title: Relationship between preparation of cells for therapy and cell quality using artificial neural network analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The successful preparation of cells for therapy depends on the characterization of causal factors affecting cell quality. Ultra scale-down methods are used to characterize cells in terms of their response to process engineering causal factors of hydrodynamic shear stress and time. This response is in turn characterized in terms of causal factors relating to variations as may naturally occur during cell preparation, i.e., passage number, generation number, time of the final passage stage and hold time in formulation medium.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the influence of all of these causal factors we have adopted a non-linear, multivariate predictive artificial neural network (ANN) based modeling approach to help create clearer insights into their effect on cell membrane integrity and surface marker content. A prostate cancer cell line candidate for cancer therapy (P4E6) was used and cell surface markers CD9, CD147 and HLA A-C were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All causal factors studied were found to be significant in establishing an ANN model for the prediction of cell quality parameters with the extent of exposure to shear stress being the most significant and then passage number (range 57-66) and generation number (range 10-19) determining most strongly the cells' resistance to shear stress. Both the operation of the final cell passage and the hold time of the cells in a formulation buffer also determine the cells' resistance to shear stress. The processing parameters related to cell handling after preparation, i.e., shear stress and time of exposure were found to be the most influential affecting cell quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD9 surface marker loss was the most sensitive indicator of the effects of shear stress followed by loss of membrane integrity and then HLA A-C, while CD147 remained unaffected by shear stress or even prone to increase. Also greater stability of cell surface marker presence was noted for cells generated at greater passage numbers or generation numbers or for reduction in hold time in formulation buffer.
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College of London, London W120NN, UK; School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG11 8NS, UK.
authors.forename: Gopal Krishna
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Dhondalay
authors.affiliation: Department for Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Cell Therapy Catapult, Biomedical Research Centre, Research and Development, 16th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG11 8NS, UK. Electronic address: graham.balls@ntu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Department for Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK. Electronic address: m.hoare@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoare
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer
keywords: Artificial neural networks; Bioprocessing; Cells for therapy; Membrane integrity; Surface markers; Ultra scale-down