title: Restricted expression of karyopherin alpha mRNA in the sea urchin suggests a role in neurogenesis.
abstract: Karyopherin alpha (KAP-α) proteins are critical for the transport of many molecules into the nucleus. In this study, we identified three members of the KAP-α family in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus and described the developmental expression of these proteins. Although many importins are assumed to have ubiquitous expression, we found that all three genes were differentially expressed. Both LvKPNA1/5/6 and LvKPNA3/4 accumulated at high levels during cleavage, exhibiting cyclic expression as cells divided. By the blastula and gastrula stages expression decreased, remaining highest in the vegetal plate and archenteron, and by the prism/pluteus stages expression was restricted to the oral surface and gut. Expression of a third KAP-α gene, LvKPNA2/7, was examined in embryos from the mesenchyme blastula to pluteus stages. LvKPNA2/7 mRNA is present in vegetal cells of the mesenchyme blastula and, during gastrulation, it is localized to the archenteron and appears in additional groups of ectodermal cells. Prism/pluteus stage embryos expressed LvKPNA2/7 in the gut and scattered distribution of transcripts in the ciliary band resembled expression patterns of neural cells. We hypothesize that LvKPNA2/7 maintains pluripotency in the neural precursors prior to activation of neural differentiation and believe that this study is an important first step in an effort to better understand the roles of importins during embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Rita Liddy Hollings Science Center, 58 Coming Street, Room 214, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address: byrumc@cofc.edu.
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Byrum
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Rita Liddy Hollings Science Center, 58 Coming Street, Room 214, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Rita Liddy Hollings Science Center, 58 Coming Street, Room 214, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Marietta R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Easterling
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Rita Liddy Hollings Science Center, 58 Coming Street, Room 214, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: M Catherine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bridges
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D005775:Gastrula / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000235:genetics*; D028901:alpha Karyopherins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D028901:alpha Karyopherins
keywords: Embryogenesis; Importin; Karyopherin; Lytechinus; Nuclear transport; Sea urchin