title: Cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities in patients with hyperuricemia and/or gout: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the available literature on the likelihood of having cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and on developing CV comorbidities in patients with gout and/or asymptomatic hyperuricemia as an evidence base for generating multinational clinical practice recommendations in the 3e (Evidence, Expertise, Exchange) Initiative in Rheumatology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was carried out using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library, and abstracts presented at the 2010/2011 meetings of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European League Against Rheumatism, searching for CV risk factors and new CV comorbidities in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and/or a diagnosis of gout. Trials that fulfilled predefined inclusion criteria were systematically reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 66 out of 8918 identified publications were included in this review. After assessment of the risk of bias, 32 articles with a high risk of bias were excluded. Data could not be pooled because of clinical and statistical heterogeneity. In general, both for asymptomatic hyperuricemia and for gout the hazard ratios for CV comorbidities were only modestly increased (1.5 to 2.0) as were the hazard ratios for CV risk factors, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 for hypertension and from 1.0 to 2.4 for diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike the common opinion that patients with gout or hyperuricemia are at higher risk of developing CV disease, the actual risk to develop CV disease is either rather weak (for hyperuricemia) or poorly investigated (for gout).
authors.affiliation: From the Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; and Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.C. van Durme, MD, Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; I.A. van Echteld, MD, Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital; L. Falzon, PGDipInf, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center; D. Aletaha, MD, MSc, Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna; D.M. van der Heijde, MD, PhD, Professor of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center; R.B. Landewé, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center; Atrium Medical Center. cvandurme@chu.ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Durme
authors.affiliation: From the Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; and Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.C. van Durme, MD, Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; I.A. van Echteld, MD, Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital; L. Falzon, PGDipInf, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center; D. Aletaha, MD, MSc, Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna; D.M. van der Heijde, MD, PhD, Professor of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center; R.B. Landewé, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center; Atrium Medical Center.
authors.forename: Irene A A M
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: van Echteld
authors.affiliation: From the Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; and Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.C. van Durme, MD, Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; I.A. van Echteld, MD, Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital; L. Falzon, PGDipInf, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center; D. Aletaha, MD, MSc, Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna; D.M. van der Heijde, MD, PhD, Professor of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center; R.B. Landewé, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center; Atrium Medical Center.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Falzon
authors.affiliation: From the Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; and Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.C. van Durme, MD, Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; I.A. van Echteld, MD, Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital; L. Falzon, PGDipInf, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center; D. Aletaha, MD, MSc, Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna; D.M. van der Heijde, MD, PhD, Professor of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center; R.B. Landewé, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center; Atrium Medical Center.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aletaha
authors.affiliation: From the Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; and Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.C. van Durme, MD, Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; I.A. van Echteld, MD, Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital; L. Falzon, PGDipInf, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center; D. Aletaha, MD, MSc, Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna; D.M. van der Heijde, MD, PhD, Professor of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center; R.B. Landewé, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center; Atrium Medical Center.
authors.forename: Désirée M F M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: van der Heijde
authors.affiliation: From the Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; and Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands.C. van Durme, MD, Rheumatology Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Rheumatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; I.A. van Echteld, MD, Rheumatology Department, St. Elisabeth Hospital; L. Falzon, PGDipInf, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center; D. Aletaha, MD, MSc, Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Medical University of Vienna; D.M. van der Heijde, MD, PhD, Professor of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center; R.B. Landewé, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center; Atrium Medical Center.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Landewé
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006073:Gout / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIABETES; GOUT; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY