title: Endocannabinoids and inflammatory response in periodontal ligament cells.
abstract: Endocannabinoids are associated with multiple regulatory functions in several tissues. The main endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), have been detected in the gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients, but the association between periodontal disease or human periodontal ligament cells (hPdLCs) and endocannabinoids still remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of AEA and 2-AG on the proliferation/viability and cytokine/chemokine production of hPdLCs in the presence/absence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P. gingivalis LPS). The proliferation/viability of hPdLCs was measured using 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT)-assay. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were examined at gene expression and protein level by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. AEA and 2-AG did not reveal any significant effects on proliferation/viability of hPdLCs in the absence of P. gingivalis LPS. However, hPdLCs viability was significantly increased by 10-20 µM AEA in the presence of P. gingivalis LPS (1 µg/ml). In the absence of P. gingivalis LPS, AEA and 2-AG did not exhibit any significant effect on the expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 expression in hPdLCs, whereas IL-6 expression was slightly enhanced by 10 µM 2-AG and not affected by AEA. In P.gingivalis LPS stimulated hPdLCs, 10 µM AEA down-regulated gene-expression and protein production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. In contrast, 10 µM 2-AG had an opposite effect and induced a significant up-regulation of gene and protein expression of IL-6 and IL-8 (P<0.05) as well as gene-expression of MCP-1 in P. gingivalis LPS stimulated hPdLCs. Our data suggest that AEA appears to have an anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive effect on hPdLCs' host response to P.gingivalis LPS, whereas 2-AG appears to promote detrimental inflammatory processes. In conclusion, AEA and 2-AG might play an important role in the modulation of periodontal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; Division of Oral Biology, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Burcu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Özdemir
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Biology, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University, Vienna, Austria; Department of Oral Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bantleon
authors.affiliation: Division of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Prophylaxis, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Biology, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University, Vienna, Austria; Division of Orthodontics, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rausch-Fan
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Biology, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Oleh
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Andrukhov
mesh_terms: D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005989:Glycerides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D016207:Cytokines; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005989:Glycerides; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; C078814:anandamide