title: The effect of eccentric exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness on positioning sense and shooting percentage in wheelchair basketball players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eccentric exercise is defined as a type of exercise in which the muscle produces power by extending. In contrast to isometric and concentric exercises, eccentric muscle activity is much more effective mechanically; however, it may expose the muscle to soreness. Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) emerges a couple of hours after an eccentric activity, especially in individuals who are not used to this kind of exercise, and causes a temporary decrease in muscle performance, joint movement angle and muscle power, and also a temporary increase in the blood creatine kinase (CK) activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the effect of DOMS on the upper extremities motor performance by conducting an eccentric exercise load on the elbow flexor muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 10 wheelchair basketball players. First, the participants underwent blood CK activity, positioning sense, muscle pain, shooting performance measurements tests at the base, and after 30 minutes and 24 and 48 hours. Then, one week later, the one-repetition-maximums of biceps curls were determined in order to define the intensity of the eccentric exercise. An eccentric exercise protocol which would cause DOMS was applied to all players. All tests were replaced with acute exhaustive eccentric exercise; the same tests were repeated in the same order after the exercise. Blood CK activity was measured by taking an earlobe capillary blood sample. The muscle pain level was measured by using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Positioning sense loss was assessed via goniometer at 30º, 60° and 90° degrees horizontally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study found a statistically significant increase in blood CK activity and positioning sense loss, and a decrease in the pressure-pain threshold, as well as the shooting percentages in the exercise group when compared with the control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that DOMS negatively affects the upper extremities motor performance of wheelchair basketball players at least 48 hours after eccentric exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Akif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Serinken
authors.affiliation: Department of Coaching Education, Dokuz Eylül University School of Sport Sciences and Technology, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Celal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gençoğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Berkant Muammer
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kayatekin
keywords: Delayed-onset muscle soreness; positioning sense; shooting percentage; wheelchair basketball