title: Structural disruption increases toxicity of graphene nanoribbons.
abstract: The increased utilization of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) for biomedical and material science applications necessitates the thorough evaluation of potential toxicity of these materials under both intentional and accidental exposure scenarios. We here investigated the effects of structural disruption of GNRs (induced by low-energy bath and high-energy probe sonication) to in vitro (human cell lines), and in vivo (Oryzias latipes embryo) biological systems. Our results demonstrate that low concentration (20 µg ml(-1) ) suspensions of GNRs prepared by as little as 1 min of probe sonication can cause significant decreases in the overall metabolic state of cells in vitro, and increased embryo/larval mortality in vivo, as compared to bath sonicated or unsonicated suspensions. Structural analysis indicates that probe sonication leads to disruption in GNR structure and production of smaller carbonaceous debris, which may be the cause of the toxicity observed. These results point out the importance of assessing post-production structural modifications for any application using nanomaterials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mullick Chowdhury
authors.forename: Subham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: Balaji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sitharaman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009990:Oryzias / Q000196:embryology; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Japanese medaka; carbon nanomaterials; cytotoxicity; embryo toxicity; graphene; sonication