title: Evaluation of gingival bleeding awareness by comparison of self-reports and clinical measurements of freshman dental students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this descriptive, cross-sectional investigation were to evaluate the gingival health awareness of dental students by comparing their clinical gingival bleeding scores and self-reports, and to compare differences in awareness between males and females.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 100 (51 males, 49 females) freshman dental students were included in the study. Periodontal indices recorded were: Presence of plaque percentage (plaque index [PI], %), percentage of sites of bleeding on probing (BOP, %), probing depth, and community periodontal index (CPI). Percent agreement, kappa agreement, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated by comparing their self-reported gingival bleeding and BOP%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The self-reports of gingival bleeding exhibited statistically significant correlations with BOP% in females (r = 0.42, P = 0.003). Female students showed a higher degree of awareness when kappa agreement, 0.23 (males: 0.16, females: 0.39), sensitivity, 48% (males: 42%, females: 51%), and specificity, 95% (males: 90%, females: 100%) were calculated. Although male dental students had higher PI and CPI scores, there was no significant difference by gender in the clinical measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our results, the validity of self-reported gingival bleeding was higher among dental students than in previous population-based studies. Female dental students showed a higher degree of awareness than males of their gingival health. Half of the included dental students could not differentiate whether they had gingival bleeding when there was actual bleeding. More emphasis should be given to the education of dental students regarding the relationship between gingival bleeding and active periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Ulku
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baser
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Meliha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Germen
authors.affiliation: Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Yelda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Erdem
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Halim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Issever
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Funda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yalcin
keywords: Awareness; dental; gingival bleeding; gingivitis; self-report; sex differences; students