title: Maize protein phosphatase gene family: identification and molecular characterization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein phosphatases (PPs) play critical roles in various cellular processes through the reversible protein phosphorylation that dictates many signal transduction pathways among organisms. Recently, PPs in Arabidopsis and rice have been identified, while the whole complement of PPs in maize is yet to be reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we have identified 159 PP-encoding genes in the maize genome. Phylogenetic analyses categorized the ZmPP gene family into 3 classes (PP2C, PTP, and PP2A) with considerable conservation among classes. Similar intron/exon structural patterns were observed in the same classes. Moreover, detailed gene structures and duplicative events were then researched. The expression profiles of ZmPPs under different developmental stages and abiotic stresses (including salt, drought, and cold) were analyzed using microarray and RNA-seq data. A total of 152 members were detected in 18 different tissues representing distinct stages of maize plant developments. Under salt stress, one gene was significantly up-expressed in seed root (SR) and one gene was down-expressed in primary root (PR) and crown root (CR), respectively. As for drought stress condition, 13 genes were found to be differentially expressed in leaf, out of which 10 were up-regulated and 3 exhibited down-regulation. Additionally, 13 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated genes were found in cold-tolerant line ETH-DH7. Furthermore, real-time PCR was used to confirm the expression patterns of ZmPPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and characteristic functions of maize PPs and will be useful in studies aimed at revealing the global regulatory network in maize abiotic stress responses, thereby contributing to the maize molecular breeding with enhanced quality traits.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China. kaifa-wei@163.com.
authors.forename: Kaifa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Si
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020440:Gene Duplication; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D018745:Genome, Plant; D023281:Genomics; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005810:Multigene Family; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D059467:Transcriptome; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases