title: The influence of secondary structure, selection and recombination on rubella virus nucleotide substitution rate estimates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Annually, rubella virus (RV) still causes severe congenital defects in around 100 000 children globally. An attempt to eradicate RV is currently underway and analytical tools to monitor the global decline of the last remaining RV lineages will be useful for assessing the effectiveness of this endeavour. RV evolves rapidly enough that much of this information might be inferable from RV genomic sequence data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using BEASTv1.8.0, we analysed publically available RV sequence data to estimate genome-wide and gene-specific nucleotide substitution rates to test whether current estimates of RV substitution rates are representative of the entire RV genome. We specifically accounted for possible confounders of nucleotide substitution rate estimates, such as temporally biased sampling, sporadic recombination, and natural selection favouring either increased or decreased genetic diversity (estimated by the PARRIS and FUBAR methods), at nucleotide sites within the genomic secondary structures (predicted by the NASP method).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We determine that RV nucleotide substitution rates range from 1.19 × 10(-3) substitutions/site/year in the E1 region to 7.52 × 10(-4) substitutions/site/year in the P150 region. We find that differences between substitution rate estimates in different RV genome regions are largely attributable to temporal sampling biases such that datasets containing higher proportions of recently sampled sequences, will tend to have inflated estimates of mean substitution rates. Although there exists little evidence of positive selection or natural genetic recombination in RV, we show that RV genomes possess pervasive biologically functional nucleic acid secondary structure and that purifying selection acting to maintain this structure contributes substantially to variations in estimated nucleotide substitution rates across RV genomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both temporal sampling biases and purifying selection favouring the conservation of RV nucleic acid secondary structures have an appreciable impact on substitution rate estimates but do not preclude the use of RV sequence data to date ancestral sequences. The combination of uniformly high substitution rates across the RV genome and strong temporal structure within the available sequence data, suggests that such data should be suitable for tracking the demographic, epidemiological and movement dynamics of this virus during eradication attempts.
authors.forename: Leendert J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Cloete
authors.forename: Emil P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Tanov
authors.forename: Brejnev M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Muhire
authors.forename: Darren P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: South African National Bioinformatics Institute, SA Medical Research Council Unit for Bioinformatics Capacity Development, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. gordon@sanbi.ac.za.
authors.forename: Gordon W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Harkins
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D009154:Mutation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D016865:Reassortant Viruses; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral