title: Depression and executive dysfunction contribute to a metamemory deficit among individuals with methamphetamine use disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic methamphetamine (MA) use is associated with moderate deficits in learning and memory, but the extend to which MA users are aware of such memory deficits (i.e., metamemory) is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the current study, 195 participants with lifetime MA use diagnoses (MA +) and 195 non-MA-using comparison subjects (MA -) underwent comprehensive neuropsychiatry research assessments, including performance-based and self-report measures of episodic memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MA use disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), and their interaction were uniquely associated with metamemory functioning, such that MDD increased the likelihood of a metamemory deficit among MA + participants. Within the MA group, individuals who over-estimated their memory abilities demonstrated greater executive dysfunction and lower cognitive reserve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic MA use is associated with reduced awareness of objective deficits in memory acquisition and recall, which is particularly exacerbated by the presence of major depression. Efforts to enhance metamemory accuracy and deployment of compensatory mnemonic strategies may benefit substance abuse treatment outcomes.
authors.affiliation: SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Casaletto
authors.affiliation: SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Obermeit
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011939:Mental Recall; D008694:Methamphetamine; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: Drug/substance abuse; Memory; Neuropsychology