title: Association of amount and duration of NRT use in smokers with cigarette consumption and motivation to stop smoking: a national survey of smokers in England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials have found that the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to reduce cigarette consumption results in significant declines in cigarette consumption and increases smokers' propensity to quit. However, observational "real-world" studies have found much smaller effects. This may be because of low levels of NRT use. This study examined the association between amount and duration of NRT use amongst those attempting to reduce their cigarette consumption with motivation to quit and cigarette consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from 2,158 smokers who took part in the Smoking Toolkit Study. A representative survey of smokers in England aged 16+.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 54.4% of patch users and 32.2% of non-transdermal NRT users reported using NRT with a frequency that would be expected to substantially influence cigarette consumption (4+ units per day for acute NRT forms and at least daily for transdermal patches). Those using the patch at or above this threshold smoked 1.3 cigarettes per day fewer than those using it below the threshold (p=0.059), whilst those using non-transdermal NRT at or above this threshold smoked 0.9 cigarettes less per day (p=0.022). In both cases, those using NRT more frequently had greater motivation to quit. Less than 1/5th of participants reported using a combination of NRT products. Use of NRT long-term was associated with lower motivation to quit and higher cigarette consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers attempting to reduce their cigarette intake are underusing NRT and this is associated with cigarette consumption and motivation to quit. These findings may explain why population-based studies have failed to report similar findings to clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: e.beard@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruguera
authors.affiliation: King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Frequency of NRT use; Length of NRT use; Smoking reduction; Temporary abstinence