title: Rapid screening and detection of XOD inhibitors from S. tamariscina by ultrafiltration LC-PDA-ESI-MS combined with HPCCC.
abstract: Xanthine oxidase (XOD) catalyzes the metabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid, the overproduction of which could cause hyperuricemia, a risk factor for gout. Inhibition of XOD is a major treatment for gout, and biflavonoids have been found to act as XOD-inhibitory compounds. In this study, ultrafiltration liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection coupled to electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UF-LC-PDA-ESI-MS) was used to screen and identify XOD inhibitors from S. tamariscina. High-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) was used to separate and isolate the active constituents of these XOD inhibitors. Furthermore, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQ-MS) was used to determine the XOD-inhibitory activity of the obtained XOD inhibitors, and enzyme kinetics was performed with Lineweaver-Burk (LB) plots using xanthine as the substrate. As a result, two compounds in S. tamariscina were screened as XOD inhibitors: 65.31 mg amentoflavone and 0.76 mg robustaflavone were isolated from approximately 2.5 g S. tamariscina by use of HPCCC. The purities of the two compounds obtained were over 98 % and 95 %, respectively, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis indicated that amentoflavone and robustaflavone were non-competitive inhibitors of XOD, and the IC 50 values of amentoflavone and robustaflavone for XOD inhibition were 16.26 μg mL(-1) (30.22 μmol L(-1)) and 11.98 μg mL(-1) (22.27 μmol L(-1)), respectively. The IC 50 value of allopurinol, used as the standard, was 7.49 μg mL(-1) (46.23 μmol L(-1)). The results reveal that the method for systematic screening, identification, and isolation of bioactive components in S. tamariscina and for detecting their inhibitory activity using ultrafiltration LC-ESI-MS, HPCCC, and UPLC-TQ-MS is feasible and efficient, and could be expected to extend to screening and separation of other enzyme inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Key Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry of Jilin Province and Chemical Biology Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fengrui
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chun-ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003377:Countercurrent Distribution; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D032503:Selaginellaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods*; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase