title: Parental involvement moderates etiological influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder behaviors in child twins.
abstract: Although few would now contest the presence of Gene × Environment (G × E) effects in the development of child psychopathology, it remains unclear how these effects manifest themselves. Alternative G × E models have been proposed (i.e., diathesis-stress, differential susceptibility, bioecological), each of which has notably different implications for etiology. Child twin studies present a powerful tool for discriminating between these models. The current study examined whether and how parental involvement moderated etiological influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) within 500 twin pairs aged 6-11 years. Results indicated moderation of genetic and nonshared environmental contributions to ADHD by parental involvement, and moreover, suggested both differential susceptibility and bioecological models of G × E. Results highlight the utility of child twin samples in testing different manifestations of G × E effects.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Molly A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nikolas
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Klump
authors.forename: S Alexandra
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Burt
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012042:Registries