title: Postnatal development and LPS responsiveness of pulmonary adenosine receptor expression and of adenosine-metabolizing enzymes in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenosine levels are regulated by ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 and adenosine deaminase (ADA). Adenosine regulates endothelial permeability and anti-inflammatory responses via adenosine receptors. Here, the adenosine receptors and purine-converting enzymes were studied during postnatal development and inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newborn, 1-, 10-, 14-d-old and adult C57BL/6 mice were challenged intraperitoneally (i.p.) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 6 h. The inflammatory response was evaluated by histochemistry. Expression levels of adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3), CD73, and ADA were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A1 was studied by immunohistochemistry, and enzyme activities were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS caused respiratory distress in newborns within 24 h. LPS induced neutrophils at the basal stage and alveolar congestion. Low activity and expression of CD73 increased after birth. Expression of ADA after LPS increased 16-fold in adults and 2-fold in newborns (P < 0.05). A1 expression was high in newborns and increased after LPS (P < 0.05). A1 was localized to endothelial membranes. A2A decreased after LPS in newborns and increased in adults (P < 0.05). The expression of A3 increased in newborns and adults after LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low pulmonary CD73 expression, LPS-induced suppression of A2A, LPS-induced increase of A1 expression, and severe respiratory distress were distinguishing responses in the newborns from those in the adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Metsola
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maksimow
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ojaniemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Metsola
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marttila-Ichihara
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland [2] Transgenic Core Facility, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Reetta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vuolteenaho
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Gennady G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Yegutkin
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallman
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Sirpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jalkanen
mesh_terms: D015720:5'-Nucleotidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008168:Lung / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; C440499:lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli O111 B4; D015720:5'-Nucleotidase; C548242:Nt5e protein, mouse; C548483:Ada protein, mouse; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D000241:Adenosine