title: Neural correlates of strategic reasoning during competitive games.
abstract: Although human and animal behaviors are largely shaped by reinforcement and punishment, choices in social settings are also influenced by information about the knowledge and experience of other decision-makers. During competitive games, monkeys increased their payoffs by systematically deviating from a simple heuristic learning algorithm and thereby countering the predictable exploitation by their computer opponent. Neurons in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) signaled the animal's recent choice and reward history that reflected the computer's exploitative strategy. The strength of switching signals in the dmPFC also correlated with the animal's tendency to deviate from the heuristic learning algorithm. Therefore, the dmPFC might provide control signals for overriding simple heuristic learning algorithms based on the inferred strategies of the opponent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. hyojung.seo@yale.edu daeyeol.lee@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Hyojung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Xinying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. hyojung.seo@yale.edu daeyeol.lee@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Daeyeol
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D005717:Games, Experimental; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D018910:Video Games