title: Effect of smoking cessation on non-surgical periodontal therapy: results after 24 months.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this 24-month prospective study was to assess the effect of smoking cessation on non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in adult subjects with chronic periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative to a previous 12-month follow-up study, recruitment and follow-up period were extended, resulting in 116 eligible among the 286 screened subjects. They received NSPT and concurrent smoking cessation interventions. Periodontal maintenance was performed every 3 months. A calibrated examiner, blinded to smoking status, performed full-mouth periodontal examination in six sites per tooth at baseline, 3, 12 and 24 months of follow-up. Expired air carbon monoxide concentration measurements and interviews were performed to gather demographic and behavioural information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 116 enrolled subjects, 61 remained up to 24 months of follow-up. Of these, 18 quit smoking (Q), 32 continued smoking (NQ) and 11 oscillated (O) at 24 months of follow-up. Thereby, Q showed significantly higher mean CAL gain in diseased sites and higher reduction in the proportion of sites with CAL ≥ 3 mm, when compared to NQ. In addition, Q presented significantly higher mean probing depth reduction relative to NQ(p ≤ 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking cessation promoted additional benefits on NSPT in chronic periodontitis subjects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ecinele Francisca
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Priscila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Corraini
authors.forename: Gislene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Elaine Fueta
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Mariana Rocha
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Guglielmetti
authors.forename: Sheila Regina
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sanda
authors.forename: João Paulo Becker
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lotufo
authors.forename: Giuseppe Alexandre
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Romito
authors.forename: Cláudio Mendes
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pannuti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000145:classification; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000628:therapy; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000193:education; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000628:therapy; D057747:Periodontal Debridement / Q000379:methods*; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: periodontal disease; periodontitis; smoking; smoking cessation; tobacco