title: Psychological risk factors of addiction to social networking sites among Chinese smartphone users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smartphones allow users to access social networking sites (SNSs) whenever and wherever they want. Such easy availability and accessibility may increase their vulnerability to addiction. Based on the social cognitive theory (SCT), we examined the impacts of outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, and impulsivity on young Chinese smartphone users' addictive tendencies toward SNSs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy-seven Macau young smartphone users (116 males and 161 females; mean age = 26.62) filled out an online Chinese questionnaire concerning their usage of social networking sites via smartphones, addiction tendencies toward SNSs, impulsivity trait, outcome expectancies toward the use, and Internet self-efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings revealed that those who spent more time on SNSs also reported higher addictive tendencies. Addictive tendencies were positively correlated with both outcome expectancies and impulsivity, but negatively associated with Internet self-efficacy. These three psychological variables explained 23% of the variance in addictive tendencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggest that, compared to demographics, psychological factors provide a better account for addictive tendencies towards SNSs among Chinese smartphone users in Macau. The three psychological risk factors were low Internet self-efficacy, favorable outcome expectancies, and high impulsivity trait. Educational campaigns with screening procedures for high-risk groups are recommended for effective prevention and treatment.
authors.affiliation: University of Macau, Macau, China.
authors.forename: Anise M S
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: University of Macau, Macau, China.
authors.forename: Vivi I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: University of Macau, Macau, China.
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.affiliation: Centennial College, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Eva P W
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hung
keywords: Chinese; addiction; impulsivity; smartphone; social cognitive theory; social networking site