title: Neuromodulation for mood and memory: from the engineering bench to the patient bedside.
abstract: Brain stimulation, in the form of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), has long been a gold standard treatment for depression, but today, the field of neuromodulation is rapidly changing with the advent of newer and more precise tools to alter neuroplasticity and to treat brain-based disorders. Now there are new means to induce focal seizures, as with magnetic seizure therapy (MST), or modifications to ECT. There are also surgical approaches to target brain circuits via implanted stimulators placed in the brain or on cranial nerves. Finally, there are noninvasive subconvulsive approaches for the transcranial application of either electric or magnetic fields. Collectively, these tools have transformed the face of neurotherapeutics and informed our understanding of the brain basis of complex neurobehavioral conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Stimulation and Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Zhi-De
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Stimulation and Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Shawn M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McClintock
authors.affiliation: Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Nicodemus E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Oey
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Stimulation and Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luber
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Stimulation and Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: sarah.lisanby@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lisanby
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents