title: Insecticide-treated net wall hangings for malaria vector control: an experimental hut study in north-eastern Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alternative long-lasting, practical and effective tools for applying insecticides on home walls against malaria vectors need to be developed. The use of wall hangings made from netting on interior walls for aesthetic purposes is a common practice in rural communities. Insecticide-treated net wall hangings can be produced in a long-lasting format and used in an approach that simulates indoor residual spraying (IRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficacy of net wall hangings (NWH) treated with the residual organophosphate insecticide, pirimiphos methyl (1 g/sq m), was evaluated in experimental huts against malaria vectors in Muheza, Tanzania. To determine the optimum level of wall coverage required, NWH were tested on ceiling only, two walls, four walls, or four walls plus ceiling. Comparison was made with deltamethrin-treated NWH on two walls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pirimiphos methyl (p-methyl)-treated NWH (on two walls) killed significantly higher proportions of anophelines (92% of Anopheles gambiae and 79% of Anopheles funestus) than the deltamethrin-treated NWH (15% of An. gambiae and 17% of An. funestus) (P<0.001). WHO susceptibility tests showed that the local vector population was susceptible to the organophosphates but resistant to pyrethroids. Mortality rates were significantly higher in huts with p-methyl NWH on two walls (92% for An. gambiae and 79% for An. funestus) than on ceiling only (61% for An. gambiae and 62% for An. funestus, P<0.05). There was no improvement in mortality when wall coverage with p-methyl NWH increased beyond two walls. Blood-feeding rates with p-methyl NWH were generally high across all the treatments (52-77%) and did not differ significantly from the control (64-67%). There was no evidence of reduced blood-feeding or increased exiting with increase in wall coverage with p-methyl NWH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Net wall hangings are an effective means of delivering insecticides in the domestic environment against malaria vectors. They could be more practical and acceptable than IRS thus showing enormous potential for malaria vector control. Appropriate binding or incorporation technology needs to be developed to enable the production of p-methyl NWH with residual activity lasting over a number of years.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London WC1E 7HT, UK. corine.ngufor@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ngufor
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tungu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malima
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kisinza
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; C014153:pirimiphos methyl