title: Screening for markers of frailty and perceived risk of adverse outcomes using the Risk Instrument for Screening in the Community (RISC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional decline and frailty are common in community dwelling older adults, increasing the risk of adverse outcomes. Given this, we investigated the prevalence of frailty-associated risk factors and their distribution according to the severity of perceived risk in a cohort of community dwelling older adults, using the Risk Instrument for Screening in the Community (RISC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 803 community dwelling older adults were scored for frailty by their public health nurse (PHN) using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and for risk of three adverse outcomes: i) institutionalisation, ii) hospitalisation and iii) death, within the next year, from one (lowest) to five (highest) using the RISC. Prior to scoring, PHNs stated whether they regarded patients as frail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of patients was 80 years (interquartile range 10), of whom 64% were female and 47.4% were living alone. The median Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS) was 10 (0) and Barthel Index was 18/20 (6). PHNs regarded 42% of patients as frail, while the CFS categorized 54% (scoring ≥5) as frail. Dividing patients into low-risk (score one or two), medium-risk (score three) and high-risk (score four or five) using the RISC showed that 4.3% were considered high risk of institutionalization, 14.5% for hospitalization, and 2.7% for death, within one year of the assessment. There were significant differences in median CFS (4/9 versus 6/9 versus 6/9, p < 0.001), Barthel Index (18/20 versus 11/20 versus 14/20, p < 0.001) and mean AMTS scores (9.51 versus 7.57 versus 7.00, p < 0.001) between those considered low, medium and high risk of institutionalisation respectively. Differences were also statistically significant for hospitalisation and death. Age, gender and living alone were inconsistently associated with perceived risk. Frailty most closely correlated with functional impairment, r = -0.80, p < 0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of patients in this community sample were perceived to be low risk for adverse outcomes. Frailty, cognitive impairment and functional status were markers of perceived risk. Age, gender and social isolation were not and may not be useful indicators when triaging community dwellers. The RISC now requires validation against adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Gerontology and Rehabilitation, University College Cork, St Finbarrs Hospital, Douglas Rd, Cork City, Ireland. rocaoimh@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rónán
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Caoimh
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svendrovski
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
authors.forename: Una
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Herlihy
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cornally
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Molloy
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D010465:Perception; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome