title: Evaluation of five antibiotics on larval gut bacterial diversity of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae).
abstract: Larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), have rich microbial communities inhabiting the gut, and these bacteria contribute to the fitness of the pest. In this study we evaluated the effects of five antibiotics (rifampicin, ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin sulfate and chloramphenicol) on the gut bacterial diversity of P. xylostella larvae. We screened five different concentrations for each antibiotic in a leaf disc assay, and found that rifampicin and streptomycin sulfate at 3 mg/mL significantly reduced the diversity of the bacterial community, and some bacterial species could be rapidly eliminated. The number of gut bacteria in the rifampicin group and streptomycin sulfate group decreased more rapidly than the others. With the increase of antibiotic concentration, the removal efficiency was improved, whereas toxic effects became more apparent. All antibiotics reduced larval growth and development, and eventually caused high mortality, malformation of the prepupae, and hindered pupation and adult emergence. Among the five antibiotics, tetracycline was the most toxic and streptomycin sulfate was a relatively mild one. Some dominant bacteria were not affected by feeding antibiotics alone. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis graph showed that the most abundant and diverse bacteria in P. xylostella larval gut appeared in the cabbage feeding group, and diet change and antibiotics intake influenced gut flora abundance. Species diversity was significantly reduced in the artificial diet and antibiotics treatment groups. After feeding on the artificial diet with rifampicin, streptomycin sulfate and their mixture for 10 days, larval gut bacteria could not be completely removed as detected with the agarose gel electrophoresis method.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Qin-Jian
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Tong-Xian
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D001937:Brassica; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D004032:Diet; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: PCR-DGGE; antibiotics; endosymbiont; gut bacteria; microbes