title: Ultrasonic-assisted production of biodiesel from transesterification of palm oil over ostrich eggshell-derived CaO catalysts.
abstract: In this study, waste ostrich eggshell-derived calcium oxide (denoted as CaO(OE)) particles were synthesized and explored as cost-effective catalysts for the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of palm oil. The physicochemical properties of the resultant catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, XRF and Hammett indicator, while the catalytic activity was evaluated through transesterification of palm oil with methanol under ultrasonic conditions. More specifically, the CaO(OE) showed comparable catalytic activity to the one derived from commercial calcium carbonate (denoted as CaO(Lab)). Moreover, under ultrasonic conditions, the catalytic activity of CaO(OE) could be enhanced significantly. The maximum yield of fatty acid methyl esters could reach 92.7% under the optimal condition of reaction time of 60 min with ultrasonic power of 60% (120 W), methanol-to-oil ratio of 9:1, and catalyst loading of 8 wt.%. The results indicated that the CaO(OE) catalysts showed good catalytic performance and reusability, and may potentially reduce the cost of biodiesel production.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Biomass-derived Gas and Oil, Tianjin 300072, China. Electronic address: chen@tju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guanyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Jiafu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin 200072, China.
authors.forename: Beibei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000737:chemistry*; D004951:Esterification; D000432:Methanol / Q000032:analysis; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D020310:Struthioniformes; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D010938:Plant Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil; C016538:lime; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Biodiesel; Ostrich eggshell; Palm oil; Transesterification; Ultrasonic