title: Advances in nanomedicine towards clinical application in oncology and immunology.
abstract: Recent advances in nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology have contributed to the development of nanomaterials, able to be used as drug carriers, probes, targets or cytostatic drugs by itself. Nanomedicine is now the leading area in nanotechnology where a large number and types of nanoparticles (NPs) has been developed and several are already in the clinical practice. Chemotherapy is one of the most widely used strategies to treat cancer. Most chemotherapeutic agents have poor solubility, low bioavailability, and are formulated with toxic solvents. NPs have been designed to overcome the lack of specificity of chemotherapeutic agents as well to improve circulation time in blood, taking advantages on tumor cells characteristics. In immunology, recent advances regarding the activation of the innate immune system artificially enhanced by NPs functionalized with immune-stimulators open a new window as novel methods in vaccines. Also, viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) engineered to stimulate immune response against their similar virus or as molecular platforms for the presentation of foreign epitopes have been described. In this review we focused in the use of different types of NPs in oncology and immunology, pinpointing the main novelties regarding their development and use of nanotechnology in a broad array of applications, ranging from tumor diagnostics, immune-modulation up to cancer therapeutics.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herreros
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cortés
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cabaña
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Peñaloza
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geraldo
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.affiliation: Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Independencia, Santiago, Chile. ramiresfernandez@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernández-Ramires
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008081:Liposomes; D050997:Nanomedicine; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D050091:Dendrimers; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008081:Liposomes; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D006108:Graphite