title: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module.
abstract: We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN.
authors.affiliation: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: victor_rosenthal@inicc.org.
authors.forename: Víctor Daniel
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Dennis George
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.affiliation: Medanta The Medicity, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Yatin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
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authors.lastname: Leblebicioglu
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ziad Ahmed
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Memish
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, City of Kuwait, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Haifaa Hassan
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Al-Mousa
authors.affiliation: King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hanan
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authors.lastname: Balkhy
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bijie
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authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Hospital Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Alexandrino
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.affiliation: Thammasat University Hospital, Pratumthani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Anucha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apisarnthanarak
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health of Kosova and Medical School, Prishtina University, Prishtina, Kosova.
authors.forename: Lul
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authors.lastname: Raka
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Luis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cuellar
authors.affiliation: The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Altaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: St Luke's Medical Center, Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Josephine Anne
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Navoa-Ng
authors.affiliation: Children Hospital Cairo University Abu el Reesh, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amani Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Kholy
authors.affiliation: American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Souha Sami
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kanj
authors.affiliation: Central State Hospital 1, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Ider
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bat-Erdene
authors.affiliation: Wroclaw University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wieslawa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duszynska
authors.affiliation: Hung Vuong Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Truong
authors.affiliation: Hospital Eugenio Espejo, Hospital de los Valles, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Leonardo N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Pazmino
authors.affiliation: University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Lucy Chai
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: See-Lum
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clínica Bíblica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernández-Hidalgo
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di-Silvestre
authors.affiliation: Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zand
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Central Military Hospital Ruzomberok, Catholic University in Ruzomberok, Ružomberok, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Sona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hlinkova
authors.affiliation: Privolzhskiy District Medical Center, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Belskiy
authors.affiliation: Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Hussain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Rahma
authors.affiliation: Hospital de especialidades del Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
authors.forename: Marco Tulio
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Luque-Torres
authors.affiliation: Burhan Nalbantoğlu Devlet Hastanesi, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Nesil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bayraktar
authors.affiliation: Special Hospital for Surgical Diseases Filip Vtori, Skopje, Macedonia.
authors.forename: Zan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mitrev
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Vaidotas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gurskis
authors.affiliation: National University Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Dale
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authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ilham Bulos
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Abu-Khader
authors.affiliation: Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berechid
authors.affiliation: Hospital Episcopal San Lucas Guayama, Guayama, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Arnaldo
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authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes" Clinical County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania.
authors.forename: Florin George
authors.initials: FG
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authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Gral. Calixto García, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Osiel
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authors.lastname: Requejo-Pino
authors.affiliation: University Hospital "Queen Giovanna-ISUL", Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Nassya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hadjieva
authors.affiliation: Hôpital d'Enfants, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Nejla
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authors.lastname: Ben-Jaballah
authors.affiliation: Hospital Santo Tomás, Panama, Panama.
authors.forename: Elías
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Mayorca
authors.affiliation: Caja de Salud de la Banca Privada Reg. La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kushner-Dávalos
authors.affiliation: Institute for Mother Child Health Care "Vukan Čupić", Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Srdjan
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authors.lastname: Pasic
authors.affiliation: Hospital Regional Salto, Salto, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Luis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Pedrozo-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Sotiria, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni
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authors.lastname: Apostolopoulou
authors.affiliation: Hospital General de la Plaza de la Salud, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
authors.forename: Nepomuceno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mejía
authors.affiliation: Royal Care International Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: May Osman
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Gamar-Elanbya
authors.affiliation: Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Kushlani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jayatilleke
authors.affiliation: Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamin Bloom, San Salvador, El Salvador.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Lourdes-Dueñas
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guadalupe
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authors.lastname: Aguirre-Avalos
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Bloodstream infection; Catheter-associated urinary tract infection; Central line–associated bloodstream infections; Developing countries; Device-associated infection; Health care–associated infection; Hospital infection; Limited resources countries; Low income countries; Network; Nosocomial infection; Urinary tract infection; Ventilator-associated pneumonia