title: Electrical storm in patients with brugada syndrome is associated with early repolarization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrical storms (ESs) in patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS) are rare though potentially lethal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 22 men with BrS and ES, defined as ≥3 episodes/d of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and compared their characteristics with those of 110 age-matched, control men with BrS without ES. BrS was diagnosed by a spontaneous or drug-induced type 1 pattern on the ECG in the absence of structural heart disease. Early repolarization (ER) was diagnosed by J waves, ie, >0.1 mV notches or slurs of the terminal portion of the QRS complex. The BrS ECG pattern was provoked with pilsicainide. A spontaneous type I ECG pattern, J waves, and horizontal/descending ST elevation were found, respectively, in 77%, 36%, and 88% of patients with ES, versus 28% (P<0.0001), 9% (P=0.003), and 60% (P=0.06) of controls. The J-wave amplitude was significantly higher in patients with than without ES (P=0.03). VF occurred during undisturbed sinus rhythm in 14 of 19 patients (74%), and ES were controlled by isoproterenol administration. All patients with ES received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator and over a 6.0±5.4 years follow-up, the prognosis of patients with ES was significantly worse than that of patients without ES. Bepridil was effective in preventing VF in 6 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of ER was found in a subgroup of patients with BrS associated with ES. ES appeared to be suppressed by isoproterenol or quinidine, whereas bepridil and quinidine were effective in the long-term prevention of VF in the highest-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.). kanekoy@gunma-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niwano
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Kengo F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takatsuki
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitsuhashi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Tadanobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Irie
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Kanae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamakura
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Yoshiyasu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Ryobun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yasuoka
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torigoe
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohe
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurabayashi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan (Y.K., T.N., T.I., M.K.); Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (M.H., K.H.); Department of Cardio-Angiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan (S.N.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.N.); (K.F.K., T.N., S.K.); Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.T., Yoshiyasu A., K.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka (T.K., R.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan (T.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan (K.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan (H.S.); Research Division, The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan (T.O.); Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.S.); Department of Research and Development, Tachikawa Medical Center, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan (Yoshifusa A.).
authors.forename: Yoshifusa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aizawa
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053840:Brugada Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
keywords: Brugada syndrome; bepridil; electrocardiography; isoproterenol; ventricular fibrillation