title: What factors are associated with impacted canines in cleft patients?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is important to predict and prevent the impaction of canines. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of impacted canines in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and to identify factors associated with impaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study included patients with nonsyndromic UCLP. The predictors were pre-eruptive inclination angle, deviation in tooth number (agenesis or supernumerary lateral incisors), and reoperation of bone transplant. The outcome variable was impacted and surgically exposed canines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of impacted and surgically exposed canines in the 68 consecutive patients with UCLP was 20.6%. The pre-eruptive inclination angle was significantly larger (34.4°) for the impacted canines on the cleft side compared with the spontaneously erupted canines on the cleft and non-cleft sides (25.5° vs 15.4; P < .05). Reoperation of the bone transplant significantly increased canine impaction (50%; P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The eruption of maxillary canines needs to be supervised carefully in patients with UCLP, because the prevalence of impaction is 10 times higher compared with the general population. Factors associated with canine impaction are a pre-eruptive inclination larger than 30° and reoperation of the bone transplant.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: anna.westerlund@odontologi.gu.se.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Westerlund
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.affiliation: Senior Orthodontic Consultant, Regional Center for Cleft and Lip Palate, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Björnström
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; former Senior Orthodontic Consultant, Regional Center for Cleft and Lip Palate, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ransjö
mesh_terms: D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications*; D003481:Cuspid; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery