title: Polymerase chain reaction ribotyping of Clostridium difficile isolates in Qatar: a hospital-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is not generally reported to public health authorities in the Middle East and its true prevalence remains largely unknown. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of CDI and its associated ribotypes among C. difficile isolates in Qatar. Influence of age and correlation with other risk factors e.g. proton pump inhibitor use, antibiotic use, existence of chronic conditions, etc was also investigated for CDI positive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,532 patients with suspected CDI were recruited from two hospitals between 2011 and 2012. C. difficile was identified using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) lateral flow assay and toxins A and B Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). The C. difficile positive samples were then cultured for PCR-ribotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  122 of the 1,532 (7.9%) samples from individual patients were identified as C.difficile positive; and 79 of these were viably cultured (~65%). From these, 36 different PCR ribotypes were isolated, of which strains 258 (6 [7.6%]), 01/014/046 (5 [6.3%]), and 011/053/056/107 (4 [5%]) were the most prevalent. The prevalence of PCR-ribotype 027 was 1.3% (n = 1). An age of ≥65 years and treatment with proton pump inhibitors correlated with higher frequency of CDI. Treatment with third generation cephalosporins (50 [41%]) and piperacillin/tazobactam antibiotics (55 [45.1%]) was most frequently associated with CDI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common C. difficile ribotype identified in Qatar was 258, which is different from those found in North America, Europe and Asia. The prevalence of CDI was higher in Qatar than Europe; though comparable to other Middle Eastern countries. These findings underscore the importance of local surveillance to detect and control C. difficile infection.
authors.affiliation: Virology Health Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. aaja@qu.edu.qa.
authors.forename: Asma A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Thani
authors.forename: Wedad S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hamdi
authors.forename: Naser A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Ansari
authors.forename: Sanjay H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Doiphode
authors.forename: Godwin Justus
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011780:Qatar / Q000453:epidemiology; D021521:Ribotyping / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult