title: Therapeutic lipid target achievements among high and highest risk patients: results from the CEPHEUS study in the Arabian Gulf.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine lipid target achievements of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) in the Centralized Pan-Middle East Survey on the undertreatment of hypercholesterolemia (CEPHEUS) in Arabian Gulf States patients with high and highest risk according to the joint Consensus Statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACC).
  
  
  METHODS
  CEPHEUS was conducted in patients (≥ 18 years of age) in six Middle Eastern countries between November 2009 and July 2010 on lipid lowering drugs (LLDs). Serum samples collected included total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides (TGs), apo B, and apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mean age of the cohort (n = 5275) was 56 ± 13 years, 58% (n = 3060) were male and 69% (n = 3635) were highest risk. LDL-C target was achieved in 25%, non-HDL-C in 36% and apo B in 38% of patients in the highest risk cohort compared with LDL-C 46%, non-HDL-C 58% and apo B 51% in the high risk group. In patients with TGs ≥ 2.2 mmol/L, LDL-C target was achieved in 16% and apo B in 15% of patients in the highest risk group compared with LDL-C 32% and apo B 22% in the high risk cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite being on LLDs, a large proportion of high and highest risk patients in the Arabian Gulf are not at recommended lipid targets and remain at a substantial residual risk for cardiovascular diseases. Apo B may be used as an additional target in patients with triglycerides ≥ 2.2 mmol/L. The findings should be interpreted in light of the study's limitations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital , Muscat , Oman.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Rasadi
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Zakwani
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Al Mahmeed
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arafah
authors.forename: Ali T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Al-Hinai
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shehab
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al Tamimi
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alawadhi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East; D012306:Risk; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Apolipoprotein B; Arabs; Cardiovascular disease; Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Middle East; Triglycerides