title: Vitamin E concentrations in adults with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: HIV/AIDS patients are probably more predisposed to vitamin E deficiency, considering that they are more exposed to oxidative stress. Additionally, there are an extensive number of drugs in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens that may interfere with vitamin E concentrations. The objective of this study was to compare serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in 182 HIV/AIDS patients receiving different HAART regimens. The patients were divided into three groups according to regimen: nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + non-nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs); NRTIs + protease inhibitors + ritonavir; NRTIs + other classes. Alpha-tocopherol was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of HAART regimen, time of use, and compliance with the regimen on alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Alpha-tocopherol concentrations were on average 4.12 μmol/L lower for the NRTIs + other classes regimen when compared to the NRTIs + NNRTIs regimen (p = 0.037). A positive association (p < 0.001) was observed between alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol concentrations, a finding due, in part, to the relationship between liposoluble vitamins and lipid profile. This study demonstrated differences in alpha-tocopherol concentrations between patients using different HAART regimens, especially regimens involving the use of new drugs. Long-term prospective cohort studies are needed to monitor vitamin E status in HIV/AIDS patients since the beginning of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP-01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil. daniellinhait@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Daniella J Itinoseki
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Itinoseki Kaio
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP-01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil. phcrondo@usp.br.
authors.forename: Patricia Helen C
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rondó
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP-01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil. lianialuzia@usp.br.
authors.forename: Liania Alves
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Luzia
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP-01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil. jmpsouza@usp.br.
authors.forename: José Maria P
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP-01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil. alinefir@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aline Vale
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Firmino
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, CEP-13565-905 São Carlos, Brazil. sigridsantos@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Sigrid Sousa
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D014811:Vitamin E Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014810:Vitamin E; D002784:Cholesterol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D019438:Ritonavir