title: Idiopathic urethritis in children: Classification and treatment with steroids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Idiopathic urethritis [IU] in children is of unknown etiology and treatment options are limited. We propose a classification for IU based on cystourethroscopy findings and symptoms (Grade 1 - 4) and report our experience with use of topical and oral steroids in IU.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data collection of all male children (0-16 years) diagnosed with IU over a period of 8 years between 2005 and 2012 at our institution. Data was collected on patient demographics, laboratory and radiological investigations, cystourethroscopy findings, management and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19 male children were diagnosed with IU. The median age of the patients was 13(7-16) years. Presenting symptoms included dysuria in 12; hematuria in 9; loin pain in 6; and scrotal pain in 2 patients. Both patients with scrotal pain had previous left scrotal exploration that revealed epididymitis. Serum C-reactive protein and Full blood count was tested in 15 patients and was within normal limits in all of them. Cystourethroscopy revealed urethritis of grade-I in 2; grade-II in 11; and grade-III in 3 patients. There were 3 patients with systemic symptoms from extra-urethral extension of inflammation (grade-IV). Mean follow up was 18.9(1-74) months. All patients had steroid instillation at the time of cystourethroscopy. Three patients with IU grade IV required oral steroids (prednisolone) in view of exacerbation of symptoms and signs despite steroid instillation. Complete resolution of symptoms and signs occurred in 18(94.7%) patients. Significant improvement in symptoms and signs was noted in 1(5.3%) patient who is still undergoing treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IU in male children can be successfully managed with steroid instillation, especially in grade I and II. Grade III, will need steroid instillation but treatment of scarring and stricture will necessitate longer duration of treatment. In children with IU and extra-urethral symptoms (grade IV), oral steroids may be required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sivasankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kirsty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Ninan
keywords: Children; idiopathic urethritis; male; ninan classification; steroid instillation; urethritis