title: A cross sectional study on antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella typhi clinical isolates from Bangladesh.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate and compare the resistance and sensitivity of Salmonella typhi samples to commonly used antibiotics in three major divisions of Bangladesh and to evaluate the gradually developing resistance pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antibiotic susceptibility of 70 clinical isolates collected from blood, sputum, urine and pus samples were identified by specific antisera and with standard biochemical tests. The patients were divided into 5 age groups. Susceptibility and resistance was also tested by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using 12 regularly used antibiotics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibiotic susceptibility test demonstrated that 64.28% isolates of Salmonella typhi were multidrug resistant. Present study suggests that the clinical samples were mostly resistant against nalidixic acid with all age groups and in all three divisions with similar resistance pattern. Resistance is more common among adult people (30-40 years) and children (0-10 years). Salmonella typhi was mostly sensitive against gentamycin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the population density of Dhaka region is markedly higher than Rajshahi and Chittagong regions, no significant difference in resistance pattern was found. The rate of multidrug resistance is a matter of concern. Physicians should reconsider before prescribing nalidixic acid and cefixime. Further molecular study is needed to reveal the genomic and proteomic basis of resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mannan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shohel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Varendra University, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sultana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajia
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science & Engineering, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Niaz Uddin
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Mahmud
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sanjana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kabir
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh ; Laboratory of Glycobiology and Marine Biochemistry, Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Graduate School of Nano Biosciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama-236-0027, Japan.
authors.forename: Imtiaj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hasan
keywords: Antibiotic; Bangladesh; Resistance; Salmonella typhi; Susceptibility