title: Influence of anchoring on miscarriage risk perception associated with amniocentesis.
abstract: One factor women consider when deciding whether to pursue amniocentesis is the risk of miscarriage. People use mechanisms like anchoring, or the prior belief regarding the magnitude of risk, as a frame of reference for new information. This study aimed to determine a woman's perception of miscarriage risk associated with amniocentesis before and after genetic counseling and to determine what factors anchor a woman's perception of miscarriage risk. One hundred thirteen women being seen for prenatal genetic counseling and possible amniocentesis at six Houston clinics participated in the two-part anonymous survey. While most women (56.7 %) perceived the risk as low or average pre-counseling and indicated the numeric risk of amniocentesis as <1 %, significantly more patients (73 %) correctly identified the numeric risk as <1 % post-counseling (p < 0.0001). However, the majority of patients' qualitative risk perception did not change after the genetic counseling session (60 %). Those who changed their feeling about the risk after counseling showed a decreased perception of the risk (p < 0.0001). Participants who elected amniocentesis had a significantly lower perception of the risk (p = 0.017) whereas those who declined amniocentesis were more likely to view the risk as high (p = 0.004). The only two anchoring factors that had an effect were having a friend or relative with a personal or family history of a genetic disorder (p = 0.001) and having a child already (p = 0.038); both were associated with a lower risk perception. The lack of significant factors may reflect the uniqueness of each patient's risk assessment framework and reinforces the importance of genetic counseling to elucidate individual concerns, particularly as non-invasive prenatal testing becomes more widely available and further complicates the prenatal testing landscape.
authors.affiliation: Baptist Memorial Health Care Corporation, 2927 Tishomingo Lane, Memphis, TN, 38111, USA, regina.nuccio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nuccio
authors.forename: S Shahrukh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hashmi
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mastrobattista
authors.forename: Sarah Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Noblin
authors.forename: Jerrie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Refuerzo
authors.forename: Janice L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Claire N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Singletary
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000523:psychology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk