title: The significance of circulating endothelin-1 as a predictor of coronary artery disease status and clinical outcomes following coronary artery catheterization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Inflammatory, pro-thrombotic and structural factors contribute to the etiology of CAD. This study sought to determine the relationship of plasma endothelin-1 (pET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, mitogen and modulator of cardiac inflammation, to clinical characteristics and outcomes of CAD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from 336 patients with underlying chest pain or recent myocardial infarction (MI), prior to coronary catheterization. pET-1 was correlated with clinical characteristics and outcomes following catheterization and at 30-day follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  pET-1 was higher in recent MI patients than in patients with CAD (coronary occlusion≥50%) or without CAD (<50%) (Mean±sem (pg/ml): 2.12±0.13, 1.51±0.10, 1.21±0.06; 95% confidence interval (1.85-2.38, 1.31-1.72, 1.07-1.32; respectively, P<.0001). Patients with ST elevation MI (STEMI) had higher pET-1 than non-STEMI (P=.008). pET-1 was associated with heart failure (HF) and low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and was highest in MI patients presented with acute HF. At 30-day follow up, pET-1 was not associated with the change in LVEF. In multivariate analysis, pET-1 was positively associated with age, smoking, HF, CAD status, and need for revascularization by coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). pET-1 was negatively correlated with LVEF and preoperative statin use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  pET-1 is associated with recent MI, HF, age, smoking, CABG, and low LVEF. Preoperative statin use was associated with lower pET-1. pET-1 may serve as a risk marker and a potential therapeutic target in CAD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. Electronic address: famayyas@just.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Fadia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mayyas
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Jarrah
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of General Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Doaa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mfady
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Van Wagoner
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019332:Endothelin-1
keywords: Coronary artery disease; Endothelin-1; Myocardial infarction