title: Temperamental dimensions of the TEMPS-A in male and female subjects engaging in extreme or/and high risk sports.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated temperamental dimensions of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) as well as bipolarity features in male and female subjects engaging in extreme or/and high risk sports.
  
  
  METHODS
  The web-based case-control study was performed in 480 subjects engaging in extreme or/and high risk sports (255 male, 225 female) aged 26 ± 6 years and in 235 age- and sex-matched healthy controls subjects (107 male, 128 female), aged 28 + 9 years. The TEMPS-A questionnaire, 110 questions version, has been used, evaluating five temperament domains: depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and anxious. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) was employed for the assessment of bipolarity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both male and female athletes had significantly higher scores of hyperthymic temperaments compared with control male and female subjects who had declared themselves as not involved into the activities of extreme or/and high risk sports. In addition, compared with controls, male sportsmen had lower scores of depressive and anxious temperaments, and female athletes had higher scores of cyclothymic and irritable temperaments. Both male and female athletes obtained significantly higher scores of bipolarity as measured by the MDQ, than control men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Web-based study involving a risk of selection and recall bias, problematic homogeneity of the experimental group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects engaged into extreme or/and high risk sports have significantly higher scores of hyperthymic temperament, measured by the TEMPS-A and present sex-specific features of other temperaments. Such subjects obtain also greater bipolarity scores as measured by the MDQ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorders, Chair of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siwek
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorders, Chair of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dudek
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorders, Chair of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Drozdowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorders, Chair of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaeschke
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorders, Chair of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Styczen
authors.affiliation: Students Scientific Association of Affective Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arciszewska
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, Paris, France; International Mood Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kareen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, Paris, France; International Mood Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul.Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: janusz.rybakowski@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Janusz K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rybakowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bipolarity; Extreme sports; MDQ; TEMPS-A; Temperament