title: Advanced analytical mass spectrometric techniques and bioassays to characterize untreated and ozonated oil sands process-affected water.
abstract: Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a toxic and poorly biodegradable mixture of sand, silt, heavy metals, and organics. In this study, qualitative and quantitative comparisons of naphthenic acids (NAs) were done using ultraperformance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC TOF-MS), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS, and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The unique combination of these analyses allowed for the determination and correlation of NAs, oxidized NAs, and heteroatom (sulfur or nitrogen) NAs. Despite its lower resolution, UPLC-TOF MS was shown to offer a comparable level of reliability and precision as the high resolution FT-ICR MS. Additionally, the impacts of ozonation (35 mg/L utilized ozone dose) and subsequent NAs degradation on OSPW toxicity were assessed via a collection of organisms and toxicity end points using Vibrio fischeri (nonspecific), specific fish macrophage antimicrobial responses, and fish olfactory responses. Fish macrophages exposed to ozonated OSPW for 1 week showed higher production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates; however, after 12 weeks the responses were reduced significantly. Fish olfactory tests suggested that OSPW interfered with their perception of odorants. Current results indicate that the quantification of NAs species, using novel analytical methods, can be combined with various toxicity methods to assess the efficiency of OSPW treatment processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
authors.forename: Nian
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chelme-Ayala
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klamerth
authors.forename: Kerry N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: McPhedran
authors.forename: Md Shahinoor
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Leonidas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perez-Estrada
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drzewicz
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Blunt
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Mariel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: Keith B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: Miodrag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belosevic
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gamal El-Din
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D007477:Ions; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D061329:Oil and Gas Fields; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012903:Smell / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D007477:Ions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010126:Ozone; C046170:naphthenic acid