title: The contributions of arousal and self-focused attention to avoidance in social anxiety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socially anxious individuals are theorized to avoid social cues and engage in safety behaviors to prevent negative evaluation, which prevents disconfirmation of social fears. Cognitive models propose that this avoidance is driven by (1) self-focused attention (SFA) and (2) physiological arousal.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine these proposed mechanisms, we compared high socially anxious (HSA; n=29) and low socially anxious (LSA; n=28) participants on a view-time task involving faces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants engaged in a task in which they viewed socially threatening (i.e., disgust, anger) and nonthreatening (i.e., happy, neutral) faces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed that HSA participants endorsed greater SFA during the view-time task and spent less time viewing angry, disgusted, and neutral facial expressions relative to LSA participants. Regression analyses revealed that arousal, as indexed by salivary α-amylase, was a unique predictor of increased face-viewing time among HSA participants. In contrast, arousal predicted decreased face-viewing time among LSA participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings underscore the need for further investigation of avoidance mechanisms in social anxiety.
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Grisham
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Steve R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Makkar
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Felmingham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D001288:Attention; D003463:Cues; D005149:Facial Expression; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000516:alpha-Amylases
keywords: arousal; attention; avoidance; salivary alpha amylase; social anxiety