title: Gastroduodenal mucosal defense.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent developments in the field of gastroduodenal mucosal defense.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Research in the field of gastroduodenal mucosal defense has focused on continued elucidation of molecular mechanisms that protect the mucosa and influence healing at the cellular level. Review of literature over the past year reveals that familiar proteins and mediators, such as nitric oxide, toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (NOD2), β-defensins, macrophages, dendritic cells, mucins, autophagy, and the influence of aging and diet, are still subjects of study, but also brings into light new processes and mediators, such as dual oxidases, defense against radiation injuries, and novel proteins such as ZBP-89.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These new published findings contribute to our overall understanding of gastroduodenal defense and suggest innovative avenues of future research and possible novel therapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: aCedars-Sinai Medical Residency Program bGreater Los Angeles Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, WLAVA Medical Center cDepartments of Medicine and Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine dDepartment of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center eBrentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kemmerly
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kaunitz
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000276:immunology; D004386:Duodenum / Q000276:immunology*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology*; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5 / Q000378:metabolism; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009077:Mucins; C495346:TLR5 protein, human; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D023083:beta-Defensins; D009569:Nitric Oxide