title: Effect of shisha (waterpipe) smoking on lung functions and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) among Saudi young adult shisha smokers.
abstract: Shisha (waterpipe) smoking is becoming a more prevalent form of tobacco consumption, and is growing worldwide, particularly among the young generation in the Middle East. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the effects of shisha smoking on lung functions and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) among Saudi young adults. We recruited 146 apparently healthy male subjects (73 control and 73 shisha smokers). The exposed group consisted of male shisha smokers, with mean age 21.54 ± 0.41 (mean ± SEM) range 17-33 years. The control group consisted of similar number (73) of non-smokers with mean age 21.36 ± 0.19 (mean ± SEM) range 18-28 years. Between the groups we considered the factors like age, height, weight, gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status to estimate the impact of shisha smoking on lung function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Lung function test was performed by using an Spirovit-SP-1 Electronic Spirometer. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) was measured by using Niox Mino. A significant decrease in lung function parameters FEV1, FEV1/FVC Ratio, FEF-25%, FEF-50%, FEF-75% and FEF-75-85% was found among shisha smokers relative to their control group. There was also a significant reduction in the Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide among Shisha smokers compared to control group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia. smeo@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Sultan Ayoub
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Meo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia. K_a_Z_h@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Khaled Ahmed
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: AlShehri
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia. Bdr.alharbi.431@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bader Bandar
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: AlHarbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia. Mr.omar.b@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Omar Rayyan
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Barayyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia. Dr.a.bwz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abdulrahman Salem
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bawazir
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia. Dr-3umar92@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Omar Abdulmohsin
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Alanazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmed Raad
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Al-Zuhair
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D045853:Exhalation; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013147:Spirometry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide