title: Duration of action of bupivacaine hydrochloride used for palatal sensory nerve block in infant pigs.
abstract: Bupivacaine hydrochloride is frequently used in veterinary dental procedures to reduce the amount of general anesthesia needed and to reduce post-procedural pain. The aim of this study was to develop a novel method to test local anesthetic duration in mammals. Six infant pigs were placed under deep/surgical anesthesia with 3 % isoflurane and oxygen while 0.5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride was injected to block the two greater palatine and the nasopalatine nerves. They were then maintained under light anesthesia with 0.5-1.0% isoflurane. Beginning 15-minutes after the injection, 7 sites in the oral cavity were stimulated using a pointed dental waxing instrument, including 3 sites on the hard palate. The response, or lack of response, to the stimulus was recorded on video and in written record The bupivacaine hydrochloride injections lasted 1 to 3-hours before the animals responded to the sensory stimulation with a reflexive movement This study provides evidence that bupivacaine used to anesthetize the hard palate has a relatively short and variable duration of action far below what is expected based on its pharmacokinetic properties.
authors.forename: Shaina Devi
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Estela M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gierbolini-Norat
authors.forename: Stacey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lukasik
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campbell-Malone
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Rebecca Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: German
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000662:veterinary*; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D007530:Isoflurane; D002045:Bupivacaine