title: The relation between diabetes self-efficacy and psychological distress among older adults: do racial and ethnic differences exist?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between diabetes self-efficacy and psychological distress among older adults with diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults aged 60 or older with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (N = 3,067) were drawn from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for covariates, African Americans and those with higher levels of diabetes self-efficacy tended to have lower levels of psychological distress. Significant interactions were found in the Hispanic/Latino and Asian groups: The effect of diabetes self-efficacy on psychological distress was greater for Hispanics/Latinos and Asians than non-Hispanic Whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that diabetes self-efficacy is associated with psychological distress among older diabetic patients and that race/ethnicity moderates the relationship between diabetes self-efficacy and psychological distress. Increasing diabetes self-efficacy will help racial/ethnic minority older patients with diabetes to improve psychological well-being at a greater level.
authors.affiliation: The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA Giyeon.Kim@ua.edu.
authors.forename: Giyeon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA.
authors.forename: Katy L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Tamara A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002140:California; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: diabetes; health disparities; psychological distress; race/ethnicity; self-efficacy