title: The relationship of leukoaraiosis and the clinical severity of vascular Parkinsonism.
abstract: Vascular Parkinsonism (VP) is referred to as secondary Parkinsonian syndrome. It occurs with lacunar state or sub-cortical white matter micro-angiopathy and is highly associated with vascular risk factors and leukoaraiosis, also known as cerebral white matter lesions (WML). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of different vascular risk factors and WML in patients with VP, and their impact on clinical features. Sixty-two consecutive VP patients (70.2 ± 9.2 years) were evaluated for clinical severity using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). WML was assessed and scored on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery T2-weighted (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cerebro-vascular risk factors, WML severity, and the UPDRS for clinical disability were analyzed statistically. There were no associations between WML score and age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, previous stroke, cardiac disease, cigarette smoking, or serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride. The WML score positively correlated with UPDRS part I (p = 0.035) and part III (p = 0.041) scores. After adjustments for age, gender, stroke history, and use of levodopa, the WML score was associated with the UPDRS total (p = 0.020), part I (p = 0.012), part II (p = 0.039), and part III (p = 0.019) scores. The severity of WML is not associated with conventional vascular risk factors in VP patients but is significantly correlated with the UPDRS total and all sub-scores, which suggests that disruption of the cortico-sub-cortical circuits may lead to impaired mentation, behavior and mood, activities of daily living, and motor performance in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ying-Fa
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Lung
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Min-Yu
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shun-Lon
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-San
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: josefliu@ms15.hinet.net.
authors.forename: Jia-Shou
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: changyy7@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yung-Yee
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049292:Leukoaraiosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS); Vascular Parkinsonism (VP); Vascular risk factors; White matter lesions (WML)