title: Dissociable patterns in the control of emotional interference in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in adults with alcohol dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To effectively manage current task demands, attention must be focused on task-relevant information while task-irrelevant information is rejected. However, in everyday life, people must cope with emotions, which may interfere with actual task demands and may challenge functional attention allocation. Control of interfering emotions has been associated with the proper functioning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). As DLPFC dysfunction is evident in subjects with ADHD and in subjects with alcohol dependence, the current study sought to examine the bottom-up effect of emotional distraction on task performance in both disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male adults with ADHD (n = 22), male adults with alcohol dependence (n = 16), and healthy controls (n = 30) performed an emotional working memory task (n-back task). In the background of the task, we presented neutral and negative stimuli that varied in emotional saliency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both clinical groups, a working memory deficit was evident. Moreover, both clinical groups displayed deficient emotional interference control. The n-back performance of the controls was not affected by the emotional distractors, whereas that of subjects with ADHD deteriorated in the presence of low salient distractors, and that of alcoholics did not deteriorate until high salient distractors were presented. Subsequent to task performance, subjects with ADHD accurately recognized more distractors than did alcoholics and controls. In alcoholics, picture recognition accuracy was negatively associated with n-back performance, suggesting a functional association between the ability to suppress emotional distractors and successful task performance. In subjects with ADHD, performance accuracy was negatively associated with ADHD inattentive symptoms, suggesting that inattention contributes to the performance deficit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with ADHD and alcoholics both display an emotional interference control deficit, which is especially pronounced in subjects with ADHD. Beyond dysfunctional attention allocation processes, a more general attention deficit seems to contribute to the more pronounced performance deficit pattern in ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Häßler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male