title: Anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in Slovakia detected by in-vitro methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intensive use of anthelmintics for the control of helminthic infections has resulted in the development of anthelmintic resistance, which has become a major practical problem in many countries. A variety of tests are available to monitor anthelmintic resistance but most of them are expensive, laborious and time consuming and therefore unpractical for large field surveys. The main aim of this survey was thus to detect the occurrence of benzimidazole (BZ) and macrocyclic lactone resistance on sheep farms in Slovakia by using novel and modified in vitro methods that are inexpensive, easy to use and quick and therefore practical for large surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BZ-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes were found on all 27 farms. Two farms (7.4%) had high levels of resistance (>40% of hatching), and 22 farms had low levels (<20% of hatching) of resistant nematodes. IVM-resistant populations were found on 14 of 49 sheep farms. The prevalence of BZ and IVM resistance has slightly increased on Slovak sheep farms during the last two decades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the BZ and IVM surveys indicated that resistance against anthelmintics was present on Slovak sheep farms. Resistance against the BZ class of anthelmintics had been stable for two decades, but a slight increase on IVM resistance was confirmed. Farmers must thus observe the preventive measures to avoid a faster onset of IVM resistance, otherwise the presence of resistant parasites and ineffective treatment may harm the economy of their farms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic. dolinska@saske.sk.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dolinská
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, Košice, 04001, Slovak Republic. ivanisinova@saske.sk.
authors.forename: Oksana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ivanišinová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic. konig@saske.sk.
authors.forename: Alžbeta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Königová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic. varady@saske.sk.
authors.forename: Marián
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Várady
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D012756:Sheep / Q000469:parasitology; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D018154:Slovakia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D007559:Ivermectin; C031000:benzimidazole