title: Risk recognition, attachment anxiety, self-efficacy, and state dissociation predict revictimization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has identified a number of variables that constitute potential risk factors for victimization and revictimization. However, it remains unclear which factors are associated not only with childhood or adolescent victimization, but specifically with revictimization. The aim of this study was to determine whether risk recognition ability and other variables previously associated with revictimization are specifically able to differentiate individuals with childhood victimization only from revictimized individuals, and thus to predict revictimization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were N = 85 women aged 21 to 64 years who were interpersonally victimized in childhood or adolescence only, interpersonally revictimized in another period of life, or not victimized. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine whether risk recognition ability, sensation seeking, self-efficacy, state dissociation, shame, guilt, assertiveness, and attachment anxiety predicted group membership.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The logistic regression analysis revealed risk recognition ability, attachment anxiety, state dissociation, and self-efficacy as significant predictors of revictimization. The final model accurately classified 82.4% of revictimized, 59.1% of victimized and 93.1% of non-victimized women. The overall classification rate was 80%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that risk recognition ability, attachment anxiety, self-efficacy, and state dissociation play a key role in revictimization. Increased risk recognition ability after an interpersonal trauma may act as a protective factor against repeated victimization that revictimized individuals may lack. A lack of increased risk recognition ability in combination with higher attachment anxiety, lower self-efficacy, and higher state dissociation may increase the risk of revictimization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; The Berlin Center for Torture Victims, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bockers
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roepke
authors.affiliation: Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Babette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renneberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; The Berlin Center for Torture Victims, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knaevelsrud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D004213:Dissociative Disorders; D005260:Female; D006167:Guilt; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012752:Shame