title: Plate selection for fixation of extra-articular distal humerus fractures: a biomechanical comparison of three different implants.
abstract: Operative fixation of extra-articular distal humerus using a single posterolateral column plate has been described but the biomechanical properties or limits of this technique is undefined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of distal humerus fracture fixation using three standard fixation constructs. Two equal groups were created from forty sawbones humeri. Osteotomies were created at 80mm or 50mm from the tip of the trochlea. In the proximal osteotomy group, sawbones were fixed with an 8-hole 3.5mm LCP or with a 6-hole posterolateral plate. In the distal group, sawbones were fixed with 9-hole medial and lateral 3.5mm distal humerus plates and ten sawbones were fixed with a 6-hole posterolateral plate. Biomechanical testing was performed using a servohydraulic testing machine. Testing in extension as well as internal and external rotation was performed. Destructive testing was also performed with failure being defined as hardware pullout, sawbone failure or cortical contact at the osteotomy. In the proximal osteotomy group, the average bending stiffness and torsional stiffness was significantly greater with the posterolateral plate than with the 3.5mm LCP. In the distal osteotomy group, the average bending stiffness and torsional stiffness was significantly greater with the posterolateral plate than the 3.5mm LCP. In extension testing, the yield strength was significantly greater with the posterolateral plate in the proximal osteotomy specimens, and the dual plating construct in the distal osteotomy specimens. The yield strength of specimens in axial torsion was significantly greater with the posterolateral plate in the proximal osteotomy specimens, and the dual plating construct in the distal osteotomy specimens. Limited biomechanical data to support the use of a pre-contoured posterolateral distal humerus LCP for fixation of extra-articular distal humerus exists. We have found that this implant provided significantly greater bending stiffness, torsional stiffness, and yield strength than a single 3.5mm LCP plate for osteotomies created 80mm from the trochlea. At the more distal osteotomy, dual plating was biomechanically superior. Our results suggest that single posterolateral column fixation of extra-articular humerus fractures is appropriate for more proximal fractures but that dual plate fixation is superior for more distal fractures.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Irvine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 101 The City Drive South, Pavilion III, Building 29A, 2nd Floor, Orange, CA 92868, United States. Electronic address: jscolaro56@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scolaro
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 4245 Roosevelt Way N.E., Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: DePuy Synthes Mechanical Testing Laboratory, 1301 Goshen Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, United States.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Svach
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 3400 Spruce Street, 2 Silverstein Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001860:Bone Plates; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008422:Materials Testing; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Biomechanical; Distal humerus; Extra-articular; Posterolateral plate