title: Clinical efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy in paediatric Hunter patients, an independent study of 3.5 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hunter Syndrome is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder due to the deficit of iduronate 2-sulfatase, an enzyme catalysing the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) dermatan- and heparan-sulfate. Treatment of the disease is mainly performed by Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) with idursulfase, in use since 2006. Clinical efficacy of ERT has been monitored mainly by the Hunter Outcome Survey (HOS) while very few independent studies have been so far conducted. The present study is a 3.5-years independent follow-up of 27 Hunter patients, starting ERT between 1.6 and 27 years of age, with the primary aim to evaluate efficacy of the therapy started at an early age (<12 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we evaluated: urinary GAG content, hepato/splenomegaly, heart valvulopathies, otorinolaryngological symptoms, joint range of motion, growth, distance covered in the 6-minute walk test, neurological involvement. For data analysis, the 27 patients were divided into three groups according to the age at start of ERT: ≤5 years, >5 and ≤ 12 years and > 12 years. Patients were analysed both as 3 separate groups and also as one group; in addition, the 20 patients who started ERT up to 12 years of age were analysed as one group. Finally, patients presenting a "severe" phenotype were compared with "attenuated" ones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction of the urinary GAG in patients ≤5 years and ≤ 12 years and of the hepatomegaly in the group aged >5 and ≤ 12 years. Although other clinical signs improved in some of the patients monitored, statistical analysis of their variation did not reveal any significant changes following enzyme administration. The evaluation of ERT efficacy in relation to the severity of the disease evidenced slightly higher improvements as for hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, otological disorders and adenotonsillar hypertrophy in severe vs attenuated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the present protocol of idursulfase administration may result efficacious in delaying the MPS II somatic disease progression at some extent, in this study we observed that several signs and symptoms did not improve during the therapy. Therefore, a strict monitoring of the efficacy obtained in the patients under ERT is becoming mandatory for clinical, ethical and economic reasons.
authors.forename: Rosella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tomanin
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Avanzo
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rampazzo
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gasparotto
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parini
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascarella
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Concolino
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Procopio
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiumara
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgo
authors.forename: Anna Chiara
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Frigo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056947:Enzyme Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007066:Iduronate Sulfatase / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016532:Mucopolysaccharidosis II / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D007066:Iduronate Sulfatase; C517982:idursulfase