title: In vivo imaging of the time-dependent apparent diffusional kurtosis in the human calf muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the time dependency of apparent diffusion coefficient Dapp and apparent diffusional kurtosis Kapp in vivo in the human calf.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diffusion-weighted images of five healthy male volunteers were acquired using a 1.5T MR scanner. A stimulated echo sequence with echo planar imaging readout was used with diffusion gradients oriented along the three main axes. Mixing times (TM) of 100, 300, 500, and 700 ms and b-values ranging from 0 to 5600 s/mm(2) were used. Dapp and Kapp were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dapp and Kapp decreased with increasing TM. As an example for absolute values, Dapp of the tibialis anterior drops from 1.18 ± 0.04 μm(2) /ms (TM = 100 ms) to 0.86 ± 0.02 μm(2) /ms (TM = 700 ms) (P = 0.001) and Kapp from 0.38 ± 0.06 to 0.32 ± 0.03 (P = 0.046) for a diffusion weighting along the left-right direction. Kapp was smaller than 0.43 in all muscles and at all TMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clearly observed time-dependence of Dapp and Kapp is an indicator of restricted diffusion in muscle tissue and may thus be a promising marker to investigate alterations of the microstructure. Compared to typical kurtosis values in white matter tissue of the brain, the kurtosis in muscle tissue is much smaller, which we attribute to the absence of the almost impermeable myelin sheath.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Marschar
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tristan Anselm
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kuder
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Imaging Based Disease Characterization, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stieltjes
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Armin Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bachert
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.|Quantitative Imaging Based Disease Characterization, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Frederik Bernd
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Laun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: calf muscle; diffusion; kurtosis; time-dependence