title: 5-Mehtyltetrahydrofolate rescues alcohol-induced neural crest cell migration abnormalities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol is detrimental to early development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) due to maternal alcohol abuse results in a series of developmental abnormalities including cranial facial dysmorphology, ocular anomalies, congenital heart defects, microcephaly and intellectual disabilities. Previous studies have been shown that ethanol exposure causes neural crest (NC) apoptosis and perturbation of neural crest migration. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this report we investigated the fetal effect of alcohol on the process of neural crest development in the Xenopus leavis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-gastrulation exposure of 2-4% alcohol induces apoptosis in Xenopus embryo whereas 1% alcohol specifically impairs neural crest migration without observing discernible apoptosis. Additionally, 1% alcohol treatment considerably increased the phenotype of small head (43.4% ± 4.4%, total embryo n = 234), and 1.5% and 2.0% dramatically augment the deformation to 81.2% ± 6.5% (n = 205) and 91.6% ± 3.0% (n = 235), respectively (P < 0.05). Significant accumulation of Homocysteine was caused by alcohol treatment in embryos and 5-mehtyltetrahydrofolate restores neural crest migration and alleviates homocysteine accumulation, resulting in inhibition of the alcohol-induced neurocristopathies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that prenatal alcohol exposure causes neural crest cell migration abnormality and 5-mehtyltetrahydrofolate could be beneficial for treating FASD.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Jiejing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chunjiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Manzi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Youxue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tingyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D054258:Neural Plate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological; D013763:Tetrahydrofolates; D000431:Ethanol; C005984:5-methyltetrahydrofolate