title: Body size matters for aposematic prey during predator aversion learning.
abstract: Aposematic prey advertise their toxicity to predators using conspicuous warning signals, which predators learn to use to reduce their intake of toxic prey. Like other types of prey, aposematic prey often differ in body size, both within and between species. Increasing body size can increase signal size, which make larger aposematic prey more detectable but also gives them a more effective and salient deterrent. However, increasing body size also increases the nutritional value of prey, and larger aposematic prey may make a more profitable meal to predators that are trading off the costs of eating toxins with the benefits of ingesting nutrients. We tested if body size, independent of signal size, affected predation of toxic prey as predators learn to reduce their attacks on them. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) learned to discriminate between defended (quinine-injected) and undefended (water-injected) mealworm prey (Tenebrio molitor) using visual signals. During this process, we found that birds attacked and ate more defended prey the larger they were. Body size does affect the probability that toxic prey are attacked and eaten, which has implications for the evolutionary dynamics of aposematism and mimicry (where species share the same warning pattern).
authors.affiliation: Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
authors.forename: Christina G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Halpin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK. Electronic address: candy.rowe@ncl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Candy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D049628:Body Size; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012858:Size Perception; D046749:Starlings / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception
keywords: Aposematism; Body size; Learning; Mimicry; Sturnus vulgaris; Warning signal