title: Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate sweet-flavored electronic cigarette (EC) liquids for the presence of diacetyl (DA) and acetyl propionyl (AP), which are chemicals approved for food use but are associated with respiratory disease when inhaled.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 159 samples were purchased from 36 manufacturers and retailers in 7 countries. Additionally, 3 liquids were prepared by dissolving a concentrated flavor sample of known DA and AP levels at 5%, 10%, and 20% concentration in a mixture of propylene glycol and glycerol. Aerosol produced by an EC was analyzed to determine the concentration of DA and AP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DA and AP were found in 74.2% of the samples, with more samples containing DA. Similar concentrations were found in liquid and aerosol for both chemicals. The median daily exposure levels were 56 μg/day (IQR: 26-278 μg/day) for DA and 91 μg/day (IQR: 20-432 μg/day) for AP. They were slightly lower than the strict NIOSH-defined safety limits for occupational exposure and 100 and 10 times lower compared with smoking respectively; however, 47.3% of DA and 41.5% of AP-containing samples exposed consumers to levels higher than the safety limits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DA and AP were found in a large proportion of sweet-flavored EC liquids, with many of them exposing users to higher than safety levels. Their presence in EC liquids represents an avoidable risk. Proper measures should be taken by EC liquid manufacturers and flavoring suppliers to eliminate these hazards from the products without necessarily limiting the availability of sweet flavors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece; kfarsalinos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Konstantinos E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Farsalinos
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University Brandywine, Media, PA;
authors.forename: Kurt A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kistler
authors.affiliation: Enthalpy Analytical, Inc, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece;
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Voudris
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D003931:Diacetyl / Q000032:analysis*; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010422:Pentanones / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D010422:Pentanones; D009538:Nicotine; D003931:Diacetyl; C013186:2,3-pentanedione