title: Measuring ensemble interdependence in a string quartet through analysis of multidimensional performance data.
abstract: In a musical ensemble such as a string quartet, the musicians interact and influence each other's actions in several aspects of the performance simultaneously in order to achieve a common aesthetic goal. In this article, we present and evaluate a computational approach for measuring the degree to which these interactions exist in a given performance. We recorded a number of string quartet exercises under two experimental conditions (solo and ensemble), acquiring both audio and bowing motion data. Numerical features in the form of time series were extracted from the data as performance descriptors representative of four distinct dimensions of the performance: Intonation, Dynamics, Timbre, and Tempo. Four different interdependence estimation methods (two linear and two nonlinear) were applied to the extracted features in order to assess the overall level of interdependence between the four musicians. The obtained results suggest that it is possible to correctly discriminate between the two experimental conditions by quantifying interdependence between the musicians in each of the studied performance dimensions; the nonlinear methods appear to perform best for most of the numerical features tested. Moreover, by using the solo recordings as a reference to which the ensemble recordings are contrasted, it is feasible to compare the amount of interdependence that is established between the musicians in a given performance dimension across all exercises, and relate the results to the underlying goal of the exercise. We discuss our findings in the context of ensemble performance research, the current limitations of our approach, and the ways in which it can be expanded and consolidated.
authors.affiliation: Music Technology Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papiotis
authors.affiliation: Music Technology Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchini
authors.affiliation: Music Technology Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain ; Input Devices and Music Interaction Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology, Schulich School of Music, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez-Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Music Technology Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain ; Computational Acoustic Modeling Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology, Schulich School of Music, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maestre
keywords: ensemble performance; granger causality; interdependence; motion capture; mutual information; nonlinear coupling; signal processing; string quartet