title: Gout, urate-lowering therapy, and uric acid levels among adults in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence strongly suggests that delivery of gout care is suboptimal. The 2012 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines emphasize a serum uric acid (SUA) target of <6 mg/dl when utilizing urate-lowering therapy (ULT). However, the proportion and characteristics of Americans with gout receiving ULT, or with a ULT indication, who are achieving this target is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified US adults with gout receiving ULT, and those with an indication for ULT, using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2007-2010. Using the ACR guidelines, a ULT indication comprised chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 2-5, a history of nephrolithiasis, or current ULT use. Demographic and clinical factors associated with an SUA ≥6 mg/dl were determined using Poisson regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2007-2010, an estimated 4.5 million US adults with gout had an indication for ULT; two-thirds had an SUA ≥6 mg/dl. In adjusted analyses among those with gout and CKD or nephrolithiasis, those age ≥70 years were less likely (prevalence ratio [PR] 0.77, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.61-0.97) to have an SUA ≥6 mg/dl. Regarding those taking ULT, hypertension was related to a reduced prevalence (PR 0.51, 95% CI 0.30-0.87), whereas diabetes mellitus (PR 1.42, 95% CI 1.06-1.90) and obesity (PR 1.74, 95% CI 1.19-2.56) were each associated with a higher prevalence of an SUA value ≥6 mg/dl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Half of all Americans with gout receiving ULT, and two-thirds with an indication for ULT, have an SUA above target. This study furnishes a meaningful baseline for assessing the effectiveness of the ACR guidelines in future years.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Juraschek
authors.forename: Lara C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kovell
authors.forename: Edgar R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Allan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gelber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006073:Gout / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006074:Gout Suppressants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006074:Gout Suppressants; D014527:Uric Acid