title: Prevalence of abnormal spermatozoa in tobacco chewing sub-fertile males.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the following study is to find out the prevalence of abnormal spermatozoa and associated functional parameters in clinical semen samples of sub-fertile males with the tobacco chewing habit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study was conducted at infertility unit of a tertiary health care center, in a period of 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen of 642 males were analyzed; of them 194 men (30.2%) were tobacco chewers and they were grouped according to their intensity of chewing (<10 and ≥ 10 packets/day). Counts, motility, vitality, and morphology of sperms were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In tobacco chewers, 66% of subjects were oligozoospermic, 85% asthenozoospermic and 28% teratozoospermic. Sperm counts (odds ratio [OR] =2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-3.09), motility (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 2.05-4.9), and normal morphology (OR = 8.4; 95% CI: 4.9-14.6) were significantly affected (P = 0.001) in tobacco chewers than the non-chewing group. Further, in comparison to the intensity of tobacco chewing, patients with the intensive practice of using ≥10 packets/day had a significant effect on sperm morphology (P = 0.003, OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.41-5.08) only. Structural defects in head (P = 0.001) and cytoplasmic residues (P = 0.001) were found to be positively correlated with the intensive chewing, but no significant changes were found in anomalies in mid-piece and tail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adverse impact of tobacco chewing on semen parameters was evident even with mild chewers, but with the intensive chewing practice, phenotypes of sperms, mainly defects in the head and cytoplasmic residue were severely affected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Center for Human Reproduction, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Priyadarsini
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sunanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Center for Human Reproduction, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Babita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Center for Human Reproduction, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Chidananda
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Nano-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Priyadarshi K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Rabindra N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Padhy
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Production and Environment Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Padmanav
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Routray
keywords: Cytoplasmic residues; head defect; motility; sperm count; tobacco chewing