title: Traditional landmark versus ultrasound guided tracheal puncture during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in adult intensive care patients: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term ventilated intensive care patients frequently require tracheostomy. Although overall risks are low, serious immediate and late complications still arise. Real-time ultrasound guidance has been proposed to decrease complications and improve the accuracy of the tracheal puncture. We aimed to compare the procedural safety and efficacy of real-time ultrasound guidance with the traditional landmark approach during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 patients undergoing PDT for clinical indications were randomly assigned, after obtaining informed consent, to have the tracheal puncture procedure carried out using either traditional anatomical landmarks or real-time ultrasound guidance. Puncture position was recorded via bronchoscopy. Blinded assessors determined in a standardised fashion the deviation of the puncture off midline and whether appropriate longitudinal position between the first and fourth tracheal rings was achieved. Procedural safety and efficacy data, including complications and number of puncture attempts required, were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 47 data sets were evaluable. Real-time ultrasound guidance resulted in significantly more accurate tracheal puncture. Mean deviation from midline was 15 ± 3° versus 35 ± 5° (P = 0.001). The proportion of appropriate punctures, defined a priori as 0 ± 30° from midline, was significantly higher: 20 (87%) of 23 versus 12 (50%) of 24 (RR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.67; P = 0.006). First-pass success rate was 20 (87%) of 23 in the ultrasound group and 14 (58%) of 24 in the landmark group (RR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.17; P = 0.028). The observed decrease in procedural complications was not statistically significant: 5 (22%) of 23 in the ultrasound group versus 9 (37%) of 24 in the landmark group (RR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.23 to 1.47; P = 0.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound guidance significantly improved the rate of first-pass puncture and puncture accuracy. Fewer procedural complications were observed; however, this did not reach statistical significance. These results support wider general use of real-time ultrasound guidance as an additional tool to improve PDT.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ID: ACTRN12611000237987 (registered 4 March 2011).
authors.forename: Máté
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rudas
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seppelt
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herkes
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hislop
authors.forename: Dorrilyn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rajbhandari
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weisbrodt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011677:Punctures / Q000379:methods*; D014132:Trachea / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional