title: The distinctive significance of analgesic drugs and olfactory stimulants on learned pain in mice.
abstract: Chronic pain is often intractable to analgesics, and in animals it involves a conditioned nociceptive response (CR) - learned pain. The neural pathways of nociception and olfactory function in the brain overlap. The influence of olfactory stimuli on acute pain has been studied in some depth in animal and human models, but the influence of olfactory stimuli on learned pain has not been understood. We examined the effects of analgesic drugs and olfactory stimulants (preferred or repellent odor) on acute pain, the unconditioned nociceptive response (UCR) and the CR in mice. The CR was provoked by repeated injection of formalin into the hind-paw in animals in the same context, which elicited the typical pain behaviors of paw licking (including biting). The analgesic drugs acetaminophen, fentanyl, gabapentin and fluvoxamine diminished the UCR but did not affect the CR. In contrast, the preferred odor reduced both the UCR and the CR. Our findings suggest that, like chronic pain, the CR is resistant to analgesic drugs and that preferred odor suppress the neural pathways that mediate the CR of pain perception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Psychological Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan. Electronic address: m-k@jttk.zaq.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Mototaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakama-Kitamura
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000494:pharmacology; D000588:Amines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D016666:Fluvoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000077206:Gabapentin; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D059226:Nociceptive Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009812:Odorants; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen; D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D005283:Fentanyl; D016666:Fluvoxamine; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000077206:Gabapentin; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D012601:Scopolamine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
keywords: Analgesia; Conditioned nociceptive response; Learned pain; Mouse; Odor olfactory stimulation