title: Comparison of the calcaneal pitch angle and modified projection area per length squared method for medial longitudinal arch evaluation of the foot.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the calcaneal pitch angle (CPA) values measured on direct lateral radiographs of feet, and the modified projection area per length squared (PAL), which was calculated as a new method for the evaluation of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct lateral radiographs of patients who had weightbearing feet radiographies for any reason except trauma were retrospectively obtained from the archives. Direct lateral radiographs of the feet were printed and a transparent sheet was placed on it. A straight line was drawn between the most plantar process of the calcaneus and the head of the first metatarsal bone for the calculation of the PAL of the MLA. Two semilunar arcs were drawn upon this straight line. PAL1 and PAL2 were estimated using a point-counting technique. The CPA, lateral talo-calcaneal angles (LTCA), and talo-first metatarsal angles (TFMA) were measured. The correlations between PAL1, PAL2 of right and left feet and CPA, LTCA, and TFMA were explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty patients (27 females, 23 males) with a mean age of 40.12 (4-78) years were evaluated. Significant correlations were detected between PAL1, PAL2 and CPA, and TFMA for both right and left feet (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant correlation was detected between the modified PAL method as a new technique and the standard CPA method for MLA evaluation. The PAL method is suggested as a simple and practical method for MLA evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ilgaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Akdoğan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Semih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akkaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nuray
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akkaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kıter
keywords: Medial longitudinal arch; calcaneal pitch angle; projection area per length squared