title: Enamel Matrix Derivative has No Effect on the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of large bone defects due to trauma, tumor resection, or congenital abnormalities is challenging. Bone tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represents a promising treatment option. However, the quantity and quality of engineered bone tissue are not sufficient to fill large bone defects. The aim of this study was to determine if the addition of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) improves in vitro chondrogenic priming of MSCs to ultimately improve in vivo MSC mediated endochondral bone formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSCs were chondrogenically differentiated in 2.0 × 10(5) cell pellets in medium supplemented with TGFβ3 in the absence or presence of 1, 10, or 100 μg/mL EMD. Samples were analyzed for gene expression of RUNX2, Col II, Col X, and Sox9. Protein and glycoaminoglycan (GAG) production were also investigated via DMB assays, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of EMD did not negatively affect chondrogenic differentiation of adult human MSCs. EMD did not appear to alter GAG production or expression of chondrogenic genes. Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were also unaffected though a trend toward decreased adipogenic gene expression was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMD does not affect chondrogenic differentiation of adult human MSCs. As such the use of EMD in combination with chondrogenically primed MSCs for periodontal bone tissue repair is unlikely to have negative effects on MSC differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisanne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Groeneveldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Callie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knuth
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Witte-Bouma
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Fergal J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eppo B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Wolvius
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farrell
keywords: chondrogenesis; differentiation; enamel matrix derivative; endochondral ossification; mesenchymal stem cells; periodontal diseases; scaffolds