title: The effectiveness of gentamicin in the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high level of resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed against penicillins, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and quinolones, and recent surveillance data have shown a gradual reduction in sensitivity to current first-line agents with an upward drift in the minimum inhibitory concentration of ceftriaxone. Laboratory sensitivity testing suggests that gentamicin, an aminoglycoside, may be an effective treatment option for gonorrhoea infection when used as a single intramuscular dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of electronic reference databases and grey literature was used to identify randomised trials and well-conducted prospective studies with concurrent controls evaluating single-dose gentamicin against placebo or a comparator regimen in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea infection in men and women aged 16 years and over. The primary outcome was microbiological cure of N. gonorrhoeae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight hundred and thirty-nine studies were identified, of which five (1,063 total participants) were included. All five studies administered single-dose gentamicin via intramuscular injection to men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis. Three studies were randomised trials, one was quasi-randomised and one was non-randomised but included a comparator arm. Comparator antibiotics included an alternative aminoglycoside or antibiotic used in the syndromic management of male urethritis. Methodology was poorly described in all five included studies. The high risk of bias within studies and clinical heterogeneity between studies meant that it was inappropriate to pool data for meta-analysis. Cure rates of 62% to 98% were reported with gentamicin treatment. The relative risk of cure was comparable between gentamicin and comparator antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies identified provide insufficient data to support or refute the efficacy and safety of single-dose intramuscular gentamicin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea infection. Additional randomised trials to evaluate gentamicin for this indication are therefore required.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PROSPERO CRD42012002490.
authors.affiliation: Whittall Street Clinic, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B6 4DH, UK. emma.hathorn@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hathorn
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dhasmana
authors.forename: Lelia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duley
authors.forename: Jonathan D C
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins