title: Outcome of positive-pressure ventilation in dogs and cats with congestive heart failure: 16 cases (1992-2012).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the indications, duration of ventilation, underlying cardiac diseases, and outcome of dogs and cats undergoing positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) for treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-site retrospective study (1992-2012).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two university small animal teaching hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six cats and 10 dogs undergoing PPV for CHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medical records were searched to identify patients requiring PPV for treatment of pulmonary edema secondary to CHF. Sixteen animals fulfilled these criteria. Patient signalment, duration of PPV, underlying cardiac disease, arterial or venous blood gas values, pharmacologic therapy before, during, and after PPV, anesthetic drugs, complications, and outcome were recorded. Overall survival to discharge was 62.5% (10/16). Mean (±SD) duration of PPV was 30.8 ± 21.3 hours and average time from presentation for CHF to initiation of PPV was 5.9 ± 6.4 hours. Azotemia at the time of initiation of ventilation, development of anuria or oliguria, and use of pentobarbital for anesthesia were negatively associated with survival (P = 0.011, P = 0.036, and P = 0.036, respectively). Survival-to-discharge rate was 77% (10/13) for patients treated after 2005 and those not receiving pentobarbital. There was no significant effect attributed to age, sex, weight, species, nature of heart disease, furosemide dose, length of ventilation, use of vasopressors, first-time CHF events, or plasma lactate concentration on survival to discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dogs and cats requiring PPV for CHF have a good overall prognosis for hospital discharge and require PPV for a relatively short duration. Azotemia, oliguria or anuria, and the use of pentobarbital are negatively associated with outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erickson Coleman
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Brainard
authors.forename: Teresa C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: DeFrancesco
authors.forename: Bernard D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.forename: Amie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koenig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D002415:Cats; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: cardiogenic; cardiovascular; heart failure; parenchymal disease; pulmonary edema; respiratory tract; small animal