title: Spatiotemporally controlled microchannels of periodontal mimic scaffolds.
abstract: Physiologic bioengineering of the oral, dental, and craniofacial complex requires optimized geometric organizations of fibrous connective tissues. A computer-designed, fiber-guiding scaffold has been developed to promote tooth-supporting periodontal tissue regeneration and functional restoration despite limited printing resolution for the manufacture of submicron-scaled features. Here, we demonstrate the use of directional freeze-casting techniques to control pore directional angulations and create mimicked topographies to alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique, and apical fibers of natural periodontal ligaments. For the differing anatomic positions, the gelatin displayed varying patterns of ice growth, determined via internal pore architectures. Regardless of the freezing coordinates, the longitudinal pore arrangements resulted in submicron-scaled diameters (~50 µm), along with corresponding high biomaterial porosity (~90%). Furthermore, the horizontal + coronal ([Formula: see text]) freezing orientation facilitated the creation of similar structures to major fibers in the periodontal ligament interface. This periodontal tissue-mimicking microenvironment is a potential tissue platform for the generation of naturally oriented ligamentous tissues consistent with periodontal ligament neogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: W V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Giannobile
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea yjseol@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Seol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D057005:Bioengineering / Q000295:instrumentation; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004285:Dogs; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005615:Freezing; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D003765:Models, Dental; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D016062:Porosity; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016628:Replica Techniques; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D007053:Ice; D005780:Gelatin
keywords: bioengineering; biomaterials; freeze casting; periodontal ligament; regenerative medicine; tissue engineering