title: A comprehensive review and update on the biologic treatment of adult noninfectious uveitis: part II.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of adult, noninfectious uveitis remains a major challenge for ophthalmologists around the world, especially in regard to recalcitrant cases. It is reported to comprise approximately 10% of preventable blindness in the USA. The cause of uveitis can be idiopathic or associated with infectious and systemic disorders. The era of biologic medical therapies provides new options for patients with otherwise treatment-resistant inflammatory eye disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  This two-part review gives a comprehensive overview of the existing medical treatment options for patients with adult, noninfectious uveitis, as well as important advances for the treatment ocular inflammation. Part I covers classic immunomodulation and latest information on corticosteroid therapy. In part II, emerging therapies are discussed, including biologic response modifiers, experimental treatments and ongoing clinical studies for uveitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hazard of chronic corticosteroid use in the treatment of adult, noninfectious uveitis is well documented. Corticosteroid-sparing therapies, which offer a very favorable risk-benefit profile when administered properly, should be substituted. Although nothing is currently approved for on-label use in this indication, many therapies, through either translation or novel basic science research, have the potential to fill the currently exposed gaps.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI) , 5 Cambridge Center, 8th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142 , USA +1 617 621 6377 ; +1 617 494 1430 ; sfoster@mersi.com.
authors.forename: Kyungmin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Asima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bajwa
authors.forename: Clovis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Freitas-Neto
authors.forename: Jamie Lynne
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Metzinger
authors.forename: Bailey A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Wentworth
authors.forename: C Stephen
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D060433:Administration, Ophthalmic; D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D001688:Biological Products / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014605:Uveitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001688:Biological Products; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: biologic response modifiers; corticosteroid; immunomodulatory therapy; ocular inflammatory disease; uveitis