title: Role of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation in patients with recurrent bile duct stones after endoscopic sphincterotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is an established treatment for patients with choledocholithiasis or common bile duct stones (CBDS), but further management of patients after ES with recurrent CBDS remains controversial. Endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD) has been used safely and effectively for stone removal in patients after ES with recurrent CBDS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of EPLBD in patients after complete ES with recurrent CBDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 891 patients with CBDS after complete ES from January 1991 to December 2008 were reviewed. Of 133 patients with recurrent CBDS, 122 had complete endoscopic bile duct clearance. Twenty-three patients (Group 1) underwent EPLBD and 99 (Group 2) underwent stone extraction without dilatation. Basic demographics and endoscopic findings at the first recurrence were recorded and analyzed. The primary end point was the second CBDS recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistical differences were observed between the two groups, except for larger CBDS size in Group 1. The bile duct clearance rate was 96% in Group 1 and 91% in Group 2. No complications such as pancreatitis, perforation, and bleeding were noted in Group 1, and one patient in Group 2 suffered from bleeding after stone extraction. The rate of second recurrent CBDS after endoscopic clearance for the first recurrent CBDS was 17% in Group 1 and 60% in Group 2 (p < 0.001). There were two independent factors for the second recurrence, including cirrhosis (odds ratio 4.734, p = 0.023) and stone extraction directly without major papilla expansion (odds ratio 6.050, p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EPLBD is a safe and effective endoscopic treatment for recurrent CBDS in patients after ES. It can also facilitate complete clearance of CBDS and prevent further CBDS recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Tzung-Jiun
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: khlai@vghks.gov.tw.
authors.forename: Kwok-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chiun-Ku
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hoi-Hung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: E-Ming
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Wei-Lun
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Jin-Shiung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hsien-Chung
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ping-I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000628:therapy*; D004106:Dilatation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic
keywords: endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; endoscopic sphincterotomy; recurrent common bile duct stone