title: Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the most common medical emergencies. It is important to recognize potential etiologies of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and understand therapeutic modalities available in achieving hemostasis. This article summarizes guidelines in management of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and reviews recent advances in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent study showed that patients who received blood transfusion with threshold hemoglobin below 7 g/dl rather than below 9 g/dl had significantly lower mortality at 45 days. Endoscopic therapy should be performed on actively bleeding ulcers and ulcers with visible vessel or adherent clot. An over-the-scope clip is a novel device that can be used to achieve hemostasis. It may be a useful tool for achieving hemostasis for patients who failed endoscopic therapy with epinephrine injection, clip, or thermal therapy. Doppler ultrasound probe can evaluate arterial flow to the ulcer and identify ulcers that are at high risk of rebleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic ulcer disease is not a new clinical problem. Yet, the approach to management continues to evolve with the accumulation of data and well designed studies on the subject.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Wahid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wassef
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic; D006801:Humans; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine