title: A piano training program to improve manual dexterity and upper extremity function in chronic stroke survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Music-supported therapy was shown to induce improvements in motor skills in stroke survivors. Whether all stroke individuals respond similarly to the intervention and whether gains can be maintained over time remain unknown. We estimated the immediate and retention effects of a piano training program on upper extremity function in persons with chronic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen stroke participants engaged in a 3-week piano training comprising supervised sessions (9 × 60 min) and home practice. Fine and gross manual dexterity, movement coordination, and functional use of the upper extremity were assessed at baseline, pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at a 3-week follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements were observed for all outcomes at post-intervention and follow-up compared to pre-intervention scores. Larger magnitudes of change in manual dexterity and functional use of the upper extremity were associated with higher initial levels of motor recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Piano training can result in sustainable improvements in upper extremity function in chronic stroke survivors. Individuals with a higher initial level of motor recovery at baseline appear to benefit the most from this intervention.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Research Site of the Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR) , Laval, QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Motor Learning and Neural Plasticity, Department of Psychology, Concordia University , Montreal, QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Penhune
authors.affiliation: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Research Site of the Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR) , Laval, QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Anouk
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamontagne
keywords: cerebrovascular accident; hand; learning; music; paresis; rehabilitation