title: Distribution of Zelus longipes (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in south Florida corn fields and its functional response to corn-infesting picture-winged flies (Diptera: Ulidiidae).
abstract: The milkweed assassin bug, Zelus longipes (L.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), is a generalist predator and a potential biological control agent of picture-winged flies (Diptera: Ulidiidae), which cause considerable economic damage to sweet corn yields in Florida. We studied the potential of Z. longipes as a biocontrol agent of four ulidiid pests in corn fields: Euxesta stigmatias Loew, Euxesta eluta Loew, Euxesta annonae F., and Chaetopsis massyla Walker. Within-plant and within-field distributions of Z. longipes and ulidiids and functional responses of Z. longipes to ulidiid prey were determined. Highest numbers of Z. longipes and ulidiids in the R1, R2, and R3 corn stages were generally in the basal or middle leaves at 09:00 h EST, ears at 13:00 h EST, and top and tassel at 17:00 h EST. Hence, there seemed to be a coordinated migration of Z. longipes and ulidiids from the lowest to the highest parts of the corn plant during the day. Within the corn field, aggregated (clumped) distributions were most common for Z. longipes and ulidiids especially in the later R2 and R3 stages based on Taylor's power law, Iwao's patchiness regression, index of dispersion, and Lloyd's patchiness indices of dispersion. However, predator and prey populations were lower in the R1 stage, and there were inconsistent results for dispersion indices among times of day and between predators and prey. Ulidiid distributions in R1 were mostly regular (uniform) at 13:00 h EST, but aggregated at 09:00 h and 17:00 h. However, Z. longipes R1 distributions were mostly aggregated at 13:00 h, but random or regular at 09:00 h and 17:00 h EST. Handling times for male and female Z. longipes were 1.0-1.39 h and 0.67-0.97 h, respectively, and each had a type II functional response to E. stigmatias, E. eluta, and E. annonae and consumed about five flies per day. Although the population abundance of Z. longipes can vary between seasons, it appears to be a promising biocontrol agent of ulidiid flies in corn.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC), 18905 SW 280th St., Homestead, FL 33031, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalsi
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Seal
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Nuessly
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Capinera
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D004175:Diptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009758:Nymph / Q000502:physiology; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D020064:Reduviidae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development