title: Early pregnancy maternal urinary metabolomic profile and later insulin resistance and fetal adiposity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to determine if early pregnancy urinary metabolomic profiles could predict fetal adiposity and macrosomia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study of 50 healthy women in their second pregnancy. Fasting urine samples taken during early pregnancy were analyzed using NMR spectroscopy. Maternal glucose and insulin were measured in early pregnancy and at 28 weeks and the HOMA index for insulin resistance calculated. At 34 weeks ultrasound assessed fetal anthropometry including fetal anterior abdominal wall width (AAW). At delivery birth weight was recorded. Probabilistic principal component with covariates analysis (PPCCA), a novel extension of principal component analysis, which facilitates joint modeling of metabolomic data and additional covariate information, was employed to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This analysis revealed that maternal HOMA and AAW significantly covaried with the (1)H NMR derived metabolomic profile of the urine. As such, in this cohort of healthy, non-diabetic women, early pregnancy urinary metabolomic profile differed significantly according to both maternal insulin resistance and fetal fat deposition in utero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings hold potential for early pregnancy identification of those at risk of fetal macrosomia.
authors.affiliation: a UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Ireland and.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Fionnuala M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: McAuliffe
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D006029:Glycosuria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000652:urine*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000652:urine*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: Fetal adiposity; fetal growth; insulin resistance; urinary metabolomics