title: Modulation of risky choices in recently abstinent dependent cocaine users: a transcranial direct-current stimulation study.
abstract: Previous neurobiological and neuropsychological investigations have shown that risk-taking behaviors and addictions share many structural and functional aspects. In particular, both are characterized by an irresistible need to obtain immediate rewards and by specific alterations in brain circuits responsible for such behaviors. In this study, we used transcranial direct-current stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of two samples of subjects (18 dependent cocaine users and 18 control subjects) to investigate the effects of left and right cortical excitability on two risk tasks: (1) the balloon analog risk task (BART) and (2) the game of dice task (GDT). All subjects randomly received a left anodal/right cathodal stimulation (LAn+), a right anodal/left cathodal stimulation (RAn+), and a sham (placebo) stimulation each run at least 48 h apart. Participants were asked to perform the BART and the GDT immediately before and after each stimulation. Our results reveal that the activation of the DLPFC (left and right) results in a reduction of risky behaviors at the BART task both in controls subjects and cocaine dependent users. The effect of tDCS on GDT, instead, is more complex. Cocaine users increased safe behavior after right DLPFC anodal stimulation, while risk-taking behavior increased after left DLPFC anodal stimulation. Control subjects' performance was only affected by the anodal stimulation of the right DLPFC, resulting in an increase of safe bets. These results support the hypothesis that excessive risk propensity in dependent cocaine users might be due to a hypoactivation of the right DLPFC and an unbalance interhemispheric interaction. In conclusion, since risky decision-making seems to be, at least in part, responsible for maintenance and relapse of addiction, we argue that a neuromodulation-based approach could represent a valuable adjunct in the clinical treatment of addiction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan , Milan , Italy ; Applied Research Unit for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gorini
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan , Milan , Italy ; Applied Research Unit for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lucchiari
authors.affiliation: Library, European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Russell-Edu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan , Milan , Italy ; Applied Research Unit for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pravettoni
keywords: cortical stimulation; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; drug addiction; reward; risk perception