title: Visceral, subcutaneous abdominal adiposity and liver fat content distribution in normal glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the specific distribution of liver fat content, visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in normal glucose tolerance (NGT/NGT), isolated impaired fasting glucose (iIFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (iIGT) and combined conditions (IFG+IGT), as well as with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (nT2D).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter, international observational study: cross-sectional analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand five hundred and fifteen patients (50.0% women, 54.5% non-Caucasian) without previously known diabetes were recruited from 29 countries. Abdominal fat distribution was measured by computed tomography (CT). Liver fat was estimated using the CT-liver mean attenuation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with NGT/NGT patients, increased visceral adiposity was found in iIFG, iIGT, IFG+IGT and nT2D; estimated liver fat progressively increased across these conditions. A one-s.d. increase in visceral adiposity was associated with an increased risk of having iIFG (men: odds ratio (OR) 1.41 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-1.74), women: OR 1.62 (1.29-2.04)), iIGT (men: OR 1.59 (1.15-2.01), women: OR 1.30 (0.96-1.76)), IFG+IGT (men: OR 1.64 (1.27-2.13), women: OR 1.83 (1.36-2.48)) and nT2D (men: OR 1.80 (1.35-2.42), women: OR 1.73 (1.25-2.41)). A one-s.d. increase in estimated liver fat was associated with iIGT (men: OR 1.46 (1.12-1.90), women: OR 1.81 (1.41-2.35)), IFG+IGT (men: OR 1.42 (1.14-1.77), women: OR 1.74 (1.35-2.26)) and nT2D (men: OR 1.77 (1.40-2.27), women: OR 2.38 (1.81-3.18)). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue showed an inverse relationship with nT2D in women (OR 0.63 (0.45-0.88)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liver fat was associated with iIGT but not with iIFG, whereas visceral adiposity was associated with both. Liver fat and visceral adiposity were associated with nT2D, whereas subcutaneous adiposity showed an inverse relationship with nT2D in women.
authors.affiliation: 1] Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Pneumologie et de Cardiologie de Québec, Québec, Quebec, Canada [2] HP2 Laboratory INSERM U1042, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France [3] Endocrinology Department, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Borel
authors.affiliation: 1] Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Pneumologie et de Cardiologie de Québec, Québec, Quebec, Canada [2] Centre Européen Nutrition Pour la Santé (CENS), CarMeN Laboratory, Pierre-Bénite, France.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nazare
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Pneumologie et de Cardiologie de Québec, Québec, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Javeriana University School of Medicine, San Ignacio University Hospital, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aschner
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vascular Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barter
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Gaal
authors.affiliation: Gleneagles Medical Centre, SingapRe, Singapore.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng Tan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Wittchen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuzawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Sanofi, Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brulle-Wohlhueter
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Pneumologie et de Cardiologie de Québec, Québec, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alméras
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Haffner
authors.affiliation: INSERM, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, UMRS 1018, Epidemiology of Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease over the Lifecourse and Determinants of Early Nutrition, Villejuif; University Paris Sud 11, Paris, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balkau
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Pneumologie et de Cardiologie de Québec, Québec, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Després
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose