title: Long-term weight gain is related to risk of metabolic syndrome even in the non-obese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between long-term weight gain and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in non-obese and obese subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from 3342 participants (1614 men, 1728 women) were obtained from a Specific Medical Checkup and a self-reported questionnaire survey conducted by a health insurance society between April 2009 and March 2010. Subjects were divided into four groups based on body mass index (BMI) and experience of weight gain since the age of 20 years using a self-reported questionnaire: non-obese/non-gain, non-obese/gain, obese/non-gain, and obese/gain. Relationships between weight gain and risk of MetS were investigated using logistic regression analysis, with the four groups as a dependent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 2103 (62.9%) subjects in the non-obese/non-gain, 545 (16.3%) in the non-obese/gain, 125 (3.7%) in the obese/non-gain, and 569 (17.0%) in the obese/gain groups. The obese/gain group showed the highest risk of MetS in men (odds ratio [OR]: 37.45, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 25.32-55.40) and women (OR: 163.13, 95% CI: 56.22-473.32). Even the non-obese/gain group had an increased risk of MetS, in men (OR: 4.98, 95% CI: 3.47-7.15) and women (OR: 6.28, 95% CI: 1.53-25.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data show that the obese/gain group had the highest risk of MetS, and that those who gained weight were at risk of MetS, even the non-obese.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Japan. Electronic address: akamatsu.rie@ocha.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akamatsu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Inspection value; Long-term weight gain; Metabolic syndrome; Non-obese; Obese