title: Intestinal blood flow in patients with chronic heart failure: a link with bacterial growth, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cachexia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood flow in the intestinal arteries is reduced in patients with stable heart failure (HF) and relates to gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and cardiac cachexia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to measure arterial intestinal blood flow and assess its role in juxtamucosal bacterial growth, GI symptoms, and cachexia in patients with HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 65 patients and 25 controls were investigated. Twelve patients were cachectic. Intestinal blood flow and bowel wall thickness were measured using ultrasound. GI symptoms were documented. Bacteria in stool and juxtamucosal bacteria on biopsies taken during sigmoidoscopy were studied in a subgroup by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Serum lipopolysaccharide antibodies were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients showed 30% to 43% reduced mean systolic blood flow in the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries and celiac trunk (CT) compared with controls (p < 0.007 for all). Cachectic patients had the lowest blood flow (p < 0.002). Lower blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery and CT was correlated with HF severity (p < 0.04 for all). Patients had more feelings of repletion, flatulence, intestinal murmurs, and burping (p < 0.04). Burping and nausea or vomiting were most severe in patients with cachexia (p < 0.05). Patients with lower CT blood flow had more abdominal discomfort and immunoglobulin A-antilipopolysaccharide (r = 0.76, p < 0.02). Antilipopolysaccharide response was correlated with increased growth of juxtamucosal but not stool bacteria. Patients with intestinal murmurs had greater bowel wall thickness of the sigmoid and descending colon, suggestive of edema contributing to GI symptoms (p < 0.05). In multivariate regression analysis, lower blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery, CT (p < 0.04), and inferior mesenteric artery (p = 0.056) was correlated with the presence of cardiac cachexia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal blood flow is reduced in patients with HF. This may contribute to juxtamucosal bacterial growth and GI symptoms in patients with advanced HF complicated by cachexia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: anja.sandek@charite.de.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sandek
authors.affiliation: Center for Stroke Research, Charité Medical School, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swidsinski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Veterinary Faculty, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Wieland
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schroedl
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valentova
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scherbakov
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rauchhaus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Veterinary Faculty, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grosse-Herrenthey
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Veterinary Faculty, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Haehling
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Charité Medical School, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Doehner
authors.affiliation: Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauditz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D002100:Cachexia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow
keywords: bacteria; gastrointestinal symptoms; heart failure; intestinal blood flow