title: Thyroid hormone and heart failure: from myocardial protection to systemic regulation.
abstract: Heart failure (HF) is an intriguing model of chronic disease. It starts as an organ disorder developing, in its progression, into a systemic disease in which the dysfunction of other organs plays a relevant clinical and prognostic impact. Furthermore, continuous activation of systemic pathways plays a role in disease progression, switching their effect from protective to harmful. In this combination of organ dysfunction and systemic derangement, thyroid hormone (TH) have an important regulative impact from cardiovascular to systemic level and from molecular/cellular processes to clinical setting. Whether it is accepted to include TH and thyroid stimulating hormone assessment in the clinical HF course, the next challenge will be to ascertain the benefit of TH replacement therapy in HF patients, taking into consideration the type of hormone to administer, dosage and treatment schedule.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Physiology Institute, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sabatino
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iervasi
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pingitore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018450:Disease Progression; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D013972:Thyrotropin
keywords: heart failure; hypothyroidism; integrin; low T3 syndrome; thyroid hormone; thyroid hormone receptors