title: 'Born before arrival': user and provider perspectives on health facility childbirths in Kapiri Mposhi district, Zambia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal mortality remains high in sub-Saharan Africa. Health facility intra-partum strategies with skilled birth attendance have been shown to be most effective to address maternal mortality. In Zambia, the health policy for pregnant women is to have facility childbirth, but less than half of the women utilize the facilities for delivery. 'Born before arrival' (BBA) describes childbirth that occurs outside health facility. With the aim to increase our understanding of trust in facility birth care we explored how users and providers perceived the low utilization of health facilities during childbirth.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative study was conducted in Kapiri Mposhi, Zambia. Focus group discussions with antenatal clinic and outpatient department attendees were conducted in 2008 as part of the Response to Accountable priority setting and Trust in health systems project, (REACT). In-depth interviews conducted with women who delivered at home, their husbands, community leaders, traditional birth attendants, and midwives were added in 2011. Information was collected on perceptions and experiences of home and health facility childbirth, and reasons for not utilizing a facility at delivery. Data were analysed by inductive content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perspectives of users and providers were grouped under themes that included experiences related to promotion of facility childbirth, responsiveness of health care providers, and giving birth at home. Trust and quality of care were important when individuals seek facility childbirth. Safety, privacy and confidentiality encouraged facility childbirth. Poor attitudes of health providers, long distances and lack of transport to facilities, costs to buy delivery kits, and cultural ideals that local herbs speed up labour and women should exhibit endurance at childbirth discouraged facility childbirth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trust and perceived quality of care were important and influenced health care seeking at childbirth. Interventions that include both the demand and supply sides of services with prioritizing needs of the community could substantially improve trust and utilization of facilities at childbirth, and accelerate efforts to achieve MDG5.
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Health, Department of Global Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Selia.Nganjo@student.uib.no.
authors.forename: Selia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ng'anjo Phiri
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fylkesnes
authors.forename: Ana Lorena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: Karen Marie
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Moland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003219:Confidentiality; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008880:Midwifery; D018907:Privacy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012449:Safety; D018454:Spouses; D035502:Trust; D055815:Young Adult; D015024:Zambia