title: A combined approach for the enhancement and segmentation of mammograms using modified fuzzy C-means method in wavelet domain.
abstract: In this paper, a combined approach for enhancement and segmentation of mammograms is proposed. In preprocessing stage, a contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) method is applied to obtain the better contrast mammograms. After this, the proposed combined methods are applied. In the first step of the proposed approach, a two dimensional (2D) discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is applied to all the input images. In the second step, a proposed nonlinear complex diffusion based unsharp masking and crispening method is applied on the approximation coefficients of the wavelet transformed images to further highlight the abnormalities such as micro-calcifications, tumours, etc., to reduce the false positives (FPs). Thirdly, a modified fuzzy c-means (FCM) segmentation method is applied on the output of the second step. In the modified FCM method, the mutual information is proposed as a similarity measure in place of conventional Euclidian distance based dissimilarity measure for FCM segmentation. Finally, the inverse 2D-DWT is applied. The efficacy of the proposed unsharp masking and crispening method for image enhancement is evaluated in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and that of the proposed segmentation method is evaluated in terms of random index (RI), global consistency error (GCE), and variation of information (VoI). The performance of the proposed segmentation approach is compared with the other commonly used segmentation approaches such as Otsu's thresholding, texture based, k-means, and FCM clustering as well as thresholding. From the obtained results, it is observed that the proposed segmentation approach performs better and takes lesser processing time in comparison to the standard FCM and other segmentation methods in consideration.
authors.affiliation: School of Bio-Medical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Subodh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: School of Bio-Medical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Srivastava
keywords: Mammogram segmentation; mammogram enhancement; modified fuzzy c-means segmentation; mutual information; performance evaluation; wavelet based segmentation