title: A unique nodavirus with novel features: mosinovirus expresses two subgenomic RNAs, a capsid gene of unknown origin, and a suppressor of the antiviral RNA interference pathway.
abstract: Insects are a reservoir for many known and novel viruses. We discovered an unknown virus, tentatively named mosinovirus (MoNV), in mosquitoes from a tropical rainforest region in Côte d'Ivoire. The MoNV genome consists of two segments of positive-sense RNA of 2,972 nucleotides (nt) (RNA 1) and 1,801 nt (RNA 2). Its putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase shares 43% amino acid identity with its closest relative, that of the Pariacoto virus (family Nodaviridae). Unexpectedly, for the putative capsid protein, maximal pairwise identity of 16% to Lake Sinai virus 2, an unclassified virus with a nonsegmented RNA genome, was found. Moreover, MoNV virions are nonenveloped and about 50 nm in diameter, larger than any of the known nodaviruses. Mature MoNV virions contain capsid proteins of ∼ 56 kDa, which do not seem to be cleaved from a longer precursor. Northern blot analyses revealed that MoNV expresses two subgenomic RNAs of 580 nt (RNA 3) and 292 nt (RNA 4). RNA 4 encodes a viral suppressor of RNA interference (RNAi) that shares its mechanism with the B2 RNAi suppressor protein of other nodaviruses despite lacking recognizable similarity to these proteins. MoNV B2 binds long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and, accordingly, inhibits Dicer-2-mediated processing of dsRNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Phylogenetic analyses indicate that MoNV is a novel member of the family Nodaviridae that acquired its capsid gene via reassortment from an unknown, distantly related virus beyond the family level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The identification of novel viruses provides important information about virus evolution and diversity. Here, we describe an unknown unique nodavirus in mosquitoes, named mosinovirus (MoNV). MoNV was classified as a nodavirus based on its genome organization and on phylogenetic analyses of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Notably, its capsid gene was acquired from an unknown virus with a distant relationship to nodaviruses. Another remarkable feature of MoNV is that, unlike other nodaviruses, it expresses two subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs). One of the sgRNAs expresses a protein that counteracts antiviral defense of its mosquito host, whereas the function of the other sgRNA remains unknown. Our results show that complete genome segments can be exchanged beyond the species level and suggest that insects harbor a large repertoire of exceptional viruses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zirkel
authors.affiliation: Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen W R
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: van Cleef
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drosten
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands R.vanRij@ncmls.ru.nl junglen@virology-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: van Rij
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany R.vanRij@ncmls.ru.nl junglen@virology-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Junglen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D030381:Nodaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014771:Virion / Q000737:chemistry; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D012367:RNA, Viral; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins