title: A cognitive neuroprosthetic that uses cortical stimulation for somatosensory feedback.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Present day cortical brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have made impressive advances using decoded brain signals to control extracorporeal devices. Although BMIs are used in a closed-loop fashion, sensory feedback typically is visual only. However medical case studies have shown that the loss of somesthesis in a limb greatly reduces the agility of the limb even when visual feedback is available.
  
  
  METHODS
  To overcome this limitation, this study tested a closed-loop BMI that utilizes intracortical microstimulation to provide 'tactile' sensation to a non-human primate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using stimulation electrodes in Brodmann area 1 of somatosensory cortex (BA1) and recording electrodes in the anterior intraparietal area, the parietal reach region and dorsal area 5 (area 5d), it was found that this form of feedback can be used in BMI tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providing somatosensory feedback has the poyential to greatly improve the performance of cognitive neuroprostheses especially for fine control and object manipulation. Adding stimulation to a BMI system could therefore improve the quality of life for severely paralyzed patients.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klaes
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Spencer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kellis
authors.forename: Juri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minxha
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Revechkis
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D008251:Macaca; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*