title: Fast food consumption and gestational diabetes incidence in the SUN project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gestational diabetes prevalence is increasing, mostly because obesity among women of reproductive age is continuously escalating. We aimed to investigate the incidence of gestational diabetes according to the consumption of fast food in a cohort of university graduates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective dynamic "Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra" (SUN) cohort included data of 3,048 women initially free of diabetes or previous gestational diabetes who reported at least one pregnancy between December 1999 and March 2011. Fast food consumption was assessed through a validated 136-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Fast food was defined as the consumption of hamburgers, sausages, and pizza. Three categories of fast food were established: low (0-3 servings/month), intermediate (>3 servings/month and ≤2 servings/week) and high (>2 servings/week). Non-conditional logistic regression models were used to adjust for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 159 incident cases of gestational diabetes during follow-up. After adjusting for age, baseline body mass index, total energy intake, smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease/hypertension at baseline, parity, adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern, alcohol intake, fiber intake, and sugar-sweetened soft drinks consumption, fast food consumption was significantly associated with a higher risk of incident gestational diabetes, with multivariate adjusted OR of 1.31 (95% conficence interval [CI]:0.81-2.13) and 1.86 (95% CI: 1.13-3.06) for the intermediate and high categories, respectively, versus the lowest category of baseline fast food consumption (p for linear trend: 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that pre-pregnancy higher consumption of fast food is an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Unit - Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
authors.forename: Ligia J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Hospital Reina Sofia, Tudela, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Basterra-Gortari
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gea
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Unit - Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbagallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bes-Rastrollo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057140:Fast Foods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology