title: Non-laboratory-based self-assessment screening score for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: development, validation and comparison with other scores.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent and rapidly increasing disease worldwide; however, no widely accepted screening models to assess the risk of NAFLD are available. Therefore, we aimed to develop and validate a self-assessment score for NAFLD in the general population using two independent cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The development cohort comprised 15676 subjects (8313 males and 7363 females) who visited the National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital in Korea in 2008-2010. Anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory data were examined during regular health check-ups and fatty liver diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine predictors of prevalent NAFLD and to derive risk scores/models. We validated our models and compared them with other existing methods using an external cohort (N = 66868).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simple self-assessment score consists of age, sex, waist circumference, body mass index, history of diabetes and dyslipidemia, alcohol intake, physical activity and menopause status, which are independently associated with NAFLD, and has a value of 0-15. A cut-off point of ≥ 8 defined 58% of males and 36% of females as being at high-risk of NAFLD, and yielded a sensitivity of 80% in men (77% in women), a specificity of 67% (81%), a positive predictive value of 72% (63%), a negative predictive value of 76% (89%) and an AUC of 0.82 (0.88). Comparable results were obtained using the validation dataset. The comprehensive NAFLD score, which includes additional laboratory parameters, has enhanced discrimination ability, with an AUC of 0.86 for males and 0.91 for females. Both simple and comprehensive NAFLD scores were significantly increased in subjects with higher fatty liver grades or severity of liver conditions (e.g., simple steatosis, steatohepatitis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new non-laboratory-based self-assessment score may be useful for identifying individuals at high-risk of NAFLD. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the utility and feasibility of the scores in various settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Heejung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Cheol
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Wan
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Seok
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Bong Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic renal disease over the lifecourse, Villejuif, France; University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balkau
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Jung
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D056910:Republic of Korea; D055105:Waist Circumference