title: Retinal hemorheologic characterization of early-stage diabetic retinopathy using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) is a noninvasive technique that allows for the direct monitoring of erythrocyte aggregates in retinal capillaries. We analyzed the retinal hemorheologic characteristics in normal subjects, diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy (NDR), and diabetic patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), using spatiotemporal (ST) blood flow images to visualize blood corpuscle trajectory.
  
  
  METHODS
  AO-SLO images of the parafoveal capillary network were acquired for three groups: 20 healthy volunteers, 17 diabetic patients with NDR (8 type 1 and 9 type 2 patients), and 10 diabetic patients with NPDR (4 type 1 and 6 type 2). The erythrocyte aggregate velocity assigned to a relative cardiac cycle and the elongation rate of the erythrocyte aggregate were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Careful observation revealed that flow velocity fluctuations were found with higher frequency in diabetic patients than in normal subjects. The total average velocities were 1.26 ± 0.22 mm/s in the normal group, 1.31 ± 0.21 mm/s in the NDR group, and 1.63 ± 0.35 mm/s in the NPDR group. The average velocities of the NPDR group were higher than those in the normal (P = 0.001) and NDR (P = 0.009) groups. The average elongation rates of the 3 groups were 0.67 ± 0.20, 0.39 ± 0.19, and 0.33 ± 0.11, respectively. Elongation rate differed significantly between the normal and NDR (P = 0.003) groups as well as the normal and NPDR (P = 0.001) groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AO-SLO can be used to detect retinal hemorheologic changes in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arichika
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uji
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Unoki
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshitake
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dodo
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Sotaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ooto
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Nagahisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D018056:Hemorheology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: AO-SLO; diabetic retinopathy; hemorheology