title: Tamoxifen citrate: a glimmer of hope for silicosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalation of crystalline silica nanoparticles causes pulmonary damage resulting in progressive lung fibrosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for silicosis. Tamoxifen citrate is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, which is one of the adjuvant treatment choices for breast cancer. It is also known with its inhibitory effect on the production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and studied for the anti-fibrotic effect in some fibrotic diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of tamoxifen citrate on the prevention of pulmonary fibrosis and the treatment of silicosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 adult female Wistar Albino rats (200-250 g) were used in this study. The rats were divided into five groups including 20 rats in each. Rats were exposed to silica for 84 d in all groups. In group 1, rats were sacrificed on the day 84 without receiving treatment. In group 2, rats received 1 mg/kg tamoxifen (tmx1 + 1), from the first day of the study for the whole 114 d of the study. In group 3, (tmx10 + 10) rats were given 10 mg/kg tamoxifen from the first day of the study for the whole 114 d of the study. In group 4 (tmx1), rats were started 1 mg/kg of tamoxifen on day 84 and were given until day 114. In group 5 (tmx10), rats were fed with 10 mg/kg tamoxifen starting from day 84 to day 114. All rats except group 1 were sacrificed on 114 day of the study. Lung inflammation and fibrosis scores, serum TGF β levels, lung smooth muscle antigen and tissue transforming growth factor β (t-TGF-β) antibody staining levels, and number of silicotic rats were compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Silicosis was caused successfully in all rats in group 1. There were six silicotic rats in group 3 and it was the lowest number of all groups. Plasma TGF-ß levels and fibrosis score were significantly lower in all groups when compared with the control group. Tamoxifen could have preventive or treating effects in silicosis and found that lung fibrosis score was significantly lower in rats treated with tamoxifen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tamoxifen treatment after and/or before induction of silicosis decreased lung fibrosis score with blood TGF-β levels. We hope that this study may introduce a new indication as prophylactic use of tamoxifen in high-risk groups for silicosis and for treatment of silicosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Izmir University Medical Faculty, İzmir, Turkey. Electronic address: omeryoldas@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yoldas
authors.affiliation: Iskenderun State Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Iskenderun State Hospital, İskenderun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine, Kars, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bulent Caglar
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Bilgin
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Ankara Occupational Diseases Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Omer Hinc
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Keçiören Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulcin Guler
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Simsek
authors.affiliation: Pulmonology Department, Ankara Occupational Diseases Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ibrahim Onur
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Alici
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Andaç
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uzdogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.affiliation: General Surgery, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tezcan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, İzmir Behcet Uz, Hospital of Pediatric Disease, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Suna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoldas
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Hacettepe University Hospitals, Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akbiyik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012829:Silicosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D013629:Tamoxifen; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Fibrosis; Silicosis; TGF-β; Tamoxifen; Treatment