title: Friendlessness and theory of mind: a prospective longitudinal study.
abstract: Chronic friendlessness in childhood predicts adverse mental health outcomes throughout life, yet its earliest roots are poorly understood. In theory, developing a theory of mind (ToM) should help children gain mutual friends and one preschool study (Peterson & Siegal, 2002. Br J Dev Psychol, 20, 205) suggested a cross-sectional connection. We therefore used a 2-year prospective longitudinal design to explore ToM as a predictor of mutual friendship in 114 children from age 5 to 7 years after controlling potential confounds including language ability and group popularity. Confirming friendship's distinctiveness from group sociometric status, numerous group-rejected children (53%) had a mutual friend whereas 23% of those highest in group status did not. Five-year-olds with a mutual friend significantly outperformed their friendless peers on a comprehensive ToM battery (basic and advanced false belief). Longitudinally, chronically friendless 7-year-olds (no friends at either testing time) stood out for their exceptionally poor Time 1 ToM understanding even after controlling for group popularity, age, and language skill. Extending previous evidence of ToM's predictive links with later social and cognitive outcomes, these results for mutual friendship suggest possible interventions to help reduce the lifelong mental health costs of chronic friendlessness.
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Elian
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Begeer
authors.forename: Candida C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slaughter
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Rosnay
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: early childhood; false belief understanding; friendship; longitudinal; sociometric peer popularity; theory of mind