title: Living Arrangement and Loneliness Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Older Adults.
abstract: Loneliness is a key health risk for older adults. Utilizing the loneliness model, we examine the relationship between living arrangement and loneliness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) older adults, taking into consideration potential correlates including social resources and personal constraints.
  
  
  
  We use data from a national survey of LGB adults aged 50 and older (N = 2,444). Types of living arrangement include living with a partner or spouse, living alone, and living with someone other than a partner or spouse.
  
  
  
  Compared with LGB older adults living with a partner or spouse, both those living alone and living with others reported higher degrees of loneliness, even after controlling for other correlates. The results of a multivariate regression analysis reveal that social support, social network size, and internalized stigma partially account for the relationship between living arrangement and loneliness.
  
  
  
  Living arrangement was found to be an independent correlate of loneliness among LGB older adults. Targeted interventions are needed to reduce loneliness for those living alone and those living with someone other than a partner or spouse in part by enhancing social resources and reducing risks of internalized stigma. Eliminating discriminatory policies against same-sex partnerships and partnered living arrangements is recommended.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington. hyunjkim@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Hyun-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, School of Social Work, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Karen I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Fredriksen-Goldsen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D018452:Homosexuality, Female / Q000523:psychology*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012649:Self Concept; D057545:Social Stigma; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Identity Disclosure; Internalized Stigma; Psychological Well-being; Social Network; Social Support