title: Migraine and nosebleed in children case series and literature review.
abstract: The presence of nose bleeding during a migraine attack as a single occurrence is so far rarely reported. Therefore, we have decided to report such occurrences we have noticed to further improve and build upon possible existing knowledge of such incidences.
  
  
  METHODS
  728 children with an average age of 11.5 years, suffering from migraine were examined for nose bleeding. All structural, trauma, coagulation and medical causes were excluded. A computer-based literature search was also conducted to identify other cases of such sort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight cases (1.1%) of nose bleeding during attacks of migraine with no other known causes were identified. An additional 3 cases were identified in literature, though the presenting age was 25 years or above.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our case series, nose bleeding exclusively occurred during the attacks of headaches, although it was not considerably related to aura, frequency, location or intensity of migraine attacks. The presence of nose bleeding associated with migraine is an uncommon phenomenon and its mechanism is still unknown.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Department, Queen's University Hospital, UK. Electronic address: mas.ahmed@bhrhospitals.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Mas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jocelyn W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000150:complications; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000150:complications
keywords: Children; Epistaxis; Migraine; Nosebleed