title: A historical review of trauma-related diagnoses to reconsider the heterogeneity of PTSD.
abstract: Based on the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, there are 636,120 ways for an individual to qualify for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Galatzer-Levy & Bryant, 2013). To unravel this heterogeneity, we examine the historical trajectory of trauma-related diagnoses. Our review addresses four traumas (i.e., combat, natural disaster, life-threatening accident and sexual assault) that have contributed the most to conceptual models of PTSD. Although these trauma types are all subsumed under the same diagnostic label, our literature review indicates that the psychological consequences of different traumatic experiences are traditionally studied in isolation. Indeed, most research addresses hypotheses regarding specific trauma types using samples of individuals selected for their experience with that specific event. We consider the possibility that PTSD is not a single, unified construct and what this means for future research and clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DiMauro
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, United States.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, United States.
authors.forename: Johanna B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Folk
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, United States. Electronic address: tkashdan@gmu.edu.
authors.forename: Todd B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kashdan
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000523:psychology*; D047831:American Civil War; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004190:Disasters; D005544:Forecasting; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009440:Neurasthenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D054141:Ventricular Flutter / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D047829:Vietnam Conflict; D047828:World War I; D047789:World War II
keywords: Combat; Diagnosis; Life-threatening accidents; Natural disasters; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Sexual assault