title: Relationship between gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptors and the hypnotic and analgesic effects of emulsiﬁed inhalation anesthetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to investigate the role of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptors (GHBR) in hypnosis and analgesia induced by emulsiﬁed inhalation anesthetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  After having established the mice model of hypnosis and analgesia by intraperitoneal injections of appropriate doses of enﬂurane, isoﬂurane, or sevoﬂurane, we intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally injected different doses of NCS-382 (antagonist of GHBR) and, then, observed the effects on the sleeping time using awaken test and the pain threshold in hot-plate test (HPPT) using HPPT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the awaken test, 1, 5, and 25 μg of NCS-382 (i.c.v.) signiﬁcantly decreased the sleeping time of the mice treated with the three emulsiﬁed inhalation anesthetics mentioned above (p < 0.05 or 0.01). In the HPPT, 1, 5, and 25 μg of NCS-382 (intrathecally) did not affect the HPPT in conscious mice (p > 0.05); in contrast, 1, 5, and 25 μg of NCS-382 (intrathecally) signiﬁcantly decreased the HPPT of the mice treated with emulsiﬁed inhalation anesthetics (p < 0.05 or 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data presented in this study suggest that GHBR may be important targets for the hypnotic and analgesic effects induced by emulsiﬁed enﬂurane, isoﬂurane, and sevoﬂurane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China. wangliweidoctor@163.com.
authors.forename: L-W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M-Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: H-W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.forename: T-J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001567:Benzocycloheptenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D004737:Enflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C039403:4-hydroxybutyric acid receptor; D000700:Analgesics; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001567:Benzocycloheptenes; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C066471:NCS 382; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D004737:Enflurane; D007530:Isoflurane