title: Evaluation of a novel algorithm for primary mass casualty triage by paramedics in a physician manned EMS system: a dummy based trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Amberg-Schwandorf Algorithm for Primary Triage (ASAV) is a novel primary triage concept specifically for physician manned emergency medical services (EMS) systems. In this study, we determined the diagnostic reliability and the time requirements of ASAV triage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred eighty triage runs performed by 76 trained EMS providers of varying professional qualification were included into the study. Patients were simulated using human dummies with written vital signs sheets. Triage results were compared to a standard solution, which was developed in a modified Delphi procedure. Test performance parameters (e.g. sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LR), under-triage, and over-triage) were calculated. Time measurements comprised the complete triage and tagging process and included the time span for walking to the subsequent patient. Results were compared to those published for mSTaRT. Additionally, a subgroup analysis was performed for employment status (career/volunteer), team qualification, and previous triage training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For red patients, ASAV sensitivity was 87%, specificity 91%, positive LR 9.7, negative LR 0.139, over-triage 6%, and under-triage 10%. There were no significant differences related to mSTaRT. Per patient, ASAV triage required a mean of 35.4 sec (75th percentile 46 sec, 90th percentile 58 sec). Volunteers needed slightly more time to perform triage than EMS professionals. Previous mSTaRT training of the provider reduced under-triage significantly. There were significant differences in time requirements for triage depending on the expected triage category.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ASAV is a specific concept for primary triage in physician governed EMS systems. It may detect red patients reliably. The test performance criteria are comparable to that of mSTaRT, whereas ASAV triage might be accomplished slightly faster. From the data, there was no evidence for a clinically significant reliability difference between typical staffing of mobile intensive care units, patient transport ambulances, or disaster response volunteers. Up to now, there is no clinical validation of either triage concept. Therefore, reality based evaluation studies are needed.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bigalke
authors.forename: Bernhard M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Birkholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany. michael.dittmar@ukr.de.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dittmar
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000552:Ambulances; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*