title: Impact of polymers on the crystallization and phase transition kinetics of amorphous nifedipine during dissolution in aqueous media.
abstract: The commercial and clinical success of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) in overcoming the low bioavailability of poorly soluble molecules has generated momentum among pharmaceutical scientists to advance the fundamental understanding of these complex systems. A major limitation of these formulations stems from the propensity of amorphous solids to crystallize upon exposure to aqueous media. This study was specifically focused on developing analytical techniques to evaluate the impact of polymers on the crystallization behavior during dissolution, which is critical in designing effective amorphous formulations. In the study, the crystallization and polymorphic conversions of a model compound, nifedipine, were explored in the absence and presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), and HPMC-acetate succinate (HPMC-AS). A combination of analytical approaches including Raman spectroscopy, polarized light microscopy, and chemometric techniques such as multivariate curve resolution (MCR) were used to evaluate the kinetics of crystallization and polymorphic transitions as well as to identify the primary route of crystallization, i.e., whether crystallization took place in the dissolving solid matrix or from the supersaturated solutions generated during dissolution. Pure amorphous nifedipine, when exposed to aqueous media, was found to crystallize rapidly from the amorphous matrix, even when polymers were present in the dissolution medium. Matrix crystallization was avoided when amorphous solid dispersions were prepared, however, crystallization from the solution phase was rapid. MCR was found to be an excellent data processing technique to deconvolute the complex phase transition behavior of nifedipine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Shweta A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Raina
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Alonzo
authors.forename: Geoff G Z
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Lynne S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000737:chemistry*; D044367:Phase Transition; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011205:Povidone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; C077842:polyvinylpolypyrrolidone; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D011205:Povidone; D009543:Nifedipine
keywords: Raman spectroscopy; crystallization; multivariate curve resolution; polymers; polymorphism; solution mediated phase transformation; supersaturated solutions