title: Expansion of HIV counseling and testing strategies: technical challenges and ethical-political tensions.
abstract: Incentives to provide universal access to antiretroviral therapy in order to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic also encouraged the diversification of HIV testing strategies, as demonstrated by the simultaneous existence of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) and Provider-Initiated HIV Testing and Counseling (PITC). This paper analyzes the concepts, principles and implementation of the VCT and PITC models regarding counseling, confidentiality and informed consent in Brazil and other countries, based on a literature review of works in the Lilacs, Medline, Sociological Abstracts and Cochrane databases published between 2000 and 2013. According to the literature, PITC increases rates of testing in comparison with VCT, but reduces sexual and reproductive rights and the autonomy of users. These findings suggest technical challenges and ethical tensions between the paradigm of exceptionalism and the normalization of HIV testing. The necessity to reconcile increased access to HIV tests with the local capacity to offer comprehensive care for people living with HIV/AIDS is highlighted. It is recommended that interdisciplinary studies about the social effects of VCT and PITC be amplified.
authors.affiliation: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil.
authors.forename: Claudia Mercedes
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mora Cárdenas
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Educación en Ambiente y Salud, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil.
authors.forename: Carlos Otávio Fiúza
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Moreira
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000941:ethics; D001938:Brazil; D003219:Confidentiality; D037001:Directive Counseling / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011057:Politics
keywords: AIDS Serodiagnosis; Informed Consent; Confidentiality; Directive Counseling; Review