title: A comparative study evaluating the prophylactic efficacy of oral clonidine and tramadol for perioperative shivering in geriatric patients undergoing transurethral resection of prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perioperative shivering, in geriatric patients undergoing urological surgery under central neuraxial blockade is a common complication. Prophylactic measures to reduce shivering are quintessential to decrease the morbidity and mortality. Believing that oral formulation will bring down the cost of treatment, we decided to compare the efficacy of oral clonidine and tramadol, as premedication, in prevention of shivering in patients undergoing transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) under spinal anesthesia in a prospective and double-blind manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were randomly allocated into three groups (40 patients each). Group I received oral clonidine 150 μg, Group II received oral tramadol 50 mg, while Group III received a placebo. Number of patients having shivering, their grades and duration, hemodynamic changes, and side-effects in the form of sedation were recorded. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, Student's t-test, Z test as and when appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group I and II, 38 patients (95%) and 37 patients (92.5%) did not shiver, respectively. Although in the group III, 24 patients (60%) exhibited no grade of shivering, the shivering was of significantly severe intensity and lasted for a longer duration. No, clinically significant collateral effects were observed in patients who were administered clonidine or tramadol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral clonidine and tramadol were comparable in respect to their effect in decreasing the incidence, intensity, and duration of shivering when used prophylactically in patients who underwent TURP under subarachnoid blockade.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Anurag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tewari
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Vidhi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mahendru
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Avtar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Navneet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Narula
keywords: Clonidine; postanesthetic shivering; spinal anesthesia; tramadol; transurethral resection of prostate