title: The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire: Cross-Cultural Adaptation into Italian and Assessment of Its Measurement Properties.
abstract: The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a patient self-reported measurement instrument that evaluates pain self-efficacy beliefs in patients with chronic pain. The measurement properties of the PSEQ have been tested in its original and translated versions, showing satisfactory results for validity and reliability. The aims of this study were 2 fold as follows: (1) to translate the PSEQ into Italian through a process of cross-cultural adaptation, (2) to test the measurement properties of the Italian PSEQ (PSEQ-I). The cross-cultural adaptation was completed in 5 months without omitting any item of the original PSEQ. Measurement properties were tested in 165 patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) (65% women, mean age 49.9 years). Factor analysis confirmed the one-factor structure of the questionnaire. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) and test-retest reliability (ICCagreement  = 0.82) of the PSEQ-I showed good results. The smallest detectable change was equal to 15.69 scale points. The PSEQ-I displayed a high construct validity by meeting more than 75% of a priori hypotheses on correlations with measurement instruments assessing pain intensity, disability, anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, fear of movement, and coping strategies. Additionally, the PSEQ-I differentiated patients taking pain medication or not. The results of this study suggest that the PSEQ-I can be used as a valid and reliable tool in Italian patients with CLBP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Evidence Based Physiotherapy, A.I.FI. Piemonte Valle d' Aosta, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiarotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ostelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Department of Evidence Based Physiotherapy, A.I.FI. Piemonte Valle d' Aosta, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tedesco
authors.affiliation: Operative Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Scientific Institute of Lissone, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Lissone (MB), Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pillastrini
authors.affiliation: Operative Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Scientific Institute of Lissone, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Lissone (MB), Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monticone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007802:Language; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating
keywords: Italy; Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; chronic low back pain; cross-cultural adaptation; measurement properties