title: Three-dimensional Force and Kinematic Interactions in V1 Skating at High Speeds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the detailed kinetics and kinematics associated with use of the V1 skating technique at high skiing speeds and to identify factors that predict performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen elite male cross-country skiers performed an incremental roller-skiing speed test (Vpeak) on a treadmill using the V1 skating technique. Pole and plantar forces and whole-body kinematics were monitored at four submaximal speeds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The propulsive force of the "strong side" pole was greater than that of the "weak side" (P < 0.01), but no difference was observed for the legs. The poles generated approximately 44% of the total propulsion, being more effective than the legs in this respect (∼59% vs 11%, P < 0.001). Faster skiers exhibited more well-synchronized poling, exhibited more symmetric edging by and forces from the legs, and were more effective in transformation of resultant forces into propulsion. Cycle length was not correlated with either Vpeak or the impulse of total propulsive forces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings provide novel insights into the coordination, kinetics, and kinematics of the arm and leg motion by elite athletes while V1 skating at high speeds. The faster skiers exhibit more symmetric leg motion on the "strong" and "weak" sides, as well as more synchronized poling. With respect to methods, the pressure insoles and three-dimensional kinematics in combination with the leg push-off model described here can easily be applied to all skating techniques, aiding in the evaluation of skiing techniques and comparison of effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, AUSTRIA; 2Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, SWEDEN; and 3Swedish Olympic Committee, Stockholm, SWEDEN.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stöggl
authors.forename: Hans-Christer
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Holmberg
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012861:Skating / Q000502:physiology*; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*