title: Heterozygous DLX5 nonsense mutation associated with isolated split-hand/foot malformation with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity in two unrelated families.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous limb abnormality characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the central rays of the autopod. SHFM1, which is one out of seven known SHFM loci, maps to 7q21.2-q21.3. SHFM1 is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance, although recessive inheritance has been described for a single family carrying a homozygous DLX5 missense variant. In most cases, SHFM1 results from heterozygous deletions encompassing DLX5/DLX6 genes or from inversions and translocations separating the genes from their limb specific enhancers. Recently, a single Chinese family with dominant SHFM1 was shown to result from a heterozygous DLX5 missense mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we report on four male individuals from two unrelated Polish families (one sporadic and one familial case) presenting with isolated SHFM. We tested both probands for known molecular causes of SHFM, including TP63, WNT10B, DLX5 mutations and copy number changes using 1.4 M array CGH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sanger sequencing of DLX5 revealed a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation c.G115T(p.E39X) in both index patients. Segregation studies demonstrated that the variant was present in all affected family members but also in three apparently healthy relatives (two females and one male).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of a heterozygous DLX5 nonsense mutation resulting in incompletely penetrant autosomal dominant isolated SHFM1. Data shown here provides further evidence for the contribution of DLX5 point mutations to the development of ectrodactyly and suggest the possibility of sex-related segregation distortion with an excess of affected males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sowińska-Seidler
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Badura-Stronka
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Latos-Bieleńska
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stronka
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jamsheer
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006579:Heterozygote; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics*; D011044:Poland; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C100596:DLX5 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: DLX5; SHFM; SHFM1; ectrodactyly; nonsense mutation