title: Changes in beverage consumption from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe changes in consumption of different types of beverages from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy, and to examine associations with maternal age, educational level and BMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional design. Participants answered an FFQ at inclusion into a randomized controlled trial, the Fit for Delivery (FFD) trial, in median gestational week 15 (range: 9-20), reporting current consumption and in retrospect how often they drank the different beverages pre-pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight local antenatal clinics in southern Norway from September 2009 to February 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and seventy-five healthy pregnant nulliparous women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-pregnancy, 27 % reported drinking alcohol at least once weekly, compared with none in early pregnancy (P<0.001). The percentage of women drinking coffee (38 % v. 10 %, P<0.001), sugar-sweetened beverages (10 % v. 6 %, P=0.011) and artificially sweetened beverages (12 % v. 9 %, P=0.001) at least daily decreased significantly from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy, while the percentage of women who reported to drink water (85 % v. 92 %, P<0.001), fruit juice (14 % v. 20 %, P=0.001) and milk (37 % v. 42 %, P=0.001) at least daily increased significantly. From pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy higher educated women reduced their consumption frequency of coffee significantly more than women with lower education. Older women reduced their consumption frequency of coffee and artificially sweetened beverages and increased their consumption frequency of fruit juice and milk significantly more than younger women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant change in beverage consumption from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy among Norwegian nulliparous women.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Public Health,Sports and Nutrition,University of Agder,PO Box 422,4604 Kristiansand,Norway.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skreden
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Public Health,Sports and Nutrition,University of Agder,PO Box 422,4604 Kristiansand,Norway.
authors.forename: Elling
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bere
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,Sørlandet Hospital,Kristiansand,Norway.
authors.forename: Linda R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Sagedal
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,Sørlandet Hospital,Kristiansand,Norway.
authors.forename: Ingvild
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vistad
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Public Health,Sports and Nutrition,University of Agder,PO Box 422,4604 Kristiansand,Norway.
authors.forename: Nina C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Øverby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices; D006801:Humans; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008892:Milk; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D009664:Norway; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners
keywords: Pregnant women