title: Pharmacokinetic interactions between topiramate and pioglitazone and metformin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate potential drug-drug interactions between topiramate and metformin and pioglitazone at steady state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two open-label studies were performed in healthy adult men and women. In Study 1, eligible participants were given metformin alone for 3 days (500 mg twice daily [BID]) followed by concomitant metformin and topiramate (titrated to 100mg BID) from days 4 to 10. In Study 2, eligible participants were randomly assigned to treatment with pioglitazone 30 mg once daily (QD) alone for 8 days followed by concomitant pioglitazone and topiramate (titrated to 96 mg BID) from days 9 to 22 (Group 1) or to topiramate (titrated to 96 mg BID) alone for 11 days followed by concomitant pioglitazone 30 mg QD and topiramate 96 mg BID from days 12 to 22 (Group 2). An analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences in pharmacokinetics with and without concomitant treatment; 90% confidence intervals (CI) for the ratio of the geometric least squares mean (LSM) estimates for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under concentration-time curve for dosing interval (AUC12 or AUC24), and oral clearance (CL/F) with and without concomitant treatment were used to assess a drug interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison to historical data suggested a modest increase in topiramate oral clearance when given concomitantly with metformin. Coadministration with topiramate reduced metformin oral clearance at steady state, resulting in a modest increase in systemic metformin exposure. Geometric LSM ratios and 90% CI for metformin CL/F and AUC12 were 80% (75%, 85%) and 125% (117%, 134%), respectively. Pioglitazone had no effect on topiramate pharmacokinetics at steady state. Concomitant topiramate resulted in decreased systemic exposure to pioglitazone and its active metabolites, with geometric LSM ratios and 90% CI for AUC24 of 85.0% (75.7%, 95.6%) for pioglitazone, 40.5% (36.8%, 44.6%) for M-III, and 83.8% (76.1%, 91.2%) for M-IV, respectively. This effect appeared more pronounced in women than in men. Coadministration of topiramate with metformin or pioglitazone was generally well tolerated by healthy participants in these studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A modest increase in metformin exposure and decrease in topiramate exposure was observed at steady state following coadministration of metformin 500 mg BID and topiramate 100mg BID. The clinical significance of the observed interaction is unclear but is not likely to require a dose adjustment of either agent. Pioglitazone 30 mg QD did not affect the pharmacokinetics of topiramate at steady state, while coadministration of topiramate 96 mg BID with pioglitazone decreased steady-state systemic exposure to pioglitazone, M-III, and M-IV. While the clinical consequence of this interaction is unknown, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring for adequate glycemic control of patients receiving this concomitant therapy. Concomitant administration of topiramate with metformin or pioglitazone was generally well tolerated and no new safety concerns were observed.
authors.affiliation: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA. Electronic address: PManitpi@its.jnj.com.
authors.forename: Prasarn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manitpisitkul
authors.affiliation: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Curtin
authors.affiliation: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shalayda
authors.affiliation: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Shean-Sheng
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heald
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013997:Time Factors; D000077236:Topiramate; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose; D008687:Metformin; D000077205:Pioglitazone
keywords: Drug–drug interactions; Metformin; Pharmacokinetics; Pioglitazone; Topiramate