title: Current information and Asian perspectives on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: systematic review and practice recommendations from an early nutrition academy workshop.
abstract: The Early Nutrition Academy supported a systematic review of human studies on the roles of pre- and postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) published from 2008 to 2013 and an expert workshop that reviewed the information and developed recommendations, considering particularly Asian populations. An increased supply of n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women should achieve an additional supply ≥200 mg docosahexaenic acid (DHA)/day, usually achieving a total intake ≥300 mg DHA/day. Higher intakes (600-800 mg DHA/day) may provide greater protection against early preterm birth. Some studies indicate beneficial effects of pre- and postnatal DHA supply on child neurodevelopment and allergy risk. Breast-feeding is the best choice for infants. Breast-feeding women should get ≥200 mg DHA/day to achieve a human milk DHA content of ∼0.3% fatty acids. Infant formula for term infants should contain DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) to provide 100 mg DHA/day and 140 mg AA/day. A supply of 100 mg DHA/day should continue during the second half of infancy. We do not provide quantitative advice on AA levels in follow-on formula fed after the introduction of complimentary feeding due to a lack of sufficient data and considerable variation in the AA amounts provided by complimentary foods. Reasonable intakes for very-low-birth weight infants are 18-60 mg/kg/day DHA and 18-45 mg/kg/day AA, while higher intakes (55-60 mg/kg/day DHA, ∼1% fatty acids; 35-45 mg/kg/day AA, ∼0.6-0.75%) appear preferable. Research on the requirements and effects of LC-PUFA during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood should continue. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
authors.affiliation: Early Nutrition Academy, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.forename: Christopher C M
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Boey
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campoy
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Namsoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Maria Antonia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Guillermo-Tuazon
authors.forename: Sadhana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prell
authors.forename: Seng Hock
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Quak
authors.forename: Damayanti Rusli
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sjarif
authors.forename: Yixiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Sarayut
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Supapannachart
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashiro
authors.forename: Saskia J M
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Osendarp
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology; D001208:Asia; D001942:Breast Feeding; D032921:Consensus; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid