title: Oxidative damage induced by cigarette smoke exposure in mice: impact on lung tissue and diaphragm muscle.
abstract: To evaluate oxidative damage (lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS], and carbonylation) and inflammation (expression of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin [p-AMPK and p-mTOR, respectively]) in the lung parenchyma and diaphragm muscles of male C57BL-6 mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 7, 15, 30, 45, or 60 days.
  
  
  
  Thirty-six male C57BL-6 mice were divided into six groups (n = 6/group): a control group; and five groups exposed to CS for 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days, respectively.
  
  
  
  Compared with control mice, CS-exposed mice presented lower body weights at 30 days. In CS-exposed mice (compared with control mice), the greatest differences (increases) in TBARS levels were observed on day 7 in diaphragm-muscle, compared with day 45 in lung tissue; the greatest differences (increases) in carbonyl levels were observed on day 7 in both tissue types; and sulfhydryl levels were lower, in both tissue types, at all time points. In lung tissue and diaphragm muscle, p-AMPK expression exhibited behavior similar to that of TBARS. Expression of p-mTOR was higher than the control value on days 7 and 15 in lung tissue, as it was on day 45 in diaphragm muscle.
  
  
  
  Our data demonstrate that CS exposure produces oxidative damage, not only in lung tissue but also (primarily) in muscle tissue, having an additional effect on respiratory muscle, as is frequently observed in smokers with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samanta Portão de
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Carlos
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Simões
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Instituto Porto Alegre, Methodist University, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Forgiarini Júnior
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia Damiani
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Patricio
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thaise
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Graciano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Tiscoski
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Nesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Porto Alegre Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valença
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Porto Alegre Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Meira Guntzel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chiappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gerson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cipriano
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio Teodoro de
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Porto Alegre Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gaspar Rogério da Silva
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Chiappa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution