title: Fast and sensitive LC-MS/MS method measuring human mycotoxin exposure using biomarkers in urine.
abstract: A direct, fast and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed to measure biomarkers for mycotoxin exposure in human urine. In total, 32 biomarkers were quantitatively or semi-quantitatively measured in 32 urine samples of Belgian volunteers using two injections. All urine samples contained deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide, the major detoxification metabolite of deoxynivalenol, in the ng/mL range. Also deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol-glucuronide were present in, respectively, 90 and 25% of the samples, while deoxynivalenol was detected in 60% of the samples, in lower concentrations. Deoxynivalenol glucuronides were the major biomarkers for deoxynivalenol exposure. Ochratoxin A was detected in 70% of the samples in pg/mL. Citrinin and/or dihydrocitrinone were detected in 90% of the samples, also in concentrations of pg/mL. The presence of ochratoxin A and citrinin was confirmed by a second method using sample cleanup by immunoaffinity columns, followed by LC-MS/MS. Our data show that humans are much more exposed to citrinin than realized before and suggest further work on citrinin exposure in relation with ochratoxin A exposure, as both mycotoxins are nephrotoxic.
authors.affiliation: Unit Toxins and Natural Components, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Unit Toxins and Natural Components, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Debongnie
authors.affiliation: Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uhlig
authors.affiliation: Unit Toxins and Natural Components, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium. alfons.callebaut@coda-cerva.be.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Callebaut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001530:Belgium; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D002953:Citrinin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000652:urine*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000652:urine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020719:Glucuronides; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C573133:deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide; C573134:deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide; C025589:ochratoxin A; D002953:Citrinin; C015142:dihydrocitrinone; C048238:deepoxy-deoxynivalenol; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: Biomarkers; Glucuronides; LC–MS/MS; Mycotoxin exposure; Urine