title: Cardiovascular and lung function in relation to outdoor and indoor exposure to fine and ultrafine particulate matter in middle-aged subjects.
abstract: This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between exposure to airborne indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular and respiratory health in a population-based sample of 58 residences in Copenhagen, Denmark. Over a 2-day period indoor particle number concentrations (PNC, 10-300 nm) and PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter<2.5 μm) were monitored for each of the residences in the living room, and outdoor PNC (10-280 nm), PM2.5 and PM10 (aerodynamic diameter<10 μm) were monitored at an urban background station in Copenhagen. In the morning, after the 2-day monitoring period, we measured microvascular function (MVF) and lung function and collected blood samples for biomarkers related to inflammation, in 78 middle-aged residents. Bacteria, endotoxin and fungi were analyzed in material from electrostatic dust fall collectors placed in the residences for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using linear regression with the generalized estimating equation approach. Statistically significant associations were found between indoor PNC, dominated by indoor use of candles, and lower lung function, the prediabetic marker HbA1c and systemic inflammatory markers observed as changes in leukocyte differential count and expression of adhesion markers on monocytes, whereas C-reactive protein was significantly associated with indoor PM2.5. The presence of indoor endotoxin was associated with lower lung function and expression of adhesion markers on monocytes. An inverse association between outdoor PNC and MVF was also statistically significant. The study suggests that PNC in the outdoor environment may be associated with decreased MVF, while PNC, mainly driven by candle burning, and bioaerosols in the indoor environment may have a negative effect on lung function and markers of systemic inflammation and diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorina Gabriela
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Karottki
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bekö
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Geo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne Mette
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Zorana Jovanovic
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massling
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ketzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ellermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health - Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sigsgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Electronic address: stl@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Air pollution; Indoor air; Lung function; Ultrafine particles; Vascular function