title: CC chemokine ligand 18 correlates with malignant progression of prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) promotes malignant behaviors of various human cancer types. However, its involvement in human prostate cancer has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CCL18 in PCa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of CCL18 at mRNA and protein levels was detected using real-time qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis. We analyzed the associations of CCL18 expression with clinical features of human PCa. The effects of PCa cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis were tested. The efficiency of CCL18 on prostate tumor growth was assessed in a subcutaneous xenograft model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCL18 expression was upregulated (both P < 0.01) in PCa tissues compared with those in noncancerous prostate tissues. CCL18 upregulation was correlated with high Gleason score (P = 0.034) of patients with PCa. rCCL18 stimulation in PCa cells promoted cell migration and invasion but decreased DU145 cells apoptosis rate. Furthermore, subcutaneous homografts models showed the increased tumor growth and tumor vascularization with the CCL18 stimulation, and the expression of Ki67, PCNA, and CD31 in CCL18 stimulation mice was also significantly increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data offer the convincing evidence that the upregulation of CCL18 may be involved in the malignant progression of PCa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Guo
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4069-8311
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Yu-xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou 550002, China.
authors.forename: Jian-guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Yan-fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Ru-jun
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanhua Hospital Affiliated Nanhua University, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China.
authors.forename: Xue-cheng
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Hui-chan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-bang
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Yong-ding
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
authors.forename: Fu-neng
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China ; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
authors.forename: Wei-de
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D064591:Allografts; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D021381:Protein Transport; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C111792:CCL18 protein, human; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D012333:RNA, Messenger