title: Physico-chemical analysis and antimicrobial potential of Apis dorsata, Apis mellifera and Ziziphus jujube honey samples from Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate physico-chemical properties and antimicrobial potential of indigenous honey samples against different reference strains including Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 9027, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13883, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, Rhizopus oligosporus PCSIR1, Candida albicans ATCC 14053 and Candida utilis ATCC 9950.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using standard methods samples were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties including additive effect of starch and non-peroxidase activity, antioxidative properties (phenol contents, flavonoid contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity). Prior to this evaluation, complete physico-chemical properties including pH, color, ash contents, protein contents, moisture contents, hydroxymethyl furfural contents, total sugar contents, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar contents were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relatively higher ash contents were found in the Siddar honey i.e. (0.590 0±0.033 6)% and small honey showed relatively higher protein contents i.e. (777.598±9.880) mg/kg. The moisture contents of tested honey samples ranged between 13.8%-16.6%, total sugar contents from 61.672%-72.420% and non-reducing sugar contents from 1.95%-3.93%. Presences of phenolic contents indicate higher antioxidant potential of these honey samples. All bacteria showed clear inhibition zones in response to tested honey samples whereas fungi and yeast showed inhibition at higher concentrations of these honey samples. For Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Aspergillus niger, overall the small honey showed the higher activity than other honey samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physico-chemical analysis of honey samples confirmed good quality of honey according to the standards set by European Union Commission and Codex Alimentarius Commission. Evaluation of these honey samples confirms antimicrobial potential of particular types of honeys indigenous to Pakistan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Qauid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hira
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Qauid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Javid Iqbal
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Dasti
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Qauid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Qauid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Safia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: PCSIR Research Laboratories, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nadeem
keywords: Antimicrobial properties; Antioxidative properties; Non-peroxidase activity; Ziziphus jujube honey