title: Extremely low prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in frog populations from neotropical dry forest of Costa Rica supports the existence of a climatic refuge from disease.
abstract: Population declines and extinctions of numerous species of amphibians, especially stream-breeding frogs, have been linked to the emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. In Central America, most of the 34 species of the Craugastor punctariolus species group have disappeared in recent years in high- and low-elevation rainforests. Distribution models for B. dendrobatidis and the continuous presence of the extirpated stream-dwelling species, Craugastor ranoides, in the driest site of Costa Rica (Santa Elena Peninsula), suggest that environmental conditions might restrict the growth and development of B. dendrobatidis, existing as a refuge from chytridiomycosis-driven extinction. We conducted field surveys to detect and quantify the pathogen using Real-time PCR in samples from 15 species of frogs in two locations of tropical dry forest. In Santa Elena Peninsula, we swabbed 310 frogs, and only one sample of the species, C. ranoides, tested positive for B. dendrobatidis (prevalence <0.1%). In Santa Rosa Station, we swabbed 100 frogs, and nine samples from three species tested positive (prevalence = 9.0%). We failed to detect signs of chytridiomycosis in any of the 410 sampled frogs, and low quantities of genetic equivalents (between 0 and 1073) were obtained from the ten positive samples. The difference in the prevalence between locations might be due not only to the hotter and drier conditions of Santa Elena Peninsula but also to the different compositions of species in both locations. Our results suggest that B. dendrobatidis is at the edge of its distribution in these dry and hot environments of tropical dry forest. This study supports the existence of climatic refuges from chytridiomycosis and highlights the importance of tropical dry forest conservation for amphibians in the face of epidemic disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose, Costa Rica, hugozu1@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zumbado-Ulate
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bolaños
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Espeleta
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puschendorf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000382:microbiology*; D008411:Chytridiomycota / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003364:Costa Rica; D004777:Environment; D065928:Forests; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction