title: Silica vesicles as nanocarriers and adjuvants for generating both antibody and T-cell mediated immune resposes to Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus E2 protein.
abstract: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) is widely distributed in cattle industries and causes significant economic losses worldwide annually. A limiting factor in the development of subunit vaccines for BVDV is the need to elicit both antibody and T-cell-mediated immunity as well as addressing the toxicity of adjuvants. In this study, we have prepared novel silica vesicles (SV) as the new generation antigen carriers and adjuvants. With small particle size of 50 nm, thin wall (~6 nm), large cavity (~40 nm) and large entrance size (5.9 nm for SV-100 and 16 nm for SV-140), the SV showed high loading capacity (∼ 250 μg/mg) and controlled release of codon-optimised E2 (oE2) protein, a major immunogenic determinant of BVDV. The in vivo functionality of the system was validated in mice immunisation trials comparing oE2 plus Quil A (50 μg of oE2 plus 10 μg of Quil A, a conventional adjuvant) to the oE2/SV-140 (50 μg of oE2 adsorbed to 250 μg of SV-140) or oE2/SV-140 together with 10 μg of Quil A. Compared to the oE2 plus Quil A, which generated BVDV specific antibody responses at a titre of 10(4), the oE2/SV-140 group induced a 10 times higher antibody response. In addition, the cell-mediated response, which is essential to recognise and eliminate the invading pathogens, was also found to be higher [1954-2628 spot forming units (SFU)/million cells] in mice immunised with oE2/SV-140 in comparison to oE2 plus Quil A (512-1369 SFU/million cells). Our study has demonstrated that SV can be used as the next-generation nanocarriers and adjuvants for enhanced veterinary vaccine delivery.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Karishma T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Mody
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mahony
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Antonino S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
authors.affiliation: Animal Science, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia; Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Amirali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Popat
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mahony
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia. Electronic address: c.yu@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Chengzhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia. Electronic address: n.mitter@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitter
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002417:Cattle / Q000821:virology*; D030242:Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007114:Immunization; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D062605:Quillaja Saponins; D012503:Saponins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004337:Drug Carriers; D062605:Quillaja Saponins; D012503:Saponins; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C046386:Quil A; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Adjuvants; Antigenicity; Immune responses; Protein adsorption; Silica vesicles