title: Distal infrared thermography and skin temperature after ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increases in skin temperature may be used as an early predictor of the success of interscalene brachial plexus block (IBPB), but we lack detailed information on the thermographic response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate and characterise the thermographic response after IBPBs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University hospital and private hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine male and 17 female patients scheduled for ambulatory shoulder surgery. Exclusion criteria were age less than 18 years, body weight more than 120 kg and any coagulation abnormality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infrared thermographic imaging of the hand before and at 1 min intervals for 30 min after an ultrasound-guided IBPB with 20 ml ropivacaine 7.5 mg ml. Cooling of both hands was performed to standardise measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermographic changes in skin temperature on the dorsum of the hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four blocks were successful and two were failures. Four thermographic patterns were observed after successful blocks: the increase in skin temperature was restricted to the thumb (n = 5); increase in skin temperature of the thumb and the second digit (n = 11); increase in skin temperature of the thumb, the second and fifth digits (n = 4); and an increase in skin temperature in all parts of the hand (n = 24). All successful blocks demonstrated a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in median (range) of distal skin temperature of the thumb of 6.6°C (0.7 to 17.2) by 30 min, which was already significant (P < 0.0001) by 5 min. By contrast, skin temperature decreased significantly (P < 0.0001) in the hand after failed blocks and in the contra-lateral non-blocked hand by -1.5°C (-6.2 to 4.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful IBPB resulted in four thermographic patterns. Skin temperature always increased on the thumb within 30 min and this increase achieved statistical significance at 5 min after the block.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Nordsjællands Hospital and Copenhagen University Hospital (SA, LSB, LHL, KHWL), Department of Anaesthesiology, Aleris Hamlet Hospital (JL, MTJ), Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Semera
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.forename: Lars S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Bjerregaard
authors.forename: Lars H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lundstrøm
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Morten T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Jenstrup
authors.forename: Kai H W
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D065527:Brachial Plexus Block / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult