title: Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in relation to renal cell carcinoma incidence and survival in the EPIC cohort.
abstract: Normal renal function is essential for vitamin D metabolism, but it is unclear whether circulating vitamin D is associated with risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We assessed whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) was associated with risk of RCC and death after RCC diagnosis in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). EPIC recruited 385,747 participants with blood samples between 1992 and 2000. The current study included 560 RCC cases, 557 individually matched controls, and 553 additional controls. Circulating 25(OH)D3 was assessed by mass spectrometry. Conditional and unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Death after RCC diagnosis was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models and flexible parametric survival models. A doubling of 25(OH)D3 was associated with 28% lower odds of RCC after adjustment for season of and age at blood collection, sex, and country of recruitment (odds ratio = 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.60, 0.86; P = 0.0004). This estimate was attenuated somewhat after additional adjustment for smoking status at baseline, circulating cotinine, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)), and alcohol intake (odds ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.68, 0.99; P = 0.038). There was also some indication that both low and high 25(OH)D3 levels were associated with higher risk of death from any cause among RCC cases.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Anouar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fanidi
authors.forename: Øivind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Midttun
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dossus
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boutron-Ruault
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Severi
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Katzke
authors.forename: Ramón Alonso
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: María-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Miren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorronsoro
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santiuste
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barricarte
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giotaki
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trichopoulos
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: Petra H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Börje
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wennberg
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
authors.forename: Per Magne
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002112:Calcifediol
keywords: nested case-control study; prospective study; renal cell carcinoma; vitamin D