title: Action potentials contribute to epileptic high-frequency oscillations recorded with electrodes remote from neurons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The importance of epileptic high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in electroencephalogram (EEG) is growing. Action potentials generating some HFOs are observed in the vicinity of neurons in experimental animals. However electrodes that are remote from neurons, as in case of clinical situations, should not record action potentials. We propose to resolve this question by a realistic simulation of epileptic neuronal network.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rat dentate gyrus with sclerosis was simulated in silico. We computed the current dipole moment generated by each granule cell and the field potentials in a measurement area far from neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dentate gyrus was stimulated through synaptic input to evoke discharges resembling interictal epileptiform discharges, which had superimposed HFOs⩽295Hz that were recordable with remote electrodes and represented bursts of action potentials of granule cells. The increase in power of HFOs was associated with the progression of sclerosis, the reduction of GABAergic inhibition, and the increase in cell connectivity. Spectral frequency of HFOs had similar tendencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HFOs recorded with electrodes remote from neurons could actually be generated by clusters of action potentials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phenomenon of action potentials recorded with remote electrodes can possibly extend the clinical meaning of EEG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, Shikatacho 2-chome 5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. Electronic address: k_koba@md.okayama-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Katsuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, Shikatacho 2-chome 5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, Shikatacho 2-chome 5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: Iori
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, Shikatacho 2-chome 5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshinaga
authors.affiliation: Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Que. H3A 2B4, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gotman
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
keywords: Dentate gyrus; Electrode; Epilepsy; High-frequency oscillations; Simulation