title: Absence of protective effect of oral contraceptive use on the development of rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on observational studies. Summary estimates were obtained using fixed- or random-effects models as appropriate. Dose-response meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, cumulative meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias tests were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our meta-analysis of 28 studies included 18 case-control, three nested case-control, and seven cohort studies. In case-control studies, the risk of RA of ever, current and past OC users was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.89), 0.71 (95% CI, 0.48-1.06) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.44-1.01), respectively, compared to that of never OC users. In prospective studies, the corresponding odds ratios (ORs) of ever, current and past OC use were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.87-1.15), 0.93 (95% CI, 0.70-1.23) and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.78-1.12), respectively. A cumulative meta-analysis showed that the pooled ORs moved to the midline with an increase in sample size as years passed. There was an inverse association between OC use and severity of RA (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.22-0.78). Dose-response meta-analysis of the study data revealed that the association between OC use and risk of RA was independent of duration of OC use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OC use has no protective effect on RA onset, but appears to prevent progression to severe RA. In addition, OC use has a lower protective effect on the risk of RA with change in OC composition. Finally, no cumulative effect was found between OC use and risk of RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhichao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Wentao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D016017:Odds Ratio; D065840:Protective Factors; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal
keywords: meta-analysis; oral contraceptives; rheumatoid arthritis; risk factor