title: A single-field integrated boost treatment planning technique for spot scanning proton therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans are normally generated utilizing multiple field optimization (MFO) techniques. Similar to photon based IMRT, MFO allows for the utilization of a simultaneous integrated boost in which multiple target volumes are treated to discrete doses simultaneously, potentially improving plan quality and streamlining quality assurance and treatment delivery. However, MFO may render plans more sensitive to the physical uncertainties inherent to particle therapy. Here we present clinical examples of a single-field integrated boost (SFIB) technique for spot scanning proton therapy based on single field optimization (SFO) treatment-planning techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed plans of each type for illustrative patients with central nervous system (brain and spine), prostate and head and neck malignancies. SFIB and IMPT plans were constructed to deliver multiple prescription dose levels to multiple targets using SFO or MFO, respectively. Dose and fractionation schemes were based on the current clinical practice using X-ray IMRT in our clinic. For inverse planning, dose constraints were employed to achieve the desired target coverage and normal tissue sparing. Conformality and inhomogeneity indices were calculated to quantify plan quality. We also compared the worst-case robustness of the SFIB, sequential boost SFUD, and IMPT plans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SFIB technique produced more conformal dose distributions than plans generated by sequential boost using a SFUD technique (conformality index for prescription isodose levels; 0.585 ± 0.30 vs. 0.435 ± 0.24, SFIB vs. SFUD respectively, Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test, p < 0.01). There was no difference in the conformality index between SFIB and IMPT plans (0.638 ± 0.27 vs. 0.633 ± 0.26, SFIB vs. IMPT, respectively). Heterogeneity between techniques was not significantly different. With respect to clinical metrics, SFIB plans proved more robust than the corresponding IMPT plans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SFIB technique for scanning beam proton therapy (SSPT) is now routinely employed in our clinic. The SFIB technique is a natural application of SFO and offers several advantages over SFUD, including more conformal plans, seamless treatment delivery and more efficient planning and QA. SFIB may be more robust than IMPT and has been the treatment planning technique of choice for some patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1150, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, USA. xrzhu@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Xiaorong Ronald
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poenisch
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sahoo
authors.forename: Richard Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiaoqiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Seungtaek
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gillin
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Grosshans
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy; D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D018267:Carcinoma, Acinar Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002648:Child; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005910:Glioma / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010307:Parotid Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D061766:Proton Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy