title: Common ocular effects reported to a poison control center after systemic absorption of drugs in therapeutic and toxic doses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ocular effects resulting from medications assist toxicologists in determining substances involved when treating a poisoned patient. The intention of this review is to discuss the most common ocular effects, the medications that cause them, and the mechanisms by which they occur.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to National Poison Data System, the most common reported ocular effects following a drug ingestion/injection/inhalation are mydriasis, miosis, and nystagmus. The most common drug/drug classes reported to a regional poison control center causing these ocular effects include the following: first, mydriasis - amphetamines and diphenhydramine; second, miosis - clonidine and opioids; third, nystagmus - dextromethorphan. However, many other drugs/substances can cause these effects along with other systemic effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ocular findings are a pertinent component of any patient assessment involving therapeutic and/or toxic exposure to medications and other substances.
authors.affiliation: aRegional Poison Control Center, Children's of Alabama bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Alabama Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slattery
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liebelt
authors.forename: LaDonna A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gaines
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000506:poisoning; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000506:poisoning; D003000:Clonidine / Q000506:poisoning; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000506:poisoning; D006801:Humans; D015877:Miosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015878:Mydriasis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011039:Poison Control Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003915:Dextromethorphan; D003000:Clonidine