title: Aerobic degradation study of three fluoroanilines and microbial community analysis: the effects of increased fluorine substitution.
abstract: The fate of fluorinated compounds in the environment, especially polyfluorinated aromatics, is a matter of great concern. In this work, 4-Fluoroaniline (4-FA), 2,4-Difluoroanilines (2,4-DFA), and 2,3,4-Trifluoroanilines (2,3,4-TFA), were chosen as the target pollutants to study their biodegradability under aerobic conditions. The required enriched time of the mixed bacterial culture for degrading 4-FA, 2,4-DFA, and 2,3,4-TFA was 26, 51, and 165 days, respectively, which suggested that the longer enrichment time was required with the increase of fluorine substitution. At the initial concentrations of 100-200 mg L(-1), the 4-FA, 2,4-DFA, and 2,3,4-TFA could be degraded completely by the mixed bacterial culture. The maximum specific degradation rates of 4-FA, 2,4-DFA, and 2,3,4-TFA were 22.48 ± 0.55, 15.27 ± 2.04, and 8.84 ± 0.93 mg FA (g VSS h)(-1), respectively. Also, the three FAs enriched cultures showed certain potential of degrading other two FAs. The results from enzyme assay suggested the expression of meta-cleavage pathways during three FAs degradation. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that unique bacterial communities were formed after FAs enrichment and these were principally composed of β-Proteobacteria, Oscillatoriophycideae, δ-Proteobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, Thermales, Xanthomonadales, Deinococci, Flavobacteriia, and Actinobacteridae. The Shannon-Wiener indexes in three FAs enriched culture decreased with the increase of fluorine substitution, indicating the significant effect of fluorine substitution on the microbial diversity. These findings supply important information on the fate of three FAs under aerobic environment, and the bacterial communities in their degradation systems.
authors.affiliation: College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Qing
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Bao-Hu
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghulam
authors.forename: Tu-Cai
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Dong-Sheng
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D005461:Fluorine / Q000378:metabolism*; D054879:Halogenation; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012722:Sewage; D005461:Fluorine