title: Intraperitoneal bupivacaine effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has multifactorial etiology. Pain and use of opioids are among the important factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of intrapritoneal (IP) injection of bupivacaine on PONV.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial, conducted on 66 patients aged 20-60, ASA I or II, candidates for LC. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Bupivacaine group received 20 mL bupivacaine 0.25% in the gallbladder bed, before and after cholecystectomy and the control group did not. The incidence of nausea and postoperative pain intensity was measured with Visual analogue scale (VAS) at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after operation, at rest and when coughing and changing positions. Nausea and vomiting occurrence were assessed at the same times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no demographic data differences between groups. No differences were found between the two groups, in terms of incidence of nausea and vomiting. Furthermore, both groups were similar with respect to opioid consumption, during four hours post-operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraperitoneal bupivacaine administration at the beginning and end of laparoscopic cholecystectomy reduced only visceral and shoulder pains at the 4th postoperative hour, but had no effect on reducing neither PONV, nor opioid demand, during the first four postoperative hours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Mitra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yari
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rooshani
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Golfam
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nazari
keywords: Bupivacaine; Cholecystectomy; Laparoscopic; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting