title: Bilateral intracranial EEG with corpus callosotomy may uncover seizure focus in nonlocalizing focal epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the value of a new multi-stage surgical procedure using bilateral intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) prior and post complete corpus callosotomy (CC) for epileptogenic focus localization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with drug-resistant epilepsy underwent bilateral iEEG monitoring to localize epileptogenic focus for surgical treatment. Among them, bisynchronous epileptogenic activities were found in 9 pediatric patients. These 9 patients then received complete CC and continued bilateral iEEG monitoring for further seizure localization. Final surgical treatment decisions were made based on the bilateral iEEG findings post complete CC. The entire multi-stage procedure was performed during the same hospital stay. We retrospectively studied the data from the 9 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seizure onset was lateralized in 3 patients who later received functional hemispherectomy. In another 4 patients, seizure onset was localized, resulting in resective surgery. Bilateral multiple subpial transection was performed on 1 patient with identified bilateral independent seizure onset. One patient did not have seizures following complete CC leading to removal of electrodes without any further resection. Subsequent follow-up showed favorable outcome in all patients: seizure-free in 7, more than 90% reduction in 2. None of the patients experienced surgery related complications during the procedure and follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multi-stage surgical procedure utilizing iEEG monitoring with CC is a viable option for select patients with catastrophic non-localizing epilepsy. Further study is necessary to find the optimal selection criteria for use of this novel approach.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA; Functional Brain Mapping and Brain Computer Interface Lab, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Po Ching
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Joo Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA; Functional Brain Mapping and Brain Computer Interface Lab, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korostenskaja
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA. Electronic address: Kihyeong.lee.md@flhosp.org.
authors.forename: Ki Hyeong
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Bilateral craniotomy; Corpus callosotomy; Epilepsy surgery; Intracranial EEG