title: Bayesian analysis of transverse signal decay with application to human brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transverse relaxation analysis with several signal models has been used extensively to determine tissue and material properties. However, the derivation of corresponding parameter values is notoriously unreliable. We evaluate improvements in the quality of parameter estimation using Bayesian analysis and incorporating the Rician noise model, as appropriate for magnitude MR images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monoexponential, stretched exponential, and biexponential signal models were analyzed using nonlinear least squares (NLLS) and Bayesian approaches. Simulations and phantom and human brain data were analyzed using three different approaches to account for noise. Parameter estimation bias (reflecting accuracy) and dispersion (reflecting precision) were derived for a range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and relaxation parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All methods performed well at high SNR. At lower SNR, the Bayesian approach yielded parameter estimates of considerably greater precision, as well as greater accuracy, than did NLLS. Incorporation of the Rician noise model greatly improved accuracy and, to a somewhat lesser extent, precision, in derived transverse relaxation parameters. Analyses of data obtained from solution phantoms and from brain were consistent with simulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, estimation of parameters characterizing several different transverse relaxation models was markedly improved through use of Bayesian analysis and through incorporation of the Rician noise model.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Mustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouhrara
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
keywords: Bayesian probability; Rician noise; accuracy; brain; nonlinear least squares algorithm; precision; transverse relaxation