title: Generation and sequencing of pulmonary carcinoid tumor cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary carcinoid tumors account for approximately 5% of all lung malignancies in adults, and comprise 30% of all carcinoid tumors. There are limited reagents available to study these rare tumors, and consequently no major advances have been made for patient treatment. We report the generation and characterization of human pulmonary carcinoid tumor cell lines to study underlying biology, and to provide models for testing novel chemotherapeutic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue was harvested from three patients with primary pulmonary typical carcinoid tumors undergoing surgical resection. The tumor was dissociated and plated onto dishes in culture media. The established cell lines were characterized by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and cell proliferation assays. Tumorigenicity was confirmed by soft agar growth and the ability to form tumors in a mouse xenograft model. Exome and RNA sequencing of patient tumor samples and cell lines was performed using standard protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three typical carcinoid tumor lines grew as adherent monolayers in vitro, expressed neuroendocrine markers consistent with the primary tumor, and formed colonies in soft agar. A single cell line produced lung tumors in nude mice after intravenous injection. Exome and RNA sequencing of this cell line showed lineage relationship with the primary tumor, and demonstrated mutations in a number of genes related to neuronal differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three human pulmonary typical carcinoid tumor cell lines have been generated and characterized as a tool for studying the biology and novel treatment approaches for these rare tumors.
authors.affiliation: *Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; †Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine; ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; and §Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Asiedu
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tomaszek
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peikert
authors.forename: Bharati
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sanyal
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sutor
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aubry
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wigle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude