title: High prevalence of signs of renal damage despite normal renal function in a cohort of HIV-infected patients: evaluation of associated factors.
abstract: Renal disorders are an emerging problem in HIV-infected patients. We performed a cross-sectional study of the first 1000 HIV-infected patients attended at our HIV unit who agreed to participate. We determined the frequency of renal alterations and its related risk factors. Summary statistics and logistic regression were applied. The study sample comprised 970 patients with complete data. Most were white (94%) and men (76%). Median (IQR) age was 48 (42-53) years. Hypertension was diagnosed in 19%, dyslipidemia in 27%, and diabetes mellitus in 3%. According to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD EPI) equation, 29 patients (3%) had an eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m(2); 18 of them (62%) presented altered albumin/creatinine and protein/creatinine (UPC or UAC) ratios. Of the patients with eGFR>60 mL/min, it was present in 293 (30%), 38 of whom (7.1%) had UPC>300 mg/g. Increased risk of renal abnormalities was correlated with hypertension (OR, 1.821 [95%CI, 1.292;2.564]; p=0.001), age (OR, 1.015 [95%CI, 1.001;1.030], per one year; p=0.040), and use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus protease inhibitor (PI), (OR, 1.401 [95%CI, 1.078;1.821]; p=0.012). Current CD4 cell count was a protective factor (OR, 0.9995 [95%CI, 0.9991;0.9999], per one cell; p=0.035). A considerable proportion of patients presented altered UPC or UAC ratios, despite having an eGFR>60 mL/min. CD4 cell count was a protective factor; age, hypertension, and use of TDF plus PIs were risk factors for renal abnormalities. Based on our results, screen of renal abnormalities should be considered in all HIV-infected patients to detect these alterations early.
authors.affiliation: 1 Unitat VIH, Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Badalona, Barcelona, Spain .
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonjoch
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Juega
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Puig
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pérez-Alvarez
authors.forename: Aintzane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aiestarán
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Echeverría
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Bonaventura
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clotet
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonet
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negredo
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000068698:Tenofovir; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D063065:Organophosphonates; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine