title: Prevalence of oral and oropharyngeal human papillomavirus in a sample of South African men: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is well known to be associated with head and neck cancers (HNCs). HPV-associated HNCs are related to sexual behaviour, particularly the lifetime number of oral sex partners, but the epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal HPV in South African men has not yet been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the oral and oropharyngeal HPV strain prevalence and associated factors in a selected male population in Pretoria, South Africa (SA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male factory workers were recruited. Oral rinse and gargle samples were tested for 37 HPV types using the Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Systems). A questionnaire was used to obtain information regarding age, medical conditions, substance and alcohol use and sexual behaviour. HIV testing was optional.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HPV prevalence was 5.6% among men (N=125) aged 17 - 64 years. High-risk HPV (hrHPV) types 16 and 68 were found in two men. Oral sex seemed to be an uncommon practice in the majority of respondents, but the two respondents with hrHPV did practise oral sex. There was a statistically significant association between HPV infection and an increased number of sexual partners (p=0.027), but not between HPV and substance use, HIV status or clinical mucosal pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of oral and oropharyngeal HPV was lower than reported in other countries. An association between oral HPV and having multiple sexual partners was found. A larger nationwide study would give a more representative view of the burden of oral and oropharyngeal HPV infection in SA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. christy.davidson@up.ac.za.
authors.forename: Christy Lana
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Karin Louise
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van der Linde
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coetsee
authors.forename: Sonja Catharina
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Boy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult