title: Outcomes after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with unprotected left main stem occlusion: the BCIS national audit of percutaneous coronary intervention 6-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to evaluate in-hospital outcomes and 3-year mortality of patients presenting with unprotected left main stem occlusion (ULMSO) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Limited data exists about management and outcome following presentation with ULMSO.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1, 2007 to December 21, 2012, 446,257 PCI cases were recorded in the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society database of all PCI cases in England and Wales. Of those, 568 were patients having emergency PCI for ST-segment elevation infarction (0.6% of all PPCI) who presented with ULMSO (TIMI [Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction] flow grade 0/1 and stenosis >75%), and they were compared with 1,045 emergency patients treated with nonocclusive LMS disease. Follow-up was obtained through linkage with the Office of National Statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presentation with ULMSO, compared with nonocclusive LMS disease, was associated with a doubling in the likelihood of periprocedural shock (57.9% vs. 27.9%; p < 0.001) and/or intra-aortic balloon pump support (52.5% vs. 27.2%; p < 0.001). In-hospital (43.3% vs. 20.6%; p < 0.001), 1-year (52.8% vs. 32.4%; p < 0.001), and 3-year mortality (73.9% vs 52.3%, p < 0.001) rates were higher in patients with ULMSO, compared with patients presenting with a patent LMS, and were significantly influenced by the presence of cardiogenic shock. ULMSO and cardiogenic shock were independent predictors of 30-day (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.61 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07 to 2.41], p = 0.02, and HR: 5.43 [95% CI: 3.23 to 9.12], p<0.001, respectively) and 3-year all-cause mortality (HR: 1.52 [95% CI: 1.06 to 2.17], p = 0.02, and HR: 2.98 [95% CI: 1.99 to 4.49], p < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients undergoing PPCI for ULMSO, acute outcomes are poor and additional therapies are required to improve outcome. However, long-term outcomes for survivors of ULMSO are encouraging.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Oxford Heart Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Niket
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Oxford Heart Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Giovanni Luigi
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: De Maria
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Oxford Heart Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kassimis
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Oxford Heart Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom; George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kazem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Service Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Derrick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ludman
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Oxford Heart Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom. Electronic address: adrian.banning@ouh.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Adrian P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Banning
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054059:Coronary Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D004630:Emergencies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014852:Wales
keywords: coronary occlusion; coronary thrombosis; myocardial infarction; percutaneous coronary intervention; shock