title: Characterisation of the aroma profiles of different honeys and corresponding flowers using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry.
abstract: The aroma profiles of thirteen different honey samples from four botanical origins: heather (Calluna vulgaris), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), rape (Brassica napus), alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and the blossoms of the four corresponding flowers were investigated to find odour-active compounds exclusively representing specific honeys based on odour-active compounds from the blossoms. Gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas-chromatography-olfactometry were used to determine and identify the odour-active compounds. Data was analysed using agglomerative hierarchical clustering and correspondence analysis. Honeys from the same botanical origin clustered together; however, none of the identified compounds were exclusive to a particular honey/blossom combination. Heather honey had the flavour profile most different to the others. Isophorone and 2-methylbutyric acid were found only in heather honeys. Heather honey was characterised by having more "sweet" and "candy-like" notes, raspberry honeys had more "green" notes, while alder buckthorn had more "honey" and "floral" notes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering and Product Development, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia. Electronic address: sirli@tftak.eu.
authors.forename: Sirli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seisonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering and Product Development, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Evelin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kivima
authors.affiliation: Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kristel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vene
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D064367:Olfactometry; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Brassica napus; Calluna vulgaris; Flavour; Frangula alnus; GC–MS; GC–O; Honey; Rubus idaeus; SPME