title: How surgical technology translates into practice: the model of laparoscopic liver resections performed in France.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analyze, at a national level, the adoption and practice of laparoscopic liver resections (LAP), compared to open resections (OPEN).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  LAP initiated 20 years ago, has been described for all hepatectomies, and is considered as the reference technique for some resections. There are, however, no data on its adoption outside selected specialty centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  French Healthcare databases were screened to identify all patients who underwent an elective LAP or OPEN between 2007 and 2012. Patients' demographics, associated conditions, indication for surgery, hepatectomy performed, and hospital type and hepatectomy caseload were retrieved. Patients who had possible overcoding of biopsies as wedge resections were identified to select REAL resections. Time trend analyses were performed using a piecewise linear regression and the average annual percent change (AAPC) calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 7881 (17.8%) LAP and 36,359 (82.2%) OPEN performed in an average of 483 hospitals. Of these, biopsies accounted for 29.9% of the LAP (7.3% of the OPEN, P<0.0001) and the incidence of LAP biopsies increased after 2009. The AAPC of the incidence of real LAP increased more than that of real OPEN (7.0% vs 1.3%) but most were minor resections (61.1% vs 28.9% for OPEN, P<0.0001), only 15% of patients were operated by LAP and intermediate (or major) resections were performed in 19.5% (or 4.8%) of hospitals performing liver resections. The proportion of resections performed by LAP was inversely related to annual caseload. The overall incidence of resections performed for benign conditions did not increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LAP is not developing, has not been adopted for intermediate/major resections, does not result in overuse for benign indications and some of the 2009 -consensus statements are not applied.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation †Department of Hepatology, and ‡Department of Medical Informatics, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Université Paris 7, Clichy, France; and §INSERM U669, Université Paris 11, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Farges
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goutte
authors.forename: Safi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dokmak
authors.forename: Noelle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bendersky
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Falissard
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003710:Demography; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000639:trends*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*