title: Influence of four antimicrobials on methane-producing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic granular sludge.
abstract: The influence of Cephalexin (CLX), Tetracycline (TC), Erythromycin (ERY) and Sulfathiazole (ST) on methane-producing archaea (MPA) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in anaerobic sludge was investigated using acetate or ethanol as substrate. With antimicrobial concentrations below 400mgL(-1), the relative specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was above 50%, so that the antimicrobials exerted slight effects on archaea. However ERY and ST at 400mgL(-1) caused a 74.5% and 57.6% inhibition to specific sulfidogenic activity (SSA) when the sludge granules were disrupted and ethanol used as substrate. After disruption, microbial tolerance to antimicrobials decreased, but the rate at which MPA utilized acetate and ethanol increased from 0.95gCOD·(gVSS⋅d)(-1) to 1.45gCOD·(gVSS⋅d)(-1) and 0.90gCOD·(gVSS⋅d)(-1) to 1.15gCOD·(gVSS⋅d)(-1) respectively. The ethanol utilization rate for SRB also increased after disruption from 0.35gCOD·(gVSS⋅d)(-1) to 0.46gCOD·(gVSS⋅d)(-1). Removal rates for CLX approaching 20.0% and 25.0% were obtained used acetate and ethanol respectively. The disintegration of granules improved the CLX removal rate to 65% and 78%, but ST was not removed during this process.
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Jingru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Weikang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Aoba 6-6-06, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yanlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoqian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.affiliation: Tohoku University, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Tohoku University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Aoba 6-6-06, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China. Electronic address: yyli@epl1.civil.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yu-You
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001105:Archaea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D003901:Desulfovibrio; D000431:Ethanol; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D012722:Sewage; D013431:Sulfates; D000431:Ethanol; D008697:Methane
keywords: Anaerobic granular sludge; Antimicrobial; Methane-producing archaea; Sulfate-reducing bacteria