title: High resolution SEM imaging of gold nanoparticles in cells and tissues.
abstract: The growing demand of gold nanoparticles in medical applications increases the need for simple and efficient characterization methods of the interaction between the nanoparticles and biological systems. Due to its nanometre resolution, modern scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers straightforward visualization of metallic nanoparticles down to a few nanometre size, almost without any special preparation step. However, visualization of biological materials in SEM requires complicated preparation procedure, which is typically finished by metal coating needed to decrease charging artefacts and quick radiation damage of biomaterials in the course of SEM imaging. The finest conductive metal coating available is usually composed of a few nanometre size clusters, which are almost identical to the metal nanoparticles employed in medical applications. Therefore, SEM monitoring of metal nanoparticles within cells and tissues is incompatible with the conventional preparation methods. In this work, we show that charging artefacts related to non-conductive biological specimen can be successfully eliminated by placing the uncoated biological sample on a conductive substrate. By growing the cells on glass pre-coated with a chromium layer, we were able to observe the uptake of 10 nm gold nanoparticles inside uncoated and unstained macrophages and keratinocytes cells. Imaging in back scattered electrons allowed observation of gold nanoparticles located inside the cells, while imaging in secondary electron gave information on gold nanoparticles located on the surface of the cells. By mounting a skin cross-section on an improved conductive holder, consisting of a silicon substrate coated with copper, we were able to observe penetration of gold nanoparticles of only 5 nm size through the skin barrier in an uncoated skin tissue. The described method offers a convenient modification in preparation procedure for biological samples to be analyzed in SEM. The method provides high conductivity without application of surface coating and requires less time and a reduced use of toxic chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Soroka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frušić-Zlotkin
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Popov
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004583:Electrons; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006046:Gold
keywords: charging effects; conductive coating; gold nanoparticles; high resolution scanning electron microscopy; keratinocytes; macrophages; skin penetration