title: Significance of perivesical lymph nodes in radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The location of positive lymph nodes (LNs) is important for bladder cancer staging. Little is known regarding the impact of perivesical (PV) lymph node (PVLN) involvement on survival. This study characterized PVLN identified after radical cystectomy (RC) and analyzed their impact on recurrence and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed our institutional review board-approved database including all patients who underwent RC with pelvic lymphadenectomy for curative intent for urothelial carcinoma. Clinical and pathologic data were obtained. Patients were analyzed in groups according to the location of positive LNs: PV+/other LN (ON)+, PV+/ON-, and PV-/ON+. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Multivariable Cox regression (including pathologic T category, number of positive LNs, highest level of positive LNs, chemotherapy, and margin status) was performed to evaluate associations between PVLN status and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 2,017 patients met inclusion criteria and 465 (23%) were LN+. PVLNs were identified in 936 patients (47%), positive in 197 patients (10%), and represented isolated LN+disease in 101 patients (5%). On univariate analysis, RFS and OS were significantly worse in the PV+/ON+group compared with the PV+/ON- and PV-/ON+ groups. There were no significant differences in RFS or OS between the PV+/ON- and PV-/ON+ groups. On multivariable analysis, PV+/ON+disease was independently associated with worse RFS and OS when compared with PV-/ON+ disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PVLNs were identified in a significant number of patients after RC. Positive PVLN, when in combination with other positive LNs, portends worse survival even when correcting for the number of positive nodes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Satkunasivam
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuckman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sherrod
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Gus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address: Daneshma@med.usc.edu.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daneshmand
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Bladder cancer; Lymph node; Perivesical; Radical cystectomy; Urothelial carcinoma