title: Novel image markers for non-small cell lung cancer classification and survival prediction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common type of lung cancer, is one of serious diseases causing death for both men and women. Computer-aided diagnosis and survival prediction of NSCLC, is of great importance in providing assistance to diagnosis and personalize therapy planning for lung cancer patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper we have proposed an integrated framework for NSCLC computer-aided diagnosis and survival analysis using novel image markers. The entire biomedical imaging informatics framework consists of cell detection, segmentation, classification, discovery of image markers, and survival analysis. A robust seed detection-guided cell segmentation algorithm is proposed to accurately segment each individual cell in digital images. Based on cell segmentation results, a set of extensive cellular morphological features are extracted using efficient feature descriptors. Next, eight different classification techniques that can handle high-dimensional data have been evaluated and then compared for computer-aided diagnosis. The results show that the random forest and adaboost offer the best classification performance for NSCLC. Finally, a Cox proportional hazards model is fitted by component-wise likelihood based boosting. Significant image markers have been discovered using the bootstrap analysis and the survival prediction performance of the model is also evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed model have been applied to a lung cancer dataset that contains 122 cases with complete clinical information. The classification performance exhibits high correlations between the discovered image markers and the subtypes of NSCLC. The survival analysis demonstrates strong prediction power of the statistical model built from the discovered image markers.
authors.forename: Hongyuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fuyong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stromberg
authors.affiliation: J, Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, 32611 Gainesville, FL, USA. linyang711@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung; D000465:Algorithms; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016019:Survival Analysis