title: Updates on gastric electrical stimulation to treat obesity: Systematic review and future perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the current state-of-the-art of gastric electrical stimulation to treat obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic reviews of all studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of different types of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) on obesity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one studies consisting of a total of 33 different trials were included in the systematic review for data analysis. Weight loss was achieved in most studies, especially during the first 12 mo, but only very few studies had a follow-up period longer than 1 year. Among those that had a longer follow-up period, many were from the Transcend(®) (Implantable Gastric Stimulation) device group and maintained significant weight loss. Other significant results included changes in appetite/satiety, gastric emptying rate, blood pressure and neurohormone levels or biochemical markers such as ghrelin or HbA1c respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GES holds great promises to be an effective obesity treatment. However, stronger evidence is required through more studies with a standardized way of carrying out trials and reporting outcomes, to determine the long-term effect of GES on obesity.
authors.affiliation: Ryan Cha, Jacques Marescaux, Michele Diana, IHU-Strasbourg, Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Surgical Institute, University of Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Ryan Cha, Jacques Marescaux, Michele Diana, IHU-Strasbourg, Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Surgical Institute, University of Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marescaux
authors.affiliation: Ryan Cha, Jacques Marescaux, Michele Diana, IHU-Strasbourg, Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Surgical Institute, University of Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diana
keywords: Dual-lead implantable gastric electrical stimulation trial; EMPOWER trial; Gastric electrical stimulation; Gastric pacing; Gastric vagal nerve stimulation; Laparoscopic obesity stimulation survey; Retrograde gastric electrical stimulation; Screened health assessment and pacer evaluation; TANTALUS® system; Transcend® implantable gastric stimulator