title: In vivo three-dimensional intervertebral kinematics of the subaxial cervical spine during seated axial rotation and lateral bending via a fluoroscopy-to-CT registration approach.
abstract: Accurate measurement of the coupled intervertebral motions is helpful for understanding the etiology and diagnosis of relevant diseases, and for assessing the subsequent treatment. No study has reported the in vivo, dynamic and three-dimensional (3D) intervertebral motion of the cervical spine during active axial rotation (AR) and lateral bending (LB) in the sitting position. The current study fills the gap by measuring the coupled intervertebral motions of the subaxial cervical spine in ten asymptomatic young adults in an upright sitting position during active head LB and AR using a volumetric model-based 2D-to-3D registration method via biplane fluoroscopy. Subject-specific models of the individual vertebrae were derived from each subject's CT data and were registered to the fluoroscopic images for determining the 3D poses of the subaxial vertebrae that were used to obtain the intervertebral kinematics. The averaged ranges of motion to one side (ROM) during AR at C3/C4, C4/C5, C5/C6, and C6/C7 were 4.2°, 4.6°, 3.0° and 1.3°, respectively. The corresponding values were 6.4°, 5.2°, 6.1° and 6.1° during LB. Intervertebral LB (ILB) played an important role in both AR and LB tasks of the cervical spine, experiencing greater ROM than intervertebral AR (IAR) (ratio of coupled motion (IAR/ILB): 0.23-0.75 in LB, 0.34-0.95 in AR). Compared to the AR task, the ranges of ILB during the LB task were significantly greater at C5/6 (p=0.008) and C6/7 (p=0.001) but the range of IAR was significantly smaller at C4/5 (p=0.02), leading to significantly smaller ratios of coupled motions at C4/5 (p=0.0013), C5/6 (p<0.001) and C6/7 (p=0.0037). The observed coupling characteristics of the intervertebral kinematics were different from those in previous studies under discrete static conditions in a supine position without weight-bearing, suggesting that the testing conditions likely affect the kinematics of the subaxial cervical spine. While C1 and C2 were not included owing to technical limitations, the current results nonetheless provide baseline data of the intervertebral motion of the subaxial cervical spine in asymptomatic young subjects under physiological conditions, which may be helpful for further investigations into spine biomechanics.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Cheng-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: twlu@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tung-Wu
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ting-Ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chao-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Shih-Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ting-Fang
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cervical spine; Computed tomography; Coupled motion; Fluoroscopy; Image registration; Intervertebral motion; Kinematics; Weight-bearing