title: Healing improvement after rotator cuff repair using gelatin-grafted poly(L-lactide) electrospun fibrous membranes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are a common cause of shoulder pain and disability in middle and older age. Despite improvements in the understanding of this disease process and advances in surgical treatment, rotator cuff (RC) repair failure rates remain high. Insufficient healing capacity is likely the main factor for failure of reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We fabricated implantable biodegradable gelatin-grafted poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) fibrous membranes using electrospinning technology and evaluated them using in vitro cell proliferation assays. Then, we established chronic rat RCT models and randomly assigned rats into one of three groups. In group 1 (n = 48), the detached supraspinatus tendon was repaired to its anatomic footprint (transosseous repair). In groups 2 and 3, the rats underwent transosseous repair and were implanted with either pure PLLA membranes (n = 48) or gelatin-PLLA membranes (n = 48) to augment the repairs. The animals were killed at 2, 4, and 8 wk postoperatively, which was followed by histomorphometric and biomechanical evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic observations revealed that gelatin-PLLA membranes have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. At 2, 4, and 8 wk postoperatively, the gelatin-PLLA membranes significantly increased the area of glycosaminoglycan staining at the tendon-bone interface compared with the control group (P < 0.05) and significantly improved collagen organization, as measured by birefringence under polarized light at the healing enthesis compared with the control and PLLA groups (P < 0.05). Biomechanical testing revealed that the gelatin-PLLA group had a greater ultimate load to failure and stiffness than the control group at 4 and 8 wk (P < 0.05). The gelatin-PLLA membranes had the highest stress of the healing enthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local application of gelatin-PLLA fibrous membranes to the healing tendon-bone interface after RC repair in a rat chronic RCT model was found to strengthen the healing enthesis, increase the area of fibrocartilage, and improve collagen organization compared with repair alone. Augmentation with gelatin-grafted PLLA may enhance healing after RC repair and might eventually lead to improvement of clinical surgical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University of China, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guoqing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Arthroscopic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Arthroscopic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China. Electronic address: zhaojinzhongdoctor@163.com.
authors.forename: Jinzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. Electronic address: wgcui80@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Wenguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D005780:Gelatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011091:Polyesters; C033616:poly(lactide); D005780:Gelatin
keywords: Electrospinning; Gelatin; PLLA; Rat model; Rotator cuff repair