title: Bottle-feeding practices during early infancy and eating behaviors at 6 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests an association of breastfeeding with a maternal feeding style (MFS) that is less controlling than formula feeding, which, in turn, may improve a child's self-regulation of eating. This study examines associations of bottle-feeding practices during infancy with MFS and children's eating behavior (CEB) at 6 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II to the Year 6 Follow-Up, which include 8 MFS and CEB measures adapted from previous validated instruments. Bottle-feeding practices during the first 6 months estimated by using the Infant Feeding Practices Study II were bottle-feeding intensity (BFI), mother's encouragement of infant to finish milk in the bottle, and infant finishing all milk in the bottle. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for associations of bottle-feeding practices with MFS and CEB at 6 years old were calculated by using multivariable logistic regressions controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and other feeding practices (N = 1117).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequent bottle emptying encouraged by mothers during infancy increased odds of mothers encouraging their child to eat all the food on their plate (aOR: 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65-3.41] and making sure their child eats enough (aOR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.14-2.31) and of children eating all the food on their plate at 6 years old (aOR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.05-3.83). High BFI during early infancy also increased the odds of mothers being especially careful to ensure their 6-year-old eats enough.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bottle-feeding practices during infancy may have long-term effects on MFS and CEB. Frequent bottle emptying encouraged by mothers and/or high BFI during early infancy increased the likelihood of mothers pressuring their 6-year-old child to eat and children's low satiety responsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and ril6@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Ruowei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and.
authors.forename: Kelley S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Scanlon
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and.
authors.forename: Ashleigh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Leann
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000523:psychology* / Q000639:trends*; D002648:Child; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Infant Feeding Practice Study II; Year 6 Follow-Up Study; bottle feeding; children’s eating behaviors; maternal feeding style