title: Biofilms of Clostridium species.
abstract: The biofilm is a microbial community embedded in a synthesized matrix and is the main bacterial way of life. A biofilm adheres on surfaces or is found on interfaces. It protects bacteria from the environment, toxic molecules and may have a role in virulence. Clostridium species are spread throughout both environments and hosts, but their biofilms have not been extensively described in comparison with other bacterial species. In this review we describe all biofilms formed by Clostridium species during both industrial processes and in mammals where biofilms may be formed either during infections or associated to microbiota in the gut. We have specifically focussed on Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens biofilms, which have been studied in vitro. Regulatory processes including sporulation and germination highlight how these Clostridium species live in biofilms. Furthermore, biofilms may have a role in the survival and spreading of Clostridium species.
authors.affiliation: EA4043, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Sud, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pantaléon
authors.affiliation: EA4043, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Sud, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouttier
authors.affiliation: EA4043, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Sud, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Anna Philibertine
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Soavelomandroso
authors.affiliation: EA4043, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Sud, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Janoir
authors.affiliation: EA4043, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Sud, 5 Rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France. Electronic address: thomas.candela@u-psud.fr.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Candela
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D008322:Mammals
keywords: Biofilm; Clostridium difficile; Clostridium perfringens; Clostridium species; Regulation