title: Diagnosis of torture after 32 years: assessment of three alleged torture victims during the 1980 military coup in Turkey.
abstract: Torture is a crime against humanity and it is frequently encountered in countries that have a history of military intervention such as Turkey. Torture still exists despite absolute prohibition by human rights and humanitarian law. More than 1 million people were tortured in Turkey since 1980 coup d'état. Documentation of medical evidence is a prominent step for prevention of torture. Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Istanbul Protocol) provides international standards for medical documentation of torture. A holistic approach to trauma stories together with physical and psychological findings has been the main frame of the Protocol. The aim of this study is to discuss physicians' responsibility for prevention of torture, and to emphasize the importance of holistic approach to the assessment of particularly chronic patients. A team of two forensic medicine experts and a psychiatrist examined three male patients, who allegedly had been tortured severely during the 1980 military coup. The team arranged necessary referrals and diagnostic examinations. After conducting a comprehensive medical examination, some physical and psychological findings of trauma were observed and documented even after 32 years. The medico-legal evaluation and documentation of these cases many years after torture under the guidance of Istanbul Protocol were presented and significance of psychological assessment was especially emphasized. Furthermore, possible evidence of torture after a long period and physicians' responsibility for prevention of torture is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Human Rights Foundation of Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: uunuvar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Umit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Unuvar
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Halis
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ulas
authors.affiliation: Human Rights Foundation of Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sebnem Korur
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Fincanci
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder; D006484:Hemorrhoids / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000473:pathology; D017496:Hypopigmentation / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009264:Nails, Malformed / Q000473:pathology; D010409:Penile Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D010808:Physical Examination; D012611:Scrotum / Q000473:pathology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; D014034:Toes; D014104:Torture / Q000523:psychology; D014421:Turkey
keywords: Chronic patients; Documentation; Istanbul Protocol; Physicians’ responsibility; Psychological assessment; Torture