title: Evaluation of the learning curve for a board-certified veterinary surgeon performing laparoendoscopic single-site ovariectomy in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the learning curve and evaluate the outcome for a board-certified veterinary surgeon performing laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) ovariectomy in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case review and learning curve evaluation with a skill acquisition model. Animals-27 client-owned dogs. Procedures-Between April 2011 and December 2012, 27 dogs underwent elective LESS ovariectomy performed by a single experienced board-certified laparoscopic surgeon by means of the same technique. Medical records for these patients were reviewed to determine whether a learning curve could be detected. A commercially available multitrocar port was inserted through a 15- to 20-mm incision at the umbilicus, and LESS ovariectomy was performed with articulating graspers, a bipolar vessel-sealing device, and a 30° telescope. Surgical performance of the surgeon was quantified with an exponential skill acquisition model, and how skill was gained with repetition of the same novel surgical procedure was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median patient body weight was 20 kg (44 lb; range, 3.5 to 41 kg [7.7 to 90.2 lb]). Median surgical time was 35 minutes (range, 20 to 80 minutes). Median patient age was 314 days (range, 176 to 2,913 days). The skill acquisition model revealed that a comparable surgeon could reach 90% of optimal surgery performance after approximately 8 procedures (8.6, 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 16.6 procedures). According to the model, with each surgery, surgical time would be expected to decrease by 27% (95% confidence interval, 2% to 52%). Complications were limited to minor hemorrhage due to a splenic laceration and a postoperative incisional infection. Follow-up information was available for all 27 cases. All owners were satisfied and indicated that they would pursue LESS ovariectomy again.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The learning curve for LESS ovariectomy was short and definable. Short-term outcome was excellent. Results of this study suggested that an experienced laparoscopic surgeon may anticipate achieving proficiency with this technique after performing approximately 8 procedures.
authors.affiliation: Section of Surgery, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Runge
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Boston
authors.forename: Sharona B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Dorothy C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000601:surgery*; D004520:Education, Veterinary / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D018634:Veterinarians