title: Differential gene expression pattern in hypothalamus of chickens during fasting-induced metabolic reprogramming: functions of glucose and lipid metabolism in the feed intake of chickens.
abstract: Fasting-induced hypothalamic metabolic reprogramming is involved in regulating energy homeostasis and appetite in mammals, but this phenomenon remains unclear in poultry. In this study, the expression patterns of a panel of genes related to neuropeptides, glucose, and lipid metabolism enzymes in the hypothalamus of chickens during fasting and refeeding were characterized by microarray analysis and quantitative PCR. Results showed that 48 h of fasting upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expressions of orexigenic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein but downregulated (P < 0.05) that of anorexigenic neuropeptide pro-opiomelanocortin; growth hormone-releasing hormone; islet amyloid polypeptide; thyroid-stimulating hormone, β; and glycoprotein hormones, α polypeptide. After 48 h of fasting, the mRNA expression of fatty acid β-oxidation [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, and forkhead box O1], energy sensor protein [sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and forkhead box O1], and glycolysis inhibitor (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4) were enhanced, but that of fatty acid synthesis and transport associated genes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, fatty acid synthase, apolipoprotein A-I, endothelial lipase, and fatty acid binding protein 7) were suppressed. Liver and muscle also demonstrated similar expression patterns of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism with hypothalamus, except for that of acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, and apolipoprotein A-I. The results of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection experiments confirmed that α-lipoic acid (ALA, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4 inhibitor, 0.10 μmol) and NADH (SIRT1 inhibitor, 0.80 μmol) significantly suppressed the appetite of chickens, whereas 2-deoxy-d-glucose (glycolytic inhibitor, 0.12 to 1.20 μmol) and NAD(+) (SIRT1 activator, 0.08 to 0.80 μmol) increased feed intake in chickens. The orexigenic effect of NAD(+) was also blocked by cotreatment with NADH. However, ICV injection of either GW7647 (PPARα agonist) or GW6471 (PPARα antagonist) showed no effects on feed intake. Results suggested that hypothalamic glycolysis (inhibited by ALA and promoted by 2-deoxy-d-glucose) and SIRT1 (inhibited by NADH and promoted by NAD(+)), not PPARα, were probably involved in feed intake regulation in chickens.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Vocational College of Science and Trade, Guangzhou 510430, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Ling
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Tong
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Qi
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Jie
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Long
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Jian
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Li-Na
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Song-Bo
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China qyjiang@scau.edu.cn shugang@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qing-Yan
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China qyjiang@scau.edu.cn shugang@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005215:Fasting; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular / Q000662:veterinary; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose
keywords: chicken; feed intake; gene expression; hypothalamus; metabolic reprogramming