title: Analysis of human male armpit sweat after fenugreek ingestion: Characterisation of odour active compounds by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and olfactometry.
abstract: In this study, the strong "maple-syrup" odour which appears after fenugreek ingestion was investigated. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was applied to extract volatile odourant compounds from human male armpit sweat samples. Two male volunteers were considered who have similar diet; they had to ingest fenugreek infusion over the same period of time. The HS-SPME extracts obtained were then analysed by gas chromatography coupled either to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or flame ionisation detection and olfactometry (GC-O). In that latter case, a panel of eight assessors was used, and the detection frequency methodology was applied. A total of 44 compounds could be identified in sweat samples, with a wide range of chemical structures, some of them being reported for the first time in human armpit sweat. Eight compounds appearing only after fenugreek ingestion could be identified: 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, β-pinene, 3-octen-2-one, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, 4-isopropyl-benzaldehyde, neryl acetate and β-caryophyllene. Due to their odourant notes, such compounds should be responsible for the strong "maple-syrup" odour present in sweat after fenugreek ingestion. GC-O confirmed the role of some odourant compounds in the "maple-syrup" odour of sweat, especially 2,5-dimethylpyrazine which was the best perceived odour. Among these eight compounds, some of them were previously reported in the fenugreek seeds, namely β-pinene, 3-octen-2-one and camphor.
authors.affiliation: AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie, Procédés, Aliments, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie, Procédés, Aliments, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Riadh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mebazaa
authors.affiliation: AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie, Procédés, Aliments, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie, Procédés, Aliments, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rega
authors.affiliation: AgroParisTech, UMR 1145 Ingénierie, Procédés, Aliments, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR 1145 Ingénierie, Procédés, Aliments, F-75005 Paris, France. Electronic address: valerie.camel@agroparistech.fr.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Camel
keywords: Direct-GC–olfactometry; Fenugreek; Gas chromatography; Odour compounds; Pseudo-maple syrup urine disease; Solid-phase microextraction; Sweat; Volatile compounds