title: Retinol-binding protein 4 as a novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with coronary artery disease and hyperinsulinemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine associated with insulin resistance (IR) and obesity-related metabolic disorders. To evaluate its association with cardiovascular disease, we compared serum RBP4 concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and in controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients with coronary angiography-confirmed CAD, including 30 with CAD and 30 with CAD and hyperinsulinemia (CAD/HIns group), and 29 healthy subjects were enrolled. Serum RBP4, IR indexes and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed in these subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum RBP4 concentrations were significantly higher in the CAD/HIns than in the CAD and control groups (P < 0.01 each). RBP4 concentration was significantly associated with cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index and concentrations of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid, high-sensitivity C reactive protein and adiponectin (P < 0.01 each). Two-hour postprandial insulin (β = 0.224), homeostatic model assessment of IR score (β = 0.456) and adiponectin concentration (β = 0.294) were independent factors associated with RBP4 (P < 0.01 each).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RBP4 concentration is associated with cardiovascular risk factors related to IR and CAD. Circulating RBP4 could be a marker of metabolic complications and atherosclerosis and could be used to assess CAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology (FL, KX, TY), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK) (KX), Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatrics (CL), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; and Institute of Hypertension (TY), Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Chuanchang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Tianlun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; D014280:Triglycerides; D014527:Uric Acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein