title: Tramadol use in pediatric sickle cell disease patients with vaso-occlusive crisis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the addition of scheduled oral tramadol to intravenous morphine and intravenous ketorolac reduces morphine requirements.
  
  
  METHODS
  This single-centered, Institutional Review Board-approved, retrospective study at Moses Cone Memorial Hospital included pediatric patients who were ≥ 2 years old with vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) caused by sickle cell disease (SCD), were on morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), and had scheduled oral tramadol added to their standard pain regimen. The study population was admitted between March 2008 and March 2011. The data was collected from electronic records and included age, weight, morphine use, tramadol use, hemoglobin, pain scores, number of days on PCA, length of hospital stay, respiratory rate, and polyethylene glycol use. Thirty patients were analyzed as independent admissions and seven patients as paired admissions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen pediatric SCD patients with VOC received morphine PCA and intravenous ketorolac and twelve patients received morphine PCA and intravenous ketorolac and scheduled oral tramadol. Baseline characteristics were similar between both groups with the exception of the average weight, which was greater in the tramadol group than in the morphine group. The average morphine requirements in patients with and without the use of tramadol were similar, both for the independent admissions [0.58 mg/kg per day vs 0.65 mg/kg per day (P = 0.31)] and the paired admissions [0.71 mg/kg per day vs 0.77 mg/kg per day (P = 0.5)]. The daily polyethylene glycol requirement was less in the tramadol group for both the independent [0.5 g/kg per day vs 0.6 g/kg per day (P = 0.64)] and paired admissions analyses [and 0.41 g/kg per day vs 0.55 g/kg per day (P = 0.67)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of scheduled tramadol in patients receiving concomitant morphine and ketorolac demonstrates a trend toward decreased morphine and polyethylene glycol use.
authors.affiliation: Mary P Borgerding, Randall K Absher, Department of Pharmacy, Wesley Long Hospital, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States.
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Borgerding
authors.affiliation: Mary P Borgerding, Randall K Absher, Department of Pharmacy, Wesley Long Hospital, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States.
authors.forename: Randall K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Absher
authors.affiliation: Mary P Borgerding, Randall K Absher, Department of Pharmacy, Wesley Long Hospital, Greensboro, NC 27401, United States.
authors.forename: Tsz-Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: So
keywords: Morphine; Pediatrics; Sickle cell; Tramadol; Vaso-occlusive crisis