title: Increases in interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma levels is progressive in immature rats with varicocele.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pre-pubertal varicocele can result in hypotrophy of testes, progressive deterioration of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia cell number, decrease in seminiferous diameter and cause to sperm damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because of detrimental time-dependent effects of varicocele, this study describes the effects of varicocele on the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma in serum and testis tissue, seminiferous tubules diameter, number of Sertoli and spermatogonia cells, testis and epididymis weight and volume and sperm indices in immature rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six immature rats (5-6 weeks) were assigned into six groups: three sham groups and three varicocele groups. Serum, testis, and sperm samples were collected at 9, 11, and 13 weeks after induction of varicocele or sham operation to evaluate histological parameters and levels of cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Varicocele significantly caused an increase in serum and testis IL-6 and interferon-gamma, compared to related sham groups and previous varicocele groups (P < 0.05). Varicocele significantly decreased Sertoli cells and spermatogonia cell number with increasing varicocele time (P < 0.05). In the evaluation of seminiferous tubules diameter, the external, internal, and epithelium diameter were decreased compared to sham-related groups and previous varicocele groups. In the all varicocele groups, all types of sperm motility decreased compared to the related sham-operated group (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests varicocele has a detrimental, time-dependent effect on cytokines levels and decreases Sertoli cells, spermatogonia cell number, seminiferous tubules diameter, and sperm indices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Poursina Ave, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, Habibi_b@razi.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Habibi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seifi
authors.forename: S M-H N
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mougahi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ojaghi
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sadeghipour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D004822:Epididymis / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D051381:Rats; D055101:Semen Analysis; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules / Q000473:pathology*; D012708:Sertoli Cells / Q000473:pathology; D013093:Spermatogonia; D013737:Testis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D007371:Interferon-gamma