title: Levels of HIV-1 in subgingival biofilm of HIV-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the current study were to compare the levels of HIV-1 in the subgingival biofilm (SHVL) between detectable and undetectable plasmatic HIV-1 viral load (PHVL) in HIV-infected patients as well as to determine the association of SHVL with PHVL and clinical periodontal parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one HIV-infected individuals were divided into two groups: detectable (21) and undetectable (20) PHVL. Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained for detection and quantification of HIV-1 by real-time RT-PCR. To estimate the effect of co-variables on the outcome undetectable SHVL, the Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) was employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Detectable SHVL was observed only in the detectable PHVL group and the detection of the HIV-1 was observed in 40% of these individuals. In the bivariate analysis between co-variables from the individual level and the outcome SHVL, significant difference was observed only for the CD4+ T lymphocytes levels (p = 0.017). The multiple logistic model demonstrated that only CD4+ T lymphocytes levels had a significant effect on the outcome undetectable SHVL [OR 8.85 (CI 3.6-9.2), p = 0.002].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-1 can be detected and quantified in the subgingival biofilm of HIV-infected individuals, but these findings are not associated with PHVL and periodontal clinical parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Clinics, Division of Graduate Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.forename: Viviane Tiago
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Rodrigo Carvalho
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Celso Oliveira
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Sandra Regina
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Ana Paula Vieira
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Luciana Jesus
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sansone
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Uzeda
authors.forename: Lucio Souza
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018441:Biofilms; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000145:classification / Q000821:virology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000821:virology*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000821:virology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HAART; HIV infection; chronic periodontitis; subgingival biofilm; viral load