title: Outcome of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy on patients with diaphragmatic involvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to assess the short-term morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) with diaphragmatic involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC at a tertiary care institution from April 2007 to October 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with diaphragmatic disease (Group 1) were compared to those who did not (Group 2). Univariate, propensity score analysis, and multivariate analysis were used to compare groups focusing on postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 199 patients underwent CRS/HIPEC. Diagnoses included appendiceal/colorectal cancers (56 %), pseudomyxoma peritoneii (12 %), and gastric cancer (7 %). Group 1 was composed of 89 patients (44.7 %) with diaphragmatic involvement, of which 37.1 % underwent diaphragm stripping and 62.9 % required a full-thickness diaphragmatic resection. Group 1 had longer operative times (p = 0.009), increased transfusion requirements (p = 0.007), less optimal cytoreduction (p = 0.010), longer ICU stay (p = 0.003), and overall hospital stay (p = 0.039). Major complications were significantly higher in Group 1: 26 (29 %) versus 16 (15 %), p = 0.020. Rate of respiratory complications was not different between groups (G1: 14/26, 53.8 % and G2: 6/16, 37.5 %, p = NS). Ninety-day mortality was not significantly different. Diaphragmatic involvement (Estimate 1.235, SE 0.387, p = 0.017) was an independent predictor of 30-day morbidity in patients with <5 organs involved in cytoreduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diaphragmatic involvement is associated with higher tumor burden and more complex operations. It is a strong independent predictor 30-day morbidity in patients with <5 organs involved in cytoreduction. However, perioperative mortality rates are not significantly different between the groups, suggesting that diaphragm stripping or resection is warranted in well-selected patients if it allows for complete cytoreduction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franssen
authors.forename: Parissa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tabrizian
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Anya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romanoff
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tuvin
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Labow
authors.forename: Umut
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sarpel
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D010478:Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D065426:Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures / Q000401:mortality*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D010534:Peritoneal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate