title: Monte Carlo modeling provides accurate calibration factors for radionuclide activity meters.
abstract: Accurate determination of calibration factors for radionuclide activity meters is crucial for quantitative studies and in the optimization step of radiation protection, as these detectors are widespread in radiopharmacy and nuclear medicine facilities. In this work we developed the Monte Carlo model of a widely used activity meter, using the Geant4 simulation toolkit. More precisely the "PENELOPE" EM physics models were employed. The model was validated by means of several certified sources, traceable to primary activity standards, and other sources locally standardized with spectrometry measurements, plus other experimental tests. Great care was taken in order to accurately reproduce the geometrical details of the gas chamber and the activity sources, each of which is different in shape and enclosed in a unique container. Both relative calibration factors and ionization current obtained with simulations were compared against experimental measurements; further tests were carried out, such as the comparison of the relative response of the chamber for a source placed at different positions. The results showed a satisfactory level of accuracy in the energy range of interest, with the discrepancies lower than 4% for all the tested parameters. This shows that an accurate Monte Carlo modeling of this type of detector is feasible using the low-energy physics models embedded in Geant4. The obtained Monte Carlo model establishes a powerful tool for first instance determination of new calibration factors for non-standard radionuclides, for custom containers, when a reference source is not available. Moreover, the model provides an experimental setup for further research and optimization with regards to materials and geometrical details of the measuring setup, such as the ionization chamber itself or the containers configuration.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, University Hospital "S. Orsola-Malpighi", Bologna, Italy; Postgraduate School in Medical Physics, Catholic University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zagni
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, University Hospital "S. Orsola-Malpighi", Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cicoria
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, University Hospital "S. Orsola-Malpighi", Bologna, Italy; Postgraduate School in Medical Physics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lucconi
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Engeneering Laboratory of Montecuccolino, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Infantino
authors.affiliation: PET Radiopharmacy Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lodi
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, University Hospital "S. Orsola-Malpighi", Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marengo
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000592:standards; D038622:Internationality; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes
keywords: Activity Meter; Calibration; Monte Carlo; Traceability