title: Effects of daily consumption of synbiotic bread on insulin metabolism and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among diabetic patients: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of daily consumption of synbiotic bread on the metabolic status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was performed in 81 diabetic patients. The subjects were randomly assigned to consumption of synbiotic (n = 27), probiotic (n = 27), or control bread (n = 27) for 8 weeks 3 times a day in a 40-gram package. The synbiotic bread contained Lactobacillus sporogenes (1 × 10(8) CFU) and 0.07 g inulin per 1 g. The probiotic bread contained L. sporogenes (1 × 10(8) CFU per 1 g). Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after an 8-week intervention for quantification of related factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of the synbiotic bread resulted in a significant reduction in serum insulin levels (-3.2 ± 5.4 vs. -0.3 ± 3.4 and 0.6 ± 4.7 µIU/ml, respectively, p = 0.007), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance scores (-1.5 ± 2.7 vs. -0.2 ± 1.6 and 0.4 ± 3.5, respectively, p = 0.03), and homeostatic model assessment-β-cell function (-7.2 ± 16.3 vs. -0.7 ± 10.8 and 0.7 ± 8.2, respectively, p = 0.04) compared to the probiotic and control breads. We did not find any significant effect of synbiotic bread consumption on fasting plasma glucose, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, or serum hs-CRP levels compared to other breads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of the synbiotic bread among diabetic patients had beneficial effects on insulin metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Science Department, Science Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tajadadi-Ebrahimi
authors.forename: Fereashteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bahmani
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shakeri
authors.forename: Haleh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hadaegh
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hijijafari
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abedi
authors.forename: Zatollah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Asemi
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001939:Bread / Q000382:microbiology*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007492:Iran; D007778:Lactobacillus; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D058616:Synbiotics
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein