title: Fluorinated TiO₂ as an ambient light-activated virucidal surface coating material for the control of human norovirus.
abstract: We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of light-activated fluorinated TiO₂ surface coatings on human norovirus and several surrogates (bacteriophage MS2, feline calcivirus (FCV), and murine norovirus (MNV)). Inactivation of viruses on surfaces exposed to a common fluorescent lamp was monitored and the effects of UVA intensity, temperature, and fluoride content were assessed. Destruction of RNA and capsid oxidation were evaluated for human norovirus inocula on the F-TiO₂ surfaces, while contact with the F-TiO₂ surface and exposure to residual UVA radiation of 10 μW cm(-2) for 60 min resulted in infectivity reductions for the norovirus surrogates of 2-3 log₁₀. Infectivity reductions on pristine TiO₂ surfaces in identical conditions were over 2 orders of magnitude lower. Under realistic room lighting conditions, MS2 infectivity declined below the lower detection limit after 12h. Reductions in RNA were generally low, with the exception of GII.4, while capsid protein oxidation likely played a larger role in infectivity loss. Inactivation of norovirus surrogates occurred significantly faster on F-TiO₂ compared to pristine TiO₂ surfaces. The material demonstrated antiviral action against human norovirus surrogates and was shown to effectively inhibit MS2 when exposed to residual UVA present in fluorescent room lighting conditions in a laboratory setting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Geun Woo
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environmental Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-752, South Korea. Electronic address: cho317@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Ezra L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Cates
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; Atlanta Research & Education Foundation, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environmental Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-752, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Taek
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinjé
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Jae-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002415:Cats; D054879:Halogenation; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D051379:Mice; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: F-TiO(2); Human norovirus; Norovirus surrogates; Surface disinfection