title: Factors influencing endometrial thickness in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cut-off values for endometrial thickness (ET) in asymptomatic postmenopausal woman have been standardized. However, there are no comprehensive studies to document how various factors can influence the ET after the age of menopause.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the various factors influencing the ET in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective observational study. A total of 110 postmenopausal women underwent detailed history taking, clinical examination, and transvaginal scan for uterine volume and ovarian volume. The volumes were calculated by using ellipsoid formula: Width × thickness × height × 0.523. The variation in ET with respect to the influencing factors such as age, duration of menopause, parity, body mass index (BMI), medical illness like diabetes/hypertension, drugs like tamoxifen, presence of myoma, uterine volume, ovarian volume, and serum estradiol (in selected patients) were measured. Descriptive analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 16, Chicago II, USA) to obtain mean, standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and inter quartile ranges. Comparison of means was carried out using analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) age of the patients was 55.4 (6.91) years (95% CI, 54.1, 56.7). The mean (SD) age at menopause was 47.95 (3.90) years (95% CI, 47.2, 48.7) and the mean (SD) duration of menopause was 7.27 (6.65) years (95% CI, 6.01, 8.53). The mean (SD) ET was 3.8 (2.3) mm (95% CI, 3.36, 4.23). Medical illness like diabetes and hypertension did not alter the ET. ET increased as BMI increased and it was statistically significant. The presence of myoma increased uterine volume significantly and was associated with thick endometrial stripe. Similarly, whenever the ovaries were visualized and as the ovarian volume increased, there was an increase in ET. When ET was > 4 mm (n = 37), they were offered endocel, of which 16 agreed to undergo the procedure. None were found to have endometrial cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that parity, BMI, presence of myoma, tamoxifen usage, uterine volume, ovarian volume and serum estradiol influence the ET in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Udupi District, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hebbar
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Udupi District, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Udupi District, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Udupi District, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
keywords: Diabetes; Endometrial thickness; Hypertension; Ovarian and uterine volume; Postmenopause