title: The distribution pattern of Halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse is suggestive of a haematogenous spread of the nematode.
abstract: The majority of Halicephalobus gingivalis-infections in horses have been fatal and are usually not diagnosed before necropsy. Therefore, knowledge about the nematode and the pathogenesis of infection in horses is limited. This has resulted in an on-going discussion about the port of entry and subsequent dissemination of H. gingivalis within the host. The present case of H. gingivalis-infection in a horse was diagnosed ante mortem. Post mortem findings, the distribution pattern of H. gingivalis nematodes in the brain, a high prevalence of inflammation in close relation to blood vessels, and the presence of the nematode in multiple organs with a disseminated pattern of distribution strongly suggested a haematogenous spread of the nematode in the horse.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henneke
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jespersen
authors.forename: Stine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Martin K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Fintan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.forename: Henrik E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission*; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D017168:Rhabditida / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017196:Rhabditida Infections / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*