moreover, exhaled sICAM1 may have prognostic value and potential as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Jianrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Mingxun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: ntcaoxh@163.com.
authors.forename: Xingjian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019040:E-Selectin; C573420:ICAM1 protein, human; C546936:SELE protein, human; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: Exhaled breath condensate; Non-small cell lung cancer; Soluble E-selectin; Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1