title: Caffeine intake in children in the United States and 10-y trends: 2001-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of the increasing concern of the potential adverse effects of caffeine intake in children, recent estimates of caffeine consumption in a representative sample of children are needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We provide estimates of caffeine intake in children in absolute amounts (mg) and in relation to body weight (mg/kg) to examine the association of caffeine consumption with sociodemographic factors and describe trends in caffeine intake in children in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed caffeine intake in 3280 children aged 2-19 y who participated in a 24-h dietary recall as part of the NHANES, which is a nationally representative survey of the US population with a cross-sectional design, in 2009-2010. Trends over time between 2001 and 2010 were examined in 2-19-y-old children (n = 18,530). Analyses were conducted for all children and repeated for caffeine consumers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2009-2010, 71% of US children consumed caffeine on a given day. Median caffeine intakes for 2-5-, 6-11-, and 12-19-y olds were 1.3, 4.5, and 13.6 mg, respectively, and 4.7, 9.1, and 40.6 mg, respectively, in caffeine consumers. Non-Hispanic black children had lower caffeine intake than that of non-Hispanic white counterparts. Caffeine intake correlated positively with age; this association was independent of body weight. On a given day, 10% of 12-19-y-olds exceeded the suggested maximum caffeine intake of 2.5 mg/kg by Health Canada. A significant linear trend of decline in caffeine intake (in mg or mg/kg) was noted overall for children aged 2-19 y during 2001-2010. Specifically, caffeine intake declined by 3.0 and 4.6 mg in 2-5- and 6-11-y-old caffeine consumers, respectively; no change was noted in 12-19-y-olds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A majority of US children including preschoolers consumed caffeine. Caffeine intake was highest in 12-19-y-olds and remained stable over the 10-y study period in this age group.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD (NA and KH); the National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA (MR); and the Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center-Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD (AM).
authors.forename: Namanjeet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD (NA and KH); the National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA (MR); and the Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center-Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD (AM).
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herrick
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD (NA and KH); the National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA (MR); and the Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center-Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD (AM).
authors.forename: Alanna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moshfegh
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD (NA and KH); the National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA (MR); and the Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center-Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD (AM).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rybak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001835:Body Weight; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000639:trends*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine