title: Distinct Patterns of Everyday Executive Function Problems Distinguish Children With Tourette Syndrome From Children With ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim is to investigate the everyday executive function (EF) in children with Tourette syndrome (TS), Inattentive or Combined presentations of ADHD (ADHD-I/ADHD-C), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and typically developing children (TDC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen TS, 33 ADHD-C, 43 ADHD-I, 34 ASD, and 50 TDC participated (8-17 years). Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TS, ADHD-C, ADHD-I, or ASD were rated with significantly more regulation problems on all scales compared with TDC. Considerable overlap of symptoms between clinical groups made differentiation difficult on individual scales. Scale configurations showed children with TS to have more problems with emotional control (EC) than cognitive flexibility in relation to children with ASD, more problems with EC than inhibitory control in relation to ADHD-C, and more problems with EC than planning/organizing in relation to ADHD-I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paired BRIEF scales dissociated EF problems in children with TS from children with ADHD-C, ADHD-I, or ASD. Clinical relevance is discussed.
authors.affiliation: 1 Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.|2 University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kjell Tore
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Hovik
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Oslo, Norway.|3 Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egeland
authors.affiliation: 4 Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Isquith
authors.affiliation: 5 Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gioia
authors.affiliation: 1 Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.|2 University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Erik Winther
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Skogli
authors.affiliation: 1 Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.|2 University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Per Normann
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: 1 Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.|2 University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Øie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004644:Emotions; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: ADHD; EF behaviors; Tourette syndrome; autism spectrum disorders; executive function