title: Effect of low level laser therapy on dental pulp during orthodontic movement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate the protocol described here to be used in future clinical trials related to the effect of laser therapy on dental pulp.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histologically treated samples from eight human healthy premolar teeth obtained from the middle root level were distributed in four groups: group 1 (G1) absolute control; group 2 (G2) only laser irradiation; group 3 (G3) exposed only to orthodontics; and group 4 (G4) treated with orthodontics and laser. Laser treatment was performed at 830 nm wavelength, 100 mW (energy 80 J/cm(2), 2.2 J), for 22 s in the vestibular surface and 22 s in the palatal surface, 1 mm away from the dental root mucosa. Three staining methods were performed: hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Masson's Trichrome method and Gomori's method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pulp histology parameters were evaluated and the results classified in to 3 parts: an inflammatory response, soft tissue response (dental pulp) and hard tissue response (dentin and predentin). There was no inflammation (chronic or acute) in any of the evaluated groups. The zones of pulp necrosis were found in one premolar of G3 and in one of G4; in groups G2 and G4 there was higher angiogenesis than in the other two groups. G4 group presented the highest level of vascularization. A reduced nerve density was observed in G3. A G2 specimen showed increased nerve density. A higher rate of calcification was observed in G1 compared to G2. Denticles, either real or false, were observed in G1, G2 and G3. Sclerosis of dentin and focal dentin loss was observed among all the groups. Secondary dentin was present in one sample in G1 and G2. A necrosis zone was found in one sample of G3 and G4. No differences between groups were observed in the odontoblast irregularity layer but the layer was wider in the group treated with laser only. A notable difference was detected in reduction of the cell-free layer between the groups G1 and G4. The findings in pulp tissue favor its adaptative response against dental movement induced by orthodontics. No definitive conclusions may be derived as this is a pilot study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protocol described here was shown to be an effective method to evaluate changes in dental pulp submitted to low level laser in teeth under orthodontic movement.
authors.affiliation: Ángela Domínguez, Rosa Emilia Ballesteros, Jairo Hernán Viáfara, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001000, Colombia.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Ángela Domínguez, Rosa Emilia Ballesteros, Jairo Hernán Viáfara, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001000, Colombia.
authors.forename: Rosa Emilia
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.affiliation: Ángela Domínguez, Rosa Emilia Ballesteros, Jairo Hernán Viáfara, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001000, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jairo Hernán
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Viáfara
authors.affiliation: Ángela Domínguez, Rosa Emilia Ballesteros, Jairo Hernán Viáfara, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001000, Colombia.
authors.forename: Oscar Mario
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Tamayo
keywords: Dentin; Histological protocol; Low level laser therapy; Orthodontic movement; Pulpal