title: Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation.
abstract: The toxic potential of four disinfectant agents (chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid and UV radiation), used in the disinfection of urban wastewater, was evaluated with respect to four aquatic organisms. Disinfection assays were carried out with wastewater from the city of Araraquara (São Paulo State, Brazil), and subsequently, toxicity bioassays were applied in order to verify possible adverse effects to the cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis), midge larvae Chironomus xanthus and fish (Danio rerio). Under the experimental conditions tested, all the disinfectants were capable of producing harmful effects on the test organisms, except for C. xanthus. The toxicity of the effluent to C. silvestrii was observed to increase significantly as a result of disinfection using 2.5 mg L(-1) chlorine and 29.9 mg L(-1) ozone. Ozonation and chlorination significantly affected the survival of D. similis and D. rerio, causing mortality of 60 to 100 % in comparison to the non-disinfected effluent. In experiments with effluent treated with peracetic acid (PAA) and UV radiation, a statistically significant decrease in survival was only detected for D. rerio. This investigation suggested that the study of the ideal concentrations of disinfectants is a research need for ecologically safe options for the treatment of wastewater.
authors.affiliation: Oceanography and Environmental Impacts Coordination Program, COIAM, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), SHIS Quadra 01, Conjunto B - Bloco A - Edifício Santos Dumont, Lago Sul, Brasília, DF, CEP 71605-160, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Berninger
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Suzelei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodgher
authors.forename: Luiz Antonio
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Evaldo Luiz Gaeta
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Espíndola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001938:Brazil; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects; D002713:Chlorine / Q000633:toxicity; D033361:Cladocera / Q000187:drug effects; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004203:Disinfection; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity; D010463:Peracetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D012722:Sewage; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine; D004202:Disinfectants; D010126:Ozone; D010463:Peracetic Acid; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater