title: Maternal mortality at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania in the year 2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improving maternal health is one of the eight millennium development goals adopted at the millennium summit in the year 2000. Within this frame work, the international community is committed to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75% between 1990 and 2015. The objective of this study was to determine the maternal mortality ratio, classify causes of maternal deaths and assess substandard care factors at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all maternal death records of cases that occurred from 1st January to 31st December 2011 was done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 10,057 live births, 155 maternal deaths and hence MMR of 1,541 per 100,000 live births. Direct causes of maternal deaths were classified in 69.5% of the maternal deaths. Of the direct causes, preeclampsia/eclampsia was the major cause (19.9% of all deaths), followed by post partum haemorrhage (14.9%), abortion complications (9.9%) and sepsis (9.2%). Among the indirect causes anaemia was the leading cause (11.3%) of all deaths, followed by HIV/AIDS (9.9%). Substandard care factors contributing to deaths were identified in 116 (82.3%) of all cases. Among these 28 had patient factors only, 71 medical service factors while 17 had both patient and medical service substandard care factors. The common factors from the woman's side included delay in seeking care (73.3%) and complete lack of antenatal care (11.1%). Of the medical service factors, inadequate (26.1%) or no blood for transfusion (19.3%), delay in receiving treatment (18.3%) and mismanagement (17%) were the common factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high maternal mortality ratio at MNH. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, post partum haemorrhage and anaemia are the leading causes of maternal deaths in this institution. Multiple substandard care factors identified both at individual and health care service levels that contributed to maternal deaths. There is a need for increasing efforts in the fight to reduce maternal deaths at the institution. A more pro-active role from the referring facilities in the region is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. andreapembe@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Pembe
authors.forename: Chetto
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paulo
authors.forename: Brenda S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: D'mello
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Roosmalen
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D063130:Maternal Death / Q000209:etiology*; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000592:standards; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000401:mortality*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult