title: The effects of diallyl sulfide upon Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide stimulated proinflammatory cytokine expressions and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in human gingival fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diallyl sulfide (DAS), a flavor compound from garlic, has varied potential therapeutic activities. Periodontitis is a disease that develops because of host-mediated inflammation to periodontal pathogens. In this study, the effects of DAS on the common proinflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) being stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis, a potent periodontal pathogen, were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicities of DAS and lipopolysaccharide on HGFs were measured with MTS assay. The mRNA and protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, from the HGFs treated with lipopolysaccharide with and without DAS were examined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, respectively. In addition, the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB with and without DAS were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DAS and lipopolysaccharide treatments within 3 mm and 10 μg/mL, respectively, did not affect the survival rate of HGFs. Lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/mL) significantly increased the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α; however, DAS (1 mm) inhibited these expressions. The protein expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, as well as the NF-κB nuclear translocation were increased after lipopolysaccharide treatment, but decreased when there was a DAS pretreatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DAS diminished P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine expression and NF-κB activation in HGFs; we therefore suggest DAS may be beneficial on periodontal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, National Defense Medical Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Y-T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: C-Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: H-C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D005737:Garlic; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000187:drug effects; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000502:physiology*; D013440:Sulfides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D016207:Cytokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010938:Plant Oils; D013440:Sulfides; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C070380:3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium; C038491:allyl sulfide
keywords: cytokine; diallyl sulfide; gingiva; lipopolysaccharide; nuclear factor-kappa B