title: The manifestation of anxiety disorders after traumatic brain injury: a review.
abstract: The development of anxiety disorders after a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a strong predictor of social, personal, and work dysfunction; nevertheless, the emergence of anxiety has been largely unexplored and poorly understood in the context of TBI. This article provides an overview of the limited published research to date on anxiety disorders that are known to develop after TBI, including post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. This review also examines diagnostic criteria, the epidemiology of each disorder, and the factors that influence the expression of these conditions, including injury-related and psychosocial variables. Putative neural correlates will be reviewed where known. A discussion of current treatment options and avenues for further research are explored.
authors.affiliation: Ryerson University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Sasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mallya
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Syb
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pongracic
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mainland
authors.forename: Tisha J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ornstein
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans
keywords: anxiety disorders; head injury, review; traumatic brain injury