title: How and why of orthodontic bond failures: An in vivo study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The bonding of orthodontic brackets and their failure rates by both direct and in-direct procedures are well-documented in orthodontic literature. Over the years different adhesive materials and various indirect bonding transfer procedures have been compared and evaluated for bond failure rates. The aim of our study is to highlight the use of a simple, inexpensive and ease of manipulation of a single thermo-plastic transfer tray and the use the of a single light cure adhesive to evaluate the bond failure rates in clinical situations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 patients were randomly divided into two groups (Group A and Group B). A split-mouth study design was used, for, both the groups so that they were distributed equally with-out bias. After initial prophylaxis, both the procedures were done as per manufactures instructions. All patients were initially motivated and reviewed for bond failures rates for 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bond failure rates were assessed for over-all direct and indirect procedures, anterior and posterior arches, and for individual tooth. Z-test was used for statistically analyzing, the normal distribution of the sample in a spilt mouth study. The results of the two groups were compared and P value was calculated using Z-proportion test to assess the significance of the bond failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over-all bond failure was more for direct bonding. Anterior bracket failure was more in-direct bonding than indirect procedure, which showed more posterior bracket failures. In individual tooth bond failure, mandibular incisor, and premolar brackets showed more failure, followed by maxillary premolars and canines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Avarampalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Avarampalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Raju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jagadeep
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Avarampalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Fayyaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Avarampalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Aprose
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Avarampalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suresh
keywords: Bond failure; split-mouth design; thermo-plastic transfer tray