title: A novel paper-based assay for the simultaneous determination of Rh typing and forward and reverse ABO blood groups.
abstract: We propose a new, paper-based analytical device (PAD) for blood typing that allows for the simultaneous determination of ABO and Rh blood groups on the same device. The device was successfully fabricated by using a combination of wax printing and wax dipping methods. A 1:2 blood dilution was used for forward grouping, whereas whole blood could be used for reverse grouping. A 30% cell suspension of A-cells or B-cells was used for haemagglutination on the reverse grouping side. The total assay time was 10 min. The ratio between the distance of red blood cell movement and plasma separation is the criterion for agglutination and indicates the presence of the corresponding antigen or antibody. The proposed PAD has excellent reproducibility in that the same blood groups, namely A, AB, and O, were reported by using different PADs that were fabricated on the same day (n=10). The accuracy for detecting blood group A (n=12), B (n=13), AB (n=9), O (n=14), and Rh (n=48) typing were 92%, 85%, 89%, 93%, and 96%, respectively, in comparison with the conventional slide test method. The haematocrit of the sample affects the accuracy of the results, and appropriate dilution is suggested before typing. In conclusion, this study proposes a novel method that is straightforward, time-saving, and inexpensive for the simultaneous determination of ABO and Rh blood groups, which is promising for use in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Julaluk
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noiphung
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kwanrutai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Talalak
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Irin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hongwarittorrn
authors.affiliation: Undergraduate Program in Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Naricha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pupinyo
authors.affiliation: Undergraduate Program in Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pannawich
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thirabowonkitphithan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Electronic address: Wanida.L@chula.ac.th.
authors.forename: Wanida
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Laiwattanapaisal
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; D006801:Humans; D010209:Paper; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System
keywords: ABO blood group; Forward and reverse typing; Haemagglutination; Paper-based analytical devices (PADs); Rh typing; Wax dipping