title: Dissociating EEG sources linked to stimulus and response evaluation in numerical Stroop task using Independent Component Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a powerful data-driven technique, which separates EEG signals into functionally and physiologically distinct source activities. The aim of this study was to identify the neural sources, which contribute to scalp ERPs including N450.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dense-array EEG data were obtained from 20 participants performing numerical Stroop task. By applying ICA, artifacts were identified and removed. The remaining neural sources underwent clustering and further clusters' ERP analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the traditional channels' ERP analysis confirmed the occurrence of conflict-related N450 potential, the ICA results revealed two sources contributing to its variance: the mid-parietal cluster with source estimated in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and fronto-central cluster with source in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The former showed increased (prolonged) activity before the response for cognitively demanding trials, whereas the latter showed negative deflection after the response. PCC activity was decreased (shortened) before erroneous responses, while ACC showed strong error-related negativity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCC is responsible for stimulus evaluation, while ACC is responsible for evaluating the action-outcome. Moreover, errors are committed due to insufficient stimuli processing within PCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICA proved to be reliable and effective method for ERP analysis, which shed new light into the brain potentials evoked by the numerical Stroop task.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Neurobiology Department, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: ewa.beldzik@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beldzik
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Neurobiology Department, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Domagalik
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Froncisz
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Neurobiology Department, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marek
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D057190:Stroop Test; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ERN; ERP; ICA; N450; Numerical Stroop; P3b