title: Hand-hygiene compliance does not predict rates of resistant infections in critically ill surgical patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our institution had a major outbreak of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter (MDRA) in its general surgical and trauma intensive care units (ICUs) in 2011, requiring implementation of an aggressive infection-control response. We hypothesized that poor hand-hygiene compliance (HHC) may have contributed to the outbreak of MDRA. A response to the outbreak including aggressive environmental cleaning, cohorting, and increased hand hygiene compliance monitoring may have led to an increase in HHC after the outbreak and to a consequent decrease in the rates of infection by the nosocomial pathogens methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and Clostridium difficile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hand-hygiene compliance, tracked in monthly audits by trained and anonymous observers, was abstracted from an infection control database. The incidences of nosocomial MRSA, VRE, and C. difficile were calculated from a separate prospectively collected data base for 6 mo before and 12 mo after the 2011 outbreak of MDRA in the institution's general surgical and trauma ICUs, and data collected prospectively from two unaffected ICUs (the thoracic surgical ICU and medical intensive care unit [MICU]). We created a composite endpoint of "any resistant pathogen," defined as MRSA, VRE, or C. difficile, and compared incidence rates over time, using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to measure the correlations among these rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of HHC before and after the outbreak of MDRA were consistently high in both the general surgical (median rates: 100% before and 97.6% after the outbreak, p=0.93) and trauma ICUs (median rates: 90% before and 96.75% after the outbreak, p=0.14). In none of the ICUs included in the study did the rates of HHC increase in response to the outbreak of MDRA. The incidence of "any resistant pathogen" decreased in the general surgical ICU after the outbreak (from 6.7/1,000 patient-days before the outbreak to 2.7/1,000 patient-days after the outbreak, p=0.04), but this decrease did not correlate with HHC (trauma ICU: Pearson correlation [ρ]=-0.34, p=0.28; general surgical ICU: ρ=0.52, p=0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2011 outbreak of MDRA at our institution occurred despite high rates of HHC. Notwithstanding stable rates of HHC, the rates of infection with MRSA, VRE and C. difficile decreased in the general surgical ICU after the outbreak. This suggests that infection control tactics other than HHC play a crucial role in preventing the transmission of nosocomial pathogens, especially when rates of HHC have been maximized.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sudha P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klompas
authors.forename: Molli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bascom
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Piszcz
authors.forename: Selwyn O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Askari
mesh_terms: D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital