title: Inhaled drug delivery in the hands of the patient.
abstract: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both diseases with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Inhaled therapy for these conditions has a number of advantages over systemic therapy, but requires the patients to use, and to master the use of, an inhaler device. However, many patients cannot use inhalers correctly, and over 50% of patients struggle to use a metered-dose inhaler properly. Poor inhaler technique is associated with a reduced asthma control, worst COPD outcomes, and wastage of economic resources. Of perhaps more concern is the fact that many health professionals also do not know how to use inhalers correctly and are therefore not in a position to coach patients effectively. Training patients and caregivers in the correct inhaler preparation and use is an essential component in the process toward achieving reliable and repeatable medication delivery. Instructions should be inhaler-specific, and they include instruction on how to load or prime the device. Providing only the leaflet that comes with the medicines does not lead to adequate inhalation technique, not even immediately after the patient has read the instructions and practiced with the inhaler. One-on-one sessions with health-care professionals probably represent the most effective educational method. However, it appears that, by itself, even repeated instruction could be insufficient to achieve improved adherence in the long term, as there is a tendency for patients or caregivers to forget what they have learned as time elapses since the training event. Thus, despite the development of several new and improved types of inhaler device, the evidence currently available points to little or no progress having been made with patients' ability to use their inhalers. As the range of drugs delivered by inhalation increases, inhaler technique checks and training need to be an integral part of the routine management of any patient with either asthma or COPD.
authors.affiliation: Careggi University Hospital , Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Florence, Italy .
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lavorini
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers; D004867:Equipment Design; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D036501:Metered Dose Inhalers; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D019141:Respiratory System Agents
keywords: COPD; asthma; dry powder inhalers; inhaled therapy; metered-dose inhalers