title: Antihyperglycemic potential of incretins orally delivered via nano and microsystems and subsequent glucoregulatory effects.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is mainly associated with impaired insulin secretion by the pancreatic β-cells, insulin resistance and elevated hepatic gluconeogenesis. Incretin based treatments for T2DM are now widely investigated and used. The incretin based therapies mainly include incretin hormones which are glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptides (GIP) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) released from the endocrinal cells in the small intestine in response to food intake. The main function of GLP-1 is to induce insulin secretion and suppress glucagon secretion. This review describes the different formulation approaches for oral delivery of incretins and the limitations associated with this route of administration. We highlight the use of micro and nanosystems to efficiently deliver the incretins orally. Furthermore, we present several examples of the significant potential of these systems in pharmaceutical applications.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Pedro L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Granja
authors.forename: Jouni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: Hélder A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki. helder.santos@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarmento
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D054795:Incretins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008863:Microspheres; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins