title: Moderate physical activity level as a protective factor against metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether physical activity is a protective factor against metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Socio-demographic and lifestyle behaviour factors contribute to metabolic syndrome. To minimise the risk of metabolic syndrome, several global guidelines recommend increasing physical activity level. However, only limited research has investigated the relationship between physical activity levels and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older women after adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle behaviour factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 326 middle-aged and older women was recruited. Metabolic syndrome was confirmed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and physical activity levels were measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample had a mean age of 60·9 years, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 43·3%. Postmenopausal women and women with low socioeconomic status (low-education background, without personal income and currently unemployed) had a significantly higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for significant socio-demographic and lifestyle behaviour factors, the women with moderate or high physical activity levels had a significantly lower (OR = 0·10; OR = 0·11, p < 0·001) risk of metabolic syndrome and a lower risk for each specific component of metabolic syndrome, including elevated fasting plasma glucose (OR = 0·29; OR = 0·26, p = 0·009), elevated blood pressure (OR = 0·18; OR = 0·32, p = 0·029), elevated triglycerides (OR = 0·41; OR = 0·15, p = 0·001), reduced high-density lipoprotein (OR = 0·28; OR = 0·27, p = 0·004) and central obesity (OR = 0·31; OR = 0·22, p = 0·027).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle behaviour factors, physical activity level was a significant protective factor against metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older women. Higher physical activity levels (moderate or high physical activity level) reduced the risk of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appropriate strategies should be developed to encourage middle-aged and older women across different socio-demographic backgrounds to engage in moderate or high levels of physical activity to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Huei
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shang-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Patsy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Meei-Shyuan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yi-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Wen-Chii
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.forename: Li-Chi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: health promotion; international physical activity questionnaire; metabolic syndrome; middle-aged and older women; physical activity; socioeconomic status