title: Harm reduction and knowledge exchange-a qualitative analysis of drug-related Internet discussion forums.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are continuously and increasingly appearing on the international drug market. Global Internet forums are a publicly available reality where users anonymously discuss and share information about NPS. The aim of this study was to explore and characterize the discussions about NPS on international Internet forums.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most post-frequent NPS discussions were collected from three "leading edge" international Internet forums. A total of 13,082 posts from 60 threads of discussion were systematically examined and interpreted to reveal recurring topics and patterns. Each thread was coded with emerging topics and supporting quotations from the data set. Eventually, codes with coherent meaning were arranged into 51 broader categories of abstraction, which were combined into four overarching themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four themes emerged during the analysis: (1) uncovering the substance facts, (2) dosage and administration, (3) subjectively experienced effects, and (4) support and safety. The first theme dealt primarily with substance identification, pharmacology, and assessed not only purity but also legal status and acquisition. The second theme focused on administration techniques, dose recommendations, technical talk about equipment, and preferred settings for drug use. The third theme involved a multitude of self-reported experiences, in which many different aspects of intoxication were depicted in great detail. The users emphasized both positive and negative experiences. The last theme incorporated the efforts of the communities to prevent and minimize harm by sharing information about potential risks of the harmful effects or contraindications of a substance. Also, online support and guidance were given to intoxicated persons who experienced bad or fearful reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings showed that the discussions were characterized by a social process in which users supported each other and exchanged an extensive and cumulative amount of knowledge about NPS and how to use them safely. Although this publicly available knowledge could entail an increase in drug use, the main characteristics of the discussions in general were a concern for safety and harm reduction, not for recruiting new users. Drug-related Internet forums could be used as a location for drug prevention, as well as a source of information for further research about NPS.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soussan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden. Anette.Kjellgren@kau.se.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kjellgren
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination; D020407:Internet; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D061108:Social Media; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs