title: A gait paradigm reveals different patterns of abnormal cerebellar motor learning in primary focal dystonias.
abstract: Accumulating evidence points to a role of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of primary dystonia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the abnormalities of cerebellar motor learning in primary dystonia are solely detectable in more pure forms of cerebellum-dependent associative motor learning paradigms, or whether these are also present in other motor learning paradigms that rely heavily on the cerebellum but in addition require a more widespread sensorimotor network. Twenty-six patients with various forms of focal dystonia and 10 age-matched healthy controls participated in a motor learning paradigm on a split-belt treadmill. By using reflective markers, three-dimensional kinematics were recorded using a 6-camera motion analysis system. Adaptation walking parameters were analyzed offline, comparing the different dystonia groups and healthy controls. Patients with blepharospasm and writer's cramp were significantly impaired on various adaptation walking parameters. Whereas results of cervical dystonia patients did not differ from healthy controls in terms of adaptation walking parameters, differences in parameters of normal gait were found. We have here demonstrated abnormal sensorimotor adaptation with the split-belt paradigm in patients with blepharospasm and writer's cramp. This reinforces the current concept of cerebellar dysfunction in primary dystonia, and that this extends beyond more pure forms of cerebellum-dependent associative motor learning paradigms. However, the finding of normal adaptation in cervical dystonia patients indicates that the pattern of cerebellar dysfunction may be slightly different for the various forms of primary focal dystonia, suggesting that actual cerebellar pathology may not be a primary driving force in dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Hoffland
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Veugen
authors.forename: M M H P
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pasman
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weerdesteyn
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: van de Warrenburg
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology