title: Spontaneous group synchronization of movements and respiratory rhythms.
abstract: We tested whether pre-assigned arm movements performed in a group setting spontaneously synchronized and whether synchronization extended to heart and respiratory rhythms. We monitored arm movements, respiration and electrocardiogram at rest and during spontaneous, music and metronome-associated arm-swinging. No directions were given on whether or how the arm swinging were to be synchronized between participants or with the external cues. Synchronization within 3 groups of 10 participants studied collectively was compared with pseudo-synchronization of 3 groups of 10 participants that underwent an identical protocol but in an individual setting. Motor synchronization was found to be higher in the collective groups than in the individuals for the metronome-associated condition. On a repetition of the protocol on the following day, motor synchronization in the collective groups extended to the spontaneous, un-cued condition. Breathing was also more synchronized in the collective groups than in the individuals, particularly at rest and in the music-associated condition. Group synchronization occurs without explicit instructions, and involves both movements and respiratory control rhythms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Neuroscience, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Erwan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Codrons
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicolò F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Neuroscience, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vandoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D012119:Respiration