title: Chemosensitizing effects of carbon-based  nanomaterials in cancer cells: enhanced  apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation as  underlying mechanisms.
abstract: Recent studies have shown that carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanofibres (CNFs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can exert antitumor activities themselves and sensitize cancer cells to conventional chemotherapeutics such as carboplatin and cisplatin. In the present study, the chemosensitizing effect of CNFs and CNTs on cancer cells of urological origin was investigated regarding the underlying mechanisms. Prostate cancer (DU-145, PC-3) and bladder cancer (EJ28) cells were treated with carbon nanomaterials (CNFs, CNTs) and chemotherapeutics (carboplatin, cisplatin) alone as well as in combination for 24 h. Forty-eight(EJ28) or 72 h (DU-145, PC-3) after the end of treatment the effects on cellular proliferation,clonogenic survival, cell death rate and cell cycle distribution were evaluated. Depending on the cell line, simultaneous administration of chemotherapeutics and carbon nanomaterials produced an additional inhibition of cellular proliferation and clonogenic survival of up to 77% and 98%, respectively, compared to the inhibitory effects of the chemotherapeutics alone. These strongly enhanced antiproliferative effects were accompanied by an elevated cell death rate, which was predominantly mediated via apoptosis and not by necrosis. The antitumor effects of combinations with CNTs were less pronounced than those with CNFs. The enhanced effects of the combinatory treatments on cellular function were mostly of additive to partly synergistic nature. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis demonstrated an arrest at the G2/M phase mediated by a monotreatment with chemotherapeutics. Following combinatory treatments, mostly less than or nearly additive increases of cell fractions in the G2/M phase could be observed. In conclusion,the pronounced chemosensitizing effects of CNFs and CNTs were mediated by an enhanced apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. The combination of carbon-based nanomaterials and conventional chemotherapeutics represents a novel approach in cancer therapy to bypass chemoresistance by minimizing the chemotherapeutic dosing.
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erdmann
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringel
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: Manfred P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuessel
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002244:Carbon / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D059565:G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D002244:Carbon; D016190:Carboplatin; D002945:Cisplatin