title: Emerging novel and antimicrobial-resistant respiratory tract infections: new drug development and therapeutic options.
abstract: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens for which diminishing treatment options are available is of major global concern. New viral respiratory tract infections with epidemic potential, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, swine-origin influenza A H1N1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, require development of new antiviral agents. The substantial rise in the global numbers of patients with respiratory tract infections caused by pan-antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and multiazole-resistant fungi has focused attention on investments into development of new drugs and treatment regimens. Successful treatment outcomes for patients with respiratory tract infections across all health-care settings will necessitate rapid, precise diagnosis and more effective and pathogen-specific therapies. This Series paper describes the development and use of new antimicrobial agents and immune-based and host-directed therapies for a range of conventional and emerging viral, bacterial, and fungal causes of respiratory tract infections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK; University of Zambia-University College London Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Alimuddin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zumla
authors.affiliation: Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ziad A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Memish
authors.affiliation: Therapeutic Immunology, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeurer
authors.affiliation: Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; University of Zambia-University College London Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.affiliation: University of Zambia-University College London Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mwaba
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Jaffar A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Al-Tawfiq
authors.affiliation: National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital South Manchester, University of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Denning
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Medicine and Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong. Electronic address: dschui@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hui
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents