title: Evaluation of the sensitivity of faecal sampling for detection of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium and other Salmonella in cattle and pigs.
abstract: There has been a rapid rise in the prevalence of cases of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (mST) in both humans and farm animals, and it has been found in pigs, cattle and poultry. It is therefore vital to have a good understanding of how to efficiently detect infected farms. The objective of this project was to determine sample type sensitivity in the detection of Salmonella to detect infected groups of animals on both pig (breeder, grower and finisher sites) and cattle (beef and dairy) farms, using data collected from a study investigating farms that were positive for mST, and to explore any variation between different age groups and management practices. A Bayesian approach in the absence of a gold standard was adopted to analyse the individual and pooled faecal sample data collected from each epidemiological group on each of the farms. The sensitivity of pooled sampling depended on the prevalence of infection in the group being sampled, with a higher prevalence leading to higher sensitivity. Pooled sampling was found to be more efficient at detecting positive groups of animals than individual sampling, with the probability of a random sample from a group of animals with 5% prevalence testing positive being equal to 15·5% for immature pigs (3·6% for an individual faecal sample, taking into account the sensitivity and infection prevalence), 7·1% for adult pigs (1·2% for individual sampling), 30% for outdoor cattle (2% for individual sampling) and 34% for indoor cattle (1% for individual sampling). The mean prevalence of each epidemiological group was higher in outdoor farms than indoor for both pigs and cattle (mean within-farm prevalence of 29·4% and 38·7% for outdoor pigs and cattle, respectively, compared to 19·8% and 22·1% for indoor pigs and cattle).
authors.affiliation: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA),Sutton Bonington,Loughborough,UK.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety,AHVLA,New Haw,Addlestone,Surrey,UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gosling
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety,AHVLA,New Haw,Addlestone,Surrey,UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety,AHVLA,New Haw,Addlestone,Surrey,UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mueller-Doblies
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety,AHVLA,New Haw,Addlestone,Surrey,UK.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002417:Cattle; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine
keywords: surveillance