title: Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development.
abstract: Adolescence is associated with quickly changing environmental demands which require excellent adaptive skills and high cognitive flexibility. Feedback-guided adaptive learning and cognitive flexibility are driven by reward prediction error (RPE) signals, which indicate the accuracy of expectations and can be estimated using computational models. Despite the importance of cognitive flexibility during adolescence, only little is known about how RPE processing in cognitive flexibility deviates between adolescence and adulthood. In this study, we investigated the developmental aspects of cognitive flexibility by means of computational models and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We compared the neural and behavioral correlates of cognitive flexibility in healthy adolescents (12-16years) to adults performing a probabilistic reversal learning task. Using a modified risk-sensitive reinforcement learning model, we found that adolescents learned faster from negative RPEs than adults. The fMRI analysis revealed that within the RPE network, the adolescents had a significantly altered RPE-response in the anterior insula. This effect seemed to be mainly driven by increased responses to negative prediction errors. In summary, our findings indicate that decision making in adolescence goes beyond merely increased reward-seeking behavior and provides a developmental perspective to the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility in the context of reinforcement learning.
authors.affiliation: University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for NeuroImaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: tobias.hauser@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Tobias U
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.affiliation: University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland; PhD Program in Integrative Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iannaccone
authors.affiliation: University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walitza
authors.affiliation: University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandeis
authors.affiliation: University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP), University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward
keywords: Adolescence; Cognitive flexibility; Development; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); Reward prediction errors