title: Development and validation of a basic arthroscopy skills simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to develop a low-fidelity surgical simulator for basic arthroscopic skills training, with the goal of creating a pretrained novice ready with the basic skills necessary for all joint arthroscopic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of education, arthroscopy, and simulation experts designed and evaluated a basic arthroscopic skills training and testing box. Task deconstruction was used to create 2 modules, which incorporate core skills common to all arthroscopic procedures. Core metrics measured were time to completion, number of trials to steady state, and number of errors. Face validity was evaluated using a questionnaire. Construct validity was examined by comparing 8 medical students with 8 expert orthopaedic surgeons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgeons were faster than students on both module 1 (P = .0013), simulating triangulation skills, and module 2 (P = .0190) simulating object manipulation skills. Surgeons demonstrated fewer errors (6.9 errors versus 28.1; P = .0073). All surgeons were able to demonstrate steady state (i.e., perform 2 trials that were within 10% of each other for time to completion and errors) on both modules within 3 trials on each module. Only 2 novices were able to demonstrate steady state on either module, and both did so within 3 trials. Furthermore, face validity of the skills trainer was shown by the expert arthroscopists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a basic arthroscopy skills simulator that has face and construct validity. Our expert panel was able to design a simulator that differentiated between experienced arthroscopists and novices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical simulation is an important part of efficient surgical education. This simulator shows good construct and face validity and provides a low-fidelity option for teaching the entry-level arthroscopist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.. Electronic address: brama011@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Braman
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hananel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ludewig
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Van Heest
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans