title: Bioinformatic characterisation of genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes in the Phytophthora parasitica genome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A critical aspect of plant infection by the majority of pathogens is penetration of the plant cell wall. This process requires the production and secretion of a broad spectrum of pathogen enzymes that target and degrade the many complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. As a necessary framework for a study of the expression of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by the broad host range phytopathogen, Phytophthora parasitica, we have conducted an in-depth bioinformatics analysis of the entire complement of genes encoding CWDEs in this pathogen's genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our bioinformatic analysis indicates that 431 (2%) of the 20,825 predicted proteins encoded by the P. parasitica genome, are carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides. Of the 431 proteins, 337 contain classical N-terminal secretion signals and 67 are predicted to be targeted to the non-classical secretion pathway. Identification of CAZyme catalytic activity based on primary protein sequence is difficult, nevertheless, detailed comparisons with previously characterized enzymes has allowed us to determine likely enzyme activities and targeted substrates for many of the P. parasitica CWDEs. Some proteins (12%) contain more than one CAZyme module but, in most cases, multiple modules are from the same CAZyme family. Only 12 P. parasitica CWDEs contain both catalytically-active (glycosyl hydrolase) and non-catalytic (carbohydrate binding) modules, a situation that contrasts with that in fungal phytopathogens. Other striking differences between the complements of CWDEs in P. parasitica and fungal phytopathogens are seen in the CAZyme families that target cellulose, pectins or β-1,3-glucans (e.g. callose). About 25% of P. parasitica CAZymes are solely directed towards pectin degradation, with the majority coming from pectin lyase or carbohydrate esterase families. Fungal phytopathogens typically contain less than half the numbers of these CAZymes. The P. parasitica genome, like that of other Oomycetes, is rich in CAZymes that target β-1,3-glucans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This detailed analysis of the full complement of P. parasitica cell wall degrading enzymes provides a framework for an in-depth study of patterns of expression of these pathogen genes during plant infection and the induction or repression of expression by selected substrates.
authors.affiliation: Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia. leila.blackman@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Leila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Blackman
authors.forename: Darren P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cullerne
authors.forename: Adrienne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hardham
mesh_terms: D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000378:metabolism; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D016678:Genome; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D055571:Secretory Pathway
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D002482:Cellulose