title: Vesico-cutaneous fistula: a simple method for continent urinary diversion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with lower urinary tract anomalies or neurogenic disorders often suffer from voiding difficulties. Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is effective for bladder drainage; however, this is often painful. Transurethral catheterization is also impossible in patients with urethral stricture. A Mitrofanoff conduit may solve some of these problems, but a few disadvantages have been reported, including: difficult surgical techniques and frequent operative complications. A vesicostomy is easy to perform but persistent urine leak over the abdomen and diaper rash can be annoying. A better way to achieve continent urinary diversion is indicated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December 01 1998 and December 31 2013, six patients underwent a vesico-cutaneous fistula for CIC. The etiologies included urethral stricture (n=2) and neurogenic bladder (n=4). The fistula was created at the bladder dome with only the muscle layer of the bladder sutured to the skin. A Foley catheter was left in place for at least two weeks to prevent stoma stricture. After removing the Foley catheter, regular CIC from the fistula was performed every 2 h during the daytime with a Fr. 10-12 feeding tube, depending on the patient's age. Further stenting during the night in the first six months was necessary to prevent early closure of the fistula. Patients were followed with periodic renal ultrasonography, blood tests and urinalysis in the outpatient department.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 16 years. All patients showed improvements in hydronephrosis. Decreased UTI frequency was seen in five patients. Renal function was normal in five patients, whilst the other suffered from chronic renal failure preoperatively. Only one patient had occasional mild urine leakage from the stoma at night, which was once in two weeks. No patient experienced painful or difficult catheterization and CIC becomes easy, even by young children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vesico-cutaneous fistula is a simple, effective and tolerable method for CIC. It may be a substitute for or a transition to a Mitrofanoff conduit in some patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Linkou, Taiwan. Electronic address: wernfan@cgmh.org.tw.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Linkou, Taiwan. Electronic address: pyjchang@cgmh.org.tw.
authors.forename: P-Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Linkou, Taiwan. Electronic address: jylai@cgmh.org.tw.
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Linkou, Taiwan. Electronic address: pednephcheng@cgmh.org.tw.
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Linkou, Taiwan. Electronic address: doc31089@cgmh.org.tw.
authors.forename: M-H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tseng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003559:Cystostomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000601:surgery*; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000601:surgery*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000379:methods*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Neurogenic bladder; Urethral stricture; Urinary diversion; Vesical fistula