title: Cardiovascular risk profile of high school students: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disease prevention should begin in childhood and lifestyles are important risk determinants of cardiovascular disease. Awareness and monitoring of risk is essential in preventive strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize cardiovascular risk and the relationships between certain variables in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, 854 adolescent schoolchildren were surveyed, mean age 16.3 ± 0.9 years. Data collection included questionnaires, physical examination, charts for 10-year relative risk of mortality, and biochemical assays. In the statistical analysis continuous variables were studied by the Student's t test and categorical variables by the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, and each risk factor was entered as a dependent variable in logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physical activity was insufficient in 81% of students. The daily consumption of soup, salad or vegetables, and fruit was, respectively, 37%, 39% and 21%. A minority (6%) took ≤ 3 and 77% took ≥ 5 meals a day. The prevalence of each risk factor was as follows: overweight 16%; smoking 13%; hypertension 11%; impaired glucose metabolism 9%; hypertriglyceridemia 9%; and hypercholesterolemia 5%. Out-of-school physical activity, hypertension and overweight were more prevalent in males (p<0.001). Females had higher levels of cholesterol (p<0.005) and triglycerides (p<0.001). A quarter of the adolescents had a relative risk score for 10-year cardiovascular mortality of ≥ 2. Overweight showed a positive association with blood pressure, changes in glucose metabolism and triglycerides, and a negative association with number of daily meals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate the need for action in providing and encouraging healthy choices for adolescents, with an emphasis on behavioral and lifestyle changes aimed at individuals, families and communities.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: teresa.rocha1778@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Evangelista
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigação Cardiovascular, UID, Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Prevenção de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Catarina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigação Cardiovascular, UID, Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Prevenção de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Margarida
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigação Cardiovascular, UID, Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Prevenção de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vânia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Francisco
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigação Cardiovascular, UID, Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Prevenção de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sónia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, EPE, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mendes Gaspar
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital S. Bernardo, Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal, EPE, Setúbal, Portugal.
authors.forename: Quitéria
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Rato
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigação Cardiovascular, UID, Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Prevenção de Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Mafalda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourbon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Adolescentes; Adolescents; Atividade física; Cardiovascular; Obesidade; Obesity; Physical activity; Risco; Risk; Smoking; Tabagismo