title: An evaluation of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of melamine in combination with cyanuric acid at three mass ratios.
abstract: Melamine in combination with cyanuric acid has been considered to be more toxic than either melamine or cyanuric acid alone. The objective of this study was designed to evaluate the combined genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of melamine (M) and cyanuric acid (C) at three mass ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). MC (1:1), MC (1:2), and MC (2:1) were evaluated for their potential genotoxic risk, at gene level by Ames test, and at chromosomal level by micronucleus test. In order to evaluate cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells, the MTT assay was included. Western blot was also employed to investigate the renal injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) expression in HEK-293 cells exposed to MC. Neither genotoxicity at gene level nor at chromosomal level was observed for MC (1:1), MC (1:2), and MC (2:1). Based on MTT assay, three ratios of MC at 82.5 and 165 µg/mL slightly inhibited viability of HEK-293 cells (P<0.05). MC (1:1) at 41.25 and 82.50 µg/mL could elevate the Kim-1 expression in HEK-293 cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Da Wei
authors.initials: da W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Ke Jia
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China; China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Yong Ning
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Xi Wu
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Processing of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Zhi Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D014227:Triazines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D014227:Triazines; C004632:cyanuric acid; C011907:melamine