title: Levels of metals in the blood and specific porphyrins in the urine in children with autism spectrum disorders.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of metals in blood (zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg)), as well as the specific porphyrin levels in the urine of patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with patients with other neurological disorders. The study was performed in a group of children with ASD (N = 52, average age = 6.2 years) and a control group of children with other neurological disorders (N = 22, average age = 6.6 years), matched in terms of intellectual abilities (Mann-Whitney U = 565.0, p = 0.595). Measurement of metals in blood was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry, while the HPLC method via a fluorescence detector was used to test urinary porphyrin levels. Results were compared across groups using a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). In addition, a generalized linear model was used to establish the impact of group membership on the blood Cu/Zn ratio. In terms of blood levels of metals, no significant difference between the groups was found. However, compared to the control group, ASD group had significantly elevated blood Cu/Zn ratio (Wald χ (2) = 6.6, df = 1, p = 0.010). Additionally, no significant difference between the groups was found in terms of uroporphyrin I, heptacarboxyporphyrin I, hexacarboxyporphyrin and pentacarboxyporphyrin I. However, the levels of coproporphyrin I and coproporphyrin III were lower in the ASD group compared to the controls. Due to observed higher Cu/Zn ratio, it is suggested to test blood levels of Zn and Cu in all autistic children and give them a Zn supplement if needed.
authors.affiliation: University Paediatric Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macedoni-Lukšič
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gosar
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjørklund
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oražem
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kodrič
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lešnik-Musek
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zupančič
authors.forename: Alenka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: France-Štiglic
authors.forename: Alenka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sešek-Briški
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.forename: Joško
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osredkar
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000652:urine*; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D011166:Porphyrins; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc