title: Methionine deficiency does not increase polyamine turnover through depletion of hepatic S-adenosylmethionine in juvenile Atlantic salmon.
abstract: During the last few decades, plant protein ingredients such as soya proteins have replaced fishmeal in the diets of aquacultured species. This may affect the requirement and metabolism of methionine as soya contains less methionine compared with fishmeal. To assess whether methionine limitation affects decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine availability and polyamine status, in the present study, juvenile Atlantic salmon were fed a methionine-deficient plant protein-based diet or the same diet supplemented with dl-methionine for 8 weeks. The test diets were compared with a fishmeal-based control diet to assess their effects on the growth performance of fish. Methionine limitation reduced growth and protein accretion, but when fish were fed the dl-methionine-supplemented diet their growth and protein accretion equalled those of fish fed the fishmeal-based control diet. Methionine limitation reduced free methionine concentrations in the plasma and muscle, while those in the liver were not affected. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentrations were higher in the liver of fish fed the methionine-deficient diet, while S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations were not affected. Putrescine concentrations were higher and spermine concentrations were lower in the liver of fish fed the methionine-deficient diet, while the gene expression of SAM decarboxylase (SAMdc) and the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was not affected. Polyamine turnover, as assessed by spermine/spermidine acetyltransferase (SSAT) abundance, activity and gene expression, was not affected by treatment. However, the gene expression of the cytokine TNF-α increased in fish fed the methionine-deficient diet, indicative of stressful conditions in the liver. Even though taurine concentrations in the liver were not affected by treatment, methionine and taurine concentrations in muscle decreased due to methionine deficiency. Concomitantly, liver phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations were reduced, while NEFA concentrations were elevated. In conclusion, methionine deficiency did not increase polyamine turnover through depletion of hepatic SAM, as assessed by SSAT activity and abundance.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES),PO Box 2029,N-5817 Bergen,Norway.
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espe
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES),PO Box 2029,N-5817 Bergen,Norway.
authors.forename: Synne Marte
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES),PO Box 2029,N-5817 Bergen,Norway.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology,University of Bergen,PO Box 7803,N-5020 Bergen,Norway.
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rønnestad
authors.affiliation: Nofima,PO Box 210,N-1431Ås,Norway.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Veiseth-Kent
authors.affiliation: Evonik Degussa International AG,Havneparken 2,Vejle DK-7100,Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Zerrahn
authors.affiliation: Ewos Innovation AS,N-4335 Dirdal,Norway.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aksnes
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012437:Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D002149:Energy Intake; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008715:Methionine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009664:Norway; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011700:Putrescine / Q000378:metabolism; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000378:metabolism*; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D013096:Spermine / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain; D000099228:Diamine N-Acetyltransferase
chemical_list: D000123:Acetyltransferases; D012437:Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase; D029941:Fish Proteins; D008715:Methionine; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011073:Polyamines; D011700:Putrescine; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine; D013096:Spermine; D000099228:Diamine N-Acetyltransferase