title: No correlation between joint position sense and force sense for measuring ankle proprioception in subjects with healthy and functional ankle instability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In general, ankle proprioception is most often evaluated by assessing joint position sense and force sense. However, in contrast to observational studies of joint position sense and force sense, no studies have examined the correlations between joint position sense and force sense. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the correlations between joint position sense and force sense in subjects with healthy and functional ankle instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the sixty nine subjects enrolled in the cross-sectional laboratory study, 35 had functional ankle instability and 34 were healthy subjects. Angle reproduction and force matching methods were used to quantify joint position sense and force sense of the ankle proprioception. These methods were also measured by using a flexible twin axis electrogoniometer and linear force, respectively. Three trials were performed at each angle and force. And then, absolute errors were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences between the functional ankle instability and healthy group were found for absolute errors of plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion (P<0.05). No significant correlations between the joint position sense and force sense were found in subjects with both healthy, except for absolute errors of the eversion (r=0.652, P<0.05, r(2)=0.425), and functional ankle instability group (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that it could be explained for deficits of ankle proprioception when angle reproduction and force matching tests to quantify joint position sense and force sense were applied and presented at the same time, not individually.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, The Graduate School, Korea University, Jeongneung 3-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dreampt@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chang-Yong
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Natural Science, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 300-716, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: choidew123@daum.net.
authors.forename: Jong-Duk
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University, Jeongneung 3-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hdkimx1234@daum.net.
authors.forename: Hyeong-Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ankle proprioception; Force sense; Functional ankle instability; Joint position sense