title: Urinary excretion and daily intake rates of diethyl phthalate in the general Canadian population.
abstract: We have analyzed the trends in the body-weight-adjusted urinary monoethyl phthalate (MEP) concentrations and the diethyl ethyl phthalate (DEP) daily intake estimates in the general Canadian population (aged 6-49 years) using the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007-2009 dataset. The creatinine correction approach, as well as the urine volume approach in a simple one compartment model were used to calculate the daily urinary MEP excretion rates and DEP intake rates in individual survey participants. Using multiple regression models, we have estimated least square geometric means (LSGMs) of body-weight-adjusted MEP concentration, daily excretion and intake rates among different age groups and sex. We observed that body weight affects the trends in the MEP concentrations significantly among children (aged 6-11 years), adolescents (aged 12-19 years) and adults (aged 20-49 years). The body-weight-adjusted MEP concentrations in children were significantly higher than those in adults. On the other hand the DEP daily intakes in children were significantly lower than those in adults. We did not observe any differences in the DEP daily intake rates between males and females. Although the urinary MEP concentrations are correlated well with DEP daily intake estimates in the overall population, one should be cautious when directly using the urinary concentrations to compare the intake trends in the sub-populations (e.g. children vs. adults) as these trends are governed by additional physiological factors. The DEP daily intake calculated using the creatinine approach and that using the urine volume approach were similar to each other. The estimated geometric mean and 95th percentile of DEP daily intake in the general Canadian population are 2 and 20 μg/kg-bw/day, respectively. These daily intake estimates are significantly lower than the US Environmental Protection Agency's oral reference dose of 800 μg/kg-bw/day.
authors.affiliation: National Biomonitoring Section, Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Electronic address: gurusankar.saravanabhavan@hc-sc.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Gurusankar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saravanabhavan
authors.affiliation: Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guay
authors.affiliation: Summit Toxicology, LLP, USA; National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (ENTOX), University of Qeensland, 39 kessels Road Coopers Plain, Queensland 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Lesa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aylward
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D003404:Creatinine; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D003404:Creatinine; C007379:diethyl phthalate
keywords: Body weight; Creatinine correction; Daily intake; Diethyl phthalate; Mono-ethyl phthalate; Urinary excretion rate