title: Self-reported testing, HIV status and associated risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Europe: important differences between East and West.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe HIV-related risk behaviours, HIV testing and HIV status among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in the 2000 in European countries with high-prevalence HIV epidemics among PWID.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 12 cross-sectional studies among PWID from seven countries were used. Meta-analysis was used to synthesize the data and meta-regression to explain heterogeneity [in addition to deriving adjusted odds ratios (AORmeta)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on 1791 PWID from western (the West) and 3537 from central and eastern (the East) European countries were available. The mean age of participating PWIDs was 30.6 years (SD 7.9), 75% were men, and 36% [95% confidence interval 34-37%) were HIV-infected (30% West, 38% East); 22% had not previously been tested for HIV. The prevalence of reported high-risk behaviour was significantly higher among PWID from the East. Comparison of HIV-infected and uninfected PWID within countries yielded similar results across all countries: HIV-infected PWID were less likely to be sexually active [AORmeta 0.69 (0.58-0.81)], reported less unprotected sex [AORmeta 0.59 (0.40-0.83)], but reported more syringe sharing [AORmeta 1.70 (1.30-2.00)] and more frequent injecting [AORmeta 1.40 (1.20-1.70)] than their HIV-uninfected counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the absolute differences in reported risk behaviours among PWID in western and eastern Europe, the associations of risk behaviours with HIV status were similar across the sites and regions. There is a substantial potential for further HIV transmission and acquisition based on the continuous risk behaviours reported. HIV prevention and harm reduction interventions targeting PWID should be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia bThe Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center New York, USA cCentre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Institut català d'Oncologia (ICO), Agència Salut Pública de Catalunya (ASPC), Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain dInstitute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal eRiga Stradins University, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga, Latvia fPublic Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands gNGO Stellit, Saint-Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation hNational Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland iEuropean Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uusküla
authors.forename: Mait
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raag
authors.forename: Cinta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Folch
authors.forename: Leoni
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Anda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karnite
authors.forename: Maaike G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: van Veen
authors.forename: Ksenia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eritsyan
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosinska
authors.forename: Don C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Des Jarlais
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wiessing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005061:Europe, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*