title: Impact of periodontitis on chemokines in smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the chemokine expression profiles in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum in patients with advanced chronic periodontitis and to assess the impact of smoking on local and systemic levels of chemokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with chronic periodontitis (CP; 20 smokers and 10 non-smokers) and 20 periodontally healthy subjects (10 smokers and 10 non-smokers) were recruited. Clinical parameters included the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted chemokine (RANTES) were measured in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum using a multiplex immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MIP-1α levels were significantly lower (10.15 ± 1.48; p = 0.039) while MIP-1β levels were significantly higher (42.05 ± 8.21; p = 0.005) in sera from non-smoker patients with CP compared to non-smoker healthy subjects. MCP-1 concentration in sera was significantly higher in smoker periodontitis patients (8.89 ± 1.65) compared to non-smoker patients with periodontitis (8.14 ± 0.97; p = 0.004). MIP-1α and RANTES were significantly higher in GCF of the patients with CP (p = 0.001) while there were no statistically significant correlations between the GCF levels of these analytes and the smoking status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal inflammation increases the chemokine concentrations in the GCF while smoking suppresses chemokine levels in serum suggesting that different local and systemic mechanisms are involved during the response to periodontitis in smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the local and systemic chemokine responses in smokers will enable the development of biologically-based treatment methods for chronic periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Haytural
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yaman
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ural
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kantarci
authors.forename: Korkud
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Demirel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D008297:Male; D010512:Periodontal Index; D000074285:Smokers
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines