title: Influence and interactions of laryngeal adductors and cricothyroid muscles on fundamental frequency and glottal posture control.
abstract: The interactions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs) in controlling fundamental frequency (F0) and glottal posture remain unclear. In an in vivo canine model, three sets of intrinsic laryngeal muscles-the thyroarytenoid (TA), cricothyroid (CT), and lateral cricoarytenoid plus interarytenoid (LCA/IA) muscle complex-were independently and accurately stimulated in a graded manner using distal laryngeal nerve stimulation. Graded neuromuscular stimulation was used to independently activate these paired intrinsic laryngeal muscles over a range from threshold to maximal activation, to produce 320 distinct laryngeal phonatory postures. At phonation onset these activation conditions were evaluated in terms of their vocal fold strain, glottal width at the vocal processes, fundamental frequency (F0), subglottic pressure, and airflow. F0 ranged from 69 to 772 Hz and clustered into chest-like and falsetto-like groups. CT activation was always required to raise F0, but could also lower F0 at low TA and LCA/IA activation levels. Increasing TA activation first increased then decreased F0 in all CT and LCA/IA activation conditions. Increasing TA activation also facilitated production of high F0 at a lower onset pressure. Independent control of membranous (TA) and cartilaginous (LCA/IA) glottal closure enabled multiple pathways for F0 control via changes in glottal posture.
authors.affiliation: Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, CHS 62-132, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: Dinesh K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chhetri
authors.affiliation: Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, CHS 62-132, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.affiliation: Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, CHS 62-132, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: Elazar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sofer
authors.affiliation: Laryngeal Physiology Laboratory, CHS 62-132, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Berry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005931:Glottis / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D010699:Phonation; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors