title: Association of diurnal patterns in salivary cortisol with type 2 diabetes in the Whitehall II study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis is thought to play a role in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). However, the evidence for an association between diurnal cortisol patterns and T2D is equivocal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to examine the association of cortisol patterns throughout the day with T2D status in a community-dwelling population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of T2D status and salivary cortisol from phase 7 (2002-2004) of the Whitehall II study, United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The occupational cohort was originally recruited in 1985-1988.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-thousand, five-hundred eight white men and women including 238 participants with T2D aged 50-74 years with complete information on cortisol secretion participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured diurnal cortisol (nmol/L) patterns from six saliva samples obtained over the course of a normal day: at waking, +30 min, +2.5, +8, +12 hours, and bedtime. The cortisol awakening response and slope in diurnal secretion were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T2D status was associated with a flatter slope in cortisol decline across the day (b = 0.004; confidence interval [CI], 0.001-0.007; P = .014) and greater bedtime cortisol (b = 0.063; CI, 0.010-0.117; P = 0.020) independent of a wide range of covariates measured at the time of cortisol assessment. There was no association between morning cortisol, the cortisol awakening response, and T2D (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this nonclinical population, T2D was associated with a flatter slope in cortisol levels across the day and raised bedtime cortisol values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (R.A.H., A.S.), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and Institute for Social and Economic Research (M.K.), University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steptoe
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumari
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone