title: Multi-commutated fluorometric optosensor for the determination of citrinin in rice and red yeast rice supplements.
abstract: Citrinin is a toxic secondary metabolite first isolated from Penicillium citrinum, although is also produced by other species of Penicillium and Aspergillus. It has highly toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties and is often found in crops, vegetables and fruit. To our knowledge there is no specific legislation on maximum levels permitted for citrinin, so no official analytical method is currently available for its determination. Our laboratory developed a fluorometric flow-through optosensor using Sephadex SPC-25 as solid support. Multi-commutated flow injection analysis was used for the construction of the manifold and for handling solutions. In this way, we minimised waste generation and human intervention, which are critical aspects when dealing with highly toxic compounds such as citrinin. The optimum excitation/emission wavelengths were set at 330/494 nm; the calibration curve was linear in the concentration range 35-900 ng ml⁻¹. A detection limit of 10.5 ng ml⁻¹ and relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 3% were obtained. The developed optosensor was applied to the determination of citrinin in rice and dietary supplements containing red yeast rice.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences , University of Jaén , Jaén , Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiménez-López
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Llorent-Martínez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ortega-Barrales
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Medina
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; D057205:Automation, Laboratory; D002138:Calibration; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002953:Citrinin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D005285:Fermentation; D005470:Fluorometry; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D005513:Food Inspection / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D032741:Monascus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics / Q000382:microbiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D002953:Citrinin
keywords: food; luminescence; multi-commutation; mycotoxin; rice; solid-phase spectroscopy