title: The effects of music, white noise, and ambient noise on sedation and anxiety in patients under spinal anesthesia during surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare effects of music, white noise, and ambient (background) noise on patient anxiety and sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open, parallel, and randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five patients aged 18 to 60 years who were scheduled for surgical procedures under spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to ambient noise (Group O), white noise (Group B), or music groups (Group M). We evaluated patients' anxiety and sedation levels via the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 5 minutes before surgery, the STAI-State Anxiety Inventory (SA) value was significantly lower in Group M than the other groups. At 30-minute recovery, Group M showed significantly lower STAI-SA values than the other groups. Patient satisfaction was highest in Group M. OAA/S values were not significantly different between groups during any period (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that patient-selected music reduces perioperative anxiety and contributes to patient satisfaction during the perioperative period.
authors.forename: Nazan Koylu
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Ilkkaya
authors.forename: Faik Emre
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Ustun
authors.forename: Elif Bengi
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Yasemin Burcu
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Ustun
authors.forename: Ersin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Koksal
authors.forename: Ismail Serhat
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kocamanoglu
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozkan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D001007:Anxiety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D009622:Noise; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives
keywords: ambient noise; music; patient anxiety; white noise