title: Mental health and alcohol use: a cross-sectional study of the Finnish general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The connections between alcohol use, mental health problems and mental well-being have been under-researched. We examined the links between different aspects of alcohol use and positive and negative aspects of mental health, and the effect of protective social factors on these links.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional general population survey of Finns aged 15-69 years was carried out in 2008 (n = 2725, response rate 74%). The included aspects of alcohol use were the frequency and volume of drinking, binge drinking and hazardous drinking using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The included aspects of mental health were subjective well-being (life satisfaction), self-efficacy (sense of mastery) and psychological distress using the General Health Questionnaire. The protective social factors examined were social support (loneliness, having a confidant) and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Binge drinking and, particularly, hazardous drinking were associated with different aspects of mental health. The proportion of respondents with poor mental well-being increased when binge drinking was more frequent than monthly, and when respondents scored ≥6 on the AUDIT scale. Abstainers reported poor sense of mastery and former drinkers additionally reported poor satisfaction with life. Frequency and volume of drinking did not have a consistent connection with mental health. These associations between alcohol use and mental health did not depend on the protective social factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent binge drinking and alcohol problems are associated with poor mental health, especially with a lack of life satisfaction and psychological distress. This result applies equally to lower and higher social status groups.
authors.affiliation: 1 National Institute for Health and Welfare THL, Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, Helsinki, Finland pia.makela@thl.fi.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.affiliation: 1 National Institute for Health and Welfare THL, Department of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsimarja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raitasalo
authors.affiliation: 2 The Finnish Association for Mental Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wahlbeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D055815:Young Adult