title: Self-reported eating rate and metabolic syndrome in Japanese people: cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between self-reported eating rate and metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual health checkup at a health check service centre in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 56,865 participants (41,820 male and 15,045 female) who attended a health checkup in 2011 and reported no history of coronary heart disease or stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic syndrome was defined by the joint of interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multiple logistic regression models, eating rate was significantly and positively associated with metabolic syndrome. The multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CI) for slow, normal and fast were 0.70 (0.62 to 0.79), 1.00 (reference) and 1.61 (1.53 to 1.70), respectively, in men (p for trend <0.001), and 0.74 (0.60 to 0.91), 1.00 (reference) and 1.27 (1.13 to 1.43), respectively, in women (p for trend <0.001). Of metabolic syndrome components, abdominal obesity showed the strongest association with eating rate. The associations of eating rate and metabolic syndrome and its components were largely attenuated after further adjustment for body mass index; however, the association of slow eating with lower odds of high blood pressure (men and women) and hyperglycaemia (men) and that of fast eating with higher odds of lipid abnormality (men) remained statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that eating rate is associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome and that this association is largely accounted for by the difference in body mass according to eating rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satsue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagahama
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurotani
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Ngoc Minh
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanri
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.affiliation: All Japan Labor Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishiwaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizoue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D057566:Self Report; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH