title: Women and ARV-based HIV prevention - challenges and opportunities.
abstract: ARV-based HIV prevention methods available in pill, gel or ring formulations (broadly referred to as microbicides) offer the possibility of protection against HIV for women who find it difficult because they cannot ask their partners to use condoms or even refuse sex. Partial efficacy of ARV-based medications has been demonstrated in a number of clinical trials around the world among various populations, building the evidence that ARV-based technologies will contribute to reducing the AIDS epidemic worldwide. Disappointing results, however, from two trials in sub-Saharan Africa, where poor adherence contributed to study closure due to futility, have raised questions about whether women at the centre of the epidemic are able to effectively use products that require routine use. Also, there are fears by some of risk compensation by decreased condom use because of the availability of microbicides when only partial efficacy has been demonstrated in microbicide trials to date. Of note, sub-analyses of biologic measures of adherence in trials where this was possible have shown a strong correlation between good adherence and efficacy, reinforcing the necessity of good adherence. Research conducted in conjunction with clinical trials and post-trials in advance of possible rollout of ARV-based products have examined social and cultural factors, gender-related and otherwise, influencing adherence and other aspects of women's use of products. These include HIV stigma, women's perception of risk, partner and community influences and the differing needs of women in various stages of life and in different circumstances. It is the purpose of this supplement to give voice to the needs of women who can benefit from woman-initiated methods by presenting research results and commentary to contribute to the global conversation about optimizing women's experience with ARV-based prevention.
authors.affiliation: FHI 360, Durham, NC, USA; cgeary@fhi360.org.
authors.forename: Cynthia W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Geary
authors.affiliation: Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Global health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nairobi University, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bukusi
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D065129:Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: ARVs; HIV prevention; PrEP; gender; microbicides; risk compensation; women