title: Genetic evaluation of the total hip score of four populous breeds of dog, as recorded by the New Zealand Veterinary Association Hip Dysplasia Scheme (1991-2011).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use estimated breeding value (EBV) analysis to investigate the genetic trend of the total hip score (to assess canine hip dysplasia) in four populous breeds of dogs using the records from the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) Canine Hip Dysplasia Scheme database (1991 to 2011).
  
  
  METHODS
  Estimates of heritability and EBV for the NZVA total hip score of individual dogs from the German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever and Rottweiler breeds were obtained using restricted maximum likelihood procedures with a within-breed linear animal model. The model included the fixed effects of gender, birth year, birth season, age at scoring and the random effect of animal. The pedigree file included animals recorded between 1990 and 2011. A total of 2,983 NZVA hip score records, from a pedigree of 3,172 animals, were available for genetic evaluation. Genetic trends of the NZVA total hip score were calculated as the regression coefficient of the EBV (weighted by reliabilities) on year of birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimates of heritability for hip score were 0.32 (SE 0.08) in German Shepherd, 0.37 (SE 0.08) in Labrador Retriever, 0.29 (SE 0.08) in Golden Retriever and 0.52 (SE 0.18) in Rottweiler breeds. Genetic trend analysis revealed that only the German Shepherd breed exhibited a genetic trend towards better hip conformation over time, with a decline of 0.13 (SE 0.04) NZVA total hip score units per year (p<0.001). The genetic trends of total hip score for the remaining three breeds were not significantly different from zero (p>0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite moderate heritability of the NZVA total hip score, there has not been substantial improvement of this trait for the four breeds analysed in the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater improvement in reducing the prevalence of canine hip dysplasia may be possible if screening were to be compulsory as a requirement for registration of pedigree breeding stock, greater selection pressure were to be applied and selection of breeding stock made on the basis on an individual's EBV rather than the NZVA total hip score alone.
authors.affiliation: a Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary , Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soo
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Sneddon
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lopez-Villalobos
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Worth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004285:Dogs; D006619:Hip Dysplasia, Canine / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012958:Societies, Scientific / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*
keywords: Canine hip dysplasia; New Zealand Veterinary Association; estimated breeding values; genetic trend; hip laxity; hip scores