title: Complex chromosomal rearrangements in couples affected by recurrent spontaneous abortion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the proportion of couples affected by recurrent spontaneous abortion in which one partner carries balanced translocations among three chromosomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, G-banded chromosome complements were analyzed for couples affected by recurrent spontaneous abortion who were referred to Niigata University Hospital, Japan, between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2011. The frequency of couples in whom one of the partners carried balanced translocations among three chromosomes was determined, and the clinical outcomes for affected couples who subsequently achieved term pregnancies were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1415 couples with recurrent spontaneous abortion during the study period, there were two (0.1%) in which one of the partners (the woman in both cases) carried balanced translocations among three chromosomes. Both couples achieved a subsequent pregnancy that continued successfully and resulted in a phenotypically normal neonate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of balanced translocations among three chromosomes was estimated to be approximately 0.1% in a population affected by recurrent spontaneous abortion. With appropriate treatment based on careful examinations, affected couples can go on to achieve a successful pregnancy outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ooki
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Enomoto
authors.affiliation: General Center for Perinatal, Maternal and Neonatal Medicine, Niigata University Hospital of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan. Electronic address: obgy@med.niigata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takakuwa
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D002881:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12; D002885:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; D002898:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007621:Karyotyping; D050498:Live Birth; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Balanced translocation; Complex chromosomal rearrangements; Recurrent abortion; Successful pregnancy; Three chromosomes