title: Recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guérin in urothelial bladder cancer immunotherapy: current strategies.
abstract: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used in the intravesical treatment of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) for three decades. Despite its efficacy, intravesical BCG therapy is associated with some limitations such as side effects and BCG failure, which have inspired multiple ways to improve it. Recent advances have focused on recombinant BCG (rBCG) which provides a novel tactic for modification of BCG. To date, a number of rBCG strains have been developed and demonstrated to encourage efficacy and safety in preclinical and clinical studies. This review summarizes current rBCG strategies, concerns and future directions in UBC immunotherapy with an intention to encourage further research and eventually to inform clinical decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qinchao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Lun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shixiu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Xinsheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine
keywords: BCG; bacillus Calmette-Guérin; immunotherapy; intravesical therapy; recombinant BCG; urothelial bladder cancer