title: Roles of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in pathogenesis and development of gluteal muscle contracture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gluteal muscle contracture (GMC) is a chronic fibrotic disease of gluteal muscles which is characterized by excessive deposition of collagen in the extracellular matrix. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-βs have been shown to play an important role in the progression of GMC. However, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely clear. We sought to explore the expression of TGF-β/Smad pathway proteins and their downstream targets in gluteal muscle contracture disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression levels of collagens type I/III, TGF-β1, Smad2/3/4/7 and PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1) in gluteal muscle contraction (GMC) patients were measured using immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expressions of collagens type I/III and TGF-β1 were significantly increased in the contraction band compared with unaffected muscle. In addition, R-Smad phosphorylation and Smad4 protein expression in the contraction band were also elevated, while the expression of Smad7 was significantly decreased in the fibrotic muscle of the GMC patients compared to the unaffected adjacent muscle. The protein and mRNA levels of PAI-1 were also remarkably increased in the contraction band compared with adjacent muscle. Immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated that the expression levels of TGF-β1 and PAI-1 were higher in contraction band than those in the adjacent muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm the stimulating effects of the TGF-β/Smad pathway in gluteal muscle contracture disease and reveal the internal changes of TGF-β/Smad pathway proteins and their corresponding targets in gluteal muscle contracture patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shen Zhen Hospital , ShenZhen , China .
authors.forename: Xintao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yukun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Xiaopeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Honglei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Wentao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002081:Buttocks / Q000473:pathology*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003286:Contracture / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051785:Smad Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
keywords: Gluteal muscle contracture; PAI-1; Smad2/3; Smad7; TGF-β/Smad pathway