title: Genetic diversity of the msp-1, msp-2, and glurp genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates along the Thai-Myanmar borders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the genetic diversity at the msp-1, msp-2, and glurp genes of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) isolates from 3 endemic areas in Thailand: Tak, Kanchanaburi and Ranong provinces.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 144 P. falciparum isolates collected prior to treatment during January, 2012 to June, 2013 were genotyped. DNA was extracted; allele frequency and diversity of msp-1, msp-2, and glurp genes were investigated by nested polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P. falciparum isolates in this study had high rate of multiple genotypes infection (96.5%) with an overall mean multiplicity of infection of 3.21. The distribution of allelic families of msp-1 was significantly different among isolates from Tak, Kanchanaburi, and Ranong but not for the msp-2. K1 and MAD20 were the predominant allelic families at the msp-1 gene, whereas alleles belonging to 3D7 were more frequent at the msp-2 gene. The glurp gene had the least diverse alleles. Population structure of P. falciparum isolates from Tak and Ranong was quite similar as revealed by the presence of similar proportions of MAD20 and K1 alleles at msp-1 loci, 3D7 and FC27 alleles at msp-2 loci as well as comparable mean MOI. Isolates from Kanchanaburi had different structures; the most prevalent alleles were K1 and RO33.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that P. falciparum isolates from Tak and Ranong provinces had similar allelic pattern of msp-1 and msp-2 and diversity but different from Kanchanaburi isolates. These allelic variant profiles are valuable baseline data for future epidemiological study of malaria transmission and for continued monitoring of polymorphisms associated with antimalarial drug resistance in these areas.
authors.affiliation: Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thiland.
authors.forename: Kanungnit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Congpuong
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Vector Borne Disease, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thiland.
authors.forename: Rungniran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sukaram
authors.affiliation: Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thiland.
authors.forename: Yuparat
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Prompan
authors.affiliation: Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thiland.
authors.forename: Aibteesam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dornae
keywords: Plasmodium falciparum; Thai-Myanmar border; glurp gene; msp-1 gene; msp-2 gene