title: Effects of supervised exercise on motivational outcomes in breast cancer survivors at 5-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Short-term physical activity (PA) has beneficial effects on symptom management and quality of life, however, longer-term adherence is likely needed for improved disease outcomes in breast cancer survivors (BCS). This study examined the effects of a supervised group exercise program on motivational outcomes and PA among BCS at 5-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original study was a two-armed, randomized controlled trial comparing a 12-week supervised group exercise program to usual care among 203 BCS. BCS for this follow-up study were contacted at 60 months postintervention and asked to complete assessments of motivational outcomes from the Theory of Planned Behavior and PA behavior using the Scottish Physical Activity Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 87 participants provided 5-year follow-up data with no differences in participation by group. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) revealed that supervised exercise had a significant positive effect on descriptive norm at 5-year follow-up (mean = +0.6; 95% CI = +0.1 to +1.1; d = +0.48; p = 0.021). Small positive effects were also noted for perceived behavioral control (d = +0.18), instrumental attitude (d = +0.26), and injunctive norm (d = +0.35), although they were not statistically significant. Moreover, BCS who were more active at 5-year follow-up also reported more favorable perceived behavioral control (d = +0.16), instrumental attitude (d = +0.28), injunctive norm (d = +0.24), and descriptive norm (d = +0.31), although these differences were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial provides suggestive evidence that a supervised exercise program has positive effects on motivational outcomes even after 5 years. Additional intervention strategies during follow-up may further improve long-term adherence and health outcomes in BCS.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Medicine Laboratory, E4-88 Van Vliet Centre, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9. Electronic address: linda.trinh@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 8AQ, UK.
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mutrie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 4HN, UK.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Medicine Laboratory, E4-88 Van Vliet Centre, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Medicine Laboratory, E4-88 Van Vliet Centre, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9.
authors.forename: Kerry S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Courneya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Breast cancer; Exercise; Follow-up; Randomized controlled trial; Theory of planned behavior