title: Accuracy of computer-guided implantation in a human cadaver model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the accuracy of computer-guided implantation using a human cadaver model with reduced experimental variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight (28) dental implants representing 12 clinical cases were placed in four cadaver heads using a static guided implantation template. All planning and surgeries were performed by one clinician. All radiographs and measurements were performed by two examiners. The distance of the implants from buccal and lingual bone and mesial implant or tooth was analyzed at the apical and coronal levels, and measurements were compared to the planned values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were seen between planned and implanted measurements. Average deviation of an implant from its planning radiograph was 0.8 mm, which is within the range of variability expected from CT analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Guided implantation can be used safely with a margin of error of 1 mm.
authors.affiliation: Private Clinic, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yatzkair
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: AB Dental, Ashdod, Israel.
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raviv
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Boyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.|Department of Periodontology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
keywords: computer-guided; dental implant; navigation; surgical guides