title: Salivary inflammatory cytokines may be novel markers of carotid atherosclerosis in a Japanese general population: the Suita study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Salivary biomarkers have been recently useful of periodontal disease, which is also risk factor of atherosclerosis. However, there are few studies of the association between salivary inflammatory cytokines and carotid atherosclerosis. We aimed to clarify the association between salivary inflammatory cytokines and periodontal disease and carotid atherosclerosis in a general urban population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 608 Japanese men and women (mean age: 65.4 years) in the Suita study. Carotid atherosclerosis was evaluated by high-resolution ultrasonography with atherosclerotic indexes of intima-media thickness (IMT). Periodontal status was evaluated by the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Salivary levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The risks of carotid atherosclerosis (≥75th percentiles of mean- [0.88 mm] and Max-IMT [1.50 mm]) according to the quartiles of salivary inflammatory cytokines were compared using of adjusted-logistic regression models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All salivary inflammatory cytokines were positively associated with CPI. The adjusted odds ratios for carotid atherosclerosis of mean-IMT in the highest quartile of interleukin-6 and TNF-α were higher than those in the lowest quartiles (OR = 2.32 and 2.88; 95% confidence intervals = 1.19-4.51 and 1.51-5.49, respectively). The adjusted odds ratio for carotid atherosclerosis of mean-IMT in the highest quartile of PGE2 was greater than those in the lowest quartile in women (OR = 2.78; 95% confidence intervals = 1.11-6.95). In conclusion, higher levels of salivary inflammatory cytokines were associated with both periodontal disease and carotid atherosclerosis. Selected salivary inflammatory cytokines may be useful screening markers for periodontal disease and carotid atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: kosaka@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kosaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan. Electronic address: ykokubo@hsp.ncvc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kokubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: ono@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: sekines@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: m-kida@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Momoyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: m-kikui@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kikui
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: masaakiy@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan. Electronic address: watanabe.makoto.hp@ncvc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: amanoa@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Atsuo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: ymaeda@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan. Electronic address: miyamoty@hsp.ncvc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Carotid atherosclerosis; Intima-media thickness; Periodontal disease; Salivary inflammatory cytokine