title: The relationship between exercise,nutrition and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its precursor, insulin resistance, are metabolic disease states characterized by impaired regulation in the delivery, transport, and/or storage of energy substrates (primarily carbohydrate- and fat-based fuels). A hallmark feature of patients with type 2 diabetes is prolonged periods of hyperglycemia due to a decreased responsiveness of metabolically active peripheral tissues to the actions of insulin (i.e., metabolic inflexibility). Accordingly, efforts to modify skeletal muscle substrate handling in type 2 diabetes patients so that the capacity for fat oxidation and metabolic flexibility is improved should be a primary goal for the treatment of these disorders. Two potent interventions for improving whole-body glucose homeostasis are exercise and diet. A single bout of either resistance or endurance exercise reduces the prevalence and duration of hyperglycemic excursions in patients with type 2 diabetes, an effect lasting well into the next day. With regard to diet, the carbohydrate content of a meal and the glycemic index (GI) of the carbohydrate consumed are both major determinants of the postprandial glycemic response. Diets containing high-GI carbohydrates have been shown to be independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes onset, while in obese insulin-resistant individuals, low-GI diets are effective for inducing both weight loss and improving insulin action and glucose tolerance. The implementation of physical activity and dietary modifications are effective low-cost treatment options for controlling hyperglycemic episodes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tenn., USA.
authors.forename: Erin J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smiles
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hawley
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D057185:Sedentary Behavior
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005947:Glucose