title: The optimization of a chronic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition model of pre-eclampsia by evaluating physiological changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to address the gap in our understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of PE, we optimized the NOS inhibition animal model by comparing changes in different parameters at various time frames during pregnancy, in both early and late-onset PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  120 nulliparous Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (n=24). A pregnant control, two groups that represented early and late-onset PE and two groups that were treated with sildenafil citrate (SC) to show reversal of the pre-eclamptic-like symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that treatment with L-NAME caused significant changes in physiological parameters for both early and late-onset PE groups. There was a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels in the early-onset PE group (128.5±5.71 mmHg) and late-onset PE group (128.3±6.15 mmHg) on day 19 compared to the SBPs on day 0, (p<0.01). Urine excretion volumes in the early-onset PE group (13.62±3.18 mL) and in the late-onset PE (13.28±2.60 mL), compared to the pregnant control group (11.96±1.9 mL) were also increased (p<0.05). There was also an increase in total urinary protein in the early-onset PE group (0.62±0.08 g/L and the late-onset PE group (0.45±0.05 g/L), when compared to the pregnant control group (0.38±0.07) (p<0.05). We also found a decrease in fetal numbers in the PE group in comparison to the pregnant control and SC treated groups. The remission of these signs was seen after delivery of the fetuses. We also demonstrated that treatment of this syndrome with SC prevented the development of these signs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NOS inhibition model can be used for the study of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of PE, since the pathogenic changes mimic those of early and late-PE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Electronic address: Baijnath.sooraj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sooraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baijnath
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Nerolen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soobryan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mackraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gathiram
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jagidesa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moodley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight; D008098:Litter Size; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology; D011687:Purines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D014556:Urine; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
keywords: Animal model; PE; l-NAME