title: A novel biomarker in the diagnosis of parapneumonic effusion: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The protein neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a mediator synthesized and released by neutrophils. Its physiological function is as yet unclear. Levels in blood increase in several inflammatory diseases. High serum values indicate poor prognosis for several diseases. Pleural effusion may appear as the result of various pathologies. The most common cause is heart failure (HF). Other common causes include parapneumonic (PPE) and malignant (MPE) pleural effusions, and pulmonary embolism. Tubercular effusion (TE) is commonly encountered in Turkey and similar developing countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of NGAL, a current inflammation marker, in discriminating between different etiological diseases that cause pleural effusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed at the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Faculty of Medicine Chest Diseases Clinic. One hundred patients were included in the study, 25 with parapneumonic effusion, 25 with heart failure-related effusion, 25 with tubercular effusion and 25 with cancer-related effusion. NGAL was measured in patients' serum and pleural fluids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum NGAL levels in PPE (171 ± 56 ng/ml) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those in HF (86 ± 31 ng/ml), CA (103 ± 42 ng/ml) and TE (63 ± 19 ng/ml). Pleural NGAL levels were also significantly higher in PPE compared to HF, MPE and TE (p < 0.001). Serum NGAL levels exhibited a positive correlation with white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, C-reactive protein (CRP), sedimentation, serum LDH, creatinine, pleural leukocyte and pleural neutrophil numbers. The most significant correlation was between NGAL level and WBC (p < 0.001, r = 0.579). Both serum and pleural NGAL levels are highly effective in differentiating patients with PPE from those without PPE (AUC: 0.910 and 0.790, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NGAL can be used in the diagnosis of diseases with an acute inflammatory course. Serum and pleural NGAL levels can differentiate PPE from other diseases causing pleural fluid with high sensitivity and specificity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gümüs
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevket
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozkaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Songul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozyurt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Halit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cınarka
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aynur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Unal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ferah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ece
keywords: NGAL; Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Parapneumonic effusion; Pleural effusion