title: Toxic effect of citrus peel constituents on Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann and Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann immature stages.
abstract: The toxicity of essential oils from the citrus peel has been proposed as the major resistance mechanism offered by citrus to fruit fly infestation. We evaluated the insecticidal activity of the ether extracts from the lemon (Citrus limon [L.] Burm.) and grapefruit (C. paradisi Macfadyen) peel as well as from limonene and citral against Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) immature stages. We also evaluated the toxicity of the extracts at two ripening stages. Extracts proved toxic to A. fraterculus egg and larvae. The lemon and grapefruit extracts showed the same toxicity in both fruit fly species. For A. fraterculus eggs, citral was more toxic than limonene; for larvae, they showed equal toxicity. Anastrepha fraterculus eggs were more sensitive than C. capitata eggs. In conclusion, we provide evidence of chemical resistance mechanisms that could account for the nonhost condition of lemon for A. fraterculus.
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Av. William Cross 3150, Las Talitas (T4104AUD), Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: María L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Juárez
authors.forename: Raúl A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Alzogaray
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arrighi
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gastaminza
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willink
authors.forename: Alicia del Valle
authors.initials: Adel V
authors.lastname: Bardón
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033622:Ceratitis capitata / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: citrus essential oils; fruit flies; host status; immature stages; plant resistance; toxicity