title: Clinical and Functional Outcomes in Young Adult Males With ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate clinical and functional outcomes in military men with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical outcomes were measured via the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung SDS) and the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (Zung SAS). Functional outcomes were measured using the "Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble" (CRAFFT) questionnaire and questionnaires about relationships, conduct problems, substance use, and sleep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with ADHD ( n = 52) reported more depressive (34 [67.3%] vs. 19 [38%], p = .008) and anxiety symptoms (31 [61.5%] vs. 14 [28%], p = .009) compared with those without ( n = 50). They had relationships lasting less than 1 year (24 [80%] vs. 9 [37.5%], p = .006), were more likely to smoke (17 [32.7%] vs. 5 [10%], p = .005), were most likely to use illicit substances (6 [11.5%] vs. 0 [0%], p < .001), had more conduct problems at school (27 [51.9%] vs. 5 [10%], p < .001), and had longer sleep latency (53.96 min ± 46.48 vs. 25.78 min ± 25.93, p = .006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Military men with ADHD are significantly associated with worse clinical and functional outcomes. They should be screened and monitored for depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, and substance use.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jared Wei Lik
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.affiliation: 2 Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Christopher Cheng Soon
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cheok
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012574:Schools; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; anxiety; depression; sleep problems; substance use