title: From individual coping strategies to illness codification: the reflection of gender in social science research on multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emerging fields such as environmental health have been challenged, in recent years, to answer the growing methodological calls for a finer integration of sex and gender in health-related research and policy-making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through a descriptive examination of 25 peer-reviewed social science papers published between 1996 and 2011, we explore, by examining methodological designs and theoretical standpoints, how the social sciences have integrated gender sensitivity in empirical work on Multiple Chemical Sensitivities (MCS). MCS is a "diagnosis" associated with sensitivities to chronic and low-dose chemical exposures, which remains contested in both the medical and institutional arenas, and is reported to disproportionately affect women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We highlighted important differences between papers that did integrate a gender lens and those that did not. These included characteristics of the authorship, purposes, theoretical frameworks and methodological designs of the studies. Reviewed papers that integrated gender tended to focus on the gender roles and identity of women suffering from MCS, emphasizing personal strategies of adaptation. More generally, terminological confusions in the use of sex and gender language and concepts, such as a conflation of women and gender, were observed. Although some men were included in most of the study samples reviewed, specific data relating to men was undereported in results and only one paper discussed issues specifically experienced by men suffering from MCS. Papers that overlooked gender dimensions generally addressed more systemic social issues such as the dynamics of expertise and the medical codification of MCS, from more consistently outlined theoretical frameworks. Results highlight the place for a critical, systematic and reflexive problematization of gender and for the development of methodological and theoretical tools on how to integrate gender in research designs when looking at both micro and macro social dimensions of environmental health conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper contributes to a discussion on the methodological and policy implications of taking sex and gender into account appropriately in order to contribute to better equity in health, especially where the critical social contexts of definition and medico-legal recognition play a major role such as in the case of MCS.
authors.affiliation: School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, 120 University, Room 7005, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada. gnade090@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lippel
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D036262:Empirical Research; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018777:Multiple Chemical Sensitivity; D012107:Research Design; D012737:Sex Factors; D012942:Social Sciences