title: Enhanced repellency of binary mixtures of Calophyllum inophyllum nut oil fatty acids or their esters and three terpenoids to Stomoxys calcitrans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An assessment was made of the repellency to female stable flies of tamanu nut oil fatty acids or their esters alone (each 0.5 mg cm(-2) ) or in combination with cuminyl alcohol, cuminaldehyde and α-phellandrene (each 0.25 mg cm(-2) ), using an exposed human hand bioassay. Results were compared with those of synthetic repellent DEET (0.25 mg cm(-2) ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based upon protection time (PT) (time to first bite of stable fly), oleic acid, linoleic acid, methyl oleate or methyl linoleate synergised the repellency of each monoterpenoid and DEET. For example, the binary mixture of oleic acid and cuminyl alcohol (PT 2.05 h) resulted in significantly greater repellency than either oleic acid (0.55 h), cuminyl alcohol (0.70 h) or DEET alone (1.50 h). The binary mixtures of oleic acid and cuminyl alcohol or DEET (PT 2.10 h) did not differ significantly in repellency. The structure-activity relationship indicates that the degree of saturation, the side chain length and the functional group of fatty acids appear to play a role in determining the fatty acid repellency to stable flies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mixtures formulated from fatty acid and monoterpenoid could be useful as potential repellents for protecting humans and possibly domestic animals from bites caused by stable fly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biotechnology and Biotransformation, Faculty of Biology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tran Trung
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hieu
authors.affiliation: National Instrumentation Centre for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Won Sil
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Nareso Co., Ltd, Bio Venture Valley, Seoul National University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soon-Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Mo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.|Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029759:Calophyllum / Q000737:chemistry*; D003671:DEET / Q000494:pharmacology; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009117:Muscidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007302:Insect Repellents; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; D003671:DEET
keywords: Calophyllum inophyllum; fatty acid; natural insect repellent; stable fly; structure-activity relationship; synergy