title: The complexity of human walking: a knee osteoarthritis study.
abstract: This study proposes a framework for deconstructing complex walking patterns to create a simple principal component space before checking whether the projection to this space is suitable for identifying changes from the normality. We focus on knee osteoarthritis, the most common knee joint disease and the second leading cause of disability. Knee osteoarthritis affects over 250 million people worldwide. The motivation for projecting the highly dimensional movements to a lower dimensional and simpler space is our belief that motor behaviour can be understood by identifying a simplicity via projection to a low principal component space, which may reflect upon the underlying mechanism. To study this, we recruited 180 subjects, 47 of which reported that they had knee osteoarthritis. They were asked to walk several times along a walkway equipped with two force plates that capture their ground reaction forces along 3 axes, namely vertical, anterior-posterior, and medio-lateral, at 1000 Hz. Data when the subject does not clearly strike the force plate were excluded, leaving 1-3 gait cycles per subject. To examine the complexity of human walking, we applied dimensionality reduction via Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis. The first principal component explains 34% of the variance in the data, whereas over 80% of the variance is explained by 8 principal components or more. This proves the complexity of the underlying structure of the ground reaction forces. To examine if our musculoskeletal system generates movements that are distinguishable between normal and pathological subjects in a low dimensional principal component space, we applied a Bayes classifier. For the tested cross-validated, subject-independent experimental protocol, the classification accuracy equals 82.62%. Also, a novel complexity measure is proposed, which can be used as an objective index to facilitate clinical decision making. This measure proves that knee osteoarthritis subjects exhibit more variability in the two-dimensional principal component space.
authors.affiliation: Biodynamics Laboratory, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Brain Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotti
authors.affiliation: Biodynamics Laboratory, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lynsey D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Duffell
authors.affiliation: Brain Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aldo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Faisal
authors.affiliation: Biodynamics Laboratory, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alison H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: McGregor
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*