title: A versatile strategy for grafting polymers to wood cell walls.
abstract: The hierarchical structure of wood is composed of a cellulose skeleton of high structural order at various length scales. At the nanoscale and microscale the specific structural features of the cells and cell walls result in a lightweight structure with an anisotropic material profile of excellent mechanical performance. By being able to specifically functionalize wood at the level of cell and cell walls one can insert new properties and inevitably upscale them along the intrinsic hierarchical structure, to a level of large-scale engineering materials applications. For this purpose, however, precise control of the spatial distribution of the modifying substances in the complex wood structure is needed. Here we demonstrate a method to insert methacryl groups into wood cell walls using two different chemistry routes. By using these methacryl groups as the anchor points for grafting, various polymers can be inserted into the wood structure. Strikingly, depending on the methacryl precursor, the spatial distribution of the polymer differs strongly. As a proof of concept we grafted polystyrene as a model compound in the second modification step. In the case of methacryloyl chloride the polymer was located mainly at the interface between the cell lumina and the cell wall covering the inner surface of the cells and being traceable up to 2-3 μm in the cell wall, whereas in the case of methacrylic anhydride the polymer was located inside the whole cell wall. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and especially Raman spectroscopy were used for an in-depth analysis of the modified wood at the cell wall level.
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Zurich, Switzerland; Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Applied Wood Research Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keplinger
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Zurich, Switzerland; Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Applied Wood Research Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cabane
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Bayreuth, Physical Chemistry II, Bayreuth, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chanana
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Zurich, Switzerland; Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Applied Wood Research Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hass
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Zurich, Switzerland; Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Applied Wood Research Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Merk
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Zurich, Switzerland; Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Applied Wood Research Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gierlinger
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, Zurich, Switzerland; Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research, Applied Wood Research Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland. Electronic address: iburgert@ethz.ch.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Burgert
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D028222:Picea / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D008689:Methacrylates; D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; D002482:Cellulose; C031264:methacryloyl chloride
keywords: Cellulose; Hydrophobization; In situ polymerization; Raman spectroscopy; Wood