title: Reliability and validity of measurements of facial swelling with a stereophotogrammetry optical three-dimensional scanner.
abstract: Volume changes in facial morphology can be assessed using the 3dMD DSP400 stereo-optical 3-dimensional scanner, which uses visible light and has a short scanning time. Its reliability and validity have not to our knowledge been investigated for the assessment of facial swelling. Our aim therefore was to assess them for measuring changes in facial contour, in vivo and in vitro. Twenty-four healthy volunteers with and without an artificial swelling of the cheek were scanned, twice in the morning and twice in the afternoon (in vivo measurements). A mannequin head was scanned 4 times with and without various externally applied artificial swellings (in vitro measurements). The changes in facial contour caused by the artificial swelling were measured as the change in volume of the cheek (with and without artificial swelling in place) using 3dMD Vultus software. In vivo and in vitro reliability expressed in intraclass correlations were 0.89 and 0.99, respectively. In vivo and in vitro repeatability coefficients were 5.9 and 1.3 ml, respectively. The scanner underestimated the volume by 1.2 ml (95% CI -0.9 to 3.4) in vivo and 0.2 ml (95% CI 0.02 to 0.4) in vitro. The 3dMD stereophotogrammetry scanner is a valid and reliable tool to measure volumetric changes in facial contour of more than 5.9 ml and for the assessment of facial swelling.
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: w.j.van.der.meer@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Wicher J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.affiliation: Professor, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Department of Rehabilitation, Center for Rehabilitation, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Professor, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vissink
authors.affiliation: Professor and chair, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Orthodontics, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yijin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002610:Cheek / Q000473:pathology*; D004487:Edema / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005145:Face / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D008875:Middle Aged; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011145:Polyvinyls; C068743:Provil; D012833:Siloxanes
keywords: 3D stereophotogrammetry; 3dMD DSP400® stereo-optical 3D scanner; measurement; reliability; swelling