title: [Study on the reorganization of standards related to food contact ceramics and porcelains].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To solve the problem of overlap, iterance and conflict among current standards related to food contact ceramics and porcelains.
  
  
  METHODS
  To collect all the current standards related to food contact ceramics and porcelains and reorganize them following the settled principles and method and list the standards that need to be revoked, revised, incorporated, or keep valid and excluded from the food safety standard system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  19 standards were collected in this study and reorganized. The main food safety indexes in these standards were the limits for lead and cadmium that released from food contact ceramics and porcelains. There were released limits for lead and cadmium in 10 standards, including 4 horizontal standards and 6 commodity standards. The provisions in these 10 standards were in conflict. And as a result of this, the 4 horizontal standards were suggested to be incorporated and revised to one food safety standard, while the 6 commodity standards were suggested to be revised and exclude the lead and cadmium provisions. Another 7 commodity standards only referenced provisions for lead and cadmium limits from horizontal standards, and these 7 standards were suggested to be excluded from food safety standard system. There were no food safety indexes in 2 standards of the 19 standards, these standards were considered not related to food safety and no need to be reorganized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were conflicts about the released limits of lead and cadmium among the current standards related to food contact ceramics and porcelains. So, it is necessary to a set up a new food safety standard for released lead and cadmium permissible limits which can apply to all food contact ceramics and porcelains. This food safety standard should be based on food safety risk assessment and the actual situations of manufacture and usage of food contact ceramics and porcelains. The provisions in international standards and relative standards from other countries can also provide references to this standard.
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhutian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium; D002516:Ceramics; D005502:Food; D059022:Food Safety; D061353:Food Storage; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium