title: Anesthetic effects of a three-drugs mixture--comparison of administrative routes and antagonistic effects of atipamezole in mice.
abstract: The anesthetic mixture of medetomidine (MED), midazolam (MID) and butorphanol (BUT) produced anesthetic duration of around 40 minutes (min) in ICR mice. We reported that this anesthetic mixture produced almost the same anesthetic effects in both male and female BALB/c and C57BL/6J strains. Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of drugs has been widely used in mice. However, various injectable routes of the anesthetic mixture may cause different anesthetic effects. First, we examined effects of the anesthetic mixture by subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) injection compared to IP injection. After injection of the anesthetic mixture, administration of atipamezole (ATI) induced mice recovery from anesthesia. Secondly, we examined how different dosage and optimum injection timing of ATI affected mice recovery from anesthesia. We used an anesthetic score to measure anesthetic duration and a pulse oximeter to monitor vital signs under anesthesia. Usually, drugs from SC injection work more weakly than IP or IV injection. However, we found no significant differences of anesthetic duration among the three different injection routes. Antagonistic effects of ATI (0.3 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg) worked equally when administered at 30 min after injection of the anesthetic mixture. Antagonistic effects of ATI (1.5 mg/kg) were stronger than ATI (0.3 mg/kg) at 10 min after injection of the anesthetic mixture. The anesthetic mixture is a useful drug to induce nearly the same anesthetic effects by different injection routes and has an antagonist of ATI which helps mice quickly recover from anesthesia. These results may contribute to the welfare of laboratory animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kirihara
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takechi
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurosaki
authors.forename: Yuta
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yoji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000818:Animals; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D007093:Imidazoles; C050701:atipamezole; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol; D008874:Midazolam