title: Importance of boreal rivers in providing iron to marine waters.
abstract: This study reports increasing iron concentrations in rivers draining into the Baltic Sea. Given the decisive role of iron to the structure and biogeochemical function of aquatic ecosystems, this trend is likely one with far reaching consequences to the receiving system. What those consequences may be depends on the fate of the iron in estuarine mixing. We here assess the stability of riverine iron by mixing water from seven boreal rivers with artificial sea salts. The results show a gradual loss of iron from suspension with increasing salinity. However, the capacity of the different river waters to maintain iron in suspension varied greatly, i.e. between 1 and 54% of iron was in suspension at a salinity of 30. The variability was best explained by iron:organic carbon ratios in the riverine waters--the lower the ratio the more iron remained in suspension. Water with an initially low iron:organic carbon ratio could keep even higher than ambient concentrations of Fe in suspension across the salinity gradient, as shown in experiments with iron amendments. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between the molecular size of the riverine organic matter and the amount of iron in suspension. In all, the results point towards a remarkably high transport capacity of iron from boreal rivers, suggesting that increasing concentrations of iron in river mouths may result in higher concentrations of potentially bioavailable iron in the marine system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Emma S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kritzberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedmar Villanueva
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Reader
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D008386:Marine Biology; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D054712:Salinity; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012492:Salts; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007501:Iron