title: Endoscopic sinus surgery for treatment of kartagener syndrome: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  KARTAGENER SYNDROME (KS) IS A RARE CONGENITAL DISEASE CHARACTERISED BY A CLINICAL TRIAD OF SYMPTOMS: situs inversus, chronic rhinosinusitis, and bronchiectasis. Although congenital ciliary defect is recognised as the main cause of this syndrome, it remains difficult to treat the associated airway infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 17-year-old female patient presented with repeated refractory airway infection. She also had bronchiectasis and situs inversus. Electron microscopic evaluation of her nasal mucosa revealed ciliary defect and confirmed the diagnosis of KS. She underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) followed by long-term postoperative debridement of the sinonasal cavity. This treatment reduced chronic rhinosinusitis and protected against subsequent airway infection in a 7-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FESS is effective for relieving both chronic rhinosinusitis and lung infection of KS in the long term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xinghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Shixi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: Kartagener syndrome; endoscopy; primary ciliary dyskinesia; sinusitis; surgery