title: Appropriate anesthesia regimen to control sevoflurane-induced emergence agitation in children; propofol-lidocaine and thiopental sodium-lidocaine: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergence Agitation (EA) is a common problem in pediatric anesthesia. The current study evaluated the effect of intravenous lidocaine combined with propofol or thiopental sodium to control EA by sevoflurane in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two anesthesia regimen propofol-lidocaine and thiopental sodium lidocaine to control sevoflurane-induced emergence agitation in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study enrolled 120 children aged 12 to 36 months with retinoblastoma who underwent induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane for Eye Examination Under Anesthesia (EUA). Sampling was done at Rasoul-Akram Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The subjects were randomly assigned into four groups including: group one (thiopental sodium-lidocaine [TL]), group two (thiopental sodium-saline [TS]), group three (propofol-lidocaine [PL]), and group four (propofol-saline [PS]). Emergence agitation was assessed by using a five-point scoring scale, every 10 minutes during the first 30 minutes after admission to the recovery room.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EA occurred in 24 cases (20%) of children. Incidence of EA in the TS, TL, PS, and PL groups were 21 (70%), 2 (6.7%), 1 (3.3%), and 0 (0%), respectively (P < 0.001). Nausea and vomiting after anesthesia did not occur in any of the patients. After removal of the endotracheal tube, laryngospasm complication occurrence in the TS group (10 cases) was higher than the other groups and no statistically significant difference was observed (P = 0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol-lidocaine anesthesia regimen was more effective to control the pediatric emergence agitation than the other combinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rasoul-Akram Medical Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Poupak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rahimzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rasoul-Akram Medical Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Hamid Reza
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Faiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rasoul-Akram Medical Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmood Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Alebouyeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rasoul-Akram Medical Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dasian
authors.affiliation: Preventive and Community Medicine specialist, Community Based Participatory Research Center, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sayarifard
keywords: Emergence Agitation; Lidocaine; Propofol; Sevoflurane; Thiopental Sodium