title: A Meta-Analysis of the Relations Between Three Types of Peer Norms and Adolescent Sexual Behavior.
abstract: The aim of the present meta-analysis was to investigate the associations between three types of peer norms-descriptive norms (peer sexual behaviors), injunctive norms (peer sexual attitudes), and peer pressure to have sex-and two adolescent sexual behavior outcomes (sexual activity and sexual risk behavior). Adolescent sexual activity was more strongly associated with descriptive norms (ESrfixed=.40) than with injunctive norms (ESrfixed=.22) or peer pressure (ESrfixed=.10). Compared with the sexual activity outcome, the effect size for descriptive norms (peer sexual risk behavior) for sexual risk behavior was smaller (ESrfixed=.11). Age, gender, peer type, and socio-cultural context significantly moderated these associations. Additional analyses of longitudinal studies suggested that selection effects were stronger than socialization effects. These findings offer empirical support for the conceptual distinction between three types of peer norms and hold important implications for theory, research, and intervention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, The Netherlands D.vandeBongardt@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van de Bongardt
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reitz
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, New York, NY, USA New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sandfort
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deković
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012737:Sex Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000523:psychology
keywords: adolescence; meta-analysis; peers; sexual activity and risk behavior; social norms