title: Highly accurate diagnosis of cancer in thyroid nodules with follicular neoplasm/suspicious for a follicular neoplasm cytology by ThyroSeq v2 next-generation sequencing assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a common approach to evaluating thyroid nodules, although 20% to 30% of FNAs have indeterminate cytology, which hampers the appropriate management of these patients. Follicular (or oncocytic) neoplasm/suspicious for a follicular (or oncocytic) neoplasm (FN/SFN) is a common indeterminate diagnosis with a cancer risk of approximately 15% to 30%. In this study, the authors tested whether the most complete next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel of genetic markers could significantly improve cancer diagnosis in these nodules.
  
  
  METHODS
  The evaluation of 143 consecutive FNA samples with a cytologic diagnosis of FN/SFN from patients with known surgical outcomes included 91 retrospective samples and 52 prospective samples. Analyses were performed on a proprietary sequencer using the targeted ThyroSeq v2 NGS panel, which simultaneously tests for point mutations in 13 genes and for 42 types of gene fusions that occur in thyroid cancer. The expression of 8 genes was used to assess the cellular composition of FNA samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the entire cohort, histologic analysis revealed 104 benign nodules and 39 malignant nodules. The most common point mutations involved the neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), followed by the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene, and the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene. The identified fusions involved the thyroid adenoma associated (THADA) gene; the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) gene; and the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3 (NTRK3) gene. Performance characteristics were similar in the retrospective and prospective groups. Among all FN/SFN nodules, preoperative ThyroSeq v2 performed with 90% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 80%-99%), 93% specificity (95% CI, 88%-98%), a positive predictive value of 83% (95% CI, 72%-95%), a negative predictive value of 96% (95% CI, 92%-100%), and 92% accuracy (95% CI, 88%-97%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results indicate that comprehensive genotyping of thyroid nodules using a broad NGS panel provides a highly accurate diagnosis for nodules with FN/SFN cytology and should facilitate the optimal management of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Yuri E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Nikiforov
authors.forename: Sally E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Carty
authors.forename: Simon I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Chiosea
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coyne
authors.forename: Umamaheswar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Duvvuri
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Gooding
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hodak
authors.forename: Shane O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: LeBeau
authors.forename: N Paul
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Ohori
authors.forename: Raja R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Seethala
authors.forename: Mitchell E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tublin
authors.forename: Linwah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Marina N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Nikiforova
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D018249:Adenoma, Oxyphilic; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary; D015331:Cohort Studies; D050939:Gene Fusion / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D009154:Mutation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D000077273:Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology
keywords: cytology; genetics; molecular diagnosis; thyroid cancer; thyroid nodules