title: Safety assessment of greenhouse hydroponic tomatoes irrigated with reclaimed and surface water.
abstract: The impact of reclaimed and surface water on the microbiological safety of hydroponic tomatoes was assessed. Greenhouse tomatoes were irrigated with reclaimed and surface water and grown on two hydroponic substrates (coconut fiber and rock wool). Water samples (n=208) were taken from irrigation water, with and without the addition of fertilizers and drainage water, and hydroponic tomatoes (n=72). Samples were analyzed for indicator microorganisms, generic Escherichia coli and Listeria spp., and pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. and Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC), using multiplex real-time PCR (RT-PCR) after enrichment. The correlation between climatological parameters such as temperature and the levels of microorganisms in water samples was also determined. In irrigation water, generic E. coli counts were higher in reclaimed than in surface water whereas Listeria spp. numbers increased after adding the fertilizers in both water sources. In drainage water, no clear differences in E. coli and Listeria numbers were observed between reclaimed and surface water. No positive samples for STEC were found in irrigation water. Presumptive positives for Salmonella spp. were found in 7.7% of the water samples and 62.5% of these samples were reclaimed water. Salmonella-positive samples by RT-PCR could not be confirmed by conventional methods. Higher concentrations of E. coli were associated with Salmonella-presumptive positive samples. Climatological parameters, such as temperature, were not correlated with the E. coli and Listeria spp. counts. Tomato samples were negative for bacterial pathogens, while generic E. coli and Listeria spp. counts were below the detection limit. The prevalence of presumptive Salmonella spp. found in irrigation water (reclaimed and surface water) was high, which might present a risk of contamination. The absence of pathogens on greenhouse hydroponic tomatoes indicates that good agricultural practices (GAP) were in place, avoiding the microbial contamination of the fruit.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lopez-Galvez
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allende
authors.affiliation: Department of Irrigation, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pedrero-Salcedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Irrigation, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Alarcon
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: migil@cebas.csic.es.
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Gil
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000592:standards; D000383:Agriculture / Q000592:standards*; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005308:Fertilizers; D005516:Food Microbiology; D059022:Food Safety; D018527:Hydroponics / Q000592:standards*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers
keywords: Agricultural practices; Food safety; Fresh produce; Irrigation water