title: Food security: who is being excluded? A case of older people with dementia in long-term care homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the extent of food security among older people, particularly those with cognitive impairments residing in Canadian long-term care homes (LTCHs) through a focused review of literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Databases including Medline, Nursing and Health Sciences (SAGE), Psych Info, Social Sciences Abstract, the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and HealthSTAR were searched for peer-reviewed articles related to food experiences of older individuals in industrialized countries including Canada. Only articles that were published in English between 1997-2012 were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty two studies met the inclusion criteria. Of those 17 focused on older adults in LTCHs. The review found that food security has rarely been examined among older persons living in LTCHs, and has never been examined within the context of cognitive impairment. While a few studies have focused on residents' satisfaction with foods that are provided to them in LTCHs, none have explored the extent of food security in this population. Furthermore, food satisfaction surveys in the LTCH are limited to the assessment of foods that are served to residents, and do not capture residents' food accessibility beyond the food dispensing routines of the organization. Thus, food quality, food preferences, and the traditional meanings and rituals associated with food consumption are not purposefully evaluated. In addition, LTCHs are not required to monitor residents' food satisfaction using a consistent, regular, and standardized approach and there is no regulation in the LTCH Act that requires LTCHs to assess their residents' food security.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings highlight the need for: 1) expansion of food security research to non-community-based settings including LTCHs; 2) re-conceptualization of food security and modification of measurement tools to assess the extent and determinants of food security among older adults in LTCHs; 3) mandatory monitoring of food security via standardized and regular surveys tailored to meet the unique preferences and needs of the older population, particularly those with dementia; and 4) education of healthcare professionals regarding food security and its assessment in LTCHs.
authors.affiliation: Mandana Vahabi, Ph.D., Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Telephone: (416) 979-5000, Ext. 2725, Fax Number: (416) 979-5332, E-mail address: mvahabi@ryerson.ca.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahabi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schindel Martin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003704:Dementia / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction