title: Dietary supplementation with fish gelatine modifies nutrient intake and leads to sex-dependent responses in TAG and C-reactive protein levels of insulin-resistant subjects.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that fish protein, as well as marine n-3 PUFA, may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk profile. The objectives of this study were to investigate the combined effects of fish gelatine (FG) and n-3 PUFA supplementation on (1) energy intake and body weight, (2) lipid profile and (3) inflammatory and CVD markers in free-living insulin-resistant males and females. Subjects were asked to consume, in a crossover study design with two experimental periods of 8 weeks each, an n-3 PUFA supplement and n-3 PUFA supplement plus FG (n-3 PUFA + FG). n-3 PUFA + FG led to an increase in protein intake and a decrease in carbohydrate intake compared with n-3 PUFA (P < 0·02) in males and females. Sex-treatment interactions were observed for TAG (P = 0·03) and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (P = 0·001) levels. In females, n-3 PUFA reduced plasma TAG by 8 % and n-3 PUFA + FG by 23 %, whereas in males, n-3 PUFA reduced plasma TAG by 25 % and n-3 PUFA + FG by 11 %. n-3 PUFA increased serum hsCRP by 13 % and n-3 PUFA + FG strongly reduced hsCRP by 40 % in males, whereas in females, n-3 PUFA reduced serum hsCRP by 6 % and n-3 PUFA + FG increased hsCRP by 20 %. In conclusion, supplementation with FG may enhance the lipid-lowering effect of marine n-3 PUFA in females and beneficially counteract the effect of n-3 PUFA on serum hsCRP in males. Further studies are needed to identify the sex-dependent mechanisms responsible for the divergent effects of FG on TAG and hsCRP levels in females and males, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods , Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6 ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: Eliane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Picard-Deland
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods , Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6 ; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval) and Metabolism , Vascular and Renal Health Axis, Quebec , Canada G1V 4G5.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lavigne
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods , Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6 ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marois
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods , Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6 ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bisson
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Division of Kinesiology , Laval University , Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6 ; Diabetes Research Unit, Lipid Research Center, Laval University Hospital Research Center , Quebec , Canada G1V 4G2.
authors.forename: S John
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Weisnagel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods , Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6 ; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval) and Metabolism , Vascular and Renal Health Axis, Quebec , Canada G1V 4G5.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marette
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada N1G 2W1.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holub
authors.affiliation: UBC James Hogg Research Centre , Institute for Heart and Lung Health and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada V6Z 1Y6.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: UBC James Hogg Research Centre , Institute for Heart and Lung Health and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada V6Z 1Y6.
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frohlich
authors.affiliation: UBC James Hogg Research Centre , Institute for Heart and Lung Health and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada V6Z 1Y6.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods , Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6 ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Quebec , Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jacques
keywords: CVD; FG, fish gelatine; Fish gelatine; Inflammatory markers; TAG; hsCRP, highly sensitive C-reactive protein; n-3 Fatty acids