title: Foreign bodies associated with peri-implantitis human biopsies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory condition that can lead to implant loss. The aim of this descriptive retrospective study is to describe the histopathologic findings in soft tissue biopsies of implants with peri-implantitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six human peri-implantitis biopsies were analyzed using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of foreign materials found in the tissues was assessed using an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the LM level, the inflammatory lesion of peri-implantitis was in most cases a mixture of subacute and chronic inflammation dominated by plasma cells. At the SEM level, radiopaque foreign bodies were identified in 34 of the 36 biopsies. The predominant foreign bodies found were titanium and dental cement. These foreign materials were surrounded by inflammatory cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, the exact mechanism for introduction of these materials and their role in peri-implantitis is unknown. Further research is warranted to determine their etiology and potential role in pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Private practice, Periodontics, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valderrama
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burbano
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blansett
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Danieli C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000473:pathology*; D015743:Giant Cells, Foreign-Body / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000473:pathology*; D010508:Periodontal Abscess / Q000473:pathology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000473:pathology; D010519:Periodontium / Q000473:pathology*; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012825:Silicon / Q000032:analysis; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D015040:Zirconium; D000535:Aluminum; D014025:Titanium; D012825:Silicon
keywords: Dental cements; dental implants; microscopy, electron, scanning; pathology, oral; peri-implantitis; titanium