title: Multimodal imaging including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and confocal near-infrared reflectance for characterization of lacquer cracks in highly myopic eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare multimodal imaging in detecting lacquer cracks in highly myopic eyes, and to correlate these findings with those of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational case series study. Patients with a refractive error worse than -8 diopters and lacquer cracks were recruited. The rates of detection of the lacquer cracks using multimodal imaging including near-infrared reflectance (NIR) imaging, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, and fluorescence angiography (FA) were compared. The characteristic findings of multimodal imaging were correlated with those of SD-OCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NIR imaging was more sensitive (92.9%) in detecting lacquer cracks than either FAF (12.5%) or FA (67.9%). Lacquer cracks showed hyperreflectance on NIR, and they were consistently associated with a continuous retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane complex, thinner choroid, and acoustic shadows on SD-OCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NIR imaging is superior to blue laser light (FAF and FA) imaging in detecting lacquer cracks. SD-OCT in combination with NIR located primary pathological lacquer cracks in the intact retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane complex as well as thinner choroid. These findings indicate that multimodal cSLO and SD-OCT imaging allow for detecting of lacquer cracks in highly myopic eyes.
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J Cl
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: L-K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: K-J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y-P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W-C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: L-H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: 1] Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: N-K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D058452:Axial Length, Eye / Q000473:pathology; D016570:Bruch Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D047728:Myopia, Degenerative / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green