title: Protocol to evaluate the impact of yoga supplementation on cognitive function in schizophrenia: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic illness that is treated symptomatically. Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of SZ that is relatively intractable to pharmacotherapy. Yoga can improve cognitive function among healthy individuals. A recent open trial indicated significant benefits of yoga training (YT) in conjunction with conventional pharmacotherapy among patients with SZ.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the protocol for an ongoing randomised controlled trial designed to test whether the reported beneficial effects of YT on cognitive function among SZ patients can be replicated. Secondarily, the effects of YT on daily functioning living skills are evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consenting patients with SZ receive routine clinical treatment and are randomised to adjunctive YT, adjunctive physical exercise (PE) or treatment as usual (proposed N = 234 total, N = 78 in each group). The trial involves YT or PE 5 days a week and lasts 3 weeks. Participants are evaluated thrice over 6 months. Cognitive functions measured by Trail Making Test, University of Pennsylvania Neurocognitive Computerised Battery were primary outcome measures while clinical severity and daily functioning measured by Independent Living Skills Survey were secondary outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 309 participants have been randomised as of 31 August 2013, which exceeded beyond 294 proposed after attrition. Once participants begin YT or PE they generally complete the protocol. No injuries have been reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short term YT is feasible and acceptable to Indian SZ patients. If beneficial effects of YT are detected, it will provide a novel adjunctive cognitive remediation strategy for SZ patients.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research - Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital,New Delhi,India.
authors.forename: Triptish
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Biostatistics,University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA,USA.
authors.forename: Sati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research - Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital,New Delhi,India.
authors.forename: Nagendra Narayan
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Psychiatry,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA.
authors.forename: Raquel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Psychiatry,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA.
authors.forename: Ruben C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Psychiatry,University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA,USA.
authors.forename: Vishwajit Laxmikant
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Nimgaonkar
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Psychiatry,Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research - Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital,New Delhi,India.
authors.forename: Smita Neelkanth
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Deshpande
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015013:Yoga