title: Combinations of two odorants of smell identification test for screening of olfactory impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether combinations of two odorants of the Open Essence smell identification test can be used to screen for olfactory impairment in Japanese people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 243 Japanese subjects (142 males, 101 females; mean age, 37.5 years; age range, 20-62 years) were enrolled in the study. The main outcome measures were the results of olfactory testing by using the full 12 odorants (condensed milk, cooking gas, curry, cypress wood (Japanese cypress, hinoki), India ink, Japanese orange (mikan), menthol, perfume, roasted garlic, rose, sweaty-smelling clothes, and wood) of the Open Essence test as well as combinations of two odorants of the Open Essence test, and the results of self-reported questionnaires addressing awareness of a smell disorder, history of sinunasal disease, self-reported nasal obstruction, and history of smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In screening with combinations of two odorants, the highest positive likelihood ratio (19.1) was obtained with the cypress wood and India ink odorants. All subjects correctly identified the curry odorant. Combinations of other odorants also had high positive likelihood ratios (India ink and sweaty-smelling clothes, 17.6; perfume and sweaty-smelling clothes, 14.7; cypress wood and roasted garlic, 14.1; cypress wood and rose, 13.2; cypress wood and perfume, 11.0; cypress wood and wood, 10.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of cypress wood and India ink odorants may be useful for detecting individuals with olfactory impairment among subjects who can correctly identify the curry odorant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. Electronic address: shigah@kanazawa-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiga
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
authors.forename: Junpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; Health Control Center, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Gas Corporation Ltd., Tokyo 105-8527, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsubasa
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Gas Corporation Ltd., Tokyo 105-8527, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miwa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Odorant; Open Essence; Screening for olfactory impairment; Smell identification test card