title: Bacterial differentiation, development, and disease: mechanisms for survival.
abstract: Bacteria have the exquisite ability to maintain a precise diameter, cell length, and shape. The dimensions of bacteria size and shape are a classical metric in the distinction of bacterial species. Much of what we know about the particular morphology of any given species is the result of investigations of planktonic cultures. As we explore deeper into the natural habitats of bacteria, it is increasingly clear that bacteria can alter their morphology in response to the environment in which they reside. Specific morphologies are also becoming recognized as advantageous for survival in hostile environments. This is of particular importance in the context of both colonization and infection in the host. There are multiple examples of bacterial pathogens that use morphological changes as a mechanism for evasion of host immune responses and continued persistence. This review will focus on two systems where specific morphological changes are essential for persistence in animal models of human disease. We will also offer insight into the mechanism underlying the morphological changes and how these morphotypes aid in persistence. Additional examples of morphological changes associated with survival will be presented.
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Sheryl S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Justice
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Becknell
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010033:Otitis Media; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections
keywords: morphology; otitis media; persistence; urinary tract infection