title: High S100B levels in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of patients with acute basal ganglial hemorrhage are associated with poor outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  S100B is involved in brain injury. This study aimed to determine plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) levels of S100B in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and to correlate S100B levels with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, ICH volumes, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and survival rate, and to correlate CSF S100B levels with plasma S100B levels as well as CSF interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with suspicion of subarachnoid hemorrhage and 38 patients with spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage were included in the study. Their plasma and CSF samples were collected. The concentrations of IL-1β in CSF and S100B in plasma and CSF were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma or CSF S100B levels in the ICH group were significantly higher than those in the control group (178.7±74.2 versus 63.2±23.0 pg/ml; P<0.001 or 158.1±70.9 versus 1.8±0.7 ng/ml; P<0.001). S100B levels were highly associated with GCS scores, ICH volumes, presence of IVH, and survival rate (all P<0.05). CSF S100B levels were highly associated with plasma S100B levels as well as CSF IL-1β levels (both P<0.01) in patients with ICH. A receiver operating characteristic curve identified CSF and plasma S100B cutoff levels that predicted 1-week mortality of patients with a high sensitivity and specificity. The areas under curves (AUCs) of GCS scores and ICH volumes were larger than those of CSF and plasma S100B levels, but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of S100B are present in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of patients with ICH and may contribute to the inflammatory processes of ICH. The levels of CSF and plasma S100B after spontaneous onset of ICH seem to correlate with clinical outcome in these patients. Increases in peripheral S100B properly reflect brain injury, and plasma S100B level may serve as a useful clinical marker for evaluating the prognosis of ICH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China (Huang M, Hu YY); Department of Neurosurgery, First Hangzhou Municipal People's Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310000, China (Dong XQ, Yu WH, Zhang ZY).
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China (Huang M, Hu YY); Department of Neurosurgery, First Hangzhou Municipal People's Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310000, China (Dong XQ, Yu WH, Zhang ZY).
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiao
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China (Huang M, Hu YY); Department of Neurosurgery, First Hangzhou Municipal People's Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310000, China (Dong XQ, Yu WH, Zhang ZY).
authors.forename: Yue-Yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China (Huang M, Hu YY); Department of Neurosurgery, First Hangzhou Municipal People's Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310000, China (Dong XQ, Yu WH, Zhang ZY).
authors.forename: Wen-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China (Huang M, Hu YY); Department of Neurosurgery, First Hangzhou Municipal People's Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310000, China (Dong XQ, Yu WH, Zhang ZY).
authors.forename: Zu-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Brain injury; Inflammation; Interleukin-1 beta; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Intraventricular hemorrhage; Pathogenesis; S100B