title: The sources, impact and management of car park runoff pollution: a review.
abstract: Traffic emissions contribute significantly to the build-up of diffuse pollution loads on urban surfaces with their subsequent mobilisation and direct discharge posing problems for receiving water quality. This review focuses on the impact and mitigation of solids, metals, nutrients and organic pollutants in the runoff deriving from car parks. Variabilities in the discharged pollutant levels and in the potentials for pollutant mitigation complicate an impact assessment of car park runoff. The different available stormwater best management practices and proprietary devices are reported to be capable of reductions of between 20% and almost 100% for both suspended solids and a range of metals. This review contributes to prioritising the treatment options which can achieve the appropriate pollutant reductions whilst conforming to the site requirements of a typical car park. By applying different treatment scenarios to the runoff from a hypothetical car park, it is shown that optimal performance, in terms of ecological benefits for the receiving water, can be achieved using a treatment train incorporating permeable paving and bioretention systems. The review identifies existing research gaps and emphasises the pertinent management practices as well as design issues which are relevant to the mitigation of car park pollution.
authors.affiliation: Urban Pollution Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK. Electronic address: m.revitt@mdx.ac.uk.
authors.forename: D Michael
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Revitt
authors.affiliation: Urban Pollution Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lundy
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coulon
authors.affiliation: ACO Technologies, Hitchin Road, Shefford, Bedfordshire SG17 5TE, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fairley
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D011891:Rain; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Car park runoff quality; Ecological benefits; Pollutant mitigation; Stormwater wash-off; Surface deposition; Surface water management