title: Dynamic attachment of Chlorovirus PBCV-1 to Chlorella variabilis.
abstract: Chloroviruses infect their hosts by specifically binding to and degrading the cell wall of their algal hosts at the site of attachment, using an intrinsic digesting enzyme(s). Chlorovirus PBCV-1 stored as a lysate survived longer than virus alone, suggesting virus attachment to cellular debris may be reversible. Ghost cells (algal cells extracted with methanol) were used as a model to study reversibility of PBCV-1 attachment because ghost cells are as susceptible to attachment and wall digestion as are live cells. Reversibility of attachment to ghost cells was examined by releasing attached virions with a cell wall degrading enzyme extract. The majority of the released virions retained infectivity even after re-incubating the released virions with ghost cells two times. Thus the chloroviruses appear to have a dynamic attachment strategy that may be beneficial in indigenous environments where cell wall debris can act as a refuge until appropriate host cells are available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, United States; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, United States.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Agarkova
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Plant Membrane Biophysics, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hertel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, United States.
authors.forename: Xinzheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, United States.
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: Genetics Core, University of Arizona, 246B Biological Science West, 1041 East Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85721-0499, United States.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tchourbanov
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, United States; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, United States.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dunigan
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Plant Membrane Biophysics, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 240 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, United States.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Rossmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, United States; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, United States. Electronic address: jvanetten1@unl.edu.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Van Etten
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002457:Cell Extracts; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D002708:Chlorella / Q000821:virology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008954:Models, Biological; D009088:Mucoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017862:Phycodnaviridae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014771:Virion / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053585:Virus Attachment
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D009088:Mucoproteins; C010393:lysin, gastropoda; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Cell wall degrading enzyme activity; Cell wall digestion; Chlorella; Chloroviruses; PBCV-1; Phycodnaviridae; Reversibility of virus attachment; Virus attachment; Virus infection; Virus survival