title: Medical Advocacy and Supportive Environments for African-Americans Following Abnormal Mammograms.
abstract: African-American women experience disproportionately adverse outcomes relative to non-Latina White women after an abnormal mammogram result. Research has suggested medical advocacy and staff support may improve outcomes among this population. The purpose of the study was to understand reasons African-American women believe medical advocacy to be important and examine if and how staff can encourage and be supportive of medical advocacy. A convenience-based sample of 30-74-year-old women who self-identified as African-American/Black/of African descent and who had received an abnormal mammogram result was recruited from community-based organizations, mobile mammography services, and the local department of health. This qualitative study included semi-structured interviews. Patients perceived medical advocacy to be particularly important for African-Americans, given mistrust and discrimination present in medical settings and their own familiarity with their bodies and symptoms. Respondents emphasized that staff can encourage medical advocacy through offering information in general in a clear, informative, and empathic style. Cultural competency interventions that train staff how to foster medical advocacy may be a strategy to improve racial disparities following an abnormal mammogram.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., M3-B232, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA, ymolina@fhcrc.org.
authors.forename: Yamile
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Bridgette H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hempstead
authors.forename: Jacci
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thompson-Dodd
authors.forename: Shauna Rae
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Weatherby
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: Sarah D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hohl
authors.forename: Rachel C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Malen
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ceballos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology*; D003142:Communication; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000523:psychology; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D010344:Patient Advocacy / Q000523:psychology*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States