title: Determinants of vitamin D status in Caucasian adults: influence of sun exposure, dietary intake, sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, and genetic factors.
abstract: Very few studies have investigated the determinants of serum vitamin D levels using a set of variables that include simultaneously sun exposure, phototype, dietary intake, sociodemographics, anthropometric, lifestyle data, and genetic polymorphisms. Our objective was to investigate the associations between all these parameters and vitamin D status in a large sample of French adults. This cross-sectional survey was based on 1,828 middle-aged Caucasian adults from the SU.VI.MAX (SUpplémentation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants) study. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration was lower among women (P<0.0001), older subjects (P=0.04), obese/underweight (P<0.0001), those living at higher latitudes (P<0.0001), those whose blood draw occurred in early spring (P<0.0001), less physically active (P<0.0001), with low sun exposure (P<0.0001), and with no-to-low alcohol intake (P=0.0001). Mutant GC rs4588 and rs7041 single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with lower and higher 25OHD concentrations, respectively (P<0.0001). Dietary intake was not a major determinant of vitamin D status (P=0.7). This study provides an overall picture of determinants of vitamin D status. Several modifiable factors were identified, such as daily-life moderate sun exposure, physical activity, and normal-weight maintenance, which should be targeted by public health policies in order to improve vitamin D status in the general population, while avoiding active/intensive sun exposure, in line with recommendations for skin cancer prevention.
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France. Electronic address: m.touvier@eren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Touvier
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deschasaux
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montourcy
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Inserm U698, Paris 13 University, Bondy, France.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Inserm U698, Paris 13 University, Bondy, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Charnaux
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kesse-Guyot
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Assmann
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Léopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fezeu
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Paule
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Latino-Martel
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Druesne-Pecollo
authors.affiliation: Research Centre on Human Skin of CHANEL (CERIES), Neuilly sur Seine, France; Computer Science Laboratory, François Rabelais University, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guinot
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France; Research Centre on Human Skin of CHANEL (CERIES), Neuilly sur Seine, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Latreille
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Department, Saint André Hospital, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malvy
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France; Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hercberg
authors.affiliation: Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Genomics, Bioinformatics and Applications Team (EA4627), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Clerc
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Necker Hospital, INSERM U845, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Souberbielle
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, Paris 5 University, Paris 7 University, Bobigny, France; Dermatology Department, Saint André Hospital, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ezzedine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D013472:Sunlight; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D