title: Factors associated with inspiratory muscle weakness in patients with HIV-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  the impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on lung function is well known and associated with a reduction in pulmonary ventilation. Moreover, the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased muscle strength. However, there is scarce information about the factors associated with inspiratory muscle weakness in these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  the purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors associated with inspiratory muscle weakness in patients with HIV-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  two-hundred fifty seven patients with HIV-1 were screened and categorized into two groups: (1) IMW+ (n=142) and (2) IMW- (n=115). Lung function (FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC), maximum inspiratory pressure, distance on the six-minute walk test and CD4 cell count were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the mean duration of HIV infection was similar in the two groups. The following variables were significantly different between groups: mean duration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (81±12 in IMW+ versus 38±13 months in IMW-; p=0.01), and CD4 cell count (327±88 in IMW+ versus 637±97cells/mm(3) in IMW-; p=0.02). IMW+ presented reduced lung function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  patients with IMW+ had lower distance on the six-minute walk test in comparison to the IMW- group. The duration of highly active antiretroviral therapy, distance traveled on the 6MWT and CD4 count were determinants of IMW in patients with HIV.
authors.affiliation: Bom Pastor Health Center Unit, Ararangua, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiana S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Jerônimo
authors.affiliation: Exercise Pathophysiology Research Laboratory and Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovanni N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gerson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cipriano
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Service, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo J C
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Service, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana M Güntzel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chiappa
authors.affiliation: Exercise Pathophysiology Research Laboratory and Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Serra Gaucha College, Caxias do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address: gaspar.chiappa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gaspar R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Chiappa
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: Diaphragm muscle; Exercise tolerance, highly active antiretroviral therapy; Inflammatory response; Inspiratory muscle; Lung function