title: Historical occupational trichloroethylene air concentrations based on inspection measurements from Shanghai, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a carcinogen that has been linked to kidney cancer and possibly other cancer sites including non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Its use in China has increased since the early 1990s with China's growing metal, electronic, and telecommunications industries. We examined historical occupational TCE air concentration patterns in a database of TCE inspection measurements collected in Shanghai, China to identify temporal trends and broad contrasts among occupations and industries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a database of 932 short-term, area TCE air inspection measurements collected in Shanghai worksites from 1968 through 2000 (median year 1986), we developed mixed-effects models to evaluate job-, industry-, and time-specific TCE air concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Models of TCE air concentrations from Shanghai work sites predicted that exposures decreased 5-10% per year between 1968 and 2000. Measurements collected near launderers and dry cleaners had the highest predicted geometric means (GM for 1986 = 150-190 mg m(-3)). The majority (53%) of the measurements were collected in metal treatment jobs. In a model restricted to measurements in metal treatment jobs, predicted GMs for 1986 varied 35-fold across industries, from 11 mg m(-3) in 'other metal products/repair' industries to 390 mg m(-3) in 'ships/aircrafts' industries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCE workplace air concentrations appeared to have dropped over time in Shanghai, China between 1968 and 2000. Understanding differences in TCE concentrations across time, occupations, and industries may assist future epidemiologic studies in China.
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA friesenmc@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Locke
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Coble
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA 2.Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC , Arlington, VA 22207, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: Bu-Tian
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bassig
authors.affiliation: 3.Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control, 1380 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: Shouzheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA 4.Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Wong-Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Purdue
authors.affiliation: 1.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.affiliation: 5.Environmental and Occupational Health Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D002681:China; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012997:Solvents / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D013997:Time Factors; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history*; D017132:Workplace / Q000266:history*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D002273:Carcinogens; D008670:Metals; D012997:Solvents; D014241:Trichloroethylene
keywords: China; occupational exposures; population-based studies; statistical model; trichloroethylene