title: Using the theory of planned behavior to predict infant restraint use in Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the theory of planned behavior (TPB) predicted intent of child restraint system (CRS) use among pregnant women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study conducted in Dallah Hospital, Riyadh, KSA during June-July 2013, 196 pregnant women completed surveys assessing their beliefs regarding CRS. Simultaneous observations were conducted among a different sample of 150 women to determine CRS usage at hospital discharge following maternity stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression model with TPB constructs and covariates as predictors of CRS usage intent was significant (χ2=64.986, p<0.0001) and predicted 38% of intent. There was an increase in odds of intent for attitudes (31.5%, p<0.05), subjective norm (55.3%, p<0.001), and perceived behavioral control (76.9%, p<0.001). The 3 logistic regression models testing the association of the relevant set of composite belief scores were also significant for attitudes (χ2=16.803, p<0.05), subjective norm (χ2=29.681, p<0.0001), and perceived behavioral control (χ2=20.516, p<0.05). The behavioral observation showed that none of the 150 women observed used CRS for their newborn at discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TPB constructs were significantly and independently associated with higher intent for CRS usage. While TPB appears to be a useful tool to identify beliefs related to CRS usage intentions in KSA, the results of the separate behavioral observation indicate that intentions may not be related to the actual usage of CRS in the Kingdom. Further studies are recommended to examine this association.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America. E-mail. annapnelson@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Naomi N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Modeste
authors.forename: Helen H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Marshak
authors.forename: Joyce W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hopp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001336:Automobiles; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012637:Security Measures