title: Studies on arterial stiffness and wave reflections in hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patho-physiological and pharmacological studies have consistently noticed that, with the exception of subjects with end-stage renal disease, total intravascular blood volume is not increased in patients with chronic hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because the mean circulatory pressure is enhanced in such subjects, it was postulated that the compliance of the cardiovascular system could be abnormally low in this particular population. This simple observation has influenced a great part of our experimental and clinical research directed toward subjects with hypertension and their relationship with the compliance of the vascular system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These works started between 1970 and 1980 by methodological investigations and validations followed by analysis of clinical situations that showed that venous and mostly arterial stiffness were significantly increased in hypertensive patients independently of blood pressure level. During the same time, we assessed the role of endothelium on the large arterial wall mechanical properties in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Thereafter more specific directions have been developed, affecting large arteries structure and function and arterial wall remodeling, including their consequences on central and peripheral hemodynamics. In parallel, epidemiological studies identified the pulsatile hemodynamic parameters as major independent predictors of cardiovascular risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consequences of these alterations on clinical pharmacology and therapeutics in hypertension are analyzed in detail.
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, AP-HP, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Paris, France; michel.safar@htd.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Michel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Safar
authors.affiliation: PARCC, INSERM U970, AP-HP, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Bernard I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D001158:Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001810:Blood Volume; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
keywords: arterial stiffness; blood pressure; hypertension; wave reflections.