title: Molecular phylogeny, species limits, and biogeography of the Brazilian endemic lizard genus Enyalius (Squamata: Leiosauridae): an example of the historical relationship between Atlantic Forests and Amazonia.
abstract: The endemic Brazilian Enyalius encompasses a diverse group of forest lizards with most species restricted to the Atlantic Forest (AF). Their taxonomy is problematic due to extensive variation in color pattern and external morphology. We present the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus based on 2102 bp of the mtDNA (cyt-b, ND4, and 16S) and nuclear (c-mos) regions, uncovering all previously admitted taxa (9 spp). Different methods of tree reconstruction were explored with Urostrophus vautieri, Anisolepis grilli and A. longicauda as outgroups. The monophyly of Enyalius and its split into two deeply divergent clades (late Oligocene and early Miocene) is strongly supported. Clade A assembles most lineages restricted to south and southeastern Brazil, and within it Enyalius brasiliensis is polyphyletic; herein full species status of E. brasiliensis and E. boulengeri is resurrected. Clade B unites the Amazonian E. leechii as sister-group to a major clade containing E. bilineatus as sister-group to all remaining species from northeastern Brazil. We detected unrecognized diversity in several populations suggesting putative species. Biogeographical analyses indicate that Enyalius keeps fidelity to shadowed forests, with few cases of dispersal into open regions. Ancient dispersal into the Amazon from an AF ancestor may have occurred through northeastern Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mturodri@usp.br.
authors.forename: Miguel Trefaut
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil; Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: caroevb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carolina Elena Viña
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bertolotto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: amarorc@usp.br.
authors.forename: Renata Cecília
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: yyassuda@usp.br.
authors.forename: Yatiyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yonenaga-Yassuda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: elizajuju@ufrnet.br.
authors.forename: Eliza Maria Xavier
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema. Rua Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, CEP 09972-270, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: katia.pellegrino@unifesp.br.
authors.forename: Katia Cristina Machado
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Pellegrino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001938:Brazil; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D065928:Forests; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008116:Lizards / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Amazonia; Atlantic Forest; Diversification; Enyalius; Historical biogeography; Squamata