title: Ethyl carbamate in cachaça (Brazilian sugarcane spirit): Extended survey confirms simple mitigation approaches in pot still distillation.
abstract: In 2009, we reported an association between low levels of ethyl carbamate (EC) in pot still cachaças from Paraíba State, Brazil, and distillation in copper pot stills equipped with cooled columns. To strengthen these observations, we extended our study to Pernambuco State and assessed 13 pot still and 20 column still cachaça brands. An EC range from <40 to 532μg/l was found; 18 brands exceeded the Brazilian limit (150μg/l), 89% of which were column still types. Mean EC concentration of pot still cachaças was very low (64μg/l), and was well below the Paraíba study (220μg/l). An on-site investigation of pot still distilleries associated with <40μg/l brands showed a connection to differences in the distillation apparatus. Maximising distillation reflux ratios in the ascending parts and minimising exposure to copper in the descending parts (through the use of stainless steel) can reduce EC, and also avoid copper contamination.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, CEP 52.171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil. Electronic address: ian@dtr.ufrpe.br.
authors.forename: Ian C C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Nóbrega
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, CEP 52.171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: José A P
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, CEP 52.171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: José E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.affiliation: Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lachenmeier
keywords: Alcoholic beverages; Alembic; Cachaça; Column still; Copper; Saccharum spp.; Stainless steel; Sugarcane; Urethane