title: Intense exercise can cause excessive apoptosis and synapse plasticity damage in rat hippocampus through Ca²⁺ overload and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intense exercise can cause injury and apoptosis, but few studies have reported its effect on the central nervous system (CNS). The initial reason for hippocampus injury is the excitotoxicity of glutamate and calcium overload. Intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) overload may trigger the apoptosis pathway and neuron damage. The aim of this study was to investigate whether intense exercise could cause hippocampus apoptosis and neuron damage and then to determine which pathway was activated by this apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used one bout of swimming exhaustion rats as models. Intracellular [Ca(2+)]i was measured to estimate the calcium overload by Fura-2/AM immediately after exhaustion; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and synaptophysin (SYP) immunofluorescence were performed for estimating astrocyte activation and synapse plasticity 24 hours after exhaustion. Apoptosis cells were displayed using dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) stain; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis pathway and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were synchronously detected by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increasing level of intracellular [Ca(2+)]i (P < 0.01) was found in the hippocampus immediately after exhaustion. GFAP and SYP immunofluorescence showed that the astrocytes are activated, and the synapse plasticity collapsed significantly 24 hours after exhaustion. TUNEL stain showed that the number of apoptosis cells were notably raised (P < 0.01); Western blotting of the apoptosis pathway showed increasing levels of caspase-3 cleavage (P < 0.01), Bax (P < 0.01), caspase-12 cleavage (P < 0.01), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) (P < 0.01), and phospho-Junaminoterminal kinases (p-JNK; P < 0.01) and decreasing level of Bcl-2 (P < 0.01). Our results proved that exhaustion can induce hippocampus injury and apoptosis by [Ca(2+)]i overload, with collapsed synaptic plasticity as the injury pattern and ER stress-induced apoptosis as the activated pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intense exercise can cause excessive apoptosis and synapse plasticity damage in the hippocampus with [Ca(2+)]i overload as the initial reason, and thus provides leads for therapeutic interventions in the brain health of athletes.
authors.affiliation: Institution of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Institution of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Cunqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Institution of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institution of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institution of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China. Email: dingyi@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000502:physiology; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D016708:Synaptophysin; D002118:Calcium