title: A genetic analysis of the validity of the Hypomanic Personality Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies of mania risk have increasingly relied on measures of subsyndromal tendencies to experience manic symptoms. The measures of mania risk employed in those studies have been shown to predict manic onset, to show familial associations, and to demonstrate expected correlations with psychosocial variables related to bipolar disorder. However, little work has been conducted to validate such measures against biologically relevant indices, or to consider whether early adversity, which has been shown to be highly elevated among those with bipolar disorder, is related to higher scores on mania risk measures. This study tested whether a well-used, self-report measure of vulnerability to mania is associated with several candidate genes that have previously been linked with bipolar disorder or with early adversity. Interactions of genes with early adversity in the prediction of mania vulnerability were also tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undergraduate students from the University of Miami (Coral Gables, FL, USA) (N = 305) completed the Hypomanic Personality Scale and the Risky Families Scale, and provided blood for genotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicated that the Hypomanic Personality Scale was related to a number of dopamine-relevant polymorphisms and with early adversity. A polymorphism of ANKK1 appeared to specifically increase mania risk in the context of early adversity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide additional support for the validity of the Hypomanic Personality Scale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sheri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carver
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joormann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuccaro
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C581293:DRD2 protein, human; C493599:DRD4 protein, human; C486531:LIN7C protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4; C579455:BDNF protein, human; C497467:TPH1 protein, human; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase; C588010:COMT protein, human; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase; C489948:ANKK1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: bipolar disorder; dopamine; early adversity; genetic polymorphism; mania risk