title: Neuropathy after sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy of venous malformations in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the risk of nerve injuries and assess outcomes after sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) sclerotherapy of venous malformations (VMs) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sclerotherapy is the treatment of choice for most VMs, but all sclerotherapy agents are associated with the risk of complications. Neuropathy is considered a rare but potentially serious complication of venous sclerotherapy. The institutional review board waived ethical approval for this retrospective review, in which 647 sclerotherapy procedures were performed in 204 patients (104 female and 100 male patients; mean age, 9 years 6 months [range, 6 months to 17 years 11 months]) as treatment for symptomatic VMs. Technical and clinical success of the treatment was evaluated. Complications were reviewed with a particular focus on nerve injury. Informed consent, specifying the risk of neuropathy, as well as pain, swelling, infection, risks of anesthesia, skin injury, nonresolution or worsening of symptoms, and possible need for further or multiple procedures, was obtained for all patients. Standard sclerotherapy techniques were used. Technical details of all procedures were recorded prospectively. Follow-up included immediate postprocedural assessment and outpatient clinic review. All nerve injuries were recorded. Patients were monitored and treated according to clinical need. Confidence intervals were calculated by using the Wilson method, without correction for continuity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment was technically successful in 197 of 204 patients (96.6%), and clinical success was achieved in 174 of 204 (85.3%). Thirty-seven of the 647 procedures (5.7%) resulted in a complication, including 11 cases of excessive swelling, nine cases of skin injury, two patients with infection, and two with pain. Motor and/or sensory nerve injuries occurred after seven procedures (1.1%). Five of the seven children had undergone at least one previous sclerotherapy procedure. Neuropathy resolved spontaneously in four patients and partially recovered in three, of whom two underwent surgery. Surgery included debridement of necrotic tissue, carpal tunnel decompression, and external neurolysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nerve injury is an unusual but not rare complication of STS sclerotherapy. A degree of recovery, which may be complete, can be expected in most patients.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (S.S., A.M.B., D.J.R.), Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (G.S.), and Neurophysiology (M.P.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, England.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Alex M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Barnacle
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Roebuck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate