title: Demographic distribution and transmission potential of influenza A and 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 in pilgrims.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The World Health Organization's persistent reporting of global outbreaks of influenza A viruses, including the 2009 pandemic swine A H1N1 strain (H1N1pdm09), justified the targeted surveillance of pilgrims during their annual congregation that pools more than two million people from around 165 nations in a confined area of Makkah city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,600 pilgrims were included in the targeted surveillance of influenza A and the 2009 pandemic swine H1N1 strain in the Hajj (pilgrimage) season of 2010. Each pilgrim responded to a demographic and health questionnaire. Collected oropharyngeal swabs were analyzed by real-time PCR for influenza A viruses, and positive samples were further analyzed for the presence of H1N1pdm09. Fisher's exact test was applied in the analysis of the significance of the distribution of influenza-positive pilgrims according to demographic characters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 120 pilgrims (7.5%) tested positive for influenza A viruses by real-time PCR. Nine out of the 120 influenza-A-positive pilgrims (7.5%) were positive for H1N1pdm09. Demographics played a significant role in those pilgrims who tested positive for influenza A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detection of H1N1pdm09 in pilgrims at their port of entry to the KSA was alarming, due to the high potential of trans-boundary transmission. This situation necessitates the implementation of specific prevention and control programs to limit infection by influenza A viruses.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. aashshi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashshi
authors.forename: Esam
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azhar
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johargy
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.forename: Aiman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Momenah
authors.forename: Abdulhafeez
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turkestani
authors.forename: Saad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alghamdi
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Memish
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Ghamdi
authors.forename: Maha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alawi
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Kafrawy
authors.forename: Mohomed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farouk
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harakeh
authors.forename: Taha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumosani
authors.forename: Hatim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makhdoum
authors.forename: Elie K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Barbour
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003441:Crowding; D003710:Demography; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000821:virology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult