title: Cyclothymic temperament rather than polarity is associated with hopelessness and suicidality in hospitalized patients with mood disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to assess sociodemographic and clinical differences between inpatients with major mood disorders (bipolar disorder - BD - and major depression - MDD) and the cyclothymic phenotype (CYC), and pure BDs or MDDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 281 adult inpatients (134 men and 147 women) consecutively admitted to the Department of Psychiatry of the Sant׳Andrea University Hospital in Rome, Italy, between January 2008 and June 2010. The patients completed the Hamilton Scale for Depression (HAMD17), the Young Mania Rating Scale, the TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire), and the Beck Hopelessness Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  38.7% of the MDD patients and 48.3% of the BD patients satisfied criteria to be included in the cyclothymic groups. Above 92% of the patients with the cyclothymic phenotype reported suicidal ideation at the item #3 of the HAMD17. Furthermore, patients with the cyclothymic phenotype reported higher hopelessness than other patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are potentially limited by the small number of MDD-CYC patients included in the sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the clinical usefulness of the concept of soft bipolar spectrum. Patients with the cyclothymic phenotype differ from pure MDD patients and BD patients for temperamental profile and clinical variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innamorati
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kútvölgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rihmer
authors.affiliation: San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA; International Mood Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hagop
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kútvölgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Suicide Prevention and Research, National Institute for Psychiatry and Addictology, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Hungary; MTA-SE Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungary.
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erbuto
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Martino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belvederi Murri
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perugi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amore
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: maurizio.pompili@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D065026:Hope; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Cyclothymic temperament; Hopelessness; Mood disorders; Suicidality; Unipolar depression