title: Bone turnover markers in serum and urine as diagnostic, prognostic and monitoring biomarkers of bone metastasis.
abstract: Bone metastases are characterized by increased osteoblastic and/or osteolytic processes depending on the tumor type. The altogether destructive effect of metastasis formation promoted by increased metabolic activity raises the release of components from the osseous metabolism into the blood stream. These components are either enzymes directly involved in the alteration processes, metabolites/proteins that develop during this or bone matrix proteins released during this. These biomarkers are categorized in relation to their involvement in the bone formation or resorption as bone formation and resorption markers. Based on a PubMed literature search, a critical appraisal of the various biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring purposes is given for patients with skeletal metastases caused by breast, prostate, lung, or renal cell carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: klaus.jung@charite.de.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany; Department of Urology, Sana Hospital Center, Offenbach, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lein
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Bone markers; Cancer; Diagnostic biomarker; Osseous metastasis; Prognostic biomarker