title: Collateral benefits of restricted insecticide application for control of African trypanosomiasis on Theileria parva in cattle: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tick and tsetse-borne diseases (TTBDs) constrain livestock production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Of this community of endemic diseases, East coast fever (T. parva) is the most important tick-borne disease (TBD) accounting for 70% of all losses due to TBDS in this region where control efforts target either tsetse or TBDs and seldom both. In those instances where simultaneous pyrethroid insecticide TTBD control is implemented, collateral benefits of tsetse control on TBD control have not been quantified. In the interest of guiding future TTBD control efforts, the effect of restricting pyrethroid insecticides to the legs, belly and ears (RAP) of cattle for tsetse and trypanosomiasis control on T. parva prevalence in crop-livestock production systems in Tororo district, south-eastern Uganda was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly allocated 16 villages to diminazene diaceturate (DA) and 3 graded RAP (25%, 50% and 75% of village herd sprayed respectively) treatment regimens. All cattle were ear-tagged, treated with diminazene diaceturate (DA) and those in regimens 2-4 received monthly graded RAP. Blood samples taken fourteen days post DA treatment and once three monthly were analysed by molecular techniques for T. parva.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 8,975 samples from 3,084 animals were analysed. Prevalence of T. parva varied between 1-3% in different treatment regimens. RAP regimens were associated with slightly lower average risk of infection compared to DA. However, the confidence interval was broad and the result was not statistically significant. There was no evidence of a dose response relationship between graded RAP and T. parva prevalence. These findings are discussed herein with regard to endemic stability development to different TBDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found only a slight effect of RAP on T. parva infection. Since sample size determination was based on trypanosomes incidence, the study was underpowered given the low T. parva prevalence. While the findings need to be confirmed in future studies, the observed slight reduction in the risk of infection with T. parva might not compromise endemic stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular and Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P,O, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. luckydenno@covab.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muhanguzi
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Picozzi
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hatendorf
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thrusfield
authors.forename: Susan Christina
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Welburn
authors.forename: John David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kabasa
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waiswa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004133:Diminazene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D016797:Theileria parva; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; C003915:diminazene aceturate; D004133:Diminazene