title: Central blockade of nitric oxide transmission impairs exercise-induced neuronal activation in the PVN and reduces physical performance.
abstract: The blockade of central nitric oxide (NO) signaling modifies the thermoregulatory and metabolic adjustments that occur during exercise, thereby impairing physical performance. However, the brain areas involved in this response remain unknown. Nitrergic neurons are present in the hypothalamic areas that are activated during exercise and participate in autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, such as, the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON). To investigate whether brain NO signaling affects thermoregulation during exercise through the activation of hypothalamic neurons, rats underwent acute submaximal treadmill exercise (18 mmin(-1), 5% inclination) until fatigue received an intracerebroventricular injection of 1.43 μmol Nω-nitro-l-arginine metil ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, or saline (SAL). Skin tail temperature (Tsk) and internal body temperature (Ti) were continuously recorded and c-Fos expression was determined in the PVN and the SON. L-NAME treatment reduced physical performance by 48%, which was positively correlated with tail vasodilation capacity, which was reduced by 28%, and negatively correlated with heat storage rate (HSR), which was increased by 38%. Physical exercise until fatigue increased the number of c-Fos-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the PVN and the SON. L-NAME-treatment significantly reduced the exercise-induced c-Fos expression in the PVN, whereas it had no effect in the SON. Interestingly, the number of c-Fos-ir neurons in the PVN was closely correlated with physical performance and inversely associated with HSR. Thus, the inhibition of central NO attenuates neuronal activation induced by exercise in the PVN, impairs the autonomic regulation of heat dissipation, and anticipates the fatigue. Brain NO seems to play a role in exercise performance through the regulation of neuronal activation in the PVN, but not in the SON, although the SON neurons are also activated by running exercise. Moreover, this role in performance mediated by neuronal activation in the PVN can be related with the improvement of thermoregulatory adjustments that occur during exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo M A
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raphael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Szawka
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil. Electronic address: coimbrac@icb.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Cândido C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Coimbra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013495:Supraoptic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
keywords: Fatigue; L-NAME; Supraoptic nuclei; Thermoregulation; Treadmill exercise; c-Fos