title: Patient-derived xenograft models: an emerging platform for translational cancer research.
abstract: Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the development and characterization of patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models for cancer research. PDX models mostly retain the principal histologic and genetic characteristics of their donor tumor and remain stable across passages. These models have been shown to be predictive of clinical outcomes and are being used for preclinical drug evaluation, biomarker identification, biologic studies, and personalized medicine strategies. This article summarizes the current state of the art in this field, including methodologic issues, available collections, practical applications, challenges and shortcomings, and future directions, and introduces a European consortium of PDX models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDX models are increasingly used in translational cancer research. These models are useful for drug screening, biomarker development, and the preclinical evaluation of personalized medicine strategies. This review provides a timely overview of the key characteristics of PDX models and a detailed discussion of future directions in the field.
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid; mhidalgo@cnio.es.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.affiliation: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amant
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow;
authors.forename: Andrew V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Biankin
authors.affiliation: Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic;
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Budinská
authors.affiliation: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland;
authors.forename: Annette T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge;
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caldas
authors.affiliation: Breakthrough Breast Cancer Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen;
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jonkers
authors.affiliation: Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;
authors.forename: Gunhild Mari
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mælandsmo
authors.affiliation: Institut Curie, Paris, France;
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roman-Roman
authors.affiliation: Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology;
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seoane
authors.affiliation: Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS; and Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trusolino
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute of Oncology-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villanueva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D057285:Precision Medicine; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays