title: Exposure to peer deviance during childhood and risk for drug abuse: a Swedish national co-relative control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peer deviance (PD) is associated with risk for drug abuse (DA). Is this association causal?
  
  
  METHODS
  DA was recorded in official records. PD was defined as the percentage of peers residing in small communities with future DA registrations. We examined offspring in families whose community PD changed when the offspring was 0-15 years of age and then examined families where cousins or siblings differed in their years of exposure to low or high PD communities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of exposure to PD was strongly associated with future DA. Co-relative analyses for families whose exposure to PD declined suggested that the PD-DA association was largely non-causal. Within full-sibling pairs in such families, the length of exposure to low PD environments was unrelated to risk for DA. By contrast, co-relative analyses in families where exposure to PD increased over time indicated that the PD-DA association was largely causal. In such families, siblings who differed in the duration of their exposure to high PD differed in their risk for subsequent DA. These results were replicated in families whose PD changed because they moved or because of changes in the community in which they resided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within families whose social environment is improving over time, the association between PD exposure and offspring DA outcomes is not causal but is due to familial confounding. Within families whose social environment is deteriorating, the PD-DA association seems to be largely causal. Our measure of PD may also reflect broader aspects of the community environment beyond peers.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,VA,USA.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research,Lund University,Malmö,Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,VA,USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mezuk
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research,Lund University,Malmö,Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundquist
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research,Lund University,Malmö,Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundquist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Sweden