title: Effects of an aquatic-based exercise program to improve cardiometabolic profile, quality of life, and physical activity levels in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of structured exercise in improving cardiometabolic profile and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2DM) has been widely demonstrated. Little is known about the effects of an aquatic-based exercise program in patients with 2DM.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of a supervised aquatic-based exercise program on cardiometabolic profile, quality of life, and physical activity levels in patients with 2DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study, community pre-post aquatic-based exercise program, primary care intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen men diagnosed with 2DM (52.2 ± 9.3 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  and
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiometabolic profile, quality of life, and physical activity levels were assessed before and after 12 weeks of an aquatic-based exercise program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show a significant improvement of cardiometabolic assessments (maximum oxygen consumption: 24.1 versus 21.1 mL/kg/min, P < .05; blood pressure: 125.4/77 versus 130.7/82.5 mm Hg, P < .05; fasting blood glucose: 119.6 versus 132.5 mg/dL, P < .05; body mass index: 29.9 versus 31.1 kg/m², P < .005; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: 95.2 versus 104.9 mg/dL, P < .05; and diastolic function: E/E' 9.1 versus 10.1, P < .005) and an increase in quality of life and physical activity levels (Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey mental component summary: 72.3 versus 67, P < .05; Problems Area About Diabetes: 20.1 versus 33.2, P < .005) and energy expenditure in general physical activity (physical activity: 3888.7 versus 1239.5 kcal/wk, P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that an aquatic-based exercise program produces benefits for the cardiovascular system and metabolic profile and appears to be safe and effective in improving quality of life and increasing physical activity levels in patients with 2DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu," University of Cagliari, Italy; Adapted Physical Activity Master Degree Course, University of Cagliari, Italy(∗). Electronic address: lucia.cugusi@tiscali.it.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cugusi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu," University of Cagliari, Italy(†).
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu," University of Cagliari, Italy(‡).
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nocco
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu," University of Cagliari, Italy(§).
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orrù
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu," University of Cagliari, Italy(¶).
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandino
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu," University of Cagliari, Italy(#).
authors.forename: Martino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deidda
authors.affiliation: Adapted Physical Activity Master Degree Course, University of Cagliari, Italy(∗∗).
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caria
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu," University of Cagliari, Italy(††).
authors.forename: Pier Paolo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Bassareo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu," University of Cagliari, Italy(‡‡).
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piras
authors.affiliation: Casa di Cura Madonna del Rimedio, Oristano, Italy(§§).
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cabras
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences "M. Aresu," University of Cagliari, Italy; Adapted Physical Activity Master Degree Course, University of Cagliari, Italy(¶¶).
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mercuro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids