title: Astronaut medical selection during the shuttle era: 1981-2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  U.S. astronauts undergo extensive job-related screening and medical examinations prior to selection in order to identify candidates optimally suited for careers in spaceflight. Screening medical standards evolved over many years and after extensive spaceflight experience. These standards assess health-related risks for each astronaut candidate, minimizing the potential for medical impact on future mission success. This document discusses the evolution of the Shuttle-era medical selection standards and the most common reasons for medical dis-qualification of applicants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for astronaut candidate finalists were compiled from medical records and NASA archives from the period of 1978 to 2004 and were retrospectively reviewed for medically disqualifying conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During Shuttle selection cycles, a total of 372 applicants were disqualified due to 425 medical concerns. The most common disqualifying conditions included visual, cardiovascular, psychiatric, and behavioral disorders. During this time period, three major expert panel reviews resulted in refinements and alterations to selection standards for future cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shuttle-era screening, testing, and specialist evaluations evolved through periodic expert reviews, evidence-based medicine, and astronaut medical care experience. The Shuttle medical program contributed to the development and implementation of NASA and international standards, longitudinal data collection, improved medical care, and occupational surveillance models. The lessons learned from the Shuttle program serve as the basis for medical selection for the ISS, exploration-class missions, and for those expected to participate in commercial spaceflight.
authors.affiliation: Human Health and Performance, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Smith L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Blue
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tarver
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D018480:Astronauts; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010560:Personnel Selection / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013026:Space Flight; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration