title: Epistemological beliefs and therapeutic health concepts of physiotherapy students and professionals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health knowledge develops fast and includes a lot of ambiguous or tentative information. In their daily routine, both health care students and professionals continuously have to make judgments about the viability of health knowledge. People's epistemological beliefs (EBs) and their therapeutic health concepts are factors that influence how they deal with health knowledge. However, very little is known about the occurrence of these factors at different stages of people's career. The present study examines the EBs and therapeutic health concepts of physiotherapy students in their vocational training and the EBs and therapeutic health concepts of professionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study physiotherapy students and professional physiotherapists filled in a questionnaire that measured their personal EBs about physiotherapy and medicine, as well as their biomedical and biopsychosocial therapeutic health concepts. We compared the participants' EBs regarding both knowledge domains, and their therapeutic health concepts using paired samples t-tests. We also examined the differences between first-year students, advanced students, and professionals regarding their EBs and their therapeutic health concepts using ANOVAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-three students and 84 professionals participated in this study, 114/167 (68%) participants were female. EBs as well as therapeutic health concepts differed depending upon the participants' training status. Professionals had more sophisticated EBs than students regarding both knowledge in physiotherapy (F(2, 164) = 6.74, P = 0.002, η(2)(p) = 0.08) and knowledge in medicine (F(2, 164) = 5.93, P = 0.003, η(2)(p) = 0.07). In addition, high values in a biopsychosocial therapeutic health concept already occurred in an early phase of training (F(2, 164) = 5.39, P = 0.005, η(2)(p) = 0.06), whereas increased values in a biomedical concept did not occur until people's professional life (F(2, 164) = 10.99, P < 0.001, η(2)(p) = 0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specificities of personal EBs and therapeutic health concepts in different stages of health care training have so far been insufficiently considered in medical education research. The current study has aimed to shed light on the occurrence of these concepts in students as compared to professionals. We point out implications of our findings for educational practice and make suggestions for future research.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bientzle
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cress
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Construction Lab, Knowledge Media Research Center, Schleichstr, 6, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. j.kimmerle@iwm-kmrc.de.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimmerle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003469:Culture; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D008611:Mentors; D009426:Netherlands; D059825:Physical Therapists / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty / Q000193:education*; D011231:Preceptorship; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D055815:Young Adult