title: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases testosterone-induced 17beta-estradiol secretion and reverses testosterone-reduced connexin 43 in rat granulosa cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aromatase converts testosterone into 17beta-estradiol in granulosa cells, and the converted 17beta-estradiol contributes to follicular maturation. Additionally, excessive testosterone inhibits aromatase activity, which can lead to concerns regarding polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Generally, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) supplements help to improve the symptoms of PCOS patients who exhibit low blood levels of 1,25D3. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction effects of 1,25D3 and testosterone on estrogenesis and intercellular connections in rat granulosa cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of granulosa cells were treated with testosterone or testosterone plus 1,25D3, or pre-treated with a calcium channel blocker or calcium chelator. Cell lysates were subjected to western blot analysis to determine protein and phosphorylation levels, and 17beta-estradiol secretion was examined using a radioimmunoassay technique. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT reduction assay. Connexin 43 (Cx43) mRNA and protein expression levels were assessed by qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Testosterone treatment (0.1 and 1 microg/mL) increased aromatase expression and 17beta-estradiol secretion, and the addition of 1,25D3 attenuated testosterone (1 microg/mL)-induced aromatase expression but improved testosterone-induced 17beta-estradiol secretion. Furthermore, testosterone-induced aromatase phosphotyrosine levels increased at 10 min, 30 min and 1 h, whereas 1,25D3 increased the longevity of the testosterone effect to 6 h and 24 h. Within 18-24 h of treatment, 1,25D3 markedly enhanced testosterone-induced 17beta-estradiol secretion. Additionally, pre-treatment with a calcium channel blocker nifedipine or an intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM reduced 1,25D3 and testosterone-induced 17beta-estradiol secretion. Groups that underwent testosterone treatment exhibited significantly increased estradiol receptor beta expression levels, which were not affected by 1,25D3. Neither testosterone nor 1,25D3 altered 1,25D3 receptor expression. Finally, at high doses of testosterone, Cx43 protein expression was decreased in granulosa cells, and this effect was reversed by co-treatment with 1,25D3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that 1,25D3 potentially increases testosterone-induced 17beta-estradiol secretion by regulating aromatase phosphotyrosine levels, and calcium increase is involved in both 1,25D3 and testosterone-induced 17beta-estradiol secretion. 1,25D3 reverses the inhibitory effect of testosterone on Cx43 expression in granulosa cells.
authors.forename: Ching-Tien
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jiz-Yuh
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kuang-Yi
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. hsumingi@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Ming-I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001141:Aromatase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D065096:Calcium Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000819:agonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011959:Receptors, Estradiol / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D065096:Calcium Chelating Agents; D018031:Connexin 43; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; C580592:Gja1 protein, rat; D011959:Receptors, Estradiol; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D001141:Aromatase; D002117:Calcitriol