title: Prediction equation for lower limbs lean soft tissue in circumpubertal boys using anthropometry and biological maturation.
abstract: Lean soft tissue (LST), a surrogate of skeletal muscle mass, is largely limited to appendicular body regions. Simple and accurate methods to estimate lower limbs LST are often used in attempts to partition out the influence of body size on performance outputs. The aim of the current study was to develop and cross-validate a new model to predict lower limbs LST in boys aged 10-13 years, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method. Total body and segmental (lower limbs) composition were assessed with a Hologic Explorer-W QDR DXA scanner in a cross-sectional sample of 75 Portuguese boys (144.8±6.4 cm; 40.2±9.0 kg). Skinfolds were measured at the anterior and posterior mid-thigh, and medial calf. Circumferences were measured at the proximal, mid and distal thigh. Leg length was estimated as stature minus sitting height. Current stature expressed as a percentage of attained predicted mature stature (PMS) was used as an estimate of biological maturity status. Backward proportional allometric models were used to identify the model with the best statistical fit: ln (lower limbs LST)  = 0.838× ln (body mass) +0.476× ln (leg length) - 0.135× ln (mid-thigh circumference) - 0.053× ln (anterior mid-thigh skinfold) - 0.098× ln (medial calf skinfold) - 2.680+0.010× (percentage of attained PMS) (R = 0.95). The obtained equation was cross-validated using the predicted residuals sum of squares statistics (PRESS) method (R2PRESS = 0.90). Deming repression analysis between predicted and current lower limbs LST showed a standard error of estimation of 0.52 kg (95% limits of agreement: 0.77 to -1.27 kg). The new model accurately predicts lower limbs LST in circumpubertal boys.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valente-dos-Santos
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Coelho-e-Silva
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Aristides M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Machado-Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marije T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Elferink-Gemser
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America; Department of Kinesiology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Malina
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Édio L
authors.initials: ÉL
authors.lastname: Petroski
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cláudia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Minderico
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
authors.forename: Analiza M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fátima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Sardinha
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D011174:Portugal