title: Saponarin from barley sprouts inhibits NF-κB and MAPK on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: Saponarin (SA), a natural flavonoid, is known for its antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. SA is the predominant compound (1142.7 ± 0.9 mg per 100 g) in barley sprouts, constituting 72% of the total polyphenol content. We investigated, for the first time, the effects of SA from barley sprouts on cellular anti-inflammatory responses. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, SA suppressed the activation of NF-κB, as evidenced by the inhibition of NF-κB DNA binding, nuclear translocation, IκBα phosphorylation, and reporter gene expression, and it downregulated the expression of the pro-inflammatory mediator IL-6. Furthermore, SA reduced the transcription of NF-κB target molecules COX2 and FLIP inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK and p38. These results suggest that SA isolated from barley sprouts exerts anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages via inhibition of NF-κB, ERK and p38 signaling. Thus, SA may be a promising natural anti-inflammatory agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang 627-803, Republic of Korea. swd2002@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung Hye
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Mi Jin
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ji-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ra
authors.forename: Sang-Ik
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Min-Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Jin Hyo
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Woo Duck
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Seo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D047310:Apigenin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005960:Glucosides; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; C457771:saponarin; D047310:Apigenin; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases