title: Radiation exposure in different cardiac catheterization procedures in cath lab.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interventional procedures render cardiologolists and their team members to high doses of radiations. This study was conducted to assess the radiation exposure in various cardiac catheterization procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at the catheterization laboratory of Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from November 2008 to December 2009. Patients were categorized into four groups for procedures a. coronary angiography, b. percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), c. permanent pacemakers (PPM) and d. percutaneous transvenous mitral commisurotomy (PTMC), two groups for operators (consultants and trainees), and three groups for various accesses (femoral, radial and sub-clavian).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 99 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization were studied. Coronary angiography was performed in 52 (52.5%) patients, PCI in 32 (32.3%)), pacemakers in 6 (6.1%), and PTMC in 9 (9.1%) patients. Consultants did 72 (72.7%) procedures and trainees did 27 (27.3%) procedures. Through radial access, 22 (22.2%) procedures were performed, 71 (71.7%) through femoral, and 6 (6.1%) through sub-clavian. The mean radiation dose for coronary angiography was (4907.862 +/- 15231.6358 microGym2), PCI (10375.16 +/- 16083.4385 microGym2), pacemakers (1406.823 +/- 785.489 microGym2), and PTMC (1157.91 +/- 760.437 microGym2). The mean radiation dose for radial (6147.33 +/- 8480.37 microGym2), femoral (6512.58 +/- 16566.73 microGym2), and sub-clavian was (1406.82 +/- 785.48 microGym2). While for various operators consultants (7489.5 +/- 16925.55 microGym2), and trainees (2475.25 +/- 1178.86 microGym2). The mean time for radial (8.59 +/- 7.28 min), femoral (6.95 +/- 6.43 min) and sub-clavian was (8.24 +/- 4.81 min). The mean time for coronary angiography (4.56 +/- 5.32 min), PCI (11.44 +/- 6.92 min), PPM (8.24 +/- 4.81 min), and PTMC (8.28 +/- 5.01 min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation dose varies substantially across different groups by different operators and different routes.
authors.lastname: Noor-ul-Hadi
authors.forename: Adnan Mehmood
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gul
authors.lastname: Fazal-Ghafoor
authors.forename: Syed Tahir
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wali
authors.forename: Syed Javed
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Syed Sadiq
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Rehman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Said
authors.lastname: Kashifulla
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hafizullah
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013997:Time Factors