title: Expression of interleukin-33 is correlated with poor prognosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to clarify the role of IL-33 in tumor progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical specimens from 81 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were studied using immunohistochemistry. Primary tumor sections were analyzed for IL-33 and ST2 expression. To examine the influence of IL-33 on the microenvironment of the tumor, we determined the mast cell density (MCD) and microvessel density of the stroma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with high IL-33 expression had a significantly worse prognosis (p=0.004). IL-33 expression was significantly elevated in patients with local and nodal recurrence (p=0.014 and p=0.019). ST2 expression was also associated with a worse prognosis (p=0.024) and was significantly elevated in patients with nodal recurrence (p=0.004). MCD was associated with worse prognosis (p=0.038) and correlated significantly with IL-33 expression (r=0.626, p<0.001). Micovessels in the stroma were significantly increased in the high IL-33 group (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the IL-33/ST2 axis contributes to tumor aggressiveness and affects the tumor microenvironment. Immunohistochemical evaluation of IL-33 and ST2 is useful for identifying patients at a high risk for poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yagi-Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhira
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wakisaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murono
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, and Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan. Electronic address: tomoy@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshizaki
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology; D055806:Microvessels; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: C079241:IL1RL1 protein, human; C506536:IL33 protein, human; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007378:Interleukins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface
keywords: Inflammation; Interleukin-33; Malignant potential; Mast cell; ST2; Tongue squamous cell carcinoma