title: Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruits by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.
abstract: Eleven major phenolic compounds (hyperoside, isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid, ideain, epicatechin, two procyanidin (PA) dimers, three PA trimers and a PA dimer-hexoside) were quantified in the fruits of 22 cultivars/origins of three species of the Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) by HPLC-ESI-MS-SIR. Hyperoside (0.1-0.8mg/g dry mass [DM]), isoquercitrin (0.1-0.3mg/g DM), chlorogenic acid (0.2-1.6mg/g DM), epicatechin (0.9-11.7mg/g DM), PA B2 (0.7-12.4mg/g DM), PA dimer II (0.1-1.5mg/g DM), PA trimer I (0.1-2.7mg/g DM), PA trimer II (0.7-6.9mg/g DM), PA trimer III (0.01-1.2mg/g DM) and a PA dimer-hexoside (trace-1.1mg/g DM) were detected in all the samples. Ideain (0.0-0.7mg/g DM) was found in all the samples except Crataegus scabrifolia. Significant correlations between the contents of individual PA aglycons were observed (r>0.9, P<0.01). A strong correlation between flavonols was also shown (r=0.71, P<0.01). Fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major had higher contents of PAs but lower contents of flavonols compared with Crataegus brettschneideri. The fruits of C. scabrifolia contained the highest level of PA dimer-hexoside, which was present in trace amounts in the fruits of C. pinnatifida.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Pengzhan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kallio
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, 110161 Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Deguo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, 110161 Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Chuansheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland. Electronic address: baoru.yang@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Baoru
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Crataegus spp.; Flavonoids; Hawthorn; Phenolics; Procyanidin