title: Introducing high-cost health care to patients: dentists' accounts of offering dental implant treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The decision-making process within health care has been widely researched, with shared decision-making, where both patients and clinicians share technical and personal information, often being cited as the ideal model. To date, much of this research has focused on systems where patients receive their care and treatment free at the point of contact (either in government-funded schemes or in insurance-based schemes). Oral health care often involves patients making direct payments for their care and treatment, and less is known about how this payment affects the decision-making process. It is clear that patient characteristics influence decision-making, but previous evidence suggests that clinicians may assume characteristics rather than eliciting them directly. The aim was to explore the influences on how dentists' engaged in the decision-making process surrounding a high-cost item of health care, dental implant treatments (DITs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was undertaken using a purposive sample of primary care dentists (n = 25). Thematic analysis was undertaken to reveal emerging key themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were differences in how dentists discussed and offered implants. Dentists made decisions about whether to offer implants based on business factors, professional and legal obligations and whether they perceived the patient to be motivated to have treatment and their ability to pay. There was evidence that assessment of these characteristics was often based on assumptions derived from elements such as the appearance of the patient, the state of the patient's mouth and demographic details. The data suggest that there is a conflict between three elements of acting as a healthcare professional: minimizing provision of unneeded treatment, trying to fully involve patients in shared decisions and acting as a business person with the potential for financial gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It might be expected that in the context of a high-cost healthcare intervention for which patients pay the bill themselves, that decision-making would be closer to an informed than a paternalistic model. Our research suggests that paternalistic decision-making is still practised and is influenced by assumptions about patient characteristics. Better tools and training may be required to support clinicians in this area of practice.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Vernazza
authors.forename: Nikki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.forename: Jimmy G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Janice S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: John Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thomason
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eastham
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Exley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003657:Decision Making; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000191:economics*; D018865:Dental Research; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011215:Practice Management, Dental / Q000191:economics; D019239:Practice Patterns, Dentists' / Q000191:economics*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: dental services research; prosthodontics; psychosocial aspects of oral health; qualitative research