title: Spray-on transdermal drug delivery systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transdermal drug delivery possesses superior advantages over other routes of administration, particularly minimizing first-pass metabolism. Transdermal drug delivery is challenged by the barrier nature of skin. Numerous technologies have been developed to overcome the relatively low skin permeability, including spray-on transdermal systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  A transdermal spray-on system (TSS) usually consists of a solution containing the drug, a volatile solvent and in many cases a chemical penetration enhancer. TSS promotes drug delivery via the complex interplay between solvent evaporation and drug-solvent drag into skin. The volatile solvent carries the drug into the upper layers of the stratum corneum, and as the volatile solvent evaporates, an increase in the thermodynamic activity of the drug occurs resulting in an increased drug loading in skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSS is easily applied, delivering flexible drug dosage and associated with lower incidence of skin irritation. TSS provides a fast-drying product where the volatile solvent enables uniform drug distribution with minimal vehicle deposition on skin. TSS ensures precise dose administration that is aesthetically appealing and eliminates concerns of residual drug associated with transdermal patches. Furthermore, it provides a better alternative to traditional transdermal products due to ease of product development and manufacturing.
authors.affiliation: Fairleigh Dickinson University, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 230 Park Avenue Florham Park, NJ 07932 , USA +1 973 443 8435 ; +1 973 443 8412 ; ibrahisa@mail.uc.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D010539:Permeability; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D057968:Transdermal Patch
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012997:Solvents
keywords: drug delivery; evaporative system; penetration enhancers; transdermal; transdermal spray system