title: The effect of ankle-foot orthosis plantarflexion stiffness on ankle and knee joint kinematics and kinetics during first and second rockers of gait in individuals with stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stiffness of an ankle-foot orthosis plays an important role in improving gait in patients with a history of stroke. To address this, the aim of this case series study was to determine the effect of increasing plantarflexion stiffness of an ankle-foot orthosis on the sagittal ankle and knee joint angle and moment during the first and second rockers of gait.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gait data were collected in 5 subjects with stroke at a self-selected walking speed under two plantarflexion stiffness conditions (0.4Nm/° and 1.3Nm/°) using a stiffness-adjustable experimental ankle-foot orthosis on a Bertec split-belt fully instrumented treadmill in a 3-dimensional motion analysis laboratory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By increasing the plantarflexion stiffness of the ankle-foot orthosis, peak plantarflexion angle of the ankle was reduced and peak dorsiflexion moment was generally increased in the first rocker as hypothesized. Two subjects demonstrated increases in both peak knee flexion angle and peak knee extension moment in the second rocker as hypothesized. The two subjects exhibited minimum contractility during active plantarflexion, while the other three subjects could actively plantarflex their ankle joint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was suggested that those with the decreased ability to actively plantarflex their ankle could not overcome excessive plantarflexion stiffness at initial contact of gait, and as a result exhibited compensation strategies at the knee joint. Providing excessively stiff ankle-foot orthoses might put added stress on the extensor muscles of the knee joint, potentially creating fatigue and future pathologies in some patients with stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Madeline L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.affiliation: Orthocare Innovations, Mountlake Terrace, WA, USA. Electronic address: tkobayashi@orthocareinnovations.com.
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Orthocare Innovations, Mountlake Terrace, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Lucas S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.affiliation: Orthocare Innovations, Mountlake Terrace, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Orendurff
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: K Bo
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Foreman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D001915:Braces; D005260:Female; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
keywords: AFO; Hemiplegia; Instrumented treadmill; Orthotics; Resistance; Walk