title: Clinical manifestations of Waardenburg syndrome in a male adolescent in Mali, West Africa.
abstract: Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder of which there are four distinct types. These four types are differentiated by the physical defects which they produce. Presented here is the case of a 13-year-old boy with WS Type I who was observed and physically assessed in Mali, West Africa in 1969. His physical findings included a bright blue coloring to the irises of the eyes, profound sensorineural deafness, mutism, dystopia canthorum (lateral displacement of the inner canthi of the eyes), broad nasal root, bushy eyebrows, and scaphoid deformities of the supraorbital portions of the frontal bone. Because family members were not available for interviews or physical examinations, it was not possible to determine if this patient was suffering from a congenital form of the disorder or from a spontaneous mutation. Given the patient's then location in a remote rural area of Mali where electricity was absent, it was not possible to perform additional diagnostic tests. The patient described here is the first with WS in Mali, West Africa to have been medically observed and evaluated and later documented in the medical literature. A second case of the syndrome in Mali was described in the medical literature in 2011 in an 18-month-old infant who did not have sensorineural hearing loss, but who did have a bilateral cleft lip. An historical overview of WS is presented along with details concerning the characteristics of the four types of the disorder.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, MSC 43, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA, pascal.imperato@downstate.edu.
authors.forename: Pascal James
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Imperato
authors.forename: Gavin H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Imperato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008302:Mali; D014849:Waardenburg Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*