title: Increased malaria transmission around irrigation schemes in Ethiopia and the potential of canal water management for malaria vector control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Irrigation schemes have been blamed for the increase in malaria in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. However, proper water management could help mitigate malaria around irrigation schemes in this region. This study investigates the link between irrigation and malaria in Central Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Larval and adult mosquitoes were collected fortnightly between November 2009 and October 2010 from two irrigated and two non-irrigated (control) villages in the Ziway area, Central Ethiopia. Daily canal water releases were recorded during the study period and bi-weekly correlation analysis was done to determine relationships between canal water releases and larval/adult vector densities. Blood meal sources (bovine vs human) and malaria sporozoite infection were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Monthly malaria data were also collected from central health centre of the study villages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monthly malaria incidence was over six-fold higher in the irrigated villages than the non-irrigated villages. The number of anopheline breeding habitats was 3.6 times higher in the irrigated villages than the non-irrigated villages and the most common Anopheles mosquito breeding habitats were waterlogged field puddles, leakage pools from irrigation canals and poorly functioning irrigation canals. Larval and adult anopheline densities were seven- and nine-fold higher in the irrigated villages than in the non-irrigated villages, respectively, during the study period. Anopheles arabiensis was the predominant species in the study area. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates of An. arabiensis and Anopheles pharoensis were significantly higher in the irrigated villages than the non-irrigated villages. The annual entomological inoculation rate (EIR) calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated villages were 34.8 and 0.25 P. falciparum infective bites per person per year, respectively. A strong positive correlation was found between bi-weekly anopheline larval density and canal water releases. Similarly, there was a strong positive correlation between bi-weekly vector density and canal water releases lagged by two weeks. Furthermore, monthly malaria incidence was strongly correlated with monthly vector density lagged by a month in the irrigated villages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study revealed that the irrigation schemes resulted in intensified malaria transmission due to poor canal water management. Proper canal water management could reduce vector abundance and malaria transmission in the irrigated villages.
authors.affiliation: Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia. s.kibret@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kibret
authors.forename: G Glenn
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Habte
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tekie
authors.forename: Beyene
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petros
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D007814:Larva; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D009032:Mosquito Control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D014867:Water