title: Duodenal hematoma following EGD: comparison with blunt abdominal trauma-induced duodenal hematoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Duodenal hematoma (DH) is a rare complication of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with duodenal biopsy and uncommon, but better described following blunt abdominal trauma (BAT). We aimed to describe DH incidence and investigate risk factors for DH development post-EGD and compare its features to those post-BAT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple electronic databases were searched for the diagnosis of DH from 2000 to 2012. Inclusion criteria were patients 0 to 21 years of age who developed a DH following EGD with biopsy or BAT. Exclusion criteria were DH secondary to any other mechanism, EGD performed at another medical center, and insufficient information in the electronic medical record to determine treatments or outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14 post-EGD and 15 post-BAT patients with DH were included in the study. There were 26,905 EGDs with duodenal biopsies performed during the study period, for an incidence of 1:1922 procedures. Thirteen of 14 (93%) post-EGD DH events occurred between 2007 and 2012 (P < 0.001). The proportion of procedures performed under general anesthesia versus moderate sedation, and performed in the supine position versus left lateral decubitus were close to but did not reach statistical significance. DH-related complications and time to hematoma resolution was similar between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a 13-year study period, 14 patients developed DH after EGD, for an incidence of 1:1922. Method of sedation and supine positioning of the patient during endoscopy warrant further investigation as potential risks. The clinical course and time to recovery with conservative management are similar between patients with EGD and BAT-induced DH.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition †Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia ‡Drexel University College of Medicine §Department of General Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sahn
authors.forename: Sudha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Anupindi
authors.forename: Neha J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dadhania
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kelsen
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nance
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mamula
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004378:Duodenal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004386:Duodenum / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006406:Hematoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology