title: Inferior turbinate classification system, grades 1 to 4: development and validation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a validated inferior turbinate grading scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development and validation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase 1 development (alpha test) consisted of a proposal of 10 different inferior turbinate grading scales (>1,000 clinic patients). Phase 2 validation (beta test) utilized 10 providers grading 27 standardized endoscopic photos of inferior turbinates using two different classification systems. Phase 3 validation (pilot study) consisted of 100 live consecutive clinic patients (n = 200 inferior turbinates) who were each prospectively graded by 18 different combinations of two independent raters, and grading was repeated by each of the same two raters, two separate times for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the development phase, 25% (grades 1-4) and 33% (grades 1-4) were the most useful systems. In the validation phase, the 25% classification system was found to be the best balance between potential clinical utility and ability to grade; the photo grading demonstrated a Cohen's kappa (κ) = 0.4671 ± 0.0082 (moderate inter-rater agreement). Live-patient grading with the 25% classification system demonstrated an overall inter-rater reliability of 71.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 64.8-77.3), with overall substantial agreement (κ = 0.704 ± 0.028). Intrarater reliability was 91.5% (95% CI: 88.7-94.3). Distribution for the 200 inferior turbinates was as follows: 25% quartile = grade 1, 50% quartile (median) = grade 2, 75% quartile = grade 3, and 90% quartile = grade 4. Mean turbinate size was 2.22 (95% CI: 2.07-2.34; standard deviation 1.02). Categorical κ was as follows: grade 1, 0.8541 ± 0.0289; grade 2, 0.7310 ± 0.0289; grade 3, 0.6997 ± 0.0289, and grade 4, 0.7760 ± 0.0289.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 25% (grades 1-4) inferior turbinate classification system is a validated grading scale with high intrarater and inter-rater reliability. This system can facilitate future research by tracking the effect of interventions on inferior turbinates.
  
  
  METHODS
  2c.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Division, Stanford Outpatient Medical Center, Redwood City, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Macario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: Soroush
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaghi
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Certal
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abdullatif
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Means
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Acevedo
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brietzke
authors.forename: Clete A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kushida
authors.forename: Robson
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capasso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014420:Turbinates / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Turbinates; classification; hypertrophy; nose; validation