title: The effect of childhood infection on hearing function at age 61 to 63 years in the newcastle thousand families study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is known that childhood hearing function can become impaired after the occurrence of specific infections. However, evidence on the effect of common childhood infections on adult hearing function is limited. The objective of the study was to identify whether associations exist between the occurrence of common childhood infections in a UK birth cohort and hearing function across different frequencies at age 61 to 63 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Newcastle Thousand Families study is a birth cohort of all individuals born in May and June 1947 to mothers resident in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Of the original cohort members who had an audiometry test at age 61 to 63 years, 333 had data available on infections during their first year of life and 296 on infections up to their fifth year of life. These data were analyzed using linear regression in relation to adult hearing function across differing frequencies in isolation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for sex, overcrowding in the first year, having had an ear operation, and having worked in a loud environment, significant negative associations were identified between adult hearing and tonsillitis at 250 Hz (p = 0.013), 1 kHz (p = 0.018), 6 kHz (p = 0.012), and 8 kHz (p = 0.033); otorrhea at 4 kHz (p = 0.005), 6 kHz (p = 0.003), and 8 kHz (p = 0.002); bronchitis (two or more episodes) at 2 kHz (p = 0.001), 3 kHz (p = 0.005), 4 kHz (p = 0.009), 6 kHz (p < 0.001), and 8 kHz (p < 0.001); and the total number of severe respiratory infections in the first year at 2 kHz (p = 0.037), 3 kHz (p = 0.049), 4 kHz (p = 0.030), 6 kHz (p < 0.001), and 8 kHz (p = 0.006). That is, individuals who had tonsillitis, bronchitis (twice or more), otorrhea, or a severe respiratory infection (twice or more) in their first year of life were more likely to have impaired adult hearing function than those who did not have any infections in early life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of some, but not all, childhood infections appears to have an effect on adult hearing function across different frequencies. Reducing the incidence of infectious diseases in early life may reduce subsequent incidence of hearing impairment among adults. However, further research in modern cohorts is needed to clarify the links between infectious childhood diseases and adult hearing function.
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; 2Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; 3The Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and 4NHS Newborn Hearing Screening Programme, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Kay D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pearce
mesh_terms: D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002644:Chickenpox / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003139:Common Cold / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009107:Mumps / Q000453:epidemiology; D010031:Otitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012409:Rubella / Q000453:epidemiology; D012541:Scarlet Fever / Q000453:epidemiology; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014917:Whooping Cough / Q000453:epidemiology