title: Expression and DNA methylation of TNF, IFNG and FOXP3 in colorectal cancer and their prognostic significance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal cancer (CRC) progression is associated with suppression of host cell-mediated immunity and local immune escape mechanisms. Our aim was to assess the immune function in terms of expression of TNF, IFNG and FOXP3 in CRC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients with CRC and 15 matched controls were recruited. TaqMan quantitative PCR and methylation-specific PCR was performed for expression and DNA methylation analysis of TNF, IFNG and FOXP3. Survival analysis was performed over a median follow-up of 48 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF was suppressed in tumour and IFNG was suppressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with CRC. Tumours showed enhanced expression of FOXP3 and was significantly higher when tumour size was >38 mm (median tumour size; P=0.006, Mann-Whitney U-test). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell IFNG was suppressed in recurrent CRC (P=0.01). Methylated TNFpromoter (P=0.003) and TNFexon1 (P=0.001) were associated with significant suppression of TNF in tumours. Methylated FOXP3cpg was associated with significant suppression of FOXP3 in both PBMC (P=0.018) and tumours (P=0.010). Reduced PBMC FOXP3 expression was associated with significantly worse overall survival (HR=8.319, P=0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have detected changes in the expression of immunomodulatory genes that could act as biomarkers for prognosis and future immunotherapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, St. George's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ganapathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Genetics, St. George's University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Beggs
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Genetics, St. George's University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, St. George's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D001483:Base Sequence; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D011379:Prognosis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma