title: Sensitivity and specificity of nonmydriatic digital imaging in screening diabetic retinopathy in Indian eyes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonmydriatic digital imaging (NMDI) is ideal for screening diabetic retinopathy (DR), but its use in Indian eyes has not been evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of NMDI as a screening tool in detecting DR in Indian eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, nonrandomized, noncomparative, noninterventional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 500 diabetic patients visiting the endocrinology clinic (September 2008-June 2010) underwent NMDI (Zeiss Procam), followed by routine dilated fundus photography (FP; Zeiss Visupac 450+) of 345° retinal fields (1) optic disc and macula, (2) superotemporal, and (3) nasal to optic disc. Two-masked retina specialists graded the images for quality and severity of DR, and compared between NMDI and dilated FP.
  
  
  METHODS
  SPSS Windows 17 for version.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 52.97 ± 13.46 years (306 males: 194 females). The rate of ungradable images was 30.6% and 31% by the two observers. By observer 1, the sensitivity and specificity of detecting any DR was 58.8% and 69.1%, respectively, (κ = 0.608) and sight-threatening DR (STDR) was 63.1% and 68.9%, respectively, (κ = 0.641). By observer 2, the sensitivity and specificity was 57.3% and 68.3%, respectively, for any DR (κ = 0.593) and 62.8% and 68.3%, respectively, for STDR (κ = 0.637). The level of agreement between two observers was high (κ = 0.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high rate of poor quality photographs and low sensitivity limited the use of NMDI as a perfect screening system, particularly in dark iris population with diabetes as seen in Indian eyes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Vishali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Reema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Amod
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhansali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009184:Mydriatics; D010781:Photography; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011680:Pupil; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics