title: Comparison of barriers to cessation among Arab American smokers of cigarettes and waterpipe.
abstract: This cross-sectional study examined the differences in barriers to cessation and reasons for quitting smoking among dual smokers of cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco, exclusive cigarette smokers and exclusive waterpipe smokers. Participants were Arab American adults residing in Richmond, Virginia, who were recruited from Middle Eastern grocery stores, restaurants/lounges and faith and charity organizations. The study yielded several key findings: (1) Exclusive cigarette and waterpipe smokers had similar mean barriers to quitting and were more concerned about their health than dual smokers. (F(2, 150) = 5.594, p = 0.0045). This implies that barriers to smoking and health concerns could be a function of the individual who smokes rather than the modality of smoking itself. (2) Exclusive cigarette or waterpipe smokers and dual smokers may have different reasons for quitting, since they have different reasons for smoking. The proportion of smokers who endorsed smoking as a messy habit as the reason among exclusive cigarette smokers was 0.37, whereas the proportion among exclusive waterpipe smokers was 0.04 and among dual smokers 0.39. The difference in proportions is significant, χ2 (df = 2, N = 154) = 13.17, p = 0.0014. In summary, this study supports the need to further investigate dual cigarette and waterpipe smokers, as the study results indicate greater barriers to smoking cessation in this group. Recognition and understanding of these barriers among dual tobacco users would be important for any future tobacco intervention among waterpipe smokers.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32604, USA. lhaddad@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA. elshahawyo@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: El-Shahawy
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA. ghadbanr@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Roula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghadban
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018912:Arabs; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East / Q000208:ethnology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult