title: Confocal laser scanning microscopy as a valuable tool in Diptera larval morphology studies.
abstract: Larval morphology of flies is traditionally studied using light microscopy, yet in the case of fine structures compound light microscopy is limited due to problems of resolution, illumination and depth of field, not allowing for precise recognition of sclerites' edges and interactions. Using larval instars of cyclorrhaphan Diptera, we show the usefulness of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for studying the morphological characters of immature stages by taking advantage of the autofluorescent properties of cephaloskeleton structures. We compare data obtained from killed but unprepared larvae with those from larvae prepared by clearing according to two commonly used methods, either with potassium hydroxide or with Hoyer's medium. We also evaluated the CLSM application for examining already slide-mounted larvae stored in museum collections and those freshly prepared. Our results indicate that CLSM and 3D reconstruction are excellent for visualizing small, compound structures of cylrorrhaphan larvae cephaloskeleton, if appropriate clearing techniques, i.e. the application of KOH, are used. Maximum intensity projection of confocal data sets obtained from material freshly prepared and that stored in museum collection does not differ. Because of this and the fact that KOH is commonly used as a clearing method to examine the cephaloskeleton of Diptera larvae, it is possible, and highly recommended, to use slides already prepared with this method for re-examination by CLSM. We conclude that CLSM application can be an invaluable source of data for studies of larval morphology of Cyclorrhapha by way of taxonomic diagnoses, character identification and improvement in characters homologization.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Ecology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland, hydrotaea@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grzywacz
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Góral
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szpila
authors.forename: Martin J R
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004175:Diptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004772:Entomology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D013048:Specimen Handling