title: Parents' and Adolescents' Perspectives on Parenting: Evaluating Conceptual Structure, Measurement Invariance, and Criterion Validity.
abstract: Uncertainty persists regarding adequate measurement of parenting behavior during early adolescence. The present study aimed to clarify the conceptual structure of parenting by evaluating three different models that include support, psychological control, and various types of behavioral control (i.e., proactive, punitive, and harsh punitive control). Furthermore, we examined measurement invariance of parenting ratings by 1,111 Flemish adolescents from Grade 7 till 9, their mother, and father. Finally, criterion validity of parenting ratings was estimated in relation to adolescent problem behavior. Results supported a five-factor parenting model indicating multiple aspects of behavioral control, with punitive and harsh punitive control as more intrusive forms and proactive control as a more supportive form. Similar constructs were measured for adolescents, mothers, and fathers (i.e., configural and metric invariance), however on a different scale (i.e., scalar noninvariance). Future research and clinical practices should acknowledge these findings in order to fully grasp the parenting process.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium annelies.janssens@ppw.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Den Noortgate
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Colpin
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verschueren
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: early adolescence; measurement invariance; multiple perspectives; parenting; problem behavior; questionnaire