title: Expression of Galectins 1, 3 and 9 in normal oral epithelium, oral squamous papilloma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of galectin 1, 3, and 9 in normal oral epithelium, oral squamous papilloma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical staining for galectins 1, 3, and 9 was evaluated in 8 samples of normal oral squamous epithelium, 15 samples of oral squamous papilloma, and 41 samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical data were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test followed by Dunn's test. For all analyzes, it was adopted the value of P <0.05 for statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found in galectin- 3 expression when comparing ordinary mucosa and oral squamous papilloma with the oral squamous cell carcinoma samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that galectin-3 is closely involved in malignant transformation of oral mucosa cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thais Ayako
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hossaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil ; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Focchi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: André
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Cintra
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Lopes Carapeto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Souza
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Celina T F
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Oshima
keywords: Galectin-1; galectin-3; galectin-9; oral squamous cell carcinoma; oral squamous papilloma