title: Visualizing surface area and volume of lumens in three dimensions using images from histological sections.
abstract: Visualizing the interior (lumen) of a tubular structure within tissue can provide a unique perspective on anatomical organization of the tissue. Portal tracts of the liver contain several vessels and ducts in various patterns of intertwining branches and are an example of such spaces. An inexpensive method, using light microscopy and a sample of conventionally stained canine livers, was used to colorize and allow visualization of the lumens of vessels within the portal tract in three dimensions. When the colour of the background was digitally cleared and the lumen filled with a solid colour, it was possible to measure areas and volumes of the portal vein, arteries, bile ducts and lymphatics. Significant differences between vessels and ducts across lobes and gender in control samples are discussed. Differences were also found between control and mixed breed dogs and between controls and a dog that died of accidental traumatic haemorrhage. These differences are discussed in relation to visualizing lumens using images generated from a light microscope. Vessels in plants such as xylem and continuously formed spaces resulting from ice formation are other examples where this technique could be applied.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.; Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.forename: Tan D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Tuong
authors.forename: Grace E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Kissling
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000166:cytology*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000166:cytology*; D004285:Dogs; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization / Q000379:methods*; D052584:Xylem / Q000166:cytology
keywords: 3-D reconstruction; histology; liver; negative space; portal tract