title: [Aneurysms of the ascending aorta and aortic arch].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta and aortic arch often represents a challenge due to their complexity. The clinical picture is characterized by further progression of the disease and severe complications, such as acute aortic dissection or even aortic rupture are not uncommon.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article gives a review of definitions, etiology and indications for operative treatment of patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta and aortic arch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An aortic aneurysm of the ascending aorta is defined as a dilatation of all wall layers of the aorta of more than 50 % in comparison to the normal diameter. This is dependent on age, sex, body surface area and the underlying diseases. In most cases the cause is the presence of atherosclerosis. Connective tissue diseases, bicuspid or monocuspid aortic valves and aortitis represent additional risk factors. Surgical treatment of the ascending aorta, aortic root and aortic arch is carried out in patients without connective tissue diseases and a diameter of ≥ 55 mm and for patients with Marfan syndrome and bicuspid aortic valves with a diameter of ≥ 50 mm. Earlier indications for surgery are present with an aortic diameter of ≥ 45 mm in patients with the following risk factors: familial disposition for aortic dissection (often unrecognized as sudden cardiac death), annual growth rate of the aortic diameter of > 2 mm, comorbid severe aortic valve or mitral valve insufficiency and female patients with a desire to have children. The standard surgical procedures include aortic root replacement, aortic valve reconstruction with aortic root or ascending aorta replacement and partial or total aortic arch replacement depending on the extent of the aneurysm. The so-called hybrid procedures for aortic arch surgery include frozen elephant trunk (ET) techniques and debranching procedures. Good perioperative and postoperative results can be achieved by early diagnostics and an assessment of the indications depending on the individual etiology. Individual and valve-preserving treatment strategies have a favorable influence on the operative outcome.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Herzchirurgie, Herzzentrum, Universität Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Deutschland, sergey.leontyev@med.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leontyev
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Misfeld
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery*; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001019:Aortic Rupture / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; D018450:Disease Progression; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors