title: Sensitivity and specificity of multiple Kato-Katz thick smears and a circulating cathodic antigen test for Schistosoma mansoni diagnosis pre- and post-repeated-praziquantel treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two Kato-Katz thick smears (Kato-Katzs) from a single stool are currently recommended for diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni infections to map areas for intervention. This 'gold standard' has low sensitivity at low infection intensities. The urine point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test (POC-CCA) is potentially more sensitive but how accurately they detect S. mansoni after repeated praziquantel treatments, their suitability for measuring drug efficacy and their correlation with egg counts remain to be fully understood. We compared the accuracies of one to six Kato-Katzs and one POC-CCA for the diagnosis of S. mansoni in primary-school children who have received zero to ten praziquantel treatments. We determined the impact each diagnostic approach may have on monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and drug-efficacy findings.
  In a high S. mansoni endemic area of Uganda, three days of consecutive stool samples were collected from primary school-aged children (six - 12 years) at five time-points in year one: baseline, one-week-post-, four-weeks-post-, six-months-post-, and six-months-one-week-post-praziquantel and three time-points in years two and three: pre-, one-week-post- and four-weeks-post-praziquantel-treatment/retreatment (n = 1065). Two Kato-Katzs were performed on each stool. In parallel, one urine sample was collected and a single POC-CCA evaluated per child at each time-point in year one (n = 367). At baseline, diagnosis by two Kato-Katzs (sensitivity = 98.6%) or one POC-CCA (sensitivity = 91.7%, specificity = 75.0%) accurately predicted S. mansoni infections. However, one year later, a minimum of three Kato-Katzs, and two years later, five Kato-Katzs were required for accurate diagnosis (sensitivity >90%) and drug-efficacy evaluation. The POC-CCA was as sensitive as six Kato-Katzs four-weeks-post and six-months-post-treatment, if trace readings were classified as positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Six Kato-Katzs (two/stool from three stools) and/or one POC-CCA are required for M&E or drug-efficacy studies. Although unable to measure egg reduction rates, one POC-CCA appears to be more sensitive than six Kato-Katzs at four-weeks-post-praziquantel (drug efficacy) and six-months-post-praziquantel (M&E).
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Poppy H L
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lamberton
authors.affiliation: Schistosomiasis Control Initiative at Vector Control Division - Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Narcis B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Kabatereine
authors.affiliation: Schistosomiasis Control Initiative at Vector Control Division - Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Oguttu
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joanne P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D000947:Antigens, Helminth; D011223:Praziquantel