title: The effects of ethanol and strontium on growth and development of two-cell arrested mouse embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arresting at a certain stage of development like the two-cell stage could be one of the causes of infertility. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of ethanol and strontium on growth and development of mice embryos arrested at the two-cell stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this experimental study, female mice were coupled with a male following superovulation. Positive vaginal plug mice were sacrificed 48 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. Two-cell embryos were transferred to M16 medium and divided to four groups. The first control group was incubated without any exposure to low temperatures. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed to 4°C for 24 hours. The second control group was incubated immediately, while the third and fourth groups were exposed to 10 mM strontium for five minutes and 0.1% ethanol for a further five minutes. Growth rate and developmental parameters of embryos were analyzed by one- way ANOVA. The significant difference between the groups was determined by Post Hoc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data shows that developmental rate is decreased significantly by 4°C exposure. The mean percentage of degenerated embryo was significantly different between groups but the mean cleavage rate was not significantly different. The mean percent of morula, blastocyst and hatched blastocyst formation were significantly different between groups during a 120 hours study post hCG injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of strontium and ethanol on arrested two-cell embryos had no significant effect on the mean percentage of morula, but ethanol treatment significantly increased the percentage of blastocyst and hatched blastocyst formation compared to strontium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Arak University of Medical Science, Arak, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Darabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdolhossein
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran.
authors.forename: Vida
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hojati
keywords: Arresting; Cleavage; Development; Ethanol; Strontium