title: Dryland wheat domestication changed the development of aboveground architecture for a well-structured canopy.
abstract: We examined three different-ploidy wheat species to elucidate the development of aboveground architecture and its domesticated mechanism under environment-controlled field conditions. Architecture parameters including leaf, stem, spike and canopy morphology were measured together with biomass allocation, leaf net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE(i)). Canopy biomass density was decreased from diploid to tetraploid wheat, but increased to maximum in hexaploid wheat. Population yield in hexaploid wheat was higher than in diploid wheat, but the population fitness and individual competition ability was higher in diploid wheats. Plant architecture was modified from a compact type in diploid wheats to an incompact type in tetraploid wheats, and then to a more compact type of hexaploid wheats. Biomass accumulation, population yield, harvest index and the seed to leaf ratio increased from diploid to tetraploid and hexaploid, associated with heavier specific internode weight and greater canopy biomass density in hexaploid and tetraploid than in diploid wheat. Leaf photosynthetic rate and WUEi were decreased from diploid to tetraploid and increased from tetraploid to hexaploid due to more compact leaf type in hexaploid and diploid than in tetraploid. Grain yield formation and WUEi were closely associated with spatial stance of leaves and stems. We conclude that the ideotype of dryland wheats could be based on spatial reconstruction of leaf type and further exertion of leaf photosynthetic rate.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Pu-Fang
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Guo
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Bao-Luo
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia; School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Jairo A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Palta
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Chao
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Asfa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Batool
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Feng-Min
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: You-Cai
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D017753:Ecosystem; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011003:Ploidies; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism