title: Understanding of others' knowledge in French and Japanese children: a comparative study with a disambiguation task on 16-38-month-olds.
abstract: In order to explain the cultural differences reported in the results of false-belief tasks, we attempted to verify the 'task bias hypothesis' suggested by certain studies (e.g. Tardif et al. (2004). Journal of Child Language, 31, 779-800; Rubio-Fernandez & Geurts (2013). Psychological Science, 24(1), 27-33. doi 10.1177/0956797612447819). At the same time, we aimed to observe the theory of mind (ToM) ability of infants and young children under the age of three in verbal communication. To this end, we propose a new protocol to test young children's ToM ability, with particular attention paid to the linguistic aspect of the task. This original disambiguation task using proper nouns (first names) was tested on a total of 32 children aged between 16 and 38 months, in France and Japan. The results revealed that after the age of 30 months children begin to correctly interpret nouns while simultaneously taking into account their partner's knowledge (50% of the French and 29% of the Japanese children were successful), whereas this remains difficult for younger children (no child under 30 months was successful). The analysis of error types has shown that 'memory bias' was dominant in younger children in particular and 'association bias' was rarely observed across all ages. Given that the results of French and Japanese children did not differ significantly, we assume that this new task design could minimise the influence of cultural difference caused by the characteristics of different languages.
authors.affiliation: CLLE-LTC (Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie-Laboratoire Travail & Cognition)-UMR 5263, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France. Electronic address: norimats@univ-tlse2.fr.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Norimatsu
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale-UMR 8563, Paris, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human-Environmental Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashiya
authors.affiliation: InterPsy Laboratory (E.A. 4432), University of Lorraine, (Nancy 2), France.
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Sorsana
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human-Environmental Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology*; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D007802:Language; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Disambiguation task; French; Japanese; Language; Theory of mind; Young children