title: [Imaging of urothelial carcinomas of the upper tract: state of the art review for the yearly scientific report of the National French Association of Urology].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To propose a state of the art regarding imaging techniques for the diagnosis and work-up of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed in the Medline database (PubMed) until 2014 using different associations of the following keywords: urothelial carcinomas; upper urinary tract; ureter; renal pelvis; CT scan; MRI; ultrasound; urography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Imaging has a prominent role in the diagnosis, extension and follow-up assessment of upper tract urothelial cancers (UTUC). The couple ultrasound/intravenous urography made way for the multidetector computed tomography urography (MDCTU) and for the magnetic resonance imaging urography (MRU), which can also be combined in some cases. This review of the literature presents available techniques for the exploration of the upper urinary tract, the main protocols (in particular the interest of furosemide addition), details the interpretation techniques for searching UTUC on serial imaging, as well as the main differential diagnoses, and their accuracy. Finally, the role of imaging, according to patient's context is discussed. The combination or fusion of different modalities (CT, MR…) for the same objective is highlighted and presented as the likely evolution of UTUC imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDCTU is nowadays the gold standard imaging modality for the diagnosis of UTUC.
authors.affiliation: Service de radiologie, CHRU de Lille, université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France. Electronic address: puech@dicomworks.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puech
authors.affiliation: Service d'urologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; GRC5, ONCOTYPE-URO, institut universitaire de cancérologie, UPMC université Paris 06, AP-HP, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouprêt
authors.affiliation: GRC5, ONCOTYPE-URO, institut universitaire de cancérologie, UPMC université Paris 06, AP-HP, 75005 Paris, France; Service de radiologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Renard-Penna
authors.affiliation: Service de radiologie, CHRU de Lille, université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lemaître
authors.affiliation: Service d'urologie, hôpital privé de La Louvière, générale de santé, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colin
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004232:Diuretics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D005665:Furosemide
keywords: Bassinet; CT scan; Carcinome urothélial; IRM; MRI; Renal pelvis; Scanner; Ultrasound; Upper urinary tract; Ureter; Uretère; Urographie; Urography; Urothelial carcinomas; Voie excrétrice supérieure; Échographie