title: Auditory feedback improves heart rate moderation during moderate-intensity exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to determine whether exposure to automated HR feedback can produce improvements in the ability to regulate HR during moderate-intensity exercise and to evaluate the persistence of these improvements after feedback is removed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy adults performed 10 indoor exercise sessions on cycle ergometers over 5 wk after a twice-weekly schedule. During these sessions (FB), participants received auditory feedback designed to maintain HR within a personalized, moderate-intensity training zone between 70% and 80% of estimated maximum HR. All feedback was delivered via a custom mobile software application. Participants underwent an initial assessment (PREFB) to measure their ability to maintain exercise intensity defined by the training zone without use of feedback. After completing the feedback training, participants performed three additional assessments identical to PREFB at 1 wk (POST1), 2 wk (POST2), and 4 wk (POST3) after their last feedback session. Time in zone (TIZ), defined as the ratio of the time spent within the training zone divided by the overall time of exercise, rate of perceived exertion, instrumental attitudes, and affective attitudes were then evaluated to assess results using two-way, mixed-model ANOVA with sessions and gender as factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Training with feedback significantly improved TIZ (P < 0.01) compared with PREFB. An absence of significant differences in TIZ between FB, POST1, POST2, and POST3 (P ≥ 0.35) indicated that these improvements were maintained after feedback was removed. No significant differences in rate of perceived exertion (P ≥ 0.40) or attitude measures (P ≥ 0.30) were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Auditory biofeedback is an effective mechanism for entraining HR regulation during moderate-intensity exercise in healthy adults.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport Science, Exercise, and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, AUSTRALIA.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shaykevich
authors.forename: J Robert
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Grant J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Landers
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dimmock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D000068356:Self-Control; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult