title: Botanicals, selective insecticides, and predators to control Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in citrus orchards.
abstract: The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama vectors pathogens that cause huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening devastating and economically important disease present in most citrus growing regions. Young citrus shoots are required for psyllid reproduction and development. During winter citrus trees produce little or no new growth. Overwintering adults reproduce in spring on newly emerging shoots also attractive to other pests and beneficial insects. Botanicals and relatively selective insecticides could help to conserve beneficial insects and reduce pest resistance to insecticides. Sprays of Azadirachtin (Neem), Tropane (Datura), Spirotetramat, Spinetoram, and broad-spectrum Imidacloprid were evaluated to control ACP in spring and summer on 10-year-old "Kinow" Citrus reticulata Blanco trees producing new growth. Psyllid populations were high averaging 5-9 nymphs or adults per sample before treatment application. Nymphs or adults were significantly reduced to 0.5-1.5 per sample in all treatments for 3 weeks, average 61%-83% reduction. No significant reduction in ladybeetles Adalia bipunctata, Aneglei scardoni, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, and Coccinella septempunctata was observed. Syrphids, spiders and green lacewings were reduced in treated trees except with Tropane. Studies are warranted to assess impact of these predators on ACP and interaction with insecticides. Observed reduction in ACP populations may not be enough considering its reproductive potential and role in the spread of HLB. Follow-up sprays may be required to achieve additional suppression using rotations of different insecticides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Azhar A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afzal
authors.forename: Jawwad A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Arif M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Abubakar M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Raza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D002957:Citrus / Q000469:parasitology*; D005989:Glycerides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018942:Macrolides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D009758:Nymph / Q000187:drug effects; D010154:Pakistan; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D013112:Spiders / Q000187:drug effects; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D013729:Terpenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001372:Aza Compounds; D005989:Glycerides; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D013141:Spiro Compounds; D013729:Terpenes; C082359:imidacloprid; C002443:neem oil; C570705:spirotetramat; C548262:spinetoram
keywords: Asian citrus psyllid; Coccinellids; biopesticides; huanglongbing; predators