title: Comparison of instrumentation time and cleaning efficacy of manual instrumentation, rotary systems and reciprocating systems in primary teeth: an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paediatric Endodontics is an important clinical procedure commonly used to manage pulpally involved or non-vital teeth in children. One of the important steps in root canal preparation in deciduous teeth is the removal of organic debris.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare instrumentation time and cleaning efficacy of manual instrumentation, rotary systems and reciprocating systems in the preparation of primary molar root canals.
  
  
  METHODS
  India ink was injected into 120 root canals of maxillary and mandibular primary molars. The teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups, Group one K-file (n = 30), group two ProTaper (n = 30), group three WaveOne (n = 30) and one control group (n = 30). The root canals were prepared using one of the three file system followed by clearing the teeth with different demineralizing solutions. The results were statistically evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The file systems were compared at coronal, middle and apical level. In the coronal third, WaveOne showed more ink removal and the difference found was highly significant (P < 0.0001). In the middle third of the root canal, WaveOne performed better than ProTaper and K-file (P < 0.005). At the apical level, there was no statistical difference between the three systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reciprocating and the rotary systems showed better cleaning efficacy when compared to manual instrumentation especially, in coronal and middle one third.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Terna Dental College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Farhin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Katge
authors.forename: Devendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Manohar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poojari
authors.forename: Jitesh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pimpale
authors.forename: Abhinav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shitoot
authors.forename: Bhavesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rusawat
mesh_terms: D003762:Dental Instruments; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018915:Root Canal Preparation; D013242:Sterilization; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous