title: Vascular calcification: from pathophysiology to biomarkers.
abstract: The link between vascular calcification (VC) and increased mortality is now well established. Over time, as clinical importance of this phenomenon has begun to be fully considered, scientists have highlighted more and more physiopathological mechanisms and signaling pathways that underlie VC. Several conditions such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and renal diseases are undoubtedly identified as predisposing factors. But even if the process is better understood, many questions still remain unanswered. This review briefly develops the various theories that attempt to explain mineralization genesis. Nonetheless, the main purpose of the article is to provide a profile of the various existing biomarkers of VC. Indeed, in the past years, a lot of inhibitors and promoters, which form a dense and interconnected network, were identified. Given importance to assess and control mineralization process, a focusing on accumulated knowledge of each marker seemed to be necessary. Therefore, we tried to define their respective role in the physiopathology and how they can contribute to calcification risk assessment. Among these, Klotho/fibroblast growth factor-23, fetuin-A, Matrix Gla protein, Bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, osteonectin, osteocalcin, pyrophosphate and sclerostin are specifically discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evrard
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Hypertension, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delanaye
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; INSERM U1088, Université de Picardie Jules-Verne, Amiens, France.
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cristol
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium. Electronic address: etienne.cavalier@chu.ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavalier
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015398:Signal Transduction; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein; D000097568:Matrix Gla Protein; C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human
keywords: Bone morphogenetic protein-2; Fetuin-A; Fibroblast growth factor-23; Matrix Gla protein; Osteoprotegerin; Vascular calcification