title: Quality improvement project to reduce pain and distress associated with immunization visits in pediatric primary care.
abstract: This quality improvement project implemented an evidence-based immunization protocol aimed at decreasing pain and distress associated with immunizations for children ages 4 to 6 by utilizing distraction and a benzocaine-based anesthetic spray. The original protocol is used at a large, university-based pediatric primary care hospital. A convenience sample of 30 children from a community-based healthcare center was utilized to assess effectiveness in alternate settings. This quasi-experimental project collected survey information from child participants and consenting caregivers. Statistical analysis by paired t-test indicated a statistically significant decrease in reported distress by both the child and the caregiver utilizing the immunization protocol.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA. Electronic address: sab141@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA. Electronic address: dgn@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Donna G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Nativio
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA. Electronic address: jep87@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Joyce E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Penrose
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001566:Benzocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010372:Pediatrics; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001566:Benzocaine
keywords: Anesthetic spray; Distraction; Immunization