title: Does knowing one's elevated glycemic status make a difference in macronutrient intake?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether macronutrient intake differs by awareness of glycemic status among people with diabetes and prediabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 24-h dietary recall and other data from 3,725 nonpregnant adults with diabetes or prediabetes aged ≥20 years from the morning fasting sample of the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes and prediabetes awareness were self-reported; those unaware of diabetes and prediabetes were defined by fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥6.5% and FPG 100-125 mg/dL or HbA1c of 5.7%-6.4%, respectively. Components of nutrient intake on a given day assessed were total calories, sugar, carbohydrates, fiber, protein, fat, and total cholesterol, stratified by sex and glycemic status awareness. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education level, BMI, smoking status, and family history of diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with diagnosed diabetes consumed less sugar (mean 86.8 vs. 116.8 g) and carbohydrates (mean 235.0 vs. 262.1 g) and more protein (mean 92.3 vs. 89.7 g) than men with undiagnosed diabetes. Similarly, women with diagnosed diabetes consumed less sugar (mean 79.1 vs. 95.7 g) and more protein (mean 67.4 vs. 56.6 g) than women with undiagnosed diabetes. No significant differences in macronutrient intake were found by awareness of prediabetes. All participants, regardless of sex or glycemic status, consumed on average less than the American Diabetes Association recommendations for fiber intake (i.e., 14 g/1,000 kcal) and slightly more saturated fat than recommended (>10% of total kcal).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening and subsequent knowledge of glycemic status may favorably affect some dietary patterns for people with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA bfb7@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Barbara H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bardenheier
authors.affiliation: Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cogswell
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Desmond E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Zefeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Geiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose