title: Mechanisms of action for 2-phenylethanol isolated from Kloeckera apiculata in control of Penicillium molds of citrus fruits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Green and blue mold decay, caused by Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum, respectively, are important postharvest diseases of citrus. Biocontrol by microbes is an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. In this study, the antagonistic yeast strain Kloeckera apiculata 34-9 was used to investigate the action mechanisms involved in the biocontrol of postharvest diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An antifungal substance, 2-phenylethanol (PEA), was isolated from K. apiculata and demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi. Experiments on P. italicum cells identified the mitochondria and the nucleus as particularly sensitive to inhibition. Regulation of P. italicum gene expression was investigated using RNA-Seq. PEA up-regulated genes involved with the peroxisome, regulation of autophagy, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, fatty acid metabolism, and inhibited ribosome, RNA polymerase, DNA replication, amino acid biosynthesis, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and cell cycle. Inhibitory responses revealed by RNA-Seq suggest that PEA might compete for attachment on the active site of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provided new insight on the mode of action of biocontrol yeast agents in controlling postharvest pathogenic fungi.
authors.forename: Pu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yunjiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yujia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chao-An
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Xiuxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D002957:Citrus / Q000382:microbiology*; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D055322:Kloeckera / Q000737:chemistry*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects*; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol