title: Variations of niacin content in saltwater fish and their relation with dietary RDA in Polish subjects grouped by age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A rich and natural source of readily assimilated dietary protein together with invaluable vitamins and minerals are fish, particularly the saltwater species. The quality of any given foodstuff is determined by its nutritional value, which in turn depends on the food type and methods used for manufacture, processing and storage. Many fish products contain fewer water soluble vitamins than the source foodstuff as a result of using various technologies during food processing, such as smoking or deep freezing, where vitamins are often either degraded or leached out. In the case of niacin it is relatively easy to make good such losses by eating niacin-rich foods or by taking dietary supplements e.g. the essential amino acid L-tryptophan.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine niacin content in sea fish that are commonly available on the Polish market and to assess whether this dietary source is sufficient to satisfy the RDA requirements for various age groups of selected subjects living in Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Niacin levels were measured firstly in 10 saltwater fish species together with butterfish and Norwegian salmon that formed a separate group. Altogether, 15 types of fish products were analysed in all. They consisted of smoked fish: whitefish, butterfish, sprat, trout, herring (kippers) and mackerel, and frozen fish: butterfish, Norwegian salmon, sole, grenadier and panga. Each product was measured as ten replicates, thus in total 150 analyses were performed. A microbiologically-based method was used for the niacin determination, with enzyme hydrolysis by 40 mg papain and diastase on a 2 g sample (according to the AOAC procedure) to release the free form from the bioavailable form that is bound to NAD and NADP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most plentiful sources of niacin were found in smoked fish with the highest amounts in butterfish, after warm temperature smoking, and in mackerel; respectively 9.03 and 8.90 mg/100 g. Such 100 g portions of smoked fish are a good dietary source of niacin, in that for men and women above 19 years of age, they constitute respectively 22% - 56% and 25% - 64% of the RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance). The highest levels of niacin in frozen fish were found in butterfish and Norwegian salmon; respectively 8.05 and 5.75 mg/100 g which in turn represent respectively 10% - 50% and 11% - 56% of the RDA in men and women aged above 19 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Niacin concentrations varied according to fish species. The richest dietary sources were smoked fish consisting of butterfish, after warm temperature smoking, and mackerel. In frozen fish, butterfish and Norwegian salmon had the highest niacin amounts. A 100 g serving of such sea fish can, to quite a large extent, satisfy the adult RDA.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majewski
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lebiedzińska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009525:Niacin / Q000032:analysis*; D011044:Poland; D011247:Pregnancy; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D014815:Vitamins / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D009525:Niacin