title: Changes in the alternative electron sinks and antioxidant defence in chloroplasts of the extreme halophyte Eutrema parvulum (Thellungiella parvula) under salinity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eutrema parvulum (synonym, Thellungiella parvula) is an extreme halophyte that thrives in high salt concentrations (100-150 mm) and is closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana. The main aim of this study was to determine how E. parvulum uses reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, antioxidant systems and redox regulation of the electron transport system in chloroplasts to tolerate salinity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plants of E. parvulum were grown for 30 d and then treated with either 50, 200 or 300 mm NaCl. Physiological parameters including growth and water relationships were measured. Activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined in whole leaves and chloroplasts. In addition, expressions of chloroplastic redox components such as ferrodoxin thioredoxin reductases (FTR), NADPH thioredoxin reductases (NTRC), thioredoxins (TRXs) and peroxiredoxins (PRXs), as well as genes encoding enzymes of the water-water cycle and proline biosynthesis were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salt treatment affected water relationships negatively and the accumulation of proline was increased by salinity. E. parvulum was able to tolerate 300 mm NaCl over long periods, as evidenced by H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation. While Ca(2+) and K(+) concentrations were decreased by salinity, Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations increased. Efficient induction of activities and expressions of water-water cycle enzymes might prevent accumulation of excess ROS in chloroplasts and therefore protect the photosynthetic machinery in E. parvulum. The redox homeostasis in chloroplasts might be achieved by efficient induction of expressions of redox regulatory enzymes such as FTR, NTRC, TRXs and PRXs under salinity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E. parvulum was able to adapt to osmotic stress by an efficient osmotic adjustment mechanism involving proline and was able to regulate its ion homeostasis. In addition, efficient induction of water-water cycle enzymes and other redox regulatory components such as TRXs and PRXs in chloroplasts were able to protect the chloroplasts from salinity-induced oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, 42250, Turkey.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uzilday
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, 42250, Turkey.
authors.forename: Rengin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ozgur
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, 42250, Turkey.
authors.forename: A Hediye
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Sekmen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, 42250, Turkey.
authors.forename: Evren
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yildiztugay
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, 42250, Turkey ismail.turkan@ege.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turkan
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism; D004579:Electron Transport; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D054712:Salinity; D055051:Salt-Tolerant Plants / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010940:Plant Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Alternative electron sink; Eutrema parvulum; Thellungiella parvula; antioxidant enzymes; chloroplastic redox; halophyte; oxidative stress; peroxiredoxin; plastid terminal oxidase; proline; salinity; thioredoxin; water–water cycle