title: Dual targeting of hypoxia and homologous recombination repair dysfunction in triple-negative breast cancer.
abstract: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor clinical outcome and few validated drug targets. Two prevalent features of TNBC, tumor hypoxia and derangement of homologous recombination (HR) repair, are potentially exploitable for therapy. This study investigated whether hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAP) of DNA-damaging cytotoxins may inhibit growth of TNBC by simultaneously addressing these two targets. We measured in vitro activity of HAP of DNA breakers (tirapazamine, SN30000) and alkylators (TH-302, PR-104, SN30548) in TNBC cell lines and isogenic models, and related this to measures of HR repair and expression of prodrug-activating enzymes. Antitumor activity of HAP was examined in isogenic BRCA2-knockout xenograft models and compared with platinum chemotherapy. All five HAP selectively inhibited growth of TNBC cell lines under hypoxia. Sensitivity to HAP was not strongly associated with BRCA1 genotype. However, HAP sensitivity was enhanced by suppression of HR (assessed by radiation-induced RAD51 focus formation) when BRCA1 and PALB2 were knocked down in a common (MDA-MB-231) background. Furthermore, knockout of BRCA2 markedly sensitized DLD-1 cells to the clinical nitrogen mustard prodrugs TH-302 and PR-104 and significantly augmented sterilization of clonogens by these agents in xenografts, both as monotherapy and in combination with radiotherapy, but had less effect on activity of the benzotriazine di-N-oxide SN30000. PR-104 monotherapy was more effective than cisplatin at inhibiting growth of BRCA2-knockout tumors at equitoxic doses. This study demonstrates the potential for HAP of nitrogen mustards to simultaneously exploit hypoxia and HR defects in tumors, with translational implications for TNBC and other HR-deficient malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Francis W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Huai-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jiechuang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pullen
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. wr.wilson@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jingli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D059767:Recombinational DNA Repair; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays