title: Differing effects of education on cognitive decline in diverse elders with low versus high educational attainment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In light of growing debate over whether and how early life educational experiences alter late-life cognitive trajectories, this study sought to more thoroughly investigate the relationship between educational attainment and rates of late-life cognitive decline in a racially, ethnically, and educationally diverse population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Older adults (N = 3,435) in the community-based Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project were administered neuropsychological tests of memory, language, visuospatial function, and processing speed at approximate 24-month intervals for up to 18 years. Second-order latent growth curves estimated direct and indirect (through income) effects of educational attainment on rates of global cognitive decline separately in individuals with low (0-8 years) and high (9-20 years) educational attainment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More years of education were associated with higher cognitive level and slower cognitive decline in individuals with low or high educational attainment. The association between having more than 9 years of education and exhibiting slower cognitive decline was fully mediated by income. Although having additional years of education up to 8 years was also associated with higher income, this did not explain associations between education and cognitive change in the low-education group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early education (i.e., up to 8 years) may promote aspects of development during a sensitive period of childhood that protect against late-life cognitive decline independent of income. In contrast, later education (i.e., 9 years and beyond) is associated with higher income, which may influence late-life cognitive health through multiple, nonmutually exclusive pathways.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University.
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Zahodne
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University.
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Manly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012923:Social Class