title: Incidence, risk factors, treatment and prognosis of popliteal artery embolization in the superficial femoral artery interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTA + stent) has gained acceptance as a primary treatment modality for the superficial femoral artery (SFA) diseases. Popliteal artery embolization (PAE) is a severe complication in SFA interventions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, treatment and prognosis of PAE in primary SFA PTA + stent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic SFA arteriosclerosis cases that underwent primary PTA + stent were reviewed from a retrospectively maintained database. Runoff vessels were evaluated in all cases before and after the interventions for PAE detection. The primary patency, secondary patency and limb salvage rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared using log-rank analysis. Cox multivariate regression was performed to evaluate predictors of patency and limb salvage rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 436 lesions treated in 388 patients with 10 PAE events (2.3%) in total. PAE rate was significantly higher in Transatlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) C/D group compared with TASC A/B group (OR = 8.91, P = .002), in chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions compared with stenotic lesions (P<.0001), and in group with history of cerebral ischemic stroke (OR = 6.11, P = .007). PAE rates were not significantly affected by age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and runoff status. The binary logistic regression showed that only the TASC C/D was an independent predictor of PAE (P = .031). The 12-month and 24-month primary patency, secondary patency and limb salvage rates in PAE group showed no significant differences comparing with non-PAE group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAE is a rare event in primary SFA PTA + stent. TASC C/D lesion, CTO and cerebral ischemic stroke history are risk factors for PAE. PAE is typically reversible by comprehensive techniques. If the popliteal flow is restored in time, PAE has no significant effect on long-term patency and limb salvage rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Surong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuehong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Changwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000601:surgery*; D004617:Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D023821:Limb Salvage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome