title: Three-dimensional changes in nose and upper lip volume after orthognathic surgery.
abstract: Orthognathic surgery aims to improve both the function and facial appearance of the patient. Translation of the maxillomandibular complex for correction of malocclusion is always followed by changes to the covering soft tissues, especially the nose and lips. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the nasal region and upper lip due to orthognathic surgery using combined cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry datasets. Patients who underwent a Le Fort I osteotomy, with or without a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, were included in this study. Pre- and postoperative documentation consisted of 3D stereophotogrammetry and CBCT scans. 3D measurements were performed on the combined datasets and analyzed. Anterior translation and clockwise pitching of the maxilla led to a significant volume increase in the lip. Cranial translation of the maxilla led to an increase in the alar width. The combination of CBCT DICOM data and 3D stereophotogrammetry proved to be useful in the 3D analysis of the maxillary hard tissue changes, as well as changes in the soft tissues. Measurements could be acquired and compared to investigate the influence of maxillary movement on the soft tissues of the nose and the upper lip.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; 3D Facial Imaging Research Group Nijmegen-Bruges, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Heerbeek
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Isala Klinieken, Zwolle, Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bierenbroodspot
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; 3D Facial Imaging Research Group Nijmegen-Bruges, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verhamme
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; 3D Facial Imaging Research Group Nijmegen-Bruges, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; 3D Facial Imaging Research Group Nijmegen-Bruges, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: K J A O
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ingels
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; 3D Facial Imaging Research Group Nijmegen-Bruges, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bergé
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands; 3D Facial Imaging Research Group Nijmegen-Bruges, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Electronic address: t.maal@mka.umcn.nl.
authors.forename: T J J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Maal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort; D059229:Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus; D010780:Photogrammetry; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Le Fort I osteotomy; alar width; nose tip; nose tip rotation; orthognathic surgery; rhinoplasty; three-dimensional assessment