title: Toxicity of anthelmintic drugs (fenbendazole and flubendazole) to aquatic organisms.
abstract: Flubendazole (FLU) and fenbendazole (FEN) belong to benzimidazoles-pharmaceuticals widely used in veterinary and human medicine for the treatment of intestinal parasites as well as for the treatment of systemic worm infections. In recent years, usage of these drugs increased, which resulted in a larger contamination of the environment and possible negative effects on biota. Hence, in our research, we investigated an aquatic ecotoxicity of these pharmaceuticals towards: marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), green algae (Scenedesmus vacuolatus), duckweed (Lemna minor) and crustacean (Daphnia magna). Ecotoxicity tests were combined with chemical analysis in order to investigate the actual exposure concentration of the compounds used in the experiment as well as to stability and adsorption studies. As a result, study evaluating sensitivity of different aquatic organisms to these compounds and new ecotoxicological data is presented. The strongest negative impact of FLU and FEN was observed to D. magna.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagil
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Białk-Bielińska
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puckowski
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wychodnik
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maszkowska
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mulkiewicz
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumirska
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stepnowski
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stolte
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000633:toxicity*; D029064:Araceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005273:Fenbendazole / Q000633:toxicity*; D008463:Mebendazole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D044444:Scenedesmus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005273:Fenbendazole; D008463:Mebendazole; C018945:flubendazole