title: Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche.
abstract: Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.|University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK EX1 2LU.|Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: John Rb
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authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Cathy E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Elks
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK.
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authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.|Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: Daniel I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Chasman
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.|Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.|Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Tõnu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esko
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Gudmar
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
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authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia.
authors.forename: Wei Q
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tanguy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Corre
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bjarke
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
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authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sanela
authors.initials: S
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authors.affiliation: NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA.|Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics. Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lunetta
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: George
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ilja M
authors.initials: IM
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authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy.|University of Sassari, Dept. Of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Porcu
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.|University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Albert V
authors.initials: AV
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authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stolk
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.|Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland.|Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Emmi
authors.initials: E
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" - Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Sheila
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.|Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Erin K
authors.initials: EK
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authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Najaf
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authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
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authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St.Lucia, QLD, Australia.|QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Enda M
authors.initials: EM
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authors.forename: Jouke-Jan
authors.initials: JJ
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA.
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authors.forename: Massimo
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authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.|Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA.|Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, US.|Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical 142 University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tune H
authors.initials: TH
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authors.affiliation: Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
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authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Jing Hua
authors.initials: JH
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authors.affiliation: Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Irene L
authors.initials: IL
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hoda
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authors.affiliation: Sanquin Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Femke
authors.initials: F
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authors.affiliation: Tuscany Regional Health Agency, Florence, Italy, I.O.T. and Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.|Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
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authors.affiliation: University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias W
authors.initials: MW
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authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.|Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
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authors.forename: Carl
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authors.affiliation: Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Stig E
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.|German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
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authors.forename: Julie E
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authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Departments of Anatomy and Neurological Surgery, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.|Stark Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston, MA.
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authors.affiliation: Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Angela
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" - Trieste, Italy.|Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Adamo Pio
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: D'adamo
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: George Davey
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Immaculata
authors.initials: I
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authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA.
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authors.initials: EW
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Joe
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authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics & Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
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authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.|German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Aida K
authors.initials: AK
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK.
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authors.initials: G
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authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland.|Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland.|Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
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authors.affiliation: University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany.
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authors.initials: PA
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authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
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authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flesch-Janys
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Flyger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foroud
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lude
authors.initials: L
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authors.affiliation: National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa E
authors.initials: ME
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authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.|Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Bt, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eco Ej
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: de Geus
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.|Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Graham G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Gudbjartsson
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.|University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gudnason
authors.affiliation: Inserm (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France.|University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
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authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Suiqun
authors.initials: S
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Catharina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.affiliation: Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, St.Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maartje J
authors.initials: MJ
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.|Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karasik
authors.affiliation: Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA.|Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
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authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kiel
authors.affiliation: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Veli-Matti
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kosma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, Leuven, Belgium.|Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Diether
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lambrechts
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
authors.forename: Reedik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mägi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patrik K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Arto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mannermaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Gisli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.affiliation: Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201.
authors.forename: Patrick F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: McArdle
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: McArdle
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
authors.forename: Mads
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melbye
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Kyriaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michailidou
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.|Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
authors.forename: Evelin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mihailov
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.|Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Roger L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nevanlinna
authors.affiliation: KULeuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neven
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern denmark, DK.
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nohr
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albertine J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oldehinkel
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ben A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Oostra
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland.|Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.|Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Aarno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palotie
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA.
authors.forename: Munro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peterlongo
authors.affiliation: Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Paul Dp
authors.initials: PD
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authors.affiliation: University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dirkje S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
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authors.affiliation: Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Radice
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
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authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" - Trieste, Italy.|Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215.
authors.forename: Lynda M
authors.initials: LM
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authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland.
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
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authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
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authors.affiliation: Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjanka K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Mellissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Southey
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sovio
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians- University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stöckl
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Storniolo
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Timpson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jenny A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vollenweider
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.|DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völzke
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
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authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waldenberger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.|DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gonneke
authors.initials: G
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Winqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bruce Hr
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Wolffenbuttel
authors.affiliation: Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Margaret J
authors.initials: MJ
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA.|Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Econs
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.|Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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authors.initials: RJ
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX37LJ Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201.|Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center (GRECC) - Veterans Administration Medical Center, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Streeten
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Unnur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thorsteinsdottir
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands.|Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Centre of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Behrooz Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Alizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Center and Div. of Epidemiology, University of Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boerwinkle
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crisponi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" - Trieste, Italy.|Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gieger
authors.affiliation: National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingelsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.|Institute of Health Sciences, P.O.Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.|Biocenter Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.|Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland.|Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland.
authors.forename: Marjo-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Järvelin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.|Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metspalu
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia.
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pennell
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ridker
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snieder
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.|Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thorkild Ia
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: André G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Uitterlinden
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Widen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zygmunt
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK EX1 2LU.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Easton
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stefansson
authors.affiliation: NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA.|Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murabito
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.|Department of Paediatrics,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK.
authors.forename: Ken K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000483:Alleles; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008572:Menarche / Q000235:genetics*; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology; D010290:Parents; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D024683:Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D064267:Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D024683:Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain; D011506:Proteins; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C512941:DLK1 protein, human; C498655:KCNK9 protein, human; C510822:MAGEL2 protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D064267:Intrinsically Disordered Proteins; C496192:WDR25 protein, human; C119425:MKRN3 protein, human