title: Bidirectional relationship of hypertension with obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertension (HTN) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are coexistent in millions of people, and both have been associated with heart disease, stroke, and premature death. OSA is an important risk factor for HTN. However, the relationship between OSA and HTN may be bidirectional, with high blood pressure (BP) contributing to an increased risk and severity of OSA. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature supporting a bidirectional relationship of sleep apnea and HTN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment of HTN to a lower BP target may improve sleep apnea by improving upper airway tone, by targeting hormone pathways (aldosterone, renin-angiotensin system) that may exacerbate OSA, and by reducing the nocturnal rostral fluid shifts through the use of a low-sodium diet, diuretics, and dialysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive BP and volume overload control may be a promising approach to treat OSA. Future studies examining the hormonal mechanisms and comparing the effect of different antihypertensive medications on OSA are needed.
authors.affiliation: aRenal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bNephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jhamb
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unruh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000378:metabolism; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D012307:Risk Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D000450:Aldosterone