title: Comparison of the didactic lecture with the simulation/model approach for the teaching of a novel perioperative ultrasound curriculum to anesthesiology residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To expose residents to two methods of education for point-of-care ultrasound, a traditional didactic lecture and a model/simulation-based lecture, which focus on concepts of cardiopulmonary function, volume status, and evaluation of severe thoracic/abdominal injuries; and to assess which method is more effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-center, prospective, blinded trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesiology residents who were assigned to an educational day during the two-month research study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents were allocated to two groups to receive either a 90-minute, one-on-one didactic lecture or a 90-minute lecture in a simulation center, during which they practiced on a human model and simulation mannequin (normal pathology). Data points included a pre-lecture multiple-choice test, post-lecture multiple-choice test, and post-lecture, human model-based examination. Post-lecture tests were performed within three weeks of the lecture. An experienced sonographer who was blinded to the education modality graded the model-based skill assessment examinations. Participants completed a follow-up survey to assess the perceptions of the quality of their instruction between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  20 residents completed the study. No differences were noted between the two groups in pre-lecture test scores (P = 0.97), but significantly higher scores for the model/simulation group occurred on both the post-lecture multiple choice (P = 0.038) and post-lecture model (P = 0.041) examinations. Follow-up resident surveys showed significantly higher scores in the model/simulation group regarding overall interest in perioperative ultrasound (P = 0.047) as well understanding of the physiologic concepts (P = 0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A model/simulation-based based lecture series may be more effective in teaching the skills needed to perform a point-of-care ultrasound examination to anesthesiology residents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA. Electronic address: dramsing@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Davinder
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramsingh
authors.affiliation: University of California at Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Brenton
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Khanhvan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Wendell
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannesson
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education*; D002140:California; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008348:Manikins; D016544:Patient Simulation; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000592:standards*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000592:standards; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Anesthesiologists; Anesthesiology residency education; Point-of-care ultrasonography