title: Toxicity of road deicing salt (NaCl) and copper (Cu) to fertilization and early developmental stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
abstract: In many countries, salting of ice or snow covered roads may affect aquatic organisms in the catchment directly or indirectly by mobilization of toxic metals. We studied the toxicity of road deicing salt and copper (Cu) on the vulnerable early life stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), from fertilization till hatching. Controlled episodic exposure to road salt (≥ 5,000 mg/L) during fertilization resulted in reduced swelling and less percent egg survival. Exposure to Cu both during and post fertilization caused delayed hatching. Larval deformities were, however found as an additional effect, when eggs were exposed to high salt concentration (≥ 5,000 mg/L) mixed with Cu (10 μg Cu/L) during fertilization. Thus, it appears that the sensitivity of early developmental stages of Atlantic salmon increased when exposed to these stressors, and road salt application during spawning can pose threat to Atlantic salmon in water bodies receiving road runoff. The study gives insight on assessment and management of risks on Atlantic salmon population posed by road related hazardous chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway. Electronic address: urma.mahrosh@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Urma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mahrosh
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway. Electronic address: merethe.kleiven@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Merethe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleiven
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Environmental Assessment Section, P.O. Box 8142 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: sondre.meland@vegvesen.no.
authors.forename: Sondre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meland
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life sciences, Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway. Electronic address: bjorn.rosseland@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Bjørn Olav
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Rosseland
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway. Electronic address: brit.salbu@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Brit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salbu
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway. Electronic address: hans-christian.teien@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Hans-Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Teien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D005306:Fertilization / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000254:growth & development; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D003300:Copper
keywords: Atlantic salmon; Copper; Eggs; Road salt; Toxicity