title: Feeding the critically ill patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Critically ill patients are usually unable to maintain adequate volitional intake to meet their metabolic demands. As such, provision of nutrition is part of the medical care of these patients. This review provides detail and interpretation of current data on specialized nutrition therapy in critically ill patients, with focus on recently published studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used literature searches, personal contact with critical care nutrition experts, and knowledge of unpublished data for this review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published and unpublished nutrition studies, consisting of observational and randomized controlled trials, are reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used consensus to summarize the evidence behind specialized nutrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition, the authors provide recommendations for nutritional care of the critically ill patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current evidence suggests that enteral nutrition, started as soon as possible after acute resuscitative efforts, may serve therapeutic roles beyond providing calories and protein. Although many new studies have further advanced our knowledge in this area, the appropriate level of standardization has not yet been achieved for nutrition therapy, as it has in other areas of critical care. Protocolized nutrition therapy should be modified for each institution based on available expertise, local barriers, and existing culture in the ICU to optimize evidence-based nutrition care for each critically ill patient.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. 2Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR. 3Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. 4Department of Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McClave
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Martindale
authors.forename: Todd W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Daren K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Heyland
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018529:Nutritional Support / Q000379:methods*; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors