title: Acquired bilateral adductor laryngeal paralysis in neonates and children: a case series and a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a series of acquired bilateral adductor laryngeal paralysis (BAdLP) and review the literature on clinical manifestations and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of a single tertiary care practice of pediatric otolaryngology was conducted. Patients were identified from a surgical database spanning twelve years of practice (2002-2013). The variables documented included gender, age at presentation, co-morbid conditions, documented laryngeal findings on endoscopy, management and outcome. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify reports on BAdLP in children and associated conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five cases (four girls and one boy) ranging from 3 months to 16 years of age were identified. All cases were documented using rigid and/or flexible laryngoscopy. In four cases, the onset was after major cardiac surgery complicated by cerebral vascular accidents, while one followed a thalamic stroke. Four were managed with tube feeding. Only three papers reported BAdLP in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cases identified were all acquired after a central neurological insult. The profile is distinct from the congenital adductor form of laryngeal paralysis previously described. However, the symptom complex is identical. We believe this is the largest case series from one center to be reported.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Lavanya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bathini
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Stollery Children's Hospital & The University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, The Stollery Children's Hospital & The University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jomah
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Stollery Children's Hospital & The University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krajacic
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, The Stollery Children's Hospital & The University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Surgery, The Stollery Children's Hospital & The University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.affiliation: John W. Scott Health Science Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Otolaryngology Service, The Stollery Children's Hospital & The University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Division of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, The Stollery Children's Hospital & The University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Division of Pediatric Surgery, The Stollery Children's Hospital & The University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, The Stollery Children's Hospital & The University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: hamdy.elhakim@albertahealthservices.ca.
authors.forename: Hamdy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Hakim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D013786:Thalamic Diseases / Q000150:complications; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Abductor; Adductor; Aspiration; Central nervous system; Laryngeal paralysis; Larynx