title: Effects of TiO2 nano glass ionomer cements against normal and cancer oral cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) into the glass ionomer cements (GICs) is known to improve their mechanical and antibacterial properties. The present study aimed to investigate the possible cytotoxicity and pro-inflammation effect of three different powdered GICs (base, core build and restorative) prepared with and without titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each GIC was blended with TiO2 nanopowder, anatase phase, particle size <25 nm at 3% and 5% (w/w), and the GIC blocks of cements were prepared in a metal mold. The GICs/TiO2 nanoparticles cements were smashed up with a mortar and pestle to a fine powder, and then subjected to the sterilization by autoclaving. Human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HCS-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, Ca9-22) and human normal oral cells [gingival fibroblast (HGF), pulp (HPC) and periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF)] were incubated with different concentrations of GICs in the presence or absence of TiO2 nanoparticles, and the viable cell number was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Prostaglandin E2 was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Changes in fine cell structure were assessed by transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cancer cells exhibited moderate cytotoxicity after 48 h of incubation, regardless of the type of GIC and the presence or absence of TiO2 NPs. GICs induced much lower cytotoxicity against normal cells, but induced prostaglandin E2 production, in a synergistic wanner with interleukin-1β.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows acceptable to moderate biocompatibility of GICs impregnated with TiO2 nanoparticles, as well as its pro-inflammatory effects at higher concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Dental and Advanced Studies Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan sakagami@dent.meikai.ac.jp dentist.garcia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Contreras
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rogelio J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scougall-Vilchis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Contreras-Bulnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Electron Microscopy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Biomaterials Science, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan sakagami@dent.meikai.ac.jp dentist.garcia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakagami
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Glass ionomer cements; TiO2 nanoparticles; cytotoxicity; prostaglandin E2