title: The Cross-Cultural Loss Scale: development and psychometric evaluation.
abstract: The Cross-Cultural Loss Scale (CCLS), a measure of loss associated with crossing national boundaries, was developed across 2 samples of international students. With Sample 1 (N = 262), exploratory factor analyses were used to select the 14 CCLS items and to determine 3 factors: Belonging-Competency (α = .87), National Privileges (α = .68), and Access to Home Familiarity (α = .72). With Sample 2, confirmatory factor analyses (N = 256) cross-validated the 3-factor oblique model as well as a bifactor model. Cronbach alphas of CCLS subscale scores in Sample 2 ranged from .73 to .87. The validity of the CCLS scores was supported by its associations with related variables in the expected directions. Perceived cross-cultural losses were positively associated with negative affect, migration grief and loss, and discrimination and were negatively associated with life satisfaction, positive affect, general self-efficacy, and social connection with mainstream society. Moreover, the CCLS total and 2 subscale scores added significant incremental variance in predicting subjective well-being over and above related constructs. The results indicated measurement invariance and validity equivalency for the CCLS scores between men and women. The overall results from these 2 samples support CCLS as a psychometrically strong measure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri.
authors.forename: Kenneth T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Iowa State University.
authors.forename: Meifen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri.
authors.forename: Chih-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri.
authors.forename: Feihan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000208:ethnology; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000208:ethnology; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards; D012938:Social Perception; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology