title: The 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia: patient experiences, human factors, sedation, consent and medicolegal issues.
abstract: The 5th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland into accidental awareness during general anaesthesia yielded data related to psychological aspects from the patient, and the anaesthetist, perspectives; patients' experiences ranged from isolated auditory or tactile sensations to complete awareness. A striking finding was that 75% of experiences were for < 5 min, yet 51% of patients (95% CI 43-60%) experienced distress and 41% (95% CI 33-50%) suffered longer-term adverse effect. Distress and longer-term harm occurred across the full range of experiences but were particularly likely when the patient experienced paralysis (with or without pain). The patient's interpretation of what is happening at the time of the awareness seemed central to later impact; explanation and reassurance during suspected accidental awareness during general anaesthesia or at the time of report seemed beneficial. Quality of care before the event was judged good in 26%, poor in 39% and mixed in 31%. Three quarters of cases of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia (75%) were judged preventable. In 12% of cases of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia, care was judged good and the episode not preventable. The contributory and human factors in the genesis of the majority of cases of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia included medication, patient and education/training. The findings have implications for national guidance, institutional organisation and individual practice. The incidence of 'accidental awareness' during sedation (~1:15 000) was similar to that during general anaesthesia (~1:19 000). The project raises significant issues about information giving and consent for both sedation and anaesthesia. We propose a novel approach to describing sedation from the patient's perspective which could be used in communication and consent. Eight (6%) of the patients had resorted to legal action (12, 11%, to formal complaint) at the time of reporting. The 5th National Audit Project methodology provides a standardised template that might usefully inform the investigation of claims or serious incidents related to accidental awareness during general anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bogod
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hitchman
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Nimmo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: J H MacG
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Plaat
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Radcliffe
authors.forename: M R J
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sury
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Torevell
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hainsworth
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pandit
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D054810:Deep Sedation; D006801:Humans; D058926:Intraoperative Awareness / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008485:Medical Audit; D008568:Memory; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology