title: Regional myocardial functional patterns: Quantitative tagged magnetic resonance imaging in an adult population free of cardiovascular risk factors: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the left ventricular (LV) regional deformation patterns and identify normal values of left ventricular strains from tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a population with low-risk-factor (LRF) exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tagged CMR on three LV short axis slices was performed in participants of the MESA study who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline. Images were analyzed by the harmonic phase imaging method to obtain: peak torsion, circumferential (Ecc) and radial (Err) strains, and systolic (SRs) and early-diastolic (SRe) strain rates. An LRF group was created from the overall population based on strict exclusion criteria (n = 129) based on risk factors and events observed over a 10-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The normative prediction intervals for the averaged peak Ecc (%) and torsion (deg/cm) measures were: in 45-59-year-old women: (-20.8, -13.2) and (2.1, 6.3); 60-84-year-old women: (-20.6, -12.8) and (2.2, 6.9); 45-59-year-old men: (-21.3, -13.5) and (1.9, 5.7); 60-84-year-old men: (-20.5, -12.5) and (1.5, 5.2). In general, African-Americans (Ecc = -15.9, torsion = 3.3) had lower strains as compared to Chinese (Ecc = -17.1, torsion = 3.9), while Caucasians and Hispanics were intermediate and not significantly different. Circumferential shortening increased spatially from the epicardium to the endocardium (-16.9 to -18.2 at the mid-ventricle) and from the base to the apex (-15.1 to -17.5 at the midwall).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides reference ranges and deformation patterns of deformation values from a large healthy population free of cardiovascular disease at baseline.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Bharath Ambale
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Sirisha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donekal
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kihei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Verônica R S
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Boaz D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Monda L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Shehata
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bluemke
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: João A C
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: left ventricular deformation; myocardial strain; reference values; tagged MRI; torsion