title: Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from tuberculosis lymphadenitis patients in Ethiopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The emergence of drug resistance tuberculosis (TB) is a significant challenge for TB control and prevention programmes, and the major problem is multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The present study was carried out to determine the frequency of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates among newly and retreated TB lymphadenitis patients and risk factors for acquiring this infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred twenty five M. tuberculosis isolates from TB lymphadenitis patients who were diagnosed as new and retreated tuberculosis cases between April 2012 and May 2012 were included in this study. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to isoniazed (INH), rifampicin (RMP), streptomycin (SM), ethambutol (EMB) and pyrazinamide (PZA) using the BacT/AlerT 3D system protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 225 isolates, 15 (6.7%) were resistant to at least one first line anti-TB drug. Three (1.3%) were MDR-TB. Resistance to INH, RMP, SM, and EMB was found in 8 (3.6%), 4 (1.8%), 10 (4.4%), and 4 (1.8%) isolates, respectively. Of the 212 new TB lymphadenitis cases three (1.4%) were MDR-TB. A rifampicin resistant M. tuberculosis isolate was diagnosed from smear and culture negative newly treated cases. All isolates were susceptible to PZA. Matted cervical lymph nodes were the prominent sites involved. Newly treated TB lymphadenitis patients had a greater risk for presenting resistance to anti-TB drugs ( p =0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that TB lymphadenitis patients harboured drug resistant TB and MDR-TB, although at a low rate. Resistance was not associated with age, sex, patients' education and contact history. Further research is required to determine transmission dynamics of drug resistant strains.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Institute of Medical Microbiology & Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases; Institute of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM)-Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, .
authors.forename: Fantahun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Biadglegne
authors.forename: Belay
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tessema
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.forename: Arne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rodloff
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011718:Pyrazinamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D011718:Pyrazinamide; D004977:Ethambutol; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin