title: Genetic analysis of DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 loop function in three-dimensional body patterning in Physcomitrella patens.
abstract: DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) of higher plants plays an essential role in position-dependent signaling and consists of a large transmembrane domain (MEM) linked to a protease catalytic domain and a regulatory domain. Here, we show that the postulated sensory Loop of the MEM domain plays an important role in the developmental regulation of DEK1 activity in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Compared with P. patens lacking DEK1 (∆dek1), the dek1∆loop mutant correctly positions the division plane in the bud apical cell. In contrast with an early developmental arrest of ∆dek1 buds, dek1∆loop develops aberrant gametophores lacking expanded phyllids resulting from misregulation of mitotic activity. In contrast with the highly conserved sequence of the protease catalytic domain, the Loop is highly variable in land plants. Functionally, the sequence from Marchantia polymorpha fully complements the dek1∆loop phenotype, whereas sequences from maize (Zea mays) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) give phenotypes with retarded growth and affected phyllid development. Bioinformatic analysis identifies MEM as a member of the Major Facilitator Superfamily, membrane transporters reacting to stimuli from the external environment. Transcriptome analysis comparing wild-type and ∆dek1 tissues identifies an effect on two groups of transcripts connected to dek1 mutant phenotypes: transcripts related to cell wall remodeling and regulation of the AINTEGUMENTA, PLETHORA, and BABY BOOM2 (APB2) and APB3 transcription factors known to regulate bud initiation. Finally, sequence data support the hypothesis that the advanced charophyte algae that evolved into ancestral land plants lost cytosolic calpains, retaining DEK1 as the sole calpain in the evolving land plant lineage.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Demko
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Pierre-François
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Perroud
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Wenche
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Delwiche
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Endymion D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Remme
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Ako Eugene
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ako
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Kugler
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Klaus F X
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.).
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quatrano
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway (V.D., O.-A.O.);Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 (P.-F.P., R.Q.);Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University College, N-2318 Hamar, Norway (W.J., P.R., A.E.A., O.-A.O.);Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (C.F.D., E.D.C.); andMIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (K.G.K., K.F.X.M.) odd-arne.olsen@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Odd-Arne
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019521:Body Patterning; D019068:Bryopsida / Q000235:genetics*; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins