title: Can sinus anatomy predict quality of life outcomes and operative times of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) can manipulate sinus anatomy, but with limitations due to skull base and orbit anatomy. These anatomical structures dictate the maximal extent of ESS in the frontal recess and may limit surgical extent or operative duration. This study investigates the impact of these anatomical constraints on operative time and quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis undergoing Draf IIa frontal sinus surgery were prospectively enrolled. Anatomic measurements of the frontal sinus anatomy were collected during computed tomography review and included: widest distance between the frontal beak and posterior table, narrowest point in the ethmoid bed, Keros height, presence of an anterior ethmoid artery on a mesentery, and presence of inter-sinus septal cells. Primary outcomes included mean operative time and improvement in SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) survey scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  63 adult participants were enrolled and followed 13.8 (5.2) months on average. The ethmoid bed mean width was 7.2 (1.4) mm, the mean distance from frontal beak to the posterior table at widest was 9.0 (2.7) mm, and mean Keros height was 5.1 (1.8) mm. 49/63 (83.1%) of participants had inter-sinus septal cells and 30/63(50.8%) had anterior ethmoid arteries on a mesentery. Mean operative time was 121.5 (44.0) min while SNOT-22 scores significantly (p<0.001) improved 26.1 (21.6) on average. Anatomic measurements were not predictive of operative time or mean QOL change (p>0.050).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frontal sinus surgery is an effective treatment for a range of frontal and ethmoid sinus anatomy. Further study with larger sample size and measures of more restricted anatomy might elucidate treatment limitations of ESS.
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address: adeconde@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: DeConde
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Portland, OR, USA. Electronic address: dechant@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Portland, OR, USA. Electronic address: macej@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jess C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mace
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Portland, OR, USA. Electronic address: smithtim@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000601:surgery*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome