title: Production of domoic acid by laboratory culture of the red alga Chondria armata.
abstract: To clarify the production mechanisms and biologic functions of domoic acid (DA) by the red alga Chondria armata, we established a laboratory culture of C. armata. The alga grew better in modified PES medium (mPES) without trace metals or manganese than in unmodified mPES (seawater + nitrate, phosphate, iron, trace metals, vitamins, and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-ethanesulfonic acid), suggesting that C. armata is especially hypersensitive to the toxicity of excessive manganese. C. armata cultured in N·P·Fe medium (seawater + nitrate, phosphate, and iron) grew best (mean growth rate 828.4%) at a relative nutrient concentration of 50%. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the algal extracts revealed that the DA content of the cultured explants (2273-3308 ppm) was 4-5 fold higher than that of wild specimens. The extract of pooled explants (60 g) was purified by activated charcoal treatment and several types of column chromatography to afford ca. 10 mg DA. The (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the preparation was indistinguishable from the previously reported spectrum of DA, indicating that C. armata itself has an ability to produce DA.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwano
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
authors.forename: Nozomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takatani
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan. Electronic address: arakawa@nagasaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D007564:Japan; D007608:Kainic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D008345:Manganese; C012301:domoic acid; D007608:Kainic Acid
keywords: Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP); Chondria armata; Domoic acid (DA); Laboratory culture; Modified PES medium; Red alga