title: Noninvasive measurement of cardiac stroke volume using pulse wave velocity and aortic dimensions: a simulation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concerns about the cost-effectiveness of invasive hemodynamic monitoring in critically ill patients using pulmonary artery catheters motivate a renewed search for effective noninvasive methods to measure stroke volume. This paper explores a new approach based on noninvasively measured pulse wave velocity, pulse contour, and ultrasonically determined aortic cross sectional area.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Bramwell-Hill equation relating pulse wave velocity to aortic compliance is applied. At the time point on the noninvasively measured pulse contour, denoted th, when pulse amplitude has fallen midway between systolic and diastolic values, the portion of stroke volume remaining in the aorta, and in turn the entire stroke volume, can be estimated from the compliance and the pulse waveform. This approach is tested and refined using a numerical model of the systemic circulation including the effects of blood inertia, nonlinear compliance, aortic tapering, varying heart rate, and varying myocardial contractility, in which noninvasively estimated stroke volumes were compared with known stroke volumes in the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Bramwell-Hill approach correctly allows accurate calculation of known, constant aortic compliance in the numerical model. When nonlinear compliance is present the proposed noninvasive technique overestimates true aortic compliance when pulse pressure is large. However, a reasonable correction for nonlinearity can be derived and applied to restore accuracy for normal and for fast heart rates (correlation coefficient > 0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accurate estimates of cardiac stroke volume based on pulse wave velocity are theoretically possible and feasible. The precision of the method may be less than desired, owing to the dependence of the final result on the square of measured pulse wave velocity and the first power of ultrasonically measured aortic cross sectional area. However, classical formulas for propagation of random errors suggest that the method may still have sufficient precision for clinical applications. It remains as a challenge for experimentalists to explore further the potential of noninvasive measurement of stroke volume using pulse wave velocity. The technique is non-proprietary and open access in full detail, allowing future users to modify and refine the method as guided by practical experience.
authors.affiliation: Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jische Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032, USA. babbs@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Babbs
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016638:Critical Illness; D003971:Diastole; D004548:Elasticity; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011312:Pressure; D011674:Pulse; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014463:Ultrasonography