title: In vitro and in vivo removal of oral Candida from the denture base.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning for removing Candida lodged in the denture base.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro - Specimens of acrylic resin for denture plates contaminated with Candida cells were ultrasonically cleaned for 30 min. Washings were sampled every 5 min and cultured to investigate residual contamination, measured as colony forming units/ml, and the surfaces of the specimens were subjected to low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM). In vivo - A total of 24 maxillary denture bases were brushed for 2 min under running tap water, then ultrasonically cleaned for 30 min. The washings were sampled every 5 min and cultured to investigate residual contamination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro - Maximum removal was achieved during the first 5 min of cleaning, with the mean CFU/ml counts significantly declining over time. More than 85% of all Candida was removed within the first 15 min in specimens inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline suspensions of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. LV-SEM revealed a decreased number of Candida on the surface of the specimens after 30 min of ultrasonic cleaning. In vivo - Maximum removal was achieved during the first 5 min of cleaning, then the mean CFU/ml count significantly declined during the first 10 min. Ultrasonic cleaning for 15 min removed 88.4% of Candida species from the denture base.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonic cleaning is a reliable and simple method for removing Candida lodged in the denture base.
authors.affiliation: Kawasaki Dental and Oral Surgery Clinic, Nichinan, Japan.|Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Science, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyotsugu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Science, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Science, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugihara
mesh_terms: D002176:Candida albicans; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003819:Denture Bases / Q000382:microbiology*; D003820:Denture Cleansers; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D003820:Denture Cleansers
keywords: Ultrasonic cleaning; colony forming unit; denture; oral Candida