title: Contemporary incidence and mortality rates of kidney cancer in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is a timely update of incidence and mortality for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relying on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, we computed age-adjusted incidence, mortality rates and 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) for patients with histologically confirmed kidney cancer between 1975 and 2009. Long-term (1975-2009) and short-term (2000-2009) trends were examined by joinpoint analysis, and quantified using the annual percent change (APC). The reported findings were stratified according to disease stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-adjusted incidence rates of RCC increased by +2.76%/year between 1975 and 2009 (from 6.5 to 17.1/100 000 person-years, p < 0.001), and by +2.85%/year between 2000 and 2009 (p < 0.001). For the same time points, the corresponding APC for the incidence of localized stage were +4.55%/year (from 3.0 to 12.2/100 000 person years, p < 0.001), and +4.42%/year (p < 0.001), respectively. The incidence rates of regional stage increased by +0.88%/year between 1975 and 2009 (p < 0.001), but stabilized in recent years (2000-2009: +0.56%/year, p = 0.4). Incidence rates of distant stage remained unchanged in long- and short-term trends. Overall mortality rates increased by +1.72%/year between 1975 and 2009 (from 1.2 to 5.0/100 000 person-years, P<0.001), but stabilized between 1994 and 2004 (p = 0.1). Short-term mortality rates increased in a significant fashion by +3.14%/year only for localized stage (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contemporary years, there is a persisting upward trend in incidence and mortality of localized RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy;
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gandaglia
authors.affiliation: West Middlesex University Hospital, London, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Praful
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy;
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdollah
authors.affiliation: Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI;
authors.forename: Abd-El-Rahman M
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Abd-El-Barr
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Prostate Cancer Center, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC;
authors.forename: Ioana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Popa
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy;
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC;
authors.forename: Pierre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Karakiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
authors.forename: Quoc-Dien
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jewett
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, QC;
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun