title: Neural correlates of cognitive intervention in persons at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Cognitive training is an emergent approach that has begun to receive increased attention in recent years as a non-pharmacological, cost-effective intervention for Alzheimer's disease (AD). There has been increasing behavioral evidence regarding training-related improvement in cognitive performance in early stages of AD. Although these studies provide important insight about the efficacy of cognitive training, neuroimaging studies are crucial to pinpoint changes in brain structure and function associated with training and to examine their overlap with pathology in AD. In this study, we reviewed the existing neuroimaging studies on cognitive training in persons at risk of developing AD to provide an overview of the overlap between neural networks rehabilitated by the current training methods and those affected in AD. The data suggest a consistent training-related increase in brain activity in medial temporal, prefrontal, and posterior default mode networks, as well as increase in gray matter structure in frontoparietal and entorhinal regions. This pattern differs from the observed pattern in healthy older adults that shows a combination of increased and decreased activity in response to training. Detailed investigation of the data suggests that training in persons at risk of developing AD mainly improves compensatory mechanisms and partly restores the affected functions. While current neuroimaging studies are quite helpful in identifying the mechanisms underlying cognitive training, the data calls for future multi-modal neuroimaging studies with focus on multi-domain cognitive training, network level connectivity, and individual differences in response to training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S M Hadi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joel H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA ; Stanford Cancer Institute Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Shelli R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kesler
keywords: aging; cognitive stimulation; cognitive training; computerized training; mild cognitive impairment (MCI); neuroimaging; plasticity