title: The detection of Candida species in patients with halitosis.
abstract: To examine the effects of Candida on halitosis, the carrier state of Candida was examined in patients who made a visit with a chief complaint of halitosis. Methods. Subjects were 123 patients (42 males and 81 females) who visited our clinic, with a chief complaint of halitosis. Their average age was 45.8 years. To examine halitosis, an organoleptic test was conducted, and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) were measured by gas chromatography. Tongue-coating samples collected at the initial visit were cultured in CHROMagar Candida medium. The results of a Candida culture test, an organoleptic test, and VSC measurements were examined. Results. The male-to-female ratio of the patients was about 1 : 2. Patients with severe halitosis accounted for less than 20%. In the Candida culture test, the positive rate was about 25.2%, and C. albicans was the most frequently detected. Two kinds of Candida species were detected in 75% (6/8) of the strongly Candida-positive group. The VSC measurements were correlated with the Candida culture test results. Methyl mercaptan concentration was higher in the strongly C. albicans-positive group or the subjects having two kinds of Candida species. Conclusion. We suggest that imbalance of oral microbial community exists in the strongly Candida-positive group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haraga
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oie
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Arisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suga
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Oral Diseases, Fukuoka Dental College, 3-2-1 Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitake
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tsue
authors.affiliation: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan.
authors.forename: Nao
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2569-2846
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirofuji