title: A novel slice preparation to study medullary oromotor and autonomic circuits in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medulla is capable of controlling and modulating ingestive behavior and gastrointestinal function. These two functions, which are critical to maintaining homeostasis, are governed by an interconnected group of nuclei dispersed throughout the medulla. As such, in vitro experiments to study the neurophysiologic details of these connections have been limited by spatial constraints of conventional slice preparations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study demonstrates a novel method of sectioning the medulla so that sensory, integrative, and motor nuclei that innervate the gastrointestinal tract and the oral cavity remain intact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical staining against choline-acetyl-transferase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase demonstrated that within a 450 μm block of tissue we are able to capture sensory, integrative and motor nuclei that are critical to oromotor and gastrointestinal function. Within slice tracing shows that axonal projections from the NST to the reticular formation and from the reticular formation to the hypoglossal motor nucleus (mXII) persist. Live-cell calcium imaging of the slice demonstrates that stimulation of either the rostral or caudal NST activates neurons throughout the NST, as well as the reticular formation and mXII.
  
  
  METHODS
  This new method of sectioning captures a majority of the nuclei that are active when ingesting a meal. Tradition planes of section, i.e. coronal, horizontal or sagittal, contain only a limited portion of the substrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that both anatomical and physiologic connections of oral and visceral sensory nuclei that project to integrative and motor nuclei remain intact with this new plane of section.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, 305 West 12th Avenue, 4154 Postle Hall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States. Electronic address: nasse.4@buckeyemail.osu.edu.
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nasse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018684:Glycine Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009055:Mouth / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D058476:Receptors, Purinergic P2X2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013331:Strychnine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; D018684:Glycine Agents; D011724:Pyridazines; D058476:Receptors, Purinergic P2X2; C049853:gabazine; D004299:Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase; D013331:Strychnine; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Brainstem; Calcium imaging; Hypoglossal; Nucleus of the solitary tract; Oromotor; Slice preparation