title: Serum inflammatory cytokines and depression in coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe depression may be accompanied by immune dysregulation and is also associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated serum levels of 10 cytokines and their relationship with depression in patients with cardiovascular diseases as well as healthy subjects in northeast of Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out on 462 subjects (120 healthy subjects and 342 candidates undergoing angiography). The healthy subjects were referred for routine annual checkups or pre-employment examinations; they did not have clinically evident CAD. A questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data and the Beck depression inventory (BDI) was applied to assess depression. The Evidence Investigator(®) platform was used for cytokines assays for IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IFN-γ, using sandwich chemiluminescent method. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 53.3 ± 11.5, 54.8 ± 11.3, and 59.5 ± 11.3 in healthy, angiography (-), and angiography (+) subjects, respectively (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and MCP-1 cytokines, comparing subjects with CAD and healthy persons (P < 0.05). When all subjects were divided to with and without depression regardless of their cardiovascular status, there was a significant difference in serum levels of IL-8 and IL-6 between the groups (P < 0.05). When the subgroup with features of CAD was selected and divided to those with and without depression, there was also a significant difference in serum levels of IL-8 and TNF-α (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive interaction between depression and CAD was probably mediated by inflammatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, University Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Department of Health and Management, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran ; Health Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tajfard
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, University Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Latiffah A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Latiff
authors.affiliation: Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Ghaem Educational Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mouhebati
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran ; Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Habibollah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Esmaeily
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran ; Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taghipour
authors.affiliation: Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Elahe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mahdipour
authors.affiliation: Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hafezeh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Davari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology-Biochemistry, Payame Noor University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Saghiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Alzahra University, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Parichehr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hanachi
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghayour Mobarhan
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Gordon A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ferns
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azizian
keywords: Coronary Artery Disease; Cytokines; Depression; Interleukin-8; Tumor Necrosis Factor