title: Pneumocandin biosynthesis: involvement of a trans-selective proline hydroxylase.
abstract: Echinocandins are cyclic nonribosomal hexapeptides based mostly on nonproteinogenic amino acids and displaying strong antifungal activity. Despite previous studies on their biosynthesis by fungi, the origin of three amino acids, trans-4- and trans-3-hydroxyproline, as well as trans-3-hydroxy-4-methylproline, is still unknown. Here we describe the identification, overexpression, and characterization of GloF, the first eukaryotic α-ketoglutarate/Fe(II) -dependent proline hydroxylase from the pneumocandin biosynthesis cluster of the fungus Glarea lozoyensis ATCC 74030. In in vitro transformations with L-proline, GloF generates trans-4- and trans-3-hydroxyproline simultaneously in a ratio of 8:1; the latter reaction was previously unknown for proline hydroxylase catalysis. trans-4-Methyl-L-proline is converted into the corresponding trans-3-hydroxyproline. All three hydroxyprolines required for the biosynthesis of the echinocandins pneumocandins A0 and B0 in G. lozoyensis are thus provided by GloF. Sequence analyses revealed that GloF is not related to bacterial proline hydroxylases, and none of the putative proteins with high sequence similarity in the databases has been characterized so far.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg (Germany).
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Houwaart
authors.forename: Loubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Youssar
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hüttel
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D054714:Echinocandins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007536:Isomerism; D007700:Kinetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D011392:Proline / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D064828:Prolyl Hydroxylases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004718:Saccharomycetales / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D054714:Echinocandins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; C058995:pneumocandin A(0); C079465:pneumocandin B(0); D011392:Proline; D064828:Prolyl Hydroxylases
keywords: CH activation; FeII/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases; echinocandins; enzyme catalysis; fungi