title: Cardiovascular protection of deep-seawater drinking water in high-fat/cholesterol fed hamsters.
abstract: Cardiovascular protection of deep-seawater (DSW) drinking water was assessed using high-fat/cholesterol-fed hamsters in this study. All hamsters were fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet (12% fat/0.2% cholesterol), and drinking solutions were normal distiled water (NDW, hardness: 2.48ppm), DSW300 (hardness: 324.5ppm), DSW900 (hardness: 858.5ppm), and DSW1500 (hardness: 1569.0ppm), respectively. After a 6-week feeding period, body weight, heart rates, and blood pressures of hamsters were not influenced by DSW drinking waters. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), atherogenic index, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were decreased (p<0.05) in the DSW-drinking-water groups, as compared to those in the NDW group. Additionally, increased (p<0.05) serum Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and faecal TC, TAG, and bile acid outputs were measured in the DSW-drinking-water groups. Hepatic low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) and cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene expressions were upregulated (p<0.05) by DSW drinking waters. These results demonstrate that DSW drinking water benefits the attenuation of high-fat/cholesterol-diet-induced cardiovascular disorders in hamsters.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, & Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yen
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Tai
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Life Science, Cha-Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan County 700, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Guei
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Electronic address: ycpchen@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yi-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: CYP7A1; Cardiovascular protection; Deep seawater; Hamster; LDL receptor; Serum lipid peroxidation; Serum lipids