title: Multiphoton microscopy in defining liver function.
abstract: Multiphoton microscopy is the preferred method when in vivo deep-tissue imaging is required. This review presents the application of multiphoton microscopy in defining liver function. In particular, multiphoton microscopy is useful in imaging intracellular events, such as mitochondrial depolarization and cellular metabolism in terms of NAD(P)H changes with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. The morphology of hepatocytes can be visualized without exogenously administered fluorescent dyes by utilizing their autofluorescence and second harmonic generation signal of collagen, which is useful in diagnosing liver disease. More specific imaging, such as studying drug transport in normal and diseased livers are achievable, but require exogenously administered fluorescent dyes. If these techniques can be translated into clinical use to assess liver function, it would greatly improve early diagnosis of organ viability, fibrosis, and cancer.
authors.affiliation: University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliabUniversity of Queensland, School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Camilla A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thorling
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Darrell
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Faculty of Pharmacy, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Burczynski
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Chiao Tung University, Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Liau
authors.affiliation: University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, AustraliabUniversity of Queensland, School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000379:methods*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations