title: Review of policy and status of implementation of collaborative HIV-TB activities in 23 high-burden countries.
abstract: Issuance of national policy guidance is a critical step to ensure quality HIV-TB (human immunodeficiency virus-tuberculosis) coordination and programme implementation. From the database of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), we reviewed 62 national HIV and TB guidelines from 23 high-burden countries for recommendations on HIV testing for TB patients, criteria for initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the Three I's for HIV/TB (isoniazid preventive treatment [IPT], intensified TB case finding and TB infection control). We used UNAIDS country-level programme data to determine the status of implementation of existing guidance. Of the 23 countries representing 89% of the global HIV-TB burden, Brazil recommends ART irrespective of CD4 count for all people living with HIV, and four (17%) countries recommend ART at the World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 guidelines level of CD4 count ⩿500 cells/mm(3) for asymptomatic persons. Nineteen (83%) countries are consistent with WHO 2013 guidelines and recommend ART for HIV-positive TB patients irrespective of CD4 count. IPT is recommended by 16 (70%) countries, representing 67% of the HIV-TB burden; 12 recommend symptom-based screening alone for IPT initiation. Guidelines from 15 (65%) countries with 79% of the world's HIV-TB burden include recommendations on HIV testing and counselling for TB patients. Although uptake of ART, HIV testing for TB patients, TB screening for people living with HIV and IPT have increased significantly, progress is still limited in many countries. There is considerable variance in the timing and content of national policies compared with WHO guidelines. Missed opportunities to implement new scientific evidence and delayed adaptation of existing WHO guidance remains a key challenge for many countries.
authors.affiliation: Special Initiatives, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Special Initiatives, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Granich
authors.affiliation: Division for Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Date
authors.affiliation: Special Initiatives, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lepere
authors.affiliation: Global Financing Mechanisms and Collaboration Division, UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hersh
authors.affiliation: Regional Support Team, Eastern and Southern Africa, UNAIDS, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gouws
authors.affiliation: Special Initiatives, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Samb
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014480:United Nations; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007538:Isoniazid