title: Effects of hypothermia on the liver in a swine model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study aimed to explore the effects of hypothermia state induced by 4 ºC normal saline (NS) on liver biochemistry, enzymology and morphology after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in swine.
  
  
  METHODS
  After 4 minutes of ventricular fibrillation (VF), standard CPR was carried out. Then the survivors were divided into two groups: low temperature group and normal temperature group. The low temperature (LT) group (n=5) received continuously 4 ºC NS at the speed of 1.33 mL/kg per minute for 22 minutes, then at the speed lowering to 10 mL/kg per hour. The normal temperature (NT) group (n=5) received NS with normal room temperature at the same speed of the LT group. Hemodynamic status and oxygen metabolism were monitored and the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in blood samples obtained at baseline and at 10 minutes, 2 hours and 4 hours after ROSC. At 24 hours after ROSC, the animals were killed and the liver was removed to determine the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase enzyme activities and histological changes under a light or electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Core temperature was decreased in the LT group (P<0.05), while HR, MAP and CPP were not significantly decreased (P>0.05) compared with the NT group (P>0.05). The oxygen extraction ratio was lower in the LT group than in the NT group (P<0.05). The serum levels of ALT, AST and LDH increased in both groups but not significantly in the LT group. The enzyme activity of liver ATP was much higher in the LT group (Na(+)-K(+)-ATP enzyme: 8.64±3.32 U vs. 3.28±0.71 U; Ca(2+)-ATP enzyme: 10.92±2.12 U vs. 2.75±0.78 U, P<0.05). The LT group showed less cellular edema, inflammation and few damaged mitochondria as compared with the NT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggested that infusing 4 ºC NS continuously after ROSC could quickly lower the core body temperature, while maintaining a stable hemodynamic state and balancing oxygen metabolism, which protect the liver in terms of biochemistry, enzymology and histology after CPR.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Ju
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chao-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Cardiac arrest; Hemodynamics; Liver; Therapeutic hypothermia