title: Automatic camera-based identification and 3-D reconstruction of electrode positions in electrocardiographic imaging.
abstract: Electrocardiographic imaging (ECG imaging) is a method to depict electrophysiological processes in the heart. It is an emerging technology with the potential of making the therapy of cardiac arrhythmia less invasive, less expensive, and more precise. A major challenge for integrating the method into clinical workflow is the seamless and correct identification and localization of electrodes on the thorax and their assignment to recorded channels. This work proposes a camera-based system, which can localize all electrode positions at once and to an accuracy of approximately 1 ± 1 mm. A system for automatic identification of individual electrodes is implemented that overcomes the need of manual annotation. For this purpose, a system of markers is suggested, which facilitates a precise localization to subpixel accuracy and robust identification using an error-correcting code. The accuracy of the presented system in identifying and localizing electrodes is validated in a phantom study. Its overall capability is demonstrated in a clinical scenario.
authors.forename: Walther H W
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mackens
authors.forename: Danila
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Potyagaylo
authors.forename: Kawal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rhode
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tülümen
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schimpf
authors.forename: Theano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Papavassiliu
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borggrefe
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dössel
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology*