title: Cytotoxicity of four denture adhesives on human gingival fibroblast cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of four denture adhesives on human gingival fibroblast cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immortalized human gingival fibroblasts were cultured with one of four different denture adhesives, Polident, Protefix, Staydent or Denfix-A, which was placed in insert dishes (10% w/v concentration) for 48 h. The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and flow cytometric apoptosis assay were used to evaluate cell viability and apoptosis rates. The fibroblasts were also examined under a scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MTT assay showed that all denture adhesives resulted in a significantly lower cell viability compared to the control cells propagated in normal culture medium (p < 0.05), with Staydent demonstrating the lowest cell viability. According to the flow cytometric apoptosis assay, Staydent and Protefix showed significantly higher apoptosis rates than the control group (p < 0.05), whereas Polident and Denfix-A did not demonstrate any significant differences (p > 0.05). Staydent showed the highest apoptosis rate. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the cells of the Staydent group underwent cytoplasmic membrane shrinkage, with cell free areas containing residual fragments of the membrane of dead cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four denture adhesives evaluated in this study imparted cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblast cells. Staydent showed the highest toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University , Wonju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Young-Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Shin-Hye
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Yeon-Jee
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Sung-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: Ji-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Deog-Gyu
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Seo
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003781:Denture Retention; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008298:Maleates / Q000633:toxicity; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000633:toxicity; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D008298:Maleates; D011095:Polyethylenes; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C043105:poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride); C022616:thiazolyl blue
keywords: MTT assay; cytotoxicity; denture adhesive; flow cytometric apoptosis assay; human gingival fibroblast; scanning electron microscope