title: Negative socioeconomic changes and mental disorders: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing interest on whether the current global economic uncertainties have an influence on the population's mental health. In this paper, we examined the association of negative socioeconomic changes, job loss and household income reductions with incident mental disorders. The moderating effect of gender was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data come from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2), a representative population-based, longitudinal study. Individuals with a paid job and without a 12-month mental disorder at baseline were selected and reassessed 3 years later (2007-2009/2010-2012). Substantial household income reductions and not being at a paid job anymore were self-reported at follow-up. Multivariate logistic models were utilised to investigate the association between these negative socioeconomic changes and the incidence of mood, anxiety and substance use Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV disorders assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 3 years, 6% had lost their job, 11% had a substantial household income reduction and 12.2% had developed a mental disorder. Household income reductions increased the risk of any mental disorder (aOR=1.77), particularly the risk of mood (aOR=2.24). Job loss increased the risk of mood disorders (aOR=2.02). Gender modified the relationship: job loss increased the risk of any mental disorder among men (aOR=3.04) and household income reductions did so among women (aOR=2.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Negative socioeconomic changes occurring within a short time period significantly increased the risk of incident mental disorders, particularly of mood disorders. Effective interventions to alleviate the public mental health impact of negative socioeconomic changes on men and women are needed.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: María Gabriela
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Barbaglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: ten Have
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dorsselaer
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D057172:Economic Recession; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012649:Self Concept; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: MENTAL HEALTH; SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY; SOCIO-ECONOMIC