title: Face and content validity of sheep heads in endoscopic rhinology training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to assess the face and content validity of the sheep head model in endoscopic rhinology training.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a prospective evaluation study. Experienced otolaryngologists and trainees were recruited to complete 7 endoscopic rhinology tasks on pre-prepared sheep heads. All participants completed a validated 20-item questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale to assess the model across 4 domains: face validity (FV), global content (GC), task-specific content (TSC), and curriculum applicability (CTR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants, including 25 experienced otolaryngologists and 45 trainees, completed all tasks. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups' ratings for FV, GC, or CTR (p = 0.50.7, 0.278, and 0.157, respectively). The model achieved median face validity of 4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 4 to 5) with the agreement of experienced surgeons and trainees alike (95% and 90%, respectively). The median global content was 4 (IQR: 4 to 5 and agreement of 88% and 87%. There was some variation in the rating of task-specific content. A total of 6 tasks achieved validity with the agreement of experienced otolaryngologists. The highest-rated tasks were "examination under anesthesia" and "foreign body retrieval." Participants agreed on curriculum incorporation, transferability, and recommendation to trainees (median: 5; IQR: 4 to 5 and 95% to 97% agreement).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sheep head model achieved face and content validity for endoscopic rhinology training. It is safe, affordable, and can aid early-years trainees in acquiring a range of basic endoscopic rhinology skills.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Zaid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Touska
authors.forename: Asit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ziprin
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
authors.forename: Neil Samuel
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Tolley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: education; endoscopic sinus surgery; simulation; training; validity