title: Ecological assessments of surface water bodies at the river basin level: a case study from England.
abstract: Ecological assessments of surface water bodies are essential in order to evaluate the level of degradation in freshwater ecosystems and to address the subsequent decline in services they provide. These assessments cover multiple aspects of the aquatic environment, particularly biological elements due to their ability to respond to all pressures within an ecosystem. Such assessments can enable the identification of the multiple pressures which threaten water bodies, facilitating sustainable decisions regarding their management to be identified. Here, the design requirements of the networks which facilitate ecological assessments are presented. A river basin district in England is used as a case study to investigate the number of elements monitored, the number of failing elements and the relationship between failing elements. Findings demonstrate the value of ensuring that monitoring networks are risk based and appropriately designed to meet their objectives. This therefore requires that monitoring is not only for the communicating of compliance but also for use iteratively so that the design of monitoring networks and ultimately management can be continually improved.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Voulvoulis
mesh_terms: D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D004739:England; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014881:Water Supply