title: High concentrations of essential and toxic elements in infant formula and infant foods - A matter of concern.
abstract: This study assessed concentrations in and intake of toxic and essential elements from formulas and foods intended for infants during their first 6months of life. Concentrations of the essential elements Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Mo were significantly higher in most formulas than in breast milk. Daily intake of Mn from formula varies from ten up to several hundred times the intake of the breast fed infant, levels that may be associated with adverse health effects. One portion of infant food provided significantly more Fe, Mn, Mo, As, Cd, Pb and U than one feeding of breast milk, but less Ca, Cu and Se. Rice-based products in particular contained elevated As concentrations. Drinking water used to mix powdered formula may add significantly to the concentrations in the ready-made products. Evaluation of potentially adverse effects of the elevated element concentrations in infant formulas and foods are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Karin.Ljung@ki.se.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ljung
authors.affiliation: Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Brita.Palm@ki.se.
authors.forename: Brita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.affiliation: Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Margaretha.Grander@ki.se.
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grandér
authors.affiliation: Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Marie.Vahter@ki.se.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahter
keywords: Baby milk; Baby porridge; Exposure; Intake; Metal