title: Impact of the United States propofol ban on emergency providers' procedural sedation agent choice and patient length of stay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the recent past, propofol was temporarily removed from the emergency department (ED) for use in procedural sedation. We sought to determine which agents replaced it in clinical practice and the impact this change had on turnaround times (TAT) for sedated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a retrospective chart review at a level one trauma center. Patients receiving sedative agents (propofol, ketamine, midazolam, and etomidate) were identified by pharmacy codes, and their charts were then reviewed for demographics and TAT. Propofol was unavailable in the emergency department (ED) between May 2010 and February 2011. The study period extended from May 2009 until May 2011. Patients receiving sedation by non-emergency medicine physicians and those receiving sedation related to intubation were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total 2466 charts were reviewed and 209 met inclusion criteria. When propofol was available, the most commonly used sedative agent was etomidate (40%), followed by propofol (28%), ketamine (20%), and midazolam (6%). When propofol was unavailable, etomidate remained the most commonly used agent (43%), followed by ketamine (41%), and midazolam (11%). When propofol was available, the median TAT for sedated patients was 163 minutes compared to 178 minutes when propofol was unavailable (P=0.83). When propofol was the primary sedative agent used, the median TAT was 166 minutes as compared with a median TAT of 172 minutes for all other sedative agents combined (P=0.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When propofol was unavailable, ketamine became a preferred ED sedation agent. Removal of propofol from the sedation armamentarium did not affect ED TAT.
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pester
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prestosh
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roozendaal
authors.affiliation: St. Luke's University Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jeanmonod
keywords: Etomidate; Ketamine; Midazolam; Procedural sedation; Propofol; Turnaround time