title: Inhaled corticosteroids and pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Inhaled corticosteroids are widely used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and, in combination with long-acting β2 agonists, reduce exacerbations and improve lung function and quality of life. However, inhaled corticosteroids have been linked with an increased risk of pneumonia in individuals with COPD, but the magnitude of this risk, the effects of different preparations and doses, and the mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. Therefore, making informed clinical decisions--balancing the beneficial and adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids in individuals with COPD--is difficult. Understanding of the mechanisms of increased pneumonia risk with inhaled corticosteroids is urgently needed to clarify their role in the management of COPD and to aid the development of new, safer therapies.
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finney
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Aran
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singanayagam
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Elkin
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sebastian L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. Electronic address: p.mallia@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mallia
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones