title: Evaluation of use of e-Learning in undergraduate radiology education: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review is to investigate the evaluative outcomes present in the literature according to Kirkpatrick's learning model and to examine the nature and characteristics of the e-Learning interventions in radiology education at undergraduate level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Eric) are searched for publications related to the application of e-Learning in undergraduate radiology education. The search strategy is a combination of e-Learning and Mesh and non Mesh radiology and undergraduate related terms. These search strategies are established in relation to experts of respective domains. The full text of thirty pertinent articles is reviewed. Author's country and study location data is extracted to identify the most active regions and year's are extracted to know the existing trend. Data regarding radiology subfields and undergraduate year of radiology education is extracted along with e-Learning technologies to identify the most prevalent or suitable technologies or tools with respect to radiology contents. Kirkpatricks learning evaluation model is used to categorize the evaluative outcomes reported in the identified studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this analysis reveal emergence of highly interactive games, audience response systems and designing of wide range of customized tools according to learner needs assessment in radiology education at undergraduate level. All these initiatives are leading toward highly interactive self directed learning environments to support the idea of life-long independent learners. Moreover, majority of the studies in literature regarding e-Learning in radiology at undergraduate level are based on participant satisfaction followed by participant results or outcomes either before or after an intervention or both. There was no research particularly demonstrating performance change in clinical practice or patient outcome as they may be difficult to measure in medical education. Thus clinical competences and performances are highly affected by pretentious learning environments.
authors.affiliation: Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: saad.zafar@riphah.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Saad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.affiliation: Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: saima.safdar@riphah.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Safdar
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Senior Registrar Shifa College of Medicine and Assistant Consultant Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: aasmarad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aasma N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Zafar
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D017145:Models, Educational; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education*; D019112:Teleradiology
keywords: Education; Medical education; Radiology; Undergraduate; e-Learning