title: Promoting smoking cessation among parents: effects on smoking-related cognitions and smoking initiation in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parental smoking is associated with an increased risk of smoking among youth. Epidemiological research has shown that parental smoking cessation can attenuate this risk. This study examined whether telephone counselling for parents and subsequent parental smoking cessation affect smoking-related cognitions and smoking initiation among children of smoking parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of a two-arm randomized controlled trial were used in which 512 smoking parents were recruited into cessation support through their children's primary schools. After the baseline assessment, smoking parents were randomly assigned to tailored telephone counselling or a standard self-help brochure. Parental cessation was measured as 6-month prolonged abstinence at the 12-month follow-up. Children's smoking-related cognitions and smoking initiation were examined at 3-month, 12-month, and 30-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistical evidence was found that children of parents who received telephone counselling tailored to smoking parents or children of parents who achieved prolonged abstinence differ in smoking-related cognitions (i.e., smoking outcome expectancies, perceived safety of smoking, self-efficacy to refrain from smoking, susceptibility to smoking) or smoking initiation rate on any follow-up assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to examine the effects of an evidence-based smoking cessation treatment for parents and treatment-induced parental smoking cessation on cognitive and behavioural outcomes among children. Although descriptive statistics showed lower smoking initiation rates among children of parents who achieved prolonged abstinence, there was no statistical evidence that telephone counselling tailored to parents or treatment-induced parental smoking cessation affects precursors of smoking or smoking initiation among youth.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: k.schuck@bsi.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schuck
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinjan
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; University of Washington, Department of Psychology, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bricker
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, Netherlands National Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, PO Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010174:Pamphlets; D010290:Parents; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013689:Telephone; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Children; Parental smoking cessation; Parents; Randomized controlled trial; Smoking initiation; Smoking-related cognitions