title: Efficacy and safety of endovascular intervention for the management of primary entire-inferior vena cava occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to investigate the safety and efficacy of endovascular intervention for the treatment of primary entire-inferior vena cava (IVC) occlusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endovascular interventions were performed in six patients for the treatment of primary entire-IVC occlusion. IVC and hepatic venography were performed via the jugular and femoral veins. Balloon angioplasty was used to revascularize the hepatic vein and IVC and a stent was placed in the IVC to maintain patency. Postoperative color Doppler ultrasonography was performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, and then annually, to monitor the patency of the hepatic vein and IVC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IVC and one or two hepatic veins were successfully revascularized in five patients. Revascularization was successful in the right and left hepatic veins in one patient; however, IVC patency could not be established in this patient. Eleven Z-type, self-expanding stents were placed into the IVCs of five patients (three stents in two patients, two stents in two patients, and one stent in one patient). There were no instances of postoperative bleeding or mortality. Follow-up was conducted for 18-90 months (42.8 ± 26.5 months). None of the five patients suffered restenosis of the IVC or hepatic veins. However, there was one of the six cases of right hepatic vein restenosis at 18 months postprocedure that was revascularized after a second balloon dilatation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular intervention is safe and efficacious for the treatment of primary entire-IVC occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu province, China, 1427286069@qq.com.
authors.forename: Qingqiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qianxin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jingmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014654:Vascular Patency; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*