title: Seasonal abundance of Anopheles mosquitoes and their association with meteorological factors and malaria incidence in Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between climatic factors and mosquito abundance is very important to determine parasite activity levels and, therefore, disease risk. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the seasonal abundance of anophelines and their association with meteorological variables and disease transmission in two malaria endemic areas of Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monthly sampling was done from both indoors and outdoors in 12 selected houses using light traps (LTs) and pyrethrum spray (PS) during January, 2011 to January, 2012 in two malaria endemic areas of Bangladesh. Outdoor rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity data of the study areas were collected from the meteorological department of Bangladesh. Mosquitoes were killed with chloroform and identified morphologically under stereoscopic microscopes using taxonomic keys. Samples were tested for CSP of P. falciparum, P. vivax 210 and P. vivax 247 using ELISA. Pearson correlation and canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) were computed to investigate the associations with species abundance and rainfall, temperature, humidity and malaria cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,443 female anophelines, representing 22 species were captured. Every female Anopheles were tested for P. falciparum, P. vivax 210 and P. vivax 247 CSP, of which 10 species were found positive. The CSP positive species were An. annularis, An. baimaii, An. barbirostris, An. jeyporiensis, An. karwari, An. minimus s.l., An. philippinensis, An. umbrosus, An. vagus and An. wilmori. Anopheles vagus and An. philippinensis were the dominant species present almost throughout the year with highest peaks in March and smallest peaks in September but An. baimaii and An. willmori were found during monsoon (July -September) only. Lag rainfall and relative humidity were the most significant variables influencing An. baimaii, An. willmori, An. vagus, and An. subpictus density in Kumari area. Abundance of these four species positively related to malaria cases. The effects of temperature were not found as a significant variable on the abundance of anophelines mosquitoes in Bangladesh.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that the nature of relationship between malaria vector and climatic variables were multifaceted. Detailed studies of vector bionomics, continuous monitoring and malaria transmission dynamics is essential for predicting disease outbreaks and vector control in the region.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh. bkabirul@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kabirul
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bashar
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tuno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification* / Q000469:parasitology; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D015994:Incidence; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification* / Q000469:parasitology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D008685:Meteorological Concepts; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012621:Seasons