title: A systems approach identifies co-signaling molecules of early growth response 1 transcription factor in immobilization stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adaptation to stress is critical for survival. The adrenal medulla, the major source of epinephrine, plays an important role in the development of the hyperadenergic state and increased risk for stress associated disorders, such as hypertension and myocardial infarction. The transcription factor Egr1 plays a central role in acute and repeated stress, however the complexity of the response suggests that other transcription factor pathways might be playing equally important roles during acute and repeated stress. Therefore, we sought to discover such factors by applying a systems approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using microarrays and network analysis we show here for the first time that the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) gene is activated in acute stress whereas the prolactin releasing hormone (Prlh11) and chromogranin B (Chgb) genes are induced in repeated immobilization stress and that along with Egr1 may be critical mediators of the stress response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest possible involvement of Stat3 and Prlh1/Chgb up-regulation in the transition from short to repeated stress activation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Hellas (Greece). papanikn@med.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Nikolaos A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Papanikolaou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA. ueentill@savba.sk.
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tillinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA. xl2195@columbia.edu.|Current Address: Clyde and Helen Wu Center of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA. xl2195@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Hellas (Greece). papavas@med.uoa.grnt.
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Papavassiliou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA. ESTHER_SABBAN@nymc.edu.
authors.forename: Esther L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Sabban
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053378:Chromogranin B / Q000378:metabolism; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007103:Immobilization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D056690:Prolactin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D053378:Chromogranin B; C497325:EGR1 protein, human; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C486110:Egr1 protein, rat; C534379:Prlh protein, rat; D056690:Prolactin-Releasing Hormone; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494088:Stat3 protein, rat; C506140:chromogranin B, rat