title: Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of biologically active phospholipids with anti-neoplastic potential in porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of biologically active phospholipids (BAP) used in preparations for clinical practice in humans. Until date, except anti-neoplastic ability, little is known about anti-inflammatory property of the phospholipids.
  
  
  METHODS
  While the course of bacterially induced acute pneumonia and markers of inflammation were studied in in vivo system in pigs orally supplemented with BAP, the pro- and anti-inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated porcine monocyte-derived macrophages to 24 h- and 48 h-treatment by BAP was investigated in in vitro system. In vivo, the animal health status was monitored and pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-8 in sera were detected by ELISA during the experiment, while bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and the lungs were examined post-mortem. Total and differential counts of white blood cell (WBC) were determined in blood and BALF. In vitro, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL10) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and Arg1) cytokines, and level of activated caspase 1 and phosphorylated protein kinase C epsilon (pPKCϵ), were studied using qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. For the purposes of both systems, 6 animals were used in each of the BAP-supplemented and the control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo, BAP had a positive influence on the course of the disease. The immunomodulatory effects of BAP were confirmed by lower levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and a lower WBC count in the supplemented group in comparison with the control group. A lower percentage of lung parenchyma was affected in the supplemented group comparing to the control group (on average, 4% and 34% of tissue, respectively). In vitro, BAP suppressed mRNA expression of mRNA for IL-10 and all pro-inflammatory cytokines tested. This down-regulation was dose- and time-dependent. Arg1 mRNA expression remained unaffected. Further dose- and time-dependent suppression of the activated caspase 1 and pPKCϵ was detected in macrophages when treated with BAP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that BAP has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, thus emphasizing the potential of this compound as a natural healing agent.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vicenova
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nechvatalova
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chlebova
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kucerova
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leva
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stepanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic. faldyna@vri.cz.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faldyna
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007962:Leukocytes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D010742:Phospholipid Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010742:Phospholipid Ethers