title: Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to examine the clinical evidence reporting the prevalence of sarcopenia and the effect of nutrition and exercise interventions from studies using the consensus definition of sarcopenia proposed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP).
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and Dialog databases were searched (January 2000-October 2013) using pre-defined search terms. Prevalence studies and intervention studies investigating muscle mass plus strength or function outcome measures using the EWGSOP definition of sarcopenia, in well-defined populations of adults aged ≥50 years were selected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  prevalence of sarcopenia was, with regional and age-related variations, 1-29% in community-dwelling populations, 14-33% in long-term care populations and 10% in the only acute hospital-care population examined. Moderate quality evidence suggests that exercise interventions improve muscle strength and physical performance. The results of nutrition interventions are equivocal due to the low number of studies and heterogeneous study design. Essential amino acid (EAA) supplements, including ∼2.5 g of leucine, and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB) supplements, show some effects in improving muscle mass and function parameters. Protein supplements have not shown consistent benefits on muscle mass and function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  prevalence of sarcopenia is substantial in most geriatric settings. Well-designed, standardised studies evaluating exercise or nutrition interventions are needed before treatment guidelines can be developed. Physicians should screen for sarcopenia in both community and geriatric settings, with diagnosis based on muscle mass and function. Supervised resistance exercise is recommended for individuals with sarcopenia. EAA (with leucine) and HMB may improve muscle outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar km 9, 1, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfonso J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cruz-Jentoft
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Medicina Interna e Geriatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.affiliation: Gastroentérologie et Nutrition Clinique, CHU de Nice, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Tijuana Baja California Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: Clemente
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zúñiga
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.affiliation: Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR 1019, INRA, Université Clermont-Ferrand, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boirie
authors.affiliation: Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Liang-Kung
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.affiliation: Department of Ageing and Health, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Finbarr C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Département de Réhabilitation et Gériatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève-Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Institut for Biomedicine of Ageing, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sieber
authors.affiliation: Institute for Exercise Physiology and Wellness Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Studenski
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Inserm U558 Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU) - Gérontopôle, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vellas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales, Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zamboni
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cederholm
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: age-related; exercise intervention; nutrition intervention; older people; prevalence; sarcopenia