title: Ventilatory chemosensitivity, cerebral and muscle oxygenation, and total hemoglobin mass before and after a 72-day mt. Everest expedition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the effects of chronic hypobaric hypoxic acclimatization, performed over the course of a 72-day self-supported Everest expedition, on ventilatory chemosensitivity, arterial saturation, and tissue oxygenation adaptation along with total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) in nine experienced climbers (age 37±6 years, [Formula: see text] 55±7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Exercise-hypoxia tolerance was tested using a constant treadmill exercise of 5.5 km·h(-1) at 3.8% grade (mimicking exertion at altitude) with 3-min steps of progressive normobaric poikilocapnic hypoxia. Breath-by-breath ventilatory responses, Spo2, and cerebral (frontal cortex) and active muscle (vastus lateralis) oxygenation were measured throughout. Acute hypoxic ventilatory response (AHVR) was determined by linear regression slope of ventilation vs. Spo2. PRE and POST (<15 days) expedition, tHb-mass was measured using carbon monoxide-rebreathing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-expedition, exercise-hypoxia tolerance improved (11:32±3:57 to 16:30±2:09 min, p<0.01). AHVR was elevated (1.25±0.33 to 1.63±0.38 L·min(-1.)%(-1) Spo2, p<0.05). Spo2 decreased throughout exercise-hypoxia in both trials, but was preserved at higher values at 4800 m post-expedition. Cerebral oxygenation decreased progressively with increasing exercise-hypoxia in both trials, with a lower level of deoxyhemoglobin POST at 2400, 3500 and 4800 m. Muscle oxygenation also decreased throughout exercise-hypoxia, with similar patterns PRE and POST. No relationship was observed between the slope of AHVR and cerebral or muscle oxygenation either PRE or POST. Absolute tHb-mass response exhibited great individual variation with a nonsignificant 5.4% increasing trend post-expedition (975±154 g PRE and 1025±124 g POST, p=0.17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that adaptation to chronic hypoxia during a climbing expedition to Mt. Everest will increase hypoxic tolerance, AHVR, and cerebral but not muscle oxygenation, as measured during simulated acute hypoxia at sea level. However, tHb-mass did not increase significantly and improvement in cerebral oxygenation was not associated with the change in AHVR.
authors.affiliation: 1 Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Niina E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Mutanen
authors.forename: Heikki M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Karinen
authors.forename: Anne S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Koponen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kyröläinen
authors.forename: Heikki O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Tikkanen
authors.forename: Juha E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Peltonen
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D005080:Exercise Test; D005101:Expeditions; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009051:Mountaineering / Q000502:physiology*; D009390:Nepal; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000502:physiology; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: NIRS; acute hypoxic ventilatory response; altitude adaptation; chronic hypoxia; climbers; extreme altitude