title: Reuse of refinery's tertiary-treated wastewater in cooling towers: microbiological monitoring.
abstract: The study was planned to quantify the distribution of bacteria between bulk water and biofilm formed on different materials in an industrial scale cooling tower system of an oil refinery operating with clarified and chlorinated freshwater (CCW) or chlorinated tertiary effluent (TRW) as makeup water. The sessile and planktonic heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa densities were significantly higher in the cooling tower supplied with clarified and chlorinated freshwater (CTCW) (p < 0.05). In the two towers, the biofilm density was higher on the surface of glass slides and stainless steel coupons than on the surface of carbon steel coupons. The average corrosion rates of carbon steel coupons (0.4-0.8 millimeters per year (mpy)) and densities of sessile (12-1.47 × 10(3) colony-forming unit (CFU) cm(-1)) and planktonic (0-2.36 × 10(3) CFU mL(-1)) microbiota remained below of the maximum values of reference used by water treatment companies as indicative of efficient microbial control. These data indicate that the strategies of the water treatment station (WTS) (free chlorine) and industrial wastewater treatment station (IWTS) followed by reverse electrodialysis system (RES) (free chlorine plus chloramine) were effective for the microbiological control of the two makeup water sources.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil, verabio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vera Lúcia
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Andréa Azevedo
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Veiga
authors.forename: Rafael Silva
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.forename: Andrea Lima
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Sérgio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pagnin
authors.forename: Vânia M J
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Santiago
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms; D002700:Chloramines; D002713:Chlorine; D003343:Corrosion; D004202:Disinfectants; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D005898:Glass; D010578:Petroleum; D010933:Plankton; D059027:Recycling; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D002713:Chlorine; D004202:Disinfectants; D010578:Petroleum; D013193:Stainless Steel; D062065:Wastewater; C030816:chloramine