title: Concentration of natural radionuclides in raw water and packaged drinking water and the effect of water treatment.
abstract: The raw water (RW) samples collected from natural sources are subjected to water treatment process, including reverse osmosis (RO), and are packed in bottles as packaged drinking water (PDW). Raw water (21 samples) taken from deep wells of Chennai and Secunderabad which are used in the production of PDW, were analysed for (234)U, (235)U, (238)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra and (210)Pb activity concentrations. Activity Concentrations of (234)U, (235)U, (238)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (210)Pb and (210)Po in PDW were also analysed. The mean activity concentrations of (234)U, (235)U, (238)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra and (210)Pb in RW at Chennai were 12.1, ≤1.3, 7.1, 2.6, 27.5, and 16.3 mBq/L respectively. The mean activity concentrations of (234)U, (235)U, (238)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra and (210)Pb in RW at Secunderabad were found to be 40.9, 1.7, 41.5 84.5, 100.1, and 17.0 mBq/L respectively. The mean concentrations of (234)U, (235)U, (238)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (210)Pb and (210)Po in PDW at Chennai were found to be ≤1.3, ≤1.3, ≤1.3, ≤0.2, ≤1.7, 28.0 and 1.2 mBq/L at Secunderabad were found to be ≤1.3, ≤1.3, 1.7, 4.3, 5.0 and 28.1 mBq/L. The study indicated a considerable reduction in the concentration of natural radionuclides due to water treatment. The reduction ratios of RW to PDW for (234)U, (238)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra were 97, 96, 94 and 95%. In case of (210)Pb, the PDW showed higher concentration of (210)Pb than RW. This was due to its in growth from (222)Rn which was not removed in the RO process.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Survey Laboratory, Environmental Studies Section, Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India. Electronic address: anithap@igcar.gov.in.
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manu
authors.affiliation: Environmental Survey Laboratory, Environmental Studies Section, Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India. Electronic address: vskn@igcar.gov.in.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Santhanakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Environmental Survey Laboratory, Environmental Studies Section, Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajaram
authors.affiliation: Environmental Studies Section, Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ravi
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D007194:India; D007856:Lead Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification; D060986:Water Wells / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D007856:Lead Radioisotopes; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D014501:Uranium; D011883:Radium
keywords: Natural radionuclides; Packaged drinking water; Raw water; Water treatment