title: QTL analysis and candidate gene mapping for the polyphenol content in cider apple.
abstract: Polyphenols have favorable antioxidant potential on human health suggesting that their high content is responsible for the beneficial effects of apple consumption. They control the quality of ciders as they predominantly account for astringency, bitterness, color and aroma. In this study, we identified QTLs controlling phenolic compound concentrations and the average polymerization degree of flavanols in a cider apple progeny. Thirty-two compounds belonging to five groups of phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by reversed phase liquid chromatography on both fruit extract and juice, over three years. The average polymerization degree of flavanols was estimated in fruit by phloroglucinolysis coupled to HPLC. Parental maps were built using SSR and SNP markers and used for the QTL analysis. Sixty-nine and 72 QTLs were detected on 14 and 11 linkage groups of the female and male maps, respectively. A majority of the QTLs identified in this study are specific to this population, while others are consistent with previous studies. This study presents for the first time in apple, QTLs for the mean polymerization degree of procyanidins, for which the mechanisms involved remains unknown to this day. Identification of candidate genes underlying major QTLs was then performed in silico and permitted the identification of 18 enzymes of the polyphenol pathway and six transcription factors involved in the apple anthocyanin regulation. New markers were designed from sequences of the most interesting candidate genes in order to confirm their co-localization with underlying QTLs by genetic mapping. Finally, the potential use of these QTLs in breeding programs is discussed.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, Angers, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France; Université d'Angers, EA921 Laboratoire de Substances d'Origine Naturelle et Analogues Structuraux, SFR 4207 Quasav, PRES L'UNAM, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Cindy F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Verdu
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères, Interactions & Assemblages, Equipe « Polyphénols, Réactivité & Procédés », Le Rheu, France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guyot
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, Angers, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Childebrand
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, Angers, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahut
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, Angers, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Celton
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, Angers, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.affiliation: INRA-UBP, UMR1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lasserre-Zuber
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Troggio
authors.affiliation: Université d'Angers, EA921 Laboratoire de Substances d'Origine Naturelle et Analogues Structuraux, SFR 4207 Quasav, PRES L'UNAM, Angers, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guilet
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France; Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, Angers, France; AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laurens
mesh_terms: D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005638:Fruit; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci
chemical_list: D059808:Polyphenols