title: Prevalence of and factors associated with therapeutic failure-related hospitalizations in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A therapeutic failure (TF) is defined as a failure to accomplish the goals of treatment attributable to inadequate therapy, a drug-drug interaction that results in a subtherapeutic level for a drug, or medication nonadherence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with TF-related hospitalizations in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation was a retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted within a university-based hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation included patients with a primary care physician from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Senior Care Institute admitted to any UPMC hospital between September 1, 2011, and December 1, 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chart abstracts of patient records were screened for a TF using a validated tool called the Therapeutic Failure Questionnaire (TFQ). Covariate data were also obtained. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses using Fisher's exact tests were conducted to assess the association between the covariates and the primary outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was the presence of a TF as measured by the TFQ. Secondary outcomes included associations between covariates and the presence of a TF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 93 hospitalizations screened, 57 met inclusion criteria, and 18% of hospitalizations were as a result of preventable TFs. On bivariate analyses, both congestive heart failure (P = 0.03) and dependency for medication management (P = 0.04) were significantly associated with occurrence of TF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TFs are a potentially preventable cause of hospitalization in the elderly population and are commonly caused by omission of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Roshni S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Zachary A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Marcum
authors.forename: Emily P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Peron
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ruby
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure