title: Relationship among eye and muzzle temperatures measured using digital infrared thermal imaging and vaginal and rectal temperatures in hair sheep and cattle.
abstract: Digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) using a thermal camera has potential to be a useful tool for the production animal industry. Thermography has been used in both humans and a wide range of animal species to measure body temperature as a method to detect injury or inflammation. The objective of these experiments was to compare the temperature of the eye (EYE) or muzzle (MUZ) measured using DITI to vaginal (VT) and rectal temperature (RT) as measures of core body temperature in hair sheep and beef cattle. In Exp.1 EYE, VT and RT were measured in lactating, multiparous hair sheep ewes (St. Croix White, n = 10, and Dorper × St. Croix White, n = 10) in a non-febrile state 5 times over a 48-h period. Data loggers were used to measure VT and a digital veterinary thermometer was used to measure RT. There was a high correlation (P < 0.001) between VT and RT (r = 0.95), EYE and RT (r = 0.76) and EYE and VT (r = 0.77). In Exp. 2 EYE, MUZ, VT and RT were measured in multiparous, lactating ewes (St. Croix White, n = 2, and Barbados Blackbelly, n = 12) at -12, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after being administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS; n = 7; 0.2 µg/kg BW, i.v.) or saline (n = 7; 0.5 mL, i.v.). Data loggers were used to measure VT and a digital veterinary thermometer was used to measure RT. When data were combined across treatments (LPS and saline) there was a high correlation (P < 0.001) between VT and RT (r = 0.96), EYE and RT (r = 0.82), MUZ and RT (r = 0.72), and EYE and VT (r = 0.93). In Exp. 3 EYE, MUZ, VT and RT were measured in multiparous, non-lactating, pregnant Senepol cattle (n = 44) between 0900 and 1200 h on a single day. A digital veterinary thermometer was used to measure both VT and RT. There was a high correlation (P < 0.001) between VT and RT (r = 0.78), a moderate correlation (P < 0.001) between VT and EYE (r = 0.52), RT and EYE (r = 0.58) and EYE and MUZ (r = 0.48). There was no correlation (P > 0.10) between RT or VT and MUZ. The findings of these three studies indicate that temperature of the eye, measured using DITI, can be used as an indicator of core body temperature in hair sheep and beef cattle as an alternative to using vaginal or rectal temperature.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 00850 VI.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 00850 VI rgodfre@uvi.edu.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 00850 VI.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ketring
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix, 00850 VI.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vinson
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville 39762.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Willard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007239:Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology*; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013821:Thermometers / Q000662:veterinary; D014621:Vagina / Q000502:physiology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: beef cattle; body temperature; hair sheep; thermography