title: The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base.
abstract: There have been no comprehensive reviews of the relation of breakfast cereal consumption to nutrition and health. This systematic review of all articles on breakfast cereals to October 2013 in the Scopus and Medline databases identified 232 articles with outcomes related to nutrient intake, weight, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, digestive health, dental and mental health, and cognition. Sufficient evidence was available to develop 21 summary evidence statements, ranked from A (can be trusted to guide practice) to D (weak and must be applied with caution). Breakfast cereal consumption is associated with diets higher in vitamins and minerals and lower in fat (grade B) but is not associated with increased intakes of total energy or sodium (grade C) or risk of dental caries (grade B). Most studies on the nutritional impact are cross-sectional, with very few intervention studies, so breakfast cereal consumption may be a marker of an overall healthy lifestyle. Oat-, barley-, or psyllium-based cereals can help lower cholesterol concentrations (grade A), and high-fiber, wheat-based cereals can improve bowel function (grade A). Regular breakfast cereal consumption is associated with a lower body mass index and less risk of being overweight or obese (grade B). Presweetened breakfast cereals do not increase the risk of overweight and obesity in children (grade C). Whole-grain or high-fiber breakfast cereals are associated with a lower risk of diabetes (grade B) and cardiovascular disease (grade C). There is emerging evidence of associations with feelings of greater well-being and a lower risk of hypertension (grade D), but more research is required.
authors.affiliation: University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; and University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia peterwilliams@ihug.com.au.
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D062408:Breakfast; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000517:prevention & control; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients