title: Amphiphilic γ-PGA nanoparticles administered on rat middle ear mucosa produce adjuvant-like immunostimulation in vivo.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Amphiphilic biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) composed of poly(γ-glutamic acid) conjugated with L-phenylalanine ethylester (γ-PGA-Phe NPs) applied on the rat middle ear mucosa produce an inflammatory type 1 response. The observation is of relevance for the use of γ-PGA-Phe NPs as a concomitant antigen delivery system and adjuvant measure in the context of vaccinations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine effects of topical mucosal administration of γ-PGA-Phe NPs as a potentially combined antigen delivery system and adjuvant.
  
  
  METHODS
  γ-PGA-Phe NPs were administered on rat middle ear mucosa in a sham-controlled design and the response was monitored, focusing on soluble markers in mucosal surface liquids and on overall histopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  γ-PGA-Phe NPs produced a dose- and time-dependent inflammatory response characterized by generation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-1α, and TNF-α) and associated histopathological changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital , Lund , Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Sissela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Broos
authors.forename: Takami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akashi
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hermansson
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cayé-Thomasen
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindstedt
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greiff
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C511775:poly(gamma-glutamic acid); D011099:Polyglutamic Acid
keywords: Inflammation; antigen delivery system; vaccination