title: Loss of avian phylogenetic diversity in neotropical agricultural systems.
abstract: Habitat conversion is the primary driver of biodiversity loss, yet little is known about how it is restructuring the tree of life by favoring some lineages over others. We combined a complete avian phylogeny with 12 years of Costa Rican bird surveys (118,127 detections across 487 species) sampled in three land uses: forest reserves, diversified agricultural systems, and intensive monocultures. Diversified agricultural systems supported 600 million more years of evolutionary history than intensive monocultures but 300 million fewer years than forests. Compared with species with many extant relatives, evolutionarily distinct species were extirpated at higher rates in both diversified and intensive agricultural systems. Forests are therefore essential for maintaining diversity across the tree of life, but diversified agricultural systems may help buffer against extreme loss of phylogenetic diversity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. frishkol@stanford.edu dkarp@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Luke O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Frishkoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Nature Conservancy, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA. frishkol@stanford.edu dkarp@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Leithen K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: M'Gonigle
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Chase D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mendenhall
authors.affiliation: Unión de Ornitólogos de Costa Rica, Apartado 182-4200, Naranjo de Alajuela, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zook
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kremen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hadly
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Resilience Center, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gretchen C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Daily
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000639:trends*; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D001717:Birds / Q000145:classification*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003364:Costa Rica; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D014197:Trees