title: The possibility of establishing causes of death on the basis of the exhumed remains of prisoners executed during the communist regime in Poland: the exhumations at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw.
abstract: This study presents the results of the analysis of forensic examinations of the remains of 194 prisoners exhumed at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw. In all probability, most of those buried there were judicially sentenced to death by firing squad or hanging in connection with activities of the Polish independence underground in its struggles with the postwar communist regime. Forensic medical research focussed on determining causes of death and reconstructing the mechanisms of injury leading to death. Most probable causes of death were found in 108 of 194 cases; of these, 76 were isolated gunshot wounds to the head, mostly directed to the occipital region. In 29 of 194 cases, only extensive skull fractures were observed, making it impossible to determine the mechanism of injury. The condition of these skulls do not permit the exclusion of injuries due to gunshots, which were very likely given the historical context of the studied location. In one case, it is assumed that the cause of death could be blunt force trauma to the head. In 86 of 194 cases, it was not possible to determine the cause of death. Of these cases, 20 skeletons were in such poor condition that erosive changes could have completely obliterated even very extensive head injuries leading to death. No injuries were observed that could be associated with execution by hanging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 4, 50-386, Wroclaw, Poland, lukasz.szleszkowski@am.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Szleszkowski
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thannhäuser
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szwagrzyk
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jurek
mesh_terms: D002203:Capital Punishment / Q000266:history; D002423:Cause of Death; D003148:Communism; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000473:pathology; D049249:Exhumation; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000473:pathology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000266:history; D011044:Poland; D011329:Prisoners / Q000266:history*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000473:pathology; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000473:pathology