title: Disparate response of high-frequency ganglionic plexus stimulation on sinus node function and atrial propagation in patients with atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), the autonomic nervous system is supposed to play an role in triggering AF; however, little is known of the effect on atrial conduction characteristics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to study the effect of ganglionic plexus (GP) stimulation during sinus rhythm on atrial and pulmonary vein conduction in patients during thoracoscopic surgery for AF METHODS: In 25 patients, the anterior right ganglionic plexus (ARGP) was stimulated (16 Hz, at 1, 2, and 5 mA). Epicardial electrograms were recorded using a 48-electrode map from the right pulmonary vein (RPV) or right atrial (RA). Intra-atrial activation time (IAT), local activation time (LAT), and inhomogeneity of conduction (IIC) were determined. ECG parameters (P-P, P-R interval) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P-P interval was 956 ± 157 ms (range 768-1368 ms), and P-R interval was 203 ± 37 ms (range 136-280 ms). After ARGP stimulation, a short-lasting increase of P-P interval was observed, more prominent at higher output (1 mA = 82 ms, 2 mA = 180 ms, 5 mA = 268 ms, all P <.01 vs baseline). P-R interval remained unchanged. IAT was 34.4 ms (range 5.6-50.3 ms) at the RA and 105.8 ms (range 79.7-163.3 ms) at the RPV. After 1-mA stimulation IAT increased, in patients taking beta-blockers (P = .001), or it decreased, and this change persisted after subsequent stimulation at higher current (1 mA, P = .001; 2 mA, P = .401; 5 mA, P = .593). Similar changes were observed for LAT and IIC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ARGP stimulation results in a short-lasting, output-dependent decrease in sinus node frequency due to a parasympathetic response. Stimulation of the ARGP induced a prolonged increase or decrease in conduction characteristics in patients with AF, consistent with a persistent differential parasympathetic and/or sympathetic response.
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sébastien P J
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Krul
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Veronique M F
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Meijborg
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wouter R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Linnenbank
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Antoine H G
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Driessen
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim-Jan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van Boven
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arthur A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacques M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Bakker
authors.affiliation: Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands; L' Institut de RYthmnologie en modélisation Cardiaque (LIRYC), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.affiliation: Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.r.degroot@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Joris R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Groot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016279:Atrial Function, Left; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005725:Ganglia, Autonomic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Atrium; Autonomic nervous system; Conduction; Ganglionic plexus; High-frequency stimulation; Sinoatrial node; Thoracoscopic surgery