title: Environmental risk factors associated with the persistence of conduct difficulties in children with intellectual disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders.
abstract: We investigated the association between exposure to environmental risks in early childhood and the prevalence and persistence of conduct difficulties (CD) in children with intellectual disability (ID) who did not have autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children. Results indicated that: (1) exposure to risk was associated with elevated prevalence of CD at age three and, for TD children and children with ID, increased risk of CD persisting to ages five and seven; (2) at all levels of risk, children with ASD were more likely to show persistent CD than other children; (3) children with ID were no more likely to show persistent CD than TD children at low levels of exposure to environmental risk.
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney, Australia; Lancaster University, UK. Electronic address: eric.emerson@lancaster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.affiliation: University of California at Riverside, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blacher
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Einfeld
authors.affiliation: Lancaster University, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hatton
authors.affiliation: Lancaster University, UK.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stancliffe
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class
keywords: Autism; Conduct difficulties; Environmental factors; Intellectual disability; Problem behavior; Socio-economic position