title: Characterization and quantification of angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis in a mouse model using μCT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis is an important pathophysiological process of chronic inflammation, especially in inflammatory arthritis. Quantitative measurement of changes in vascularization may improve the diagnosis and monitoring of arthritis. The aim of this work is the development of a 3D imaging and analysis framework for quantification of vascularization in experimental arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) was used to scan knee joints of arthritic human tumor necrosis factor transgenic (hTNFtg) mice and non-arthritic wild-type controls previously perfused with lead-containing contrast agent Microfil MV-122. Vessel segmentation was performed by combination of intensity-based (local adaptive thresholding) and form-based (multi-scale method) segmentation techniques. Four anatomically defined concentric spherical shells centered in the knee joint were used as analysis volumes of interest. Vessel density, density distribution as well as vessel thickness, surface, spacing and number were measured. Simulated digital vessel tree models were used for validation of the algorithms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-resolution μCT allows the quantitative assessment of the vascular tree in the knee joint during arthritis. Segmentation and analysis were highly automated but occasionally required manual corrections of the vessel segmentation close to the bone surfaces. Vascularization was significantly increased in arthritic hTNFtg mice compared to wild type controls. Precision errors for the morphologic parameters were smaller than 3% and 6% for intra- and interoperator analysis, respectively. Accuracy errors for vessel thickness were around 20% for vessels larger than twice the resolution of the scanner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthritis-induced changes of the vascular tree, including detailed and quantitative description of the number of vessel branches, length of vessel segments and the bifurcation angle, can be detected by contrast-enhanced high-resolution μCT.
authors.forename: Svitlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gayetskyy
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Museyko
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Käßer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schett
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr, 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany. klaus.engelke@imp.uni-erlangen.de.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engelke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods