title: Diabetes and the brain: oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder associated with chronic complications including a state of mild to moderate cognitive impairment, in particular psychomotor slowing and reduced mental flexibility, not attributable to other causes, and shares many symptoms that are best described as accelerated brain ageing. A common theory for aging and for the pathogenesis of this cerebral dysfunctioning in diabetes relates cell death to oxidative stress in strong association to inflammation, and in fact nuclear factor κB (NFκB), a master regulator of inflammation and also a sensor of oxidative stress, has a strategic position at the crossroad between oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, metabolic inflammation is, in turn, related to the induction of various intracellular stresses such as mitochondrial oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy defect. In parallel, blockade of autophagy can relate to proinflammatory signaling via oxidative stress pathway and NFκB-mediated inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Calle Quevedo 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain ; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muriach
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Calle Quevedo 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flores-Bellver
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Calle Quevedo 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Calle Quevedo 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Barcia
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B