title: Health risk assessment of Chinese consumers to nickel via dietary intake of foodstuffs.
abstract: A quantitative risk assessment was carried out to characterise the health risk from nickel (Ni) via dietary exposure for Chinese consumers. Ni contamination in foods was investigated by conducting a survey and a literature review. The daily diet of the public was categorised into nine food groups and the consumption data for each group were obtained from a nationwide survey. Deterministic and probabilistic methods were applied to calculate the target hazard quotients (THQs) by comparing the estimated dietary Ni intake with respect to the tolerable daily intake (TDI). The average estimated daily Ni intake (μg kg(-1) bw day(-1)) for men, women, 2-3-year-old children and 4-17-year-old children were 7.2, 7.3, 17.1 and 10.0, respectively. The consumption of cereals, beans, vegetables and marine products contributed significantly to the total daily intake of Ni. The mean THQ values (95% confidence interval) and the probability of dietary Ni exposure higher than the TDI were 0.60 (0.58-0.62) and 8.2% for men, 0.61 (0.59-0.63) and 8.4% for women, 1.35 (1.32-1.39) and 72.0% for 2-3-year-old children, and 0.87 (0.82-0.91) and 28.5% for 4-17-year-old children, respectively. This study showed a potential health risk from Ni via dietary exposure for Chinese consumers, especially among children.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhiheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guiling
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009532:Nickel
keywords: China; dietary exposure; health risk assessment; nickel; target hazard quotient