title: Centralized monitoring and virtual consultant models of tele-ICU care: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing intensivist shortages and demand coupled with the escalating cost of care have created enthusiasm for intensive care unit (ICU)-based telemedicine ("tele-ICU"). This systematic literature review compares the Centralized Monitoring and Virtual Consultant tele-ICU Models.
  
  
  METHODS
  With an experienced medical reference librarian, we identified all language publications addressing the employment and efficacy of the centralized monitoring and virtual consultant tele-ICU systems through PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science. We performed quantitative and qualitative reviews of documents regarding financial sustainability, clinical outcomes, and ICU staff workflow and acceptance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,468 documents identified, 1,371 documents were excluded, with the remaining 91 documents addressing clinical outcomes (46 documents [enhanced guideline compliance, 5; mortality and length of stay, 28; and feasibility, 13]), financial sustainability (9 documents), and ICU staff workflow and acceptance (36 documents). Quantitative review showed that studies evaluating the Centralized Monitoring Model were twice as frequent, with a mean of 4,891 patients in an average of six ICUs; Virtual Consultant Model studies enrolled a mean of 372 patients in an average of one ICU. Ninety-two percent of feasibility studies evaluated the Virtual Consultant Model, of which 50% were in the last 3 years. Qualitative review largely confirmed findings in previous studies of centralized monitoring systems. Both the Centralized Monitoring and Virtual Consultant Models showed clinical practice adherence improvement. Although definitive evaluation was not possible given lack of data, the Virtual Consultant Model generally indicated lean absolute cost profile in contrast to centralized monitoring systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with the Virtual Consultant tele-ICU Model, studies addressing the Centralized Monitoring Model of tele-ICU care were greater in quantity and sample size, with qualitative conclusions of clinical outcomes, staff satisfaction and workload, and financial sustainability largely consistent with past systematic reviews. Attention should be focused on performing more high-quality studies to allow for equitable comparisons between both models.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Venktesh R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Ramnath
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Maggio
authors.forename: Nayer
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khazeni
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D017216:Telemedicine; D016526:Workload
keywords: remote monitoring; remote presence; tele-intensive care unit; teleconsultation; telecritical care; telehealth