title: One-year results of an algorithmic approach to managing failed back surgery syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is a major clinical problem. Different etiologies with different incidence rates have been proposed. There are currently no standards regarding the management of these patients. Epiduroscopy is an endoscopic technique that may play a role in the management of FBSS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate an algorithm for management of severe FBSS including epiduroscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 133 patients with severe symptoms of FBSS (visual analogue scale score ≥7) and no response to pharmacological treatment and physical therapy were included. A six-step management algorithm was applied. Data, including patient demographics, pain and surgical procedure, were analyzed. In all cases, one or more objective causes of pain were established. Treatment success was defined as ≥50% long-term pain relief maintained during the first year of follow-up. Final allocation of patients was registered: good outcome with conservative treatment, surgical re-intervention and palliative treatment with implantable devices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 122 patients enrolled, 59.84% underwent instrumented surgery and 40.16% a noninstrumented procedure. Most (64.75%) experienced significant pain relief with conventional pain clinic treatments; 15.57% required surgical treatment. Palliative spinal cord stimulation and spinal analgesia were applied in 9.84% and 2.46% of the cases, respectively. The most common diagnosis was epidural fibrosis, followed by disc herniation, global or lateral stenosis, and foraminal stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new six-step ladder approach to severe FBSS management that includes epiduroscopy was analyzed. Etiologies are accurately described and a useful role of epiduroscopy was confirmed.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Avellanal
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diaz-Reganon
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orts
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D055111:Failed Back Surgery Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult