title: Glycolysis in energy metabolism during seizures.
abstract: Studies have shown that glycolysis increases during seizures, and that the glycolytic metabolite lactic acid can be used as an energy source. However, how lactic acid provides energy for seizures and how it can participate in the termination of seizures remains unclear. We reviewed possible mechanisms of glycolysis involved in seizure onset. Results showed that lactic acid was involved in seizure onset and provided energy at early stages. As seizures progress, lactic acid reduces the pH of tissue and induces metabolic acidosis, which terminates the seizure. The specific mechanism of lactic acid-induced acidosis involves several aspects, which include lactic acid-induced inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme 6-diphosphate kinase-1, inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, activation of the acid-sensitive 1A ion channel, strengthening of the receptive mechanism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-minobutyric acid, and changes in the intra- and extracellular environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Jiongxing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Ren
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Yufen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Ding
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Song
keywords: 6-diphosphate kinase-1; ATP; ATP receptor; N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; acid-sensitive 1A ion channel; adenosine receptors; aerobic metabolism; energy metabolism; epilepsy; epileptogenesis; glycolysis; grants-supported paper; intra- and extracellular environment; neural regeneration; neuroregeneration; reviews; termination; voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+; γ-aminobutyric acid