title: Construction and operation costs of constructed wetlands treating wastewater.
abstract: Design data from nine constructed wetlands (CW) facilities of various capacities (population equivalent (PE)) are used to estimate construction and operation costs, and then to derive empirical equations relating the required facility land area and the construction cost to PE. In addition, comparisons between the costs of CW facilities based on various alternative construction materials, i.e., reinforced concrete and earth structures (covered with either high density polyethylene or clay), are presented in relation to the required area. The results show that earth structures are economically advantageous. The derived equations can be used for providing a preliminary cost estimate of CW facilities for domestic wastewater treatment.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gkika
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Gikas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, Department of Infrastructure and Rural Development, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou 157 73 Athens, Greece E-mail: tsihrin@otenet.gr; tsihrin@central.ntua.gr.
authors.forename: Vassilios A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Tsihrintzis
mesh_terms: D003252:Construction Materials; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005160:Facility Design and Construction / Q000191:economics; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater; D018508:Water Purification; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater