title: Formulation and delivery of anti-HIV rectal microbicides: advances and challenges.
abstract: Men and women engaged in unprotected receptive anal intercourse (RAI) are at higher risk of acquiring HIV from infected partners. The implementation of preventive strategies is urgent and rectal microbicides may be a useful tool in reducing the sexual transmission of HIV. However, pre-clinical and first clinical trials have been able to identify limitations of candidate products, mostly related with safety issues, which can in turn enhance viral infection. Indeed, the development of suitable formulations for the rectal delivery of promising antiretroviral drugs is not an easy task, and has been mostly based on products specifically intended for vaginal delivery, but these have been shown to provide sub-optimal outcomes when administered rectally. Research and development in the rectal microbicide field are now charting their own path and important information is now available. In particular, specific formulation requirements of rectal microbicide products that need to be met have just recently been acknowledged despite additional work being still required. Desirable rectal microbicide product features regarding characteristics such as pH, osmolality, excipients, dosage forms, volume to be administered and the need for applicator use have been studied and defined in recent years, and specific guidance is now possible. This review provides a synopsis of the field of rectal microbicides, namely past and ongoing clinical studies, and details on formulation and drug delivery issues regarding the specific development of rectal microbicide products. Also, future work, as required for the advancement of the field, is discussed.
authors.affiliation: INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rute
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarmento
authors.affiliation: INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal. Electronic address: j.dasneves@ineb.up.pt.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: das Neves
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012007:Rectum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: Drug formulation; HIV prevention; Rectal drug delivery; Safety; Topical PrEP