title: Central alarin ameliorated insulin resistance of adipocytes in type 2 diabetic rats.
abstract: Alarin, a regulatory peptide, belongs to the galanin family and plays the same regulatory roles as galanin in orexigenic activity and energy metabolism. Our previous studies had found that galanin might facilitate insulin sensitivity via activation of its central receptors. To date, little is known about whether central alarin may exert similar effects on insulin sensitivity. In order to investigate this, alarin and its specific antagonist, alarin 6-25Cys, were administered into the cerebral ventricles of type 2 diabetic rats (T2DR) to evaluate the changes in insulin resistance. The results indicated that central treatment with alarin significantly increased the body weight of animals, the 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose uptake, the plasma adiponectin levels, the glucose infusion rates in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp tests, the vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 as well as glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4 (SLC2A4)) protein and mRNA levels, and the ratios of GLUT4 contents in plasma membranes to total cell membranes in adipocytes, but reduced blood glucose and plasma retinol-binding protein 4 levels. These effects of alarin may be inhibited by pretreatment with alarin 6-25Cys. The above-mentioned results suggest that the central alarin projective system may facilitate insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake via the increase in GLUT4 content and GLUT4 translocation from intracellular pools to plasma membranes in T2DR.
authors.affiliation: Department of EndocrinologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaMedical CollegeResearch Institute of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaDepartment of PhysiologyHanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, ChinaDepartment of Physical EducationChuzhou College, Chuzhou, Anhui Province 239012, China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of EndocrinologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaMedical CollegeResearch Institute of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaDepartment of PhysiologyHanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, ChinaDepartment of Physical EducationChuzhou College, Chuzhou, Anhui Province 239012, China.
authors.forename: Penghua
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of EndocrinologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaMedical CollegeResearch Institute of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaDepartment of PhysiologyHanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, ChinaDepartment of Physical EducationChuzhou College, Chuzhou, Anhui Province 239012, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of EndocrinologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaMedical CollegeResearch Institute of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaDepartment of PhysiologyHanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, ChinaDepartment of Physical EducationChuzhou College, Chuzhou, Anhui Province 239012, China.
authors.forename: Mingyi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of EndocrinologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaMedical CollegeResearch Institute of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaDepartment of PhysiologyHanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, ChinaDepartment of Physical EducationChuzhou College, Chuzhou, Anhui Province 239012, China Department of EndocrinologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaMedical CollegeResearch Institute of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaDepartment of PhysiologyHanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, ChinaDepartment of Physical EducationChuzhou College, Chuzhou, Anhui Province 239012, China shimyyz@126.com yzzzw@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.affiliation: Department of EndocrinologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaMedical CollegeResearch Institute of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, ChinaDepartment of PhysiologyHanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, ChinaDepartment of Physical EducationChuzhou College, Chuzhou, Anhui Province 239012, China shimyyz@126.com yzzzw@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Zhenwen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D009327:4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044089:Galanin-Like Peptide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050988:Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D044089:Galanin-Like Peptide; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; C494706:Vamp2 protein, rat; D050988:Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2; C581934:alarin; C582213:alarin 6-25Cys; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D009327:4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan; C098340:2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose
keywords: GLUT4; adipocytes; alarin; brain; insulin resistance