title: 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, a bitter principle in plants, suppresses adipogenesis through the regulation of ERK1.
abstract: Because of the prevalence of obesity, there is particular interest in finding potential therapeutic targets. In a previous study, we demonstrated that 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (2,4,5-TMBA), a bitter principle in plants and a natural cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) inhibitor, suppressed the differentiation of preadipocyts into adipocytes at the concentration of 0.5 mM. In this current study, we aimed to investigate the stage during adipogenesis that is critically affected by 2,4,5-TMBA and the effects of 2,4,5-TMBA on the time-course expression of signaling molecules MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK, represented by MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α, β, and δ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, lipogenic enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), and lipid droplet-coating protein perilipin A. When preadipocytes were co-cultured with 2,4,5-TMBA (0.5 mM) specifically at post-induction days 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, or 6-8 only, relative lipid accumulation was decreased by 67.93, 34.65, 49.56, and 34.32%, respectively. A time-course study showed that treatment of 2,4,5-TMBA suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1 at the initial stage of adipogenesis but upregulated the phosphorylation at the late stage, which is opposite to the conditions required for the differentiation process. The overall expression of C/EBPα, β, and δ, PPARγ2, ACC, FAS, and perilipin A in preadipocytes was downregulated by the treatment of 2,4,5-TMBA. Taken together, our findings suggest that 2,4,5-TMBA suppresses adipogenesis through the regulation of ERK1 phosphorylation. Although results from in vitro studies cannot be directly extrapolated into clinical effects, our study will help to elucidate the anti-adipogenic potential of 2,4,5-TMBA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University , 70 Ta-Chih Street, 104 Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chia-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D000070778:Perilipin-1; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C491899:Fas protein, mouse; D047495:PPAR gamma; D000070778:Perilipin-1; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D019014:fas Receptor; C034031:2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases
keywords: 2,4,5-TMBA; 3T3-L1 preadipocyte; ERK; adipogenesis