title: Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
abstract: The prevalence of heart failure (HF) and its subtype, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), is on the rise due to aging of the population. HFpEF is convergence of several pathophysiological processes, which are not yet clearly identified. HFpEF is usually seen in association with systemic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, sleep apnea, renal and pulmonary disease. The proportion of HF patients with HFpEF varies by patient demographics, study settings (cohort vs. clinical trial, outpatient clinics vs. hospitalised patients) and cut points used to define preserved function. There is an expanding body of literature about prevalence and prognostic significance of both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular comorbidities in HFpEF patients. Current therapeutic approaches are targeted towards alleviating the symptoms, treating the associated comorbid conditions, and reducing recurrent hospital admissions. There is lack of evidence-based therapies that show a reduction in the mortality amongst HFpEF patients; however, an improvement in exercise tolerance and quality of life is seen with few interventions. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology and current treatment options for HFpEF.
authors.affiliation: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Abhinav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhingra
authors.forename: Aayushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Simrat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Saurav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Jaspreet Singh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: Ambarish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Antoine H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Chaanine
authors.forename: Sunil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003710:Demography; D004487:Edema / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015994:Incidence; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*