title: EMF monitoring-concepts, activities, gaps and options.
abstract: Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) is a cause of concern for many people. The topic will likely remain for the foreseeable future on the scientific and political agenda, since emissions continue to change in characteristics and levels due to new infrastructure deployments, smart environments and novel wireless devices. Until now, systematic and coordinated efforts to monitor EMF exposure are rare. Furthermore, virtually nothing is known about personal exposure levels. This lack of knowledge is detrimental for any evidence-based risk, exposure and health policy, management and communication. The main objective of the paper is to review the current state of EMF exposure monitoring activities in Europe, to comment on the scientific challenges and deficiencies, and to describe appropriate strategies and tools for EMF exposure assessment and monitoring to be used to support epidemiological health research and to help policy makers, administrators, industry and consumer representatives to base their decisions and communication activities on facts and data.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Foundation for Electricity and Mobile Communication, c/o Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. gregor@emf.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dürrenberger
authors.affiliation: Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. j.froehlich@ifh.ee.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fröhlich
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 59, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. martin.roosli@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Röösli
authors.affiliation: Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria. mats-olof.mattsson@ait.ac.at.
authors.forename: Mats-Olof
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Mattsson
mesh_terms: D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005060:Europe; D006291:Health Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment