title: In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide on human RPMI 8226 cells.
abstract: This study had investigated the possible toxicity of graphene oxide and its mechanisms on multiple myeloma cells (RPMI 8226 cells) using flow cytometry and a multifunctional microplate reader. RPMI 8226 cells were cultured with various concentrations of graphene oxide, then cell viability, malondialdehyde, glutathione and apoptosis were measured. We found that graphene oxide dose-dependently reduced the viability of human multiple myeloma RPMI 8226 cells. We also found that the intracellular levels of malondialdehyde increased, whereas the levels of glutathione decreased dose-dependently. There was no obvious change in the cell apoptosis rate compared with the control group. In summary, graphene oxide is dose-dependently cytotoxic to cultured RPMI 8226 cells, and its toxicity is closely associated with increased oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
authors.forename: Yuzhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
authors.forename: Shaoling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Medical College of Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China.
authors.forename: Xindong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sui
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006108:Graphite / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Graphene oxide; RPMI 8226 cells; cytotoxicity; oxidative stress