title: Rigid ureteroscopy in children: Our experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience of Pediatric ureterorenoscopy for ureteric calculi from two tertiary Pediatric urology centers at Apollo Children's Hospital, Chennai and Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children who presented with symptomatic ureteric stones greater than 6 mm were entered into the study. All children less than 12 months and more than 18 years of age and those who underwent ureterorenoscopy for indications other than the stones were excluded from the study. The children were managed on a fixed investigative and treatment protocol. The data from the Apollo Hospital New Delhi and Apollo Children's Hospital Chennai was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of thirty eight children, twenty in Chennai and eighteen in the New Delhi study. The mean age was 10.4 years and 8.5 years and the youngest child was14 months and 24 months in the Chennai and New Delhi group respectively. There was one conversion to open surgery in either group. Pneumatic lithotripter was used in majority of cases and holmium laser in select children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest Indian series of ureterorenoscopy for ureteric calculi in children. This study over nearly a decade confirms the safety and efficacy of this technique even in young children. In children less than five years, prestenting and delayed ureterorenoscopy allows safe endoscopic treatment of ureteric calculi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology and Pediatric Surgery, Apollo Children's Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Venkat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sripathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology and Pediatric Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sujit K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chowdhary
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology and Pediatric Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Deepak K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kandpal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology and Pediatric Surgery, Apollo Children's Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Varun V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Sarode
keywords: Pediatric; ureteric stone; ureterorenoscopy