title: Do peer effects improve hand hygiene adherence among healthcare workers?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether hand hygiene adherence is influenced by peer effects and, specifically, whether the presence and proximity of other healthcare workers has a positive effect on hand hygiene adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study using a sensor network.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 20-bed medical intensive care unit at a large university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital staff assigned to the medical intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  We deployed a custom-built, automated, hand hygiene monitoring system that can (1) detect whether a healthcare worker has practiced hand hygiene on entering and exiting a patient's room and (2) estimate the location of other healthcare workers with respect to each healthcare worker exiting or entering a room.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a total of 47,694 in-room and out-of-room hand hygiene opportunities during the 10-day study period. When a worker was alone (no recent healthcare worker contacts), the observed adherence rate was 20.85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.78%-21.92%). In contrast, when other healthcare workers were present, observed adherence was 27.90% (95% CI, 27.48%-28.33%). This absolute increase was statistically significant (P < .01). We also found that adherence increased with the number of nearby healthcare workers but at a decreasing rate. These results were consistent at different times of day, for different measures of social context, and after controlling for possible confounding factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence and proximity of other healthcare workers is associated with higher hand hygiene rates. Furthermore, our results also indicate that rates increase as the social environment becomes more crowded, but with diminishing marginal returns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Mauricio N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Monsalve
authors.forename: Sriram V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Pemmaraju
authors.forename: Geb W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Alberto M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Segre
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Polgreen
mesh_terms: D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D063373:Hand Hygiene / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010379:Peer Group; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*