title: Gene expression and pathway analysis of effects of the CMAH deactivation on mouse lung, kidney and heart.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is generated by hydroxylation of CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc, catalyzed by CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase (CMAH). However, humans lack this common mammalian cell surface molecule, Neu5Gc, due to inactivation of the CMAH gene during evolution. CMAH is one of several human-specific genes whose function has been lost by disruption or deletion of the coding frame. It has been suggested that CMAH inactivation has resulted in biochemical or physiological characteristics that have resulted in human-specific diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To identify differential gene expression profiles associated with the loss of Neu5Gc expression, we performed microarray analysis using Illumina MouseRef-8 v2 Expression BeadChip, using the main tissues (lung, kidney, and heart) from control mice and CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase (Cmah) gene knock-out mice, respectively. Out of a total of 25,697 genes, 204, 162, and 147 genes were found to be significantly modulated in the lung, kidney, and heart tissues of the Cmah null mouse, respectively. In this study, we examined the gene expression profiles, using three commercial pathway analysis software packages: Ingenuity Pathways Analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and Pathway Studio. The gene ontology analysis revealed that the top 6 biological processes of these genes included protein metabolism and modification, signal transduction, lipid, fatty acid, and steroid metabolism, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism, immunity and defense, and carbohydrate metabolism. Gene interaction network analysis showed a common network that was common to the different tissues of the Cmah null mouse. However, the expression of most sialytransferase mRNAs of Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen, sialy-Tn antigen, Forssman antigen, and Tn antigen was significantly down-regulated in the liver tissue of Cmah null mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mice bearing a human-like deletion of the Cmah gene serve as an important model for the study of abnormal pathogenesis and/or metabolism caused by the evolutionary loss of Neu5Gc synthesis in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Deug-Nam
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Cosmetology, Hanseo University, Seosan, Chungnam, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Hoi
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D063990:Gene Ontology; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D005838:Genotype; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps; D012799:Sialyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C074383:CMPacetylneuraminate monooxygenase; D012799:Sialyltransferases