title: The effects of micro-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) on the nasomaxillary complex--a finite element method (FEM) analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthodontic palatal expansion appliances have been widely used with satisfactory and, most often, predictable clinical results. Recently, clinicians have successfully utilized micro-implants with palatal expander designs to work as anchors to the palate to achieve more efficient skeletal expansion and to decrease undesired dental effects. The purpose of the study was to use finite element method (FEM) to determine the stress distribution and displacement within the craniofacial complex when simulated conventional and micro-implant-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) expansion forces are applied to the maxilla. The simulated stress distribution produced within the palate and maxillary buttresses in addition to the displacement and rotation of the maxilla could then be analyzed to determine if micro-implants aid in skeletal expansion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-dimensional (3D) mesh model of the cranium with associated maxillary sutures was developed using computed tomography (CT) images and Mimics modeling software. To compare transverse expansion stresses in rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and MARPE, expansion forces were distributed to differing points on the maxilla and evaluated with ANSYS simulation software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stresses distributed from forces applied to the maxillary teeth are distributed mainly along the trajectories of the three maxillary buttresses. In comparison, the MARPE showed tension and compression directed to the palate, while showing less rotation, and tipping of the maxillary complex. In addition, the conventional hyrax displayed a rotation of the maxilla around the teeth as opposed to the midpalatal suture of the MARPE. This data suggests that the MARPE causes the maxilla to bend laterally, while preventing unwanted rotation of the complex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the MARPE may be beneficial for hyperdivergent patients, or those that have already experienced closure of the midpalatal suture, who require palatal expansion and would worsen from buccal tipping of the teeth or maxillary complex.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: MacGinnis
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: Kimberley W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Andre Wilson
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Won
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015921:Dental Implants; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008904:Miniaturization; D008954:Models, Biological; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010159:Palate / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants