title: The effect of neighborhood socioeconomic status on education and health outcomes for children living in social housing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored differences in health and education outcomes between children living in social housing and not, and effects of social housing's neighborhood socioeconomic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cohort study, we used the population-based repository of administrative data at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. We included children aged 0 to 19 years in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in fiscal years 2006-2007 to 2008-2009 (n = 13,238 social housing; n = 174,017 others). We examined 5 outcomes: age-2 complete immunization, a school-readiness measure, adolescent pregnancy (ages 15-19 years), grade-9 completion, and high-school completion. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equation modeling generated rates. We derived neighborhood income quintiles (Q1 lowest, Q5 highest) from average household income census data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in social housing fared worse than comparative children within each neighborhood income quintile. When we compared children in social housing by quintile, preschool indicators (immunization and school readiness) were similar, but adolescent outcomes (grade-9 and high-school completion, adolescent pregnancy) were better in Q3 to Q5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children in social housing had poorer health and education outcomes than all others, but living in social housing in wealthier areas was associated with better adolescent outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Patricia J. Martens, Daniel G. Chateau, Elaine M. J. Burland, Gregory S. Finlayson, Mark J. Smith, Carole R. Taylor, Marni D. Brownell, and Nathan C. Nickel are with Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba; and Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Alan Katz is with Department of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba; and Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. James M. Bolton is with Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy; and Crisis Response Centre, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg.
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Chateau
authors.forename: Elaine M J
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Burland
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Carole R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Marni D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brownell
authors.forename: Nathan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Nickel
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bolton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008350:Manitoba / Q000453:epidemiology; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011638:Public Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult