title: A cortical source localization analysis of resting EEG data after remifentanil infusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore changes in current source density locations after remifentanil infusion in healthy volunteers using source localization of the electroencephalography (EEG).
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG data was collected from 21 males using a 62-electrode system. Additionally, cognitive performance was evaluated by a continuous reaction time paradigm, and pain scores were obtained for experimental bone and heat stimuli. Data were recorded before and during treatment with remifentanil and placebo. Source localization was performed by sLORETA at delta (1-3.9 Hz), theta (4-7.9 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta1 (12.1-18 Hz), and beta2 (18.1-30 Hz) frequency bands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-treatment recordings demonstrated reproducible source characteristics. The alterations (i.e., pre- versus post-treatment) due to remifentanil were significantly and robustly different from placebo infusions. The results indicated that neurons in several brain areas including inferior frontal gyrus and insula at frontal lobe oscillated more strongly after remifentanil infusion compared to placebo. Furthermore, the source activity at delta band was correlated with continuous reaction time index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that alterations in brain oscillations during remifentanil are mostly localized to frontal, fronto-temporal and fronto-central lobes and related to cognitive function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach offers the potential to be used for understanding the underlying mechanism of action of remifentanil on brain activity.
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: ahmad.khodayari.r@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khodayari-Rostamabad
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graversen
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lasse P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Malver
authors.affiliation: The Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Palliative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Geana P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lona L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Christrup
authors.affiliation: Section of Palliative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sjøgren
authors.affiliation: Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Center for Sensory-Motor Interactions (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Asbjørn M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Drewes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil
keywords: Analgesics; Cognitive; EEG; Remifentanil; Source localization