title: Stability of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) essential oil in microcapsules made of whey protein isolate, guar gum, and carrageenan.
abstract: The effects of microencapsulating cardamom essential oil (CEO) in whey protein isolate (WPI) alone and combined with guar gum (GG) and carrageen (CG) on microencapsulation efficiency, oil chemical stability, and microcapsule structure were investigated. Freeze-dried microcapsules were prepared from emulsions containing (w/w): 15% and 30% WPI; 0.1% GG, and 0.2% CG as wall materials with CEO (at 10% of polymer concentration) as core material, and physical properties and chemical stability were compared. Bulk density of microcapsules was highest in WPI without GG or CG and in 30% WPI + GG microcapsules, and was more affected by moisture content (r = -0.6) than by mean particle diameter (d43 ; r = -0.2) and span (r = 0.1). Microcapsules containing only WPI had the highest entrapped oil (7.5%) and microencapsulation efficiency (98.5%). The concentrations of 1,8-cineole and d-limonene were used as indicators for microcapsule chemical stability since they were the main components of CEO. Microcapsules retained higher (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of both components than non-microencapsulated CEO during 16 wk storage at 20 ºC, but higher loss of both components was noted at 35 ºC. Microencapsulated d-limonene was reduced faster than 1,8-cineole regardless of temperature. The 30% WPI and 30% WPI + GG microcapsules retained CEO best throughout storage at both storage temperatures. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that WPI microcapsules had smooth surfaces, were relatively homogenous and regular in shape, whereas GG and CG addition increased visual surface porosity and reduced shape regularity. It was concluded that the best formulation for encapsulating CEO was 30% WPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Encapsulating cardamom essential oil in whey protein isolate alone or combined with guar gum produced dried powders that effectively retained and chemically stabilized CEO, and therefore enhanced its handling and storability.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The Univ. of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ghadeer F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Mehyar
authors.forename: Khalid M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Al-Ismail
authors.forename: Khalid M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Al-Isamil
authors.forename: Hana'a M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Ghizzawi
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Holley
mesh_terms: D002351:Carrageenan / Q000737:chemistry*; D028523:Elettaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D061353:Food Storage; D005685:Galactans / Q000737:chemistry*; D008351:Mannans / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D053149:Plant Gums / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005685:Galactans; D008351:Mannans; D008894:Milk Proteins; D053149:Plant Gums; D010938:Plant Oils; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D002351:Carrageenan; C007894:guar gum
keywords: Cardamom; essential oil; microencapsulation; whey protein isolate