title: Relationships between ventilatory impairment, sleep hypoventilation and type 2 respiratory failure.
abstract: Conditions that increase load on respiratory muscles and/or reduce their capacity to cope with this load predispose to type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure. In its milder forms, this imbalance between load and capacity may primarily manifest as sleep hypoventilation which, if untreated, can increase the likelihood of wakeful respiratory failure. Such problems are commonly seen in progressive respiratory neuromuscular disorders, morbid obesity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, either separately or together. Identifying patients at risk can be important in determining whether and when to intervene with treatments such as non-invasive ventilatory assistance. Measurements of wakeful respiratory function are fundamental to this risk assessment. These issues are reviewed in this paper.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Sleep Science, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: Bhajan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McArdle
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eastwood
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007040:Hypoventilation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; hypercapnic respiratory failure; neuromuscular disorder; obesity; sleep hypoventilation