title: Chemical Composition, Modulatory Bacterial Resistance and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil the Hyptis martiusii Benth by Direct and Gaseous Contact.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have shown that species of the genus Hyptis, have promising antimicrobial and antifungal effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Identify of chemical constituents of essential oil from leaves of Hyptis martiusii and evaluate its effect against bacterial strains by direct and gaseous contact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Essential oil was extracted from leaves of Hyptis martiusii Benth using hydro-distillation, and its composition was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chemical analysis showed that there was a predominance of sesquiterpenes. The leaf essential oil was screened for its minimal inhibitory concentration and modulatory effect of aminoglycoside by the direct (MIC) and gaseous (MID) micro-dilution assays for various pathogenic microorganisms. The essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of all of the tested bacteria (MIC < 512 μg/mL) except S. aureus (SA358) multidrug resistant (MRSA) by direct contact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four compounds representing 92.13% of the essential oil of leaves were characterized; δ -3-carene (6.88%), 1, 8-cineole (7.01%), trans-caryophyllene (9.21%), Cariophyllene oxide (7.47%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.61%) were found as the major components. Modulatory aminoglycoside effect, by direct contact, was showed antagonistic relationship with antimicrobial activity. The gaseous component of the oil inhibited the bacterial growth of all of the tested bacteria in 50% and 25% of oil concentration and demonstrated synergistic interactions can be attributed to the constituting the oil compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that this oil influences the activity of the antibiotic and may be used as an adjuvant in the antibiotic therapy of respiratory tract bacterial pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil ; Faculty of Leao Sampaio, Lagoa Seca Campus, Juazeiro do Norte-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Allan Demetrius Leite
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Product Research, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiola Fernandes
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Galvao Rodrigue
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Douglas Melo Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Product Research, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jose Galberto Martins
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Irwin Rose Alencar
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: de Menezes
keywords: Aminoglycoside; Antimicrobial Resistance; Essential Oils; Hyptis martiusii