title: Association of obesity in early adulthood and middle age with incipient left ventricular dysfunction and structural remodeling: the CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and its 25-year change to left ventricular (LV) structure and function.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Longstanding obesity may be associated with clinical cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Whether obesity relates to cardiac dysfunction during young adulthood and middle age has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adult) study enrolled white and black adults ages 18 to 30 years in 1985 to 1986 (Year-0). At Year-25, cardiac function was assessed by conventional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). Twenty-five-year change in BMI (classified as low: <27 kg/m(2) and high: ≥27 kg/m(2)) was categorized into 4 groups (Low-Low, High-Low, Low-High, and High-High). Multiple linear regression was used to quantify the association between categorical changes in BMI (Low-Low as reference) with LV structural and functional parameters obtained in middle age, adjusting for baseline and 25-year change in risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean BMI was 24.4 kg/m(2) in 3,265 participants included at Year-0. Change in BMI adjusted for risk factors was directly associated with incipient myocardial systolic dysfunction assessed by STE (High-High: β-coefficient = 0.67; Low-High: β-coefficient = 0.35 for longitudinal peak systolic strain) and diastolic dysfunction assessed by TDI (High-High: β-coefficient = -074; Low-High: β-coefficient = -0.45 for e') and STE (High-High: β-coefficient = -0.06 for circumferential early diastolic strain rate). Greater BMI was also significantly associated with increased LV mass/height (High-High: β-coefficient = 26.11; Low-High: β-coefficient = 11.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longstanding obesity from young adulthood to middle age is associated with impaired LV systolic and diastolic function assessed by conventional echocardiography, TDI, and STE in a large biracial cohort of adults age 43 to 55 years.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Anderson C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, Delaware.
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gidding
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Colangelo
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Bharath A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: J Jeffery
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: jlima@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: João A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: echocardiography; left ventricular function; left ventricular remodeling; obesity; risk factors; speckle tracking echocardiography; tissue Doppler imaging