title: Effects of Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) treatment on leptin resistance and inflammatory parameters in obese rats primed by early weaning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effects of yerba mate treatment over 30 days on body weight, food intake, hypothalamic leptin action and inflammatory profile in adult rats that were weaned early.
  
  
  METHODS
  To induce early weaning, the teats of lactating rats were blocked with a bandage to interrupt milk access for the last 3 days of lactation (EW group). Control offspring had free access to milk throughout lactation. On postnatal day (PN) 150, EW offspring were subdivided into: EW and M groups were treated with water and mate aqueous solution (1g/kg BW/day, gavage), respectively, for 30 days. Control offspring received water by gavage. On PN180, offspring were killed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EW group presented hyperphagia; higher adiposity; higher NPY and TNF-α expression in the ARC nucleus; higher TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the adipose tissue; and lower IL-10 levels in the adipose tissue. These characteristics were normal in M group. As expected, the leptin injection in control offspring caused lower food intake. However, EW group exhibited no change in food intake after the leptin injection, indicating leptin resistance. In contrast, M group had a normal response to the leptin injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thirty days of mate treatment prevented the development of hyperphagia, overweight, visceral obesity and central leptin resistance. This beneficial effect on the satiety of M offspring most likely occurred after the improvement of inflammatory markers in the hypothalamus and adipocytes, which suggests that Ilex paraguariensis plays an important role in the management of obesity by acting on the inflammatory profile.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália da Silva
authors.initials: Nda S
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Santos
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lígia de Albuquerque
authors.initials: Lde A
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Egberto Gaspar
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Moura
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil. Electronic address: pclisboa@uerj.br.
authors.forename: Patricia Cristina
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lisboa
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D030019:Ilex paraguariensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007267:Injections; D020738:Leptin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Ilex paraguariensis; Inflammation; Leptin; Obesity; Programming