title: Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans.
abstract: We sequenced the genomes of a ∼7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight ∼8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had ∼44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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authors.lastname: Reich
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mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000266:history; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D005060:Europe; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D011157:Population Dynamics; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D044465:White People / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D000078329:Workforce