title: Physical activity patterns in urban neighbourhood parks: insights from a multiple case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many characteristics of urban parks and neighbourhoods have been linked to patterns of physical activity, yet untangling these relationships to promote increased levels of physical activity presents methodological challenges. Based on qualitative and quantitative data, this article describes patterns of activity within urban parks and the socio-demographic characteristics of park visitors. It also accounts for these patterns in relation to the attributes of parks and their surrounding neighbourhoods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiple case study was undertaken that incorporated quantitative and qualitative data derived from first-hand observation in a purposive sample of four urban parks. Quantitative data, based on direct observation of visitors' patterns of use and socio-demographic characteristics, were collected using a structured instrument. Differences in frequencies of observed activities and socio-demographic characteristics of visitors were compared between the four parks. Qualitative data, based on direct observation of park characteristics and patterns of use, were generated through digital photography and analyzed through captioning. Quantitative data on patterns in activity and socio-demographic characteristics were synthesized with the qualitative data on park and usage characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comprehensive portrait of each park in the study was generated. Activity types (sedentary, walking, dog-related, cycling, and play), patterns of park use (time of day, day of week), and socio-demographic characteristics (age group, social group) differed between the four parks. Patterns in park use and activity appeared to be associated with socio-demographic characteristics of the surrounding neighbourhoods as well as the physical and social environmental characteristics specific to each park.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both park and neighbourhood characteristics influence patterns of use and physical activity within parks. The study findings suggest that socio-demographic characteristics of neighbourhoods surrounding parks need be considered in planning, development and management. Engaging local communities could help planners to develop and update urban parks in ways that reflect the needs and characteristics of community residents and, in turn, encourage visits and more physical activity amongst visitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive, N,W, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada. gmccorma@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Gavin R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Kenda
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massolo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001642:Bicycling; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003710:Demography; D004285:Dogs; D004779:Environment Design; D015444:Exercise; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010988:Play and Playthings; D011340:Problem Solving; D011633:Public Facilities; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014505:Urban Population; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult