title: The effect of cognitive speed of processing training on the development of additional IADL difficulties and the reduction of depressive symptoms: results from the IHAMS randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effects of cognitive speed of processing training (SOPT) on the development of additional Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) difficulties and the reduction of depressive symptoms in the Iowa Healthy and Active Minds Study (IHAMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred eighty-one patients were randomized to 4 groups: 10 hr of on-site SOPT, 10 hr of on-site SOPT plus 4 hr of boosters, 10 hr of at-home SOPT, or 10 hr of on-site attention-control (crossword puzzles). Developing additional difficulties with IADLs and reductions in depressive symptoms 1 year later were evaluated using multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The on-site SOPT with boosters group had reduced odds of developing additional difficulties with IADLs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.45, p = .044) compared with attention-controls. The on-site SOPT with boosters group also had increased odds of reduced depressive symptom levels (AOR = 2.93, p = .003) compared with attention-controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence that SOPT transfers beyond the cognitive skills trained to meaningful downstream improvements in the lives of middle-aged and older adults.
authors.affiliation: The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA fredric-wolinsky@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Fredric D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Wolinsky
authors.affiliation: Iowa City VA Health Care System, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Vander Weg
authors.affiliation: Iowa City VA Health Care System, IA, USA.
authors.forename: M Bryant
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Howren
authors.affiliation: The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Dotson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: IADLs; cognitive SOPT; depressive symptoms; randomized controlled trial