title: Early and late fracture following extensive limb lengthening in patients with achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia.
abstract: Two types of fracture, early and late, have been reported following limb lengthening in patients with achondroplasia (ACH) and hypochondroplasia (HCH). We reviewed 25 patients with these conditions who underwent 72 segmental limb lengthening procedures involving the femur and/or tibia, between 2003 and 2011. Gender, age at surgery, lengthened segment, body mass index, the shape of the callus, the amount and percentage of lengthening and the healing index were evaluated to determine predictive factors for the occurrence of early (within three weeks after removal of the fixation pins) and late fracture (> three weeks after removal of the pins). The Mann‑Whitney U test and Pearson's chi-squared test for univariate analysis and stepwise regression model for multivariate analysis were used to identify the predictive factor for each fracture. Only one patient (two tibiae) was excluded from the analysis due to excessively slow formation of the regenerate, which required supplementary measures. A total of 24 patients with 70 limbs were included in the study. There were 11 early fractures in eight patients. The shape of the callus (lateral or central callus) was the only statistical variable related to the occurrence of early fracture in univariate and multivariate analyses. Late fracture was observed in six limbs and the mean time between removal of the fixation pins and fracture was 18.3 weeks (3.3 to 38.4). Lengthening of the tibia, larger healing index, and lateral or central callus were related to the occurrence of a late fracture in univariate analysis. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the shape of the callus was the strongest predictor for late fracture (odds ratio: 19.3, 95% confidence interval: 2.91 to 128). Lateral or central callus had a significantly larger risk of fracture than fusiform, cylindrical, or concave callus. Radiological monitoring of the shape of the callus during distraction is important to prevent early and late fracture of lengthened limbs in patients with ACH or HCH. In patients with thin callus formation, some measures to stimulate bone formation should be considered as early as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466 8550, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466 8550, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466 8550, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466 8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466 8550, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
mesh_terms: D000130:Achondroplasia / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D001852:Bone Lengthening; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D004392:Dwarfism / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000209:etiology*; D005269:Femur / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008141:Lordosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013977:Tibia / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Achondroplasia/hypochondroplasia; Early fracture; Late fracture; Limb lengthening; Predictive factor