title: Correlation between bulk- and surface chemistry of Cr-tanned leather and the release of Cr(III) and Cr(VI).
abstract: About 1-3% of the adult general population in Europe is allergic to chromium (Cr). The assessment of the potential release of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from leather is hence important from a human health and environmental risk perspective. The Cr(VI) content in leather was recently restricted in the European Union. The aim of this study was to assess possible correlations between the bulk and surface chemistry of leather, released Cr(III) and Cr(VI), and capacities of co-released leather specific species to reduce and complex released Cr. Four differently tanned leathers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method. Their characteristics were compared with results on Cr(III) and Cr(VI) release into artificial sweat (ASW, pH<6.5) and phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.5-8.0), measured by means of spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Co-released leather-specific species were shown to reduce Cr(VI), both in ASW and in PB. Their reduction capacities correlated with findings of the surface content of Cr and of released Cr. Leather samples without this capacity, and with less aromatic surface groups visible by ATR-FTIR, revealed Cr(VI) both at the surface and in solution (PB).
authors.affiliation: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: yolanda@kth.se.
authors.forename: Yolanda S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hedberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: carola.liden@ki.se.
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lidén
authors.affiliation: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: ingero@kth.se.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Odnevall Wallinder
mesh_terms: D002857:Chromium / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013633:Tanning
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium
keywords: Chromium(III); Chromium(VI); Leather; Speciation; Vegetable tanning