title: Multi-ionic effects on energy production based on double layer expansion by salinity exchange.
abstract: It has been recently shown that the free energy change upon salinity mixing in river mouths can be harvested taking advantage of the fact that the capacitance of charged solid/liquid interfaces (electrical double layers, EDLs) depends strongly on the ionic composition of the liquid medium. This has led to a new generation of techniques called Capmix technologies, one of them (CDLE or capacitive energy extraction based on DL expansion) based precisely on such dependence. Despite the solution composition playing a crucial role on the whole process, most of the research carried out so far has mainly focused on pure sodium chloride solutions. However, the effect of other species usually present in river and seawaters should be considered both theoretically and experimentally in order to succeed in optimizing a future device. In this paper, we analyse solutions of a more realistic composition from two points of view. Firstly, we find both experimentally and theoretically that the presence of ions other than sodium and chloride, even at low concentrations, may lead to a lower energy extraction in the process. Secondly, we experimentally consider the possible effects of other materials usually dispersed in natural water (mineral particles, microbes, shells, pollutants) by checking their accumulation in the carbon films used, after being exposed for a long period to natural sea water during CDLE cycles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahualli
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Guillermo R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Iglesias
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González-Caballero
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain. Electronic address: adelgado@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Ángel V
authors.initials: ÁV
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jiménez
keywords: CapMix; Electric double layer expansion; Energy extraction from salinity exchange; Ionic size effect; Multi-ionic solution