title: The comparison of the effects of intravenous ketamine or dexmedetomidine infusion on spinal block with bupivacaine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine and dexmedetomidine are commonly used for sedation and analgesia in patients. We tried to compare the effects of intravenous ketamine and dexmedetomidine infusion on spinal block with bupivacaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class I or II patients, who were scheduled to spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 30). Normal saline 10 ml, 5 ml/hr (loading dose for 10 minutes, infusion) (Group NS), dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg, 0.5 µg/kg/hr (Group DEX), or ketamine 0.2 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg/hr (Group KET) was infused intravenously before spinal anesthesia. We recorded the time to highest sensory block level, sensory and motor regression, and hemodynamic changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in Groups KET had a significantly faster onset time of sensory block than patients in Group NS. The highest sensory block levels were not significantly different between groups. Average time of sensory regression and knee flexion, was significantly longer in the Group KET and Group DEX than the Group NS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous dexmedetomidine and ketamine were found to have a similar synergistic effect with intrathecal bupivacaine. Hemodynamic stability showed better results in Group KET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Myoung-Hun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Soon Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Dea
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Seoung Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Kun Moo
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwangrae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Wonjin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Dexmedetomidine; Ketamine; Spinal anesthesia