title: High uptake of systematic HIV counseling and testing and TB symptom screening at a primary care clinic in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Timely diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV is important to reduce morbidity and mortality, and break the cycle of ongoing transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an implementation research study to develop a model for systematic TB symptom screening and HIV counseling and testing (HCT) for all adult clients at a primary care clinic and prospectively evaluate the 6-month coverage and yield, and 18-month sustainability at a primary care clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 6 months, 26,515 visits occurred among 12,078 adults. The proportion of adults aware of their HIV status was 43.7% at the start of the first visit, increased to 84.6% at the end of the first visit, and to 90% at end of any visit during the first 6 months. During these 6 months, 1042 clients were newly diagnosed with HIV. HIV prevalence was 22.9% among those newly tested, and 58.9% among all adult clinic clients. High coverage of systematic HCT was sustained across all 18 months. Coverage of systematic HIV-stratified TB symptom screening during first 6-months was also high (89.6%) but only 35.0% of those symptomatic were screened by sputum. During these 6-months, 90 clients had a positive Xpert MTB/RIF assay, corresponding to a TB prevalence of 0.4% among all 23,534 clients TB symptom-screened and 2.8% among the 3,284 clients with a positive TB symptom screen. The initial high coverage of TB symptom screening was not sustained, with coverage of TB symptom screening dropping after the first six months to 70% and assessment by sputum dropping to 15%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine, systematic HCT and HIV-stratified TB symptom screening is feasible at primary care level. Systematic HCT doubled the proportion of clients with known HIV status. While HCT was sustainable, coverage of systematic TB screening dropped significantly after the first 6 months of implementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Rie
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clouse
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanrahan
authors.affiliation: Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Selibas
authors.affiliation: Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanne
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Witkoppen Health and Welfare Center, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bassett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D060085:Coinfection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D003376:Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D013019:South Africa; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult