title: Incidental patent foramen ovale in adult cardiac surgery: recent evidence and management options for the perioperative echocardiographer.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Prakash A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Jacob T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gutsche
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Savino
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: yiandoc@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: John G T
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Augoustides
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D033162:Incidental Findings; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*
keywords: cardiopulmonary bypass; clinical outcomes; contrast echocardiography; coronary artery bypass grafting; heart transplantation; left ventricular assist device; patent foramen ovale; pulmonary hypertension; second harmonic imaging; selective pulmonary vasodilator; stroke; three-dimensional echocardiography; transesophageal echocardiography; transthoracic echocardiography