title: In situ evaluation of low-fluoride toothpastes associated to calcium glycerophosphate on enamel remineralization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-fluoride toothpastes with calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) on enamel remineralization in situ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers (n=10) wore palatal devices holding four bovine enamel blocks. The treatments involved 5 experimental phases of 3 days each according to the following toothpastes: placebo, 500 ppm F (500 NaF), 500 ppm F with 0.25% CaGP (500 NaF CaGP), 500 ppm F with 0.25% CaGP (500 MFP CaGP) and 1100 ppm F (1100; positive control). After this experimental period, the fluoride, calcium, and phosphorus ion concentrations from enamel were determined. Surface and cross-sectional hardness were also performed. Data were analysed by 1-way ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls' test and by Pearson's correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of 0.25% CaGP improved the remineralization potential of low-fluoride toothpastes and the NaF as source of fluoride yielded the best results (p<0.001) as evidenced by the hardness analysis. The 1100 ppm F toothpaste provided higher presence of fluoride in the enamel after remineralization (p<0.001). The addition of CaGP to the NaF and MFP toothpastes led to similar calcium concentration in the enamel as the observed with the positive control (p=0.054).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toothpastes with 500 ppm F (NaF or MFP) and CaGP showed similar remineralization potential than 1100 ppm F toothpaste.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toothpastes containing 500 ppm F associated to CaGP, with both fluoride source (NaF or MFP), showed a potential of remineralization similar to commercial toothpaste. Although there is a need for confirmation in the clinical setting, these results point to an alternative for improving the risk-benefit relationship between fluorosis and dental caries in small children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, R. José Bonifácio 1193, CEP 16011-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C S F
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zaze
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, R. José Bonifácio 1193, CEP 16011-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, R. José Bonifácio 1193, CEP 16011-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, R. José Bonifácio 1193, CEP 16011-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Miyasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, R. José Bonifácio 1193, CEP 16011-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Sassaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, R. José Bonifácio 1193, CEP 16011-050, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: adelbem@foa.unesp.br.
authors.forename: A C B
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Delbem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002417:Cattle; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D005994:Glycerophosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D010710:Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D010919:Placebos; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005994:Glycerophosphates; D010710:Phosphates; D010919:Placebos; D014100:Toothpastes; C012980:fluorophosphate; D010758:Phosphorus; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Dental enamel; Fluorides; Glycerophosphates; Tooth remineralization; Toothpastes