title: GABA in nucleus tractus solitarius participates in electroacupuncture modulation of cardiopulmonary bradycardia reflex.
abstract: Phenylbiguanide (PBG) stimulates cardiopulmonary receptors and cardiovascular reflex responses, including decreases in blood pressure and heart rate mediated by the brain stem parasympathetic cardiac neurons in the nucleus ambiguus and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Electroacupuncture (EA) at P5-6 stimulates sensory fibers in the median nerve and modulates these reflex responses. Stimulation of median nerves reverses bradycardia through action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the nucleus ambiguus, important in the regulation of heart rate. We do not know whether the NTS or the neurotransmitter mechanisms in this nucleus participate in these modulatory actions by acupuncture. We hypothesized that somatic nerve stimulation during EA (P5-6) modulates cardiopulmonary inhibitory responses through a GABAergic mechanism in the NTS. Anesthetized and ventilated cats were examined during either PBG or direct vagal afferent stimulation while 30 min of EA was applied at P5-6. Reflex heart rate and blood pressure responses and NTS-evoked discharge were recorded. EA reduced the PBG-induced depressor and bradycardia reflexes by 67% and 60%, respectively. Blockade of GABAA receptors in the NTS reversed EA modulation of bradycardia but not the depressor response. During EA, gabazine reversed the vagally evoked discharge activity of cardiovascular NTS neurons. EA modulated the vagal-evoked cardiovascular NTS cellular activity for 60 min. Immunohistochemistry using triple labeling showed GABA immunoreactive fibers juxtaposed to glutamatergic nucleus ambiguus-projecting NTS neurons in rats. These glutamatergic neurons expressed GABAA receptors. These findings suggest that EA inhibits PBG-evoked bradycardia and vagally evoked NTS activity through a GABAergic mechanism, likely involving glutamatergic nucleus ambiguus-projecting NTS neurons.
authors.affiliation: Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California stjenalo@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tjen-A-Looi
authors.affiliation: Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.
authors.forename: Zhi-Ling
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Longhurst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015671:Electroacupuncture; D018756:GABA Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*; D050496:Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018756:GABA Antagonists; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; C482103:Slc17a8 protein, rat; D050496:Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D007608:Kainic Acid
keywords: glutamic acid; phenylbiguanide; vagal excitation