title: The prevention of colorectal anastomotic leakage with tissue adhesives in a contaminated environment is associated with the presence of anti-inflammatory macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal anastomoses created in a contaminated environment result in a high leakage rate. This study investigated whether using anastomotic sealants (TissuCol(®), Histoacryl(®) Flex, and Duraseal(®)) prevents leakage in a rat peritonitis model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven Wistar rats were divided into control and experimental groups (TissuCol, Histoacryl, and Duraseal groups). Peritonitis was induced 1 day before surgery with the cecal ligation puncture model. On day 0, colonic anastomosis was constructed with sutures and then sealed with no adhesive (control group) or one select adhesive (experimental groups). Bursting pressure, abscess formation, and adhesion severity were evaluated on day 3 or day 14. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for CD4, CD8, CD206, and iNOS were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On day 3, bursting pressures of the TissuCol group (120.1 ± 25.3 mmHg), Histoacryl group (117.3 ± 20.2 mmHg), and Duraseal group (123.6 ± 35.4 mmHg) were significantly higher than the that of the control group (24.4 ± 31.7 mmHg, p < 0.001). Abscesses around the anastomosis were found in the control group (6/7) and Duraseal group (2/9) but not in the TissuCol group or Histoacryl group. A higher number of CD206+ cells (M2 macrophages), a lower number of iNOS+ cells (M1 macrophages), a higher M2/M1 index, and a higher CD4+/CD8+ index were seen at the anastomotic site in all experimental groups compared with the control group on day 3. On day 14, abscesses were only found in the control group. Adhesion severity in the Duraseal group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anastomotic sealing using TissuCol(®), Histoacryl(®) Flex, or Duraseal(®) seems to be an effective and safe option to prevent leakage in contaminated colorectal surgery. The presence of large numbers of anti-inflammatory macrophages seems to be involved in preventing the leakage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, wuzhouqiao@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhouqiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Konstantinos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Vakalopoulos
authors.forename: Geesien S A
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Boersema
authors.forename: Leonard F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Kroese
authors.forename: King H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: van der Horst
authors.forename: Irene M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Yvonne M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Bastiaansen-Jenniskens
authors.forename: Gert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kleinrensink
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeekel
authors.forename: Johan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D057868:Anastomotic Leak / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D003106:Colon / Q000601:surgery*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012007:Rectum / Q000601:surgery*; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014014:Tissue Adhesives