title: Retinal screening of patients with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in Wales -- a real eye opener.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The National Screening Committee recommends annual retinal screening for all diabetic patients over the age of twelve years. Currently, patients on insulin therapy for Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes Mellitus (CFRD) at the All Wales Adult Cystic Fibrosis Service, UK are invited for annual screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, sex, FEV(1)%, BMI, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, duration of insulin therapy, presence of retinopathy and attendance at retinal screening in 2012 were examined for patients on insulin therapy for CFRD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  67 of the 228 (29%) patients attending the CF centre were receiving insulin therapy. 24 of the 67 (36%) did not attend retinal screening in 2012. Of the 43 who had retinal scans, 18 (42%) had evidence of retinopathy. Patients with retinopathy had a higher mean HbA1c (p=0.04), mean duration of diabetes and mean duration on insulin (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost half of the patients screened had evidence of retinopathy but over a third of the patients with CFRD did not attend screening appointments. Improving patient uptake of retinal scans will become increasingly important in an ageing CF population.
authors.affiliation: All Wales Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, CF64 2XX, United Kingdom. Electronic address: robertsrachel3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: All Wales Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, CF64 2XX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Speight
authors.affiliation: All Wales Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, CF64 2XX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: All Wales Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, CF64 2XX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: All Wales Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, CF64 2XX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Ketchell
authors.affiliation: All Wales Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, CF64 2XX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: All Wales Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, CF64 2XX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duckers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Cystic fibrosis; Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus; Retinopathy; Screening