title: Traumatic brain injury: A case-based review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic brain injuries are common and costly to hospital systems. Most of the guidelines on management of traumatic brain injuries are taken from the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines. This is a review of the current literature discussing the evolving practice of traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search using multiple databases was performed for articles published through September 2012 with concentration on meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The focus of care should be to minimize secondary brain injury by surgically decompressing certain hematomas, maintain systolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg, oxygen saturations above 93%, euthermia, intracranial pressures below 20 mmHg, and cerebral perfusion pressure between 60-80 mmHg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Much is still unknown about the management of traumatic brain injury. The current practice guidelines have not yet been sufficiently validated, however equipoise is a major issue when conducting randomized control trials among patients with traumatic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Liza Victoria S
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Escobedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Habboushe
authors.affiliation: Trauma, Emergency Surgery, Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Haytham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaafarani
authors.affiliation: Trauma, Emergency Surgery, Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Velmahos
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kaushal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Trauma, Emergency Surgery, Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jarone
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Emergency departments; Glascow Coma Scale; Traumatic brain injury