title: Human skeletal muscle mRNAResponse to a single hypoxic exercise bout.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to physically perform at high altitude may require unique strategies to acclimatize before exposure. The effect of acute hypoxic exposure on the metabolic response of the skeletal muscle may provide insight into the value of short-term preacclimatization strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the human skeletal muscle response to a single acute bout of exercise in a hypoxic environment on metabolic gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven recreationally active male participants (24 ± 4 years, 173 ± 20 cm, 82 ± 12 kg, 15.2 ± 7.1% fat, 4.0 ± 0.6 L/min maximal oxygen consumption) completed two 1-hour cycling exercise trials at 60% of peak power followed by 4 hours of recovery in ambient environmental conditions (975 m) and at normobaric hypoxic conditions simulating 3000 m in a randomized counterbalanced order. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before exercise and 4 hours after exercise for real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of select metabolic genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, mitochondrial fission 1, and mitofusin-2 increased with exercise (P < .05) but did not differ with hypoxic exposure (P > .05). Optic atrophy 1 did not increase with exercise or differ between environmental conditions (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The improvements in mitochondrial function reported with intermittent hypoxic training may not be explained by a single acute hypoxic exposure, and thus it appears that a longer period of preacclimatization than a single exposure may be required.
authors.affiliation: School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Dr Slivka and Mr Heesch). Electronic address: dslivka@unomaha.edu.
authors.forename: Dustin R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Slivka
authors.affiliation: School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE (Dr Slivka and Mr Heesch).
authors.forename: Matthew W S
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Heesch
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (Dr Dumke).
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dumke
authors.affiliation: Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (Mr Cuddy, Mr Hailes, and Dr Ruby).
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cuddy
authors.affiliation: Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (Mr Cuddy, Mr Hailes, and Dr Ruby).
authors.forename: Walter S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hailes
authors.affiliation: Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (Mr Cuddy, Mr Hailes, and Dr Ruby).
authors.forename: Brent C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Ruby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D006593:Hexokinase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D029241:Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant / Q000235:genetics; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics; D025221:Phosphofructokinases / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D025221:Phosphofructokinases; D006593:Hexokinase; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases; C470018:MFN2 protein, human
keywords: HIF-1α; PGC-1α; altitude exposure; glycolytic enzymes; mRNA; mitochondria