title: Role of cytokine signaling in group B Streptococcus-stimulated expression of human beta defensin-2 in human extraplacental membranes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. We tested the hypothesis that the choriodecidua plays a role in GBS-stimulated human beta defensin(HBD)-2 increases in amnion cells through a secreted factor of choriodecidual origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human amnion epithelial cells were treated with choriodecidual GBS-conditioned medium, live GBS, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with and without IL-1 inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Choriodecidual tissue punches released IL-1α and IL-1β in response to GBS and this medium significantly stimulated release of HBD-2 by amnion cell cultures. Inhibitors of IL-1 significantly impaired the release of HBD-2 from amnion cells treated with GBS choriodecidual conditioned medium. Direct stimulation of amnion cells with GBS, LTA, or LPS did not increase HBD-2 release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paracrine signaling involving IL-1 of choriodecidual origin is likely a critical driver for amnion HBD-2 increases in response to GBS infection of extraplacental membranes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boldenow
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chames
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Aronoff
authors.forename: Chuanwu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Loch-Caruso
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002823:Chorion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D003656:Decidua / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000494:pharmacology; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D011247:Pregnancy; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000502:physiology*; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; C106641:DEFB4A protein, human; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D023083:beta-Defensins; C009900:lipoteichoic acid
keywords: Antimicrobial peptides; extraplacental membranes; group B Streptococcus; human beta defensin; placenta; pregnancy