title: Foundations of modeling in cryobiology-I: concentration, Gibbs energy, and chemical potential relationships.
abstract: Mathematical modeling plays an enormously important role in understanding the behavior of cells, tissues, and organs undergoing cryopreservation. Uses of these models range from explanation of phenomena, exploration of potential theories of damage or success, development of equipment, and refinement of optimal cryopreservation/cryoablation strategies. Over the last half century there has been a considerable amount of work in bio-heat and mass-transport, and these models and theories have been readily and repeatedly applied to cryobiology with much success. However, there are significant gaps between experimental and theoretical results that suggest missing links in models. One source for these potential gaps is that cryobiology is at the intersection of several very challenging aspects of transport theory: it couples multi-component, moving boundary, multiphase solutions that interact through a semipermeable elastic membrane with multicomponent solutions in a second time-varying domain, during a two-hundred Kelvin temperature change with multi-molar concentration gradients and multi-atmosphere pressure changes. In order to better identify potential sources of error, and to point to future directions in modeling and experimental research, we present a three part series to build from first principles a theory of coupled heat and mass transport in cryobiological systems accounting for all of these effects. The hope of this series is that by presenting and justifying all steps, conclusions may be made about the importance of key assumptions, perhaps pointing to areas of future research or model development, but importantly, lending weight to standard simplification arguments that are often made in heat and mass transport. In this first part, we review concentration variable relationships, their impact on choices for Gibbs energy models, and their impact on chemical potentials.
authors.affiliation: Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States. Electronic address: danders1@gmu.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2888, United States. Electronic address: benson@math.niu.edu.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.affiliation: Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States. Electronic address: anthony.kearsley@nist.gov.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kearsley
mesh_terms: D015925:Cryopreservation; D004058:Diffusion; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions
keywords: Chemical potential gradient; Diffusion; Gibbs free energy; Solidification; Transport