title: Darkness during early postnatal development is required for normal circadian patterns in the adult rat.
abstract: Early light experience influences the brain during development. Perinatal light exposure has an important effect on the development of the circadian system, although the role of quantity versus quality of light in this process is still unclear. We tested the development of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity under constant bright light from the day of weaning, of six groups of rats raised under different light conditions during suckling. Results indicated that when rats received daily darkness during suckling (rats reared under constant darkness or light-dark cycles with dim or bright light) became arrhythmic when exposed to continuous bright light after weaning. However, those rats reared in the absence of darkness (constant dim or bright light, or alternating dim and bright light) developed a circadian rhythm, which was stronger and had a shorter period depending on the quantity of light received during suckling. Vasointestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was higher in those rats with weaker rhythms. However, no apparent differences among these groups were found in the melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells, which provide the SCN with light input in the photoentrainment process. When bright light was shifted to dim light in three of the groups on day 57 after weaning, all of them generated a circadian rhythm with a longer period in those rats previously arrhythmic. Our results indicate the importance of the amount of light received at the early stages of life in the development of the circadian system and suggest that darkness is needed for the normal development of circadian behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Fisiologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain .
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cambras
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Canal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cernuda-Cernuda
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: García-Fernández
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Díez-Noguera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003624:Darkness; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017440:Photoperiod; D051381:Rats; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000378:metabolism; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D000099210:Melanopsin
chemical_list: D017299:Rod Opsins; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D000099210:Melanopsin
keywords: Circadian system; VIP; constant light; melanopsin; motor activity; ontogeny