title: Cognitive enhancing effect of the fermented Gumiganghwal-tang on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice.
abstract: Gumiganghwal-tang (GT) is a traditional herbal medicine that is widely used for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic actions. Fermented GT has been reported to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and to exert a neuroprotective effect. In this study, we investigated the effect of fermented GT against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice using the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. The results of the Morris water maze test indicated that fermented GT significantly decreased escape latency, as compared with that observed in the scopolamine-treated group. In the prove test, fermented GT attenuated the decreased time spent in the target quadrant observed after scopolamine treatment. The results of the passive avoidance test indicated that the treatment with fermented GT increased latency time when compared with the scopolamine-treated group. Moreover, fermented GT inhibited AChE activity in the hippocampi of the treated mice. These results suggest that fermented GT reduced scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice through AChE inhibition. Therefore, we hypothesize that fermented GT may be a useful therapeutic agent for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, College of Biomedical Science , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon 200-701 , Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Bae
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Weon
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, College of Biomedical Science , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon 200-701 , Korea.
authors.forename: Jiwoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, College of Biomedical Science , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon 200-701 , Korea.
authors.forename: Min Rye
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Eom
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, College of Biomedical Science , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon 200-701 , Korea.
authors.forename: Youn Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, College of Biomedical Science , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon 200-701 , Korea.|b Research Institute of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Choong Je
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000077265:Donepezil; D005285:Fermentation; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D007189:Indans / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D007189:Indans; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D010936:Plant Extracts; C574161:kumi-kyokatsu-to; D000077265:Donepezil; D012601:Scopolamine; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C548245:Ache protein, mouse
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Cognitive-enhancing effect; Fermented Gumiganghwal-tang; Morris water maze test; Passive avoidance test