title: Herpesviruses, inflammatory markers and incident depression in a longitudinal study of Detroit residents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is predicted to become the leading cause of disability worldwide by 2030 and moreover, socioeconomic inequalities in depression persist. Herpesviruses, which are more prevalent among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, subject to stress-induced reactivation and are associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in the etiology of depression, may serve as novel risk factors for depression onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from individuals in the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study tested for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity/immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels (N=263) as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) (N=245) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (N=236) levels and assessed for incident depression via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between pathogen seropositivity/IgG antibody levels, pro-inflammatory markers and incident depression over approximately one-year of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For every one unit increase in CMV IgG antibody level, the odds of incident depression increased by 26% and individuals with IgG antibody levels in the highest quartile had over three times greater odds of incident depression (odds ratio 3.87, 95% confidence interval 1.47, 10.19), compared to those in the lower three quartiles. Neither CMV or HSV-1 seropositivity nor HSV-1 IgG antibody level were associated with IL-6 or CRP levels at Wave 1, nor were IL-6 or CRP levels associated with incident depression at Wave 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further examination of the biological pathways linking CMV and depression are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Electronic address: simaneka@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Simanek
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan-School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Social Epidemiology & Population Health, University of Michigan-School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yolken
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Electronic address: aaiello@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Allison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Aiello
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein; Cytomegalovirus; Herpes simplex virus-1; Incident depression; Interleukin-6