title: Subclinical nutritional rickets among adolescents in Kaghan Valley.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the occurrence of subclinical rickets and its causing factors among adolescent students of schools in Kaghan Valley, Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observation cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Biochemistry and Health Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, Ayub Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, from March to April 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty seven students (34 boys and 33 girls) age between 11 - 16 years included in the study from different schools of Kaghan Valley, Pakistan. Characteristic, serum biochemical and nutritional status were measured for all the participants. On the basis of biochemical finding the boys and girls students were divided in to two groups, normal subjects and subclinical rickets (absent symptoms with altered biochemistry).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty six participants, 19 (73%) girls and 07 (27%) boys had biochemical abnormality but no clinical signs and symptoms of rickets. Low vitamin D and high alkaline phosphatase level were observed in 26 (100%), 21 (81%), low calcium in 17 (65%) and low phosphorus 7 (27%) subjects with subclinical rickets. None had high parathormone level above normal range. Nutritional intake of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D was found less than the recommended daily intake in all the participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subclinical rickets is common problem among adolescent students especially in girls which is due to low nutritional intakes and avoidance of sunshine due to environmental and traditional impacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Health Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK.
authors.forename: Tanveer Hussain
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Health Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK.
authors.forename: Mukhtiar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric, Ayub Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad.
authors.forename: Tahir Saeed
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012279:Rickets / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013472:Sunlight; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase