title: Pathogenic eukaryotes in gut microbiota of western lowland gorillas as revealed by molecular survey.
abstract: Although gorillas regarded as the largest extant species of primates and have a close phylogenetic relationship with humans, eukaryotic communities have not been previously studied in these populations. Herein, 35 eukaryotic primer sets targeting the 18S rRNA gene, internal transcribed spacer gene and other specific genes were used firstly to explore the eukaryotes in a fecal sample from a wild western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Then specific real-time PCRs were achieved in additional 48 fecal samples from 21 individual gorillas to investigate the presence of human eukaryotic pathogens. In total, 1,572 clones were obtained and sequenced from the 15 cloning libraries, resulting in the retrieval of 87 eukaryotic species, including 52 fungi, 10 protozoa, 4 nematodes and 21 plant species, of which 52, 5, 2 and 21 species, respectively, have never before been described in gorillas. We also reported the occurrence of pathogenic fungi and parasites (i.e. Oesophagostomum bifurcum (86%), Necator americanus (43%), Candida tropicalis (81%) and other pathogenic fungi were identified). In conclusion, molecular techniques using multiple primer sets may offer an effective tool to study complex eukaryotic communities and to identify potential pathogens in the gastrointestinal tracts of primates.
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hamad
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Mamadou B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keita
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University Montpellier 1, UMI 233, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University Montpellier 1, UMI 233, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delaporte
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Fadi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bittar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017931:DNA Primers; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S