title: Neurofeedback for ADHD: a review of current evidence.
abstract: Considerable scientific effort has been directed at developing effective treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Among alternative treatment approaches, neurofeedback has gained some promising empirical support in recent years from controlled studies as a treatment of core ADHD symptoms. However, a recent stringent meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials published in 2013 found that the effects were stronger for unblinded measures and 3 recent subsequently published well-controlled trials found no effects for the most blinded ADHD outcome. Firmer conclusions must await upcoming evidence from larger controlled studies and future meta-analyses contrasting different forms of neurofeedback and different outcome measures.
authors.affiliation: LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, Heithofer Allee 64, D 59071 Hamm, Germany. Electronic address: martin.holtmann@wkp-lwl.org.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holtmann
authors.affiliation: Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Psychology, Institute for Disorders of Impulse & Attention, University of Southampton, University Road SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK; Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2. B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonuga-Barke
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge PE29 2BQ, UK; Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, NG7 2TU Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Samuele
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Neumünsterallee 9/Fach, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandeis
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*
keywords: ADHD; Frequency bands; Neurofeedback; Reward; Slow cortical potentials; Treatment