title: Phytotoxic action of naphthoquinone juglone demonstrated on lettuce seedling roots.
abstract: Juglone, 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, is the plant secondary metabolite with allelopathic properties, which was isolated especially from the plant species belonging to family Juglandaceae A. Rich. ex Kunth (walnut family). The mechanism of phytotoxic action of juglone was investigated on lettuce seedlings Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L. cv. Merkurion by determining its effect at different levels. We have found that juglone inhibits mitosis (mitotic index 8.5 ± 0.6% for control versus 2.2 ± 0.9% for 250 μM juglone), changes mitotic phase index with accumulation of the cells in prophase (56.5 ± 2.6% for control versus 85.3 ± 5.0% for 250 μM juglone), and decreases meristematic activity in lettuce root tips (51.07 ± 3.62% for control versus 5.27 ± 2.29% for 250 μM juglone). In addition, juglone induced creation of reactive oxygen species and changed levels of reactive nitrogen species. Amount of malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, increased from 24.0 ± 4.0 ng g(-1) FW for control to 55.5 ± 5.4 ng g(-1) FW for 250 μM juglone. We observed also changes in cellular structure, especially changes in the morphology of endoplasmic reticulum. Reactive oxygen species induced damage of plasma membrane. All these changes resulted in the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in free intracellular calcium ions, and DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death that was revealed by two methods, TUNEL test and DNA electrophoresis. The portion of TUNEL-positive cells increase from 0.96 ± 0.5% for control to 7.66 ± 1.5% for 250 μM juglone. Results of the study indicate complex mechanism of phytotoxic effect of juglone in lettuce root tips and may indicate mechanism of allelopathic activity of this compound.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center - Biomedical Engineering Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, CZ-656 91, Czech Republic. Electronic address: petr-babula@email.cz.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Babula
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaverkova
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Poborilova
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1/3, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ballova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masarik
authors.affiliation: International Clinical Research Center - Biomedical Engineering Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, CZ-656 91, Czech Republic; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Kolejni 4, Brno, CZ-612 00, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Provaznik
mesh_terms: D018545:Lactuca / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018519:Meristem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009285:Naphthoquinones; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C005134:juglone
keywords: Juglone; Lettuce; Meristematic activity; Programmed cell death; Reactive oxygen species; Root