title: Neurobehavioral function in school-age children exposed to manganese in drinking water.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Manganese neurotoxicity is well documented in individuals occupationally exposed to airborne particulates, but few data are available on risks from drinking-water exposure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations of exposure from concentrations of manganese in water and hair with memory, attention, motor function, and parent- and teacher-reported hyperactive behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 375 children and measured manganese in home tap water (MnW) and hair (MnH). We estimated manganese intake from water ingestion. Using structural equation modeling, we estimated associations between neurobehavioral functions and MnH, MnW, and manganese intake from water. We evaluated exposure-response relationships using generalized additive models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for potential confounders, a 1-SD increase in log10 MnH was associated with a significant difference of -24% (95% CI: -36, -12%) SD in memory and -25% (95% CI: -41, -9%) SD in attention. The relations between log10 MnH and poorer memory and attention were linear. A 1-SD increase in log10 MnW was associated with a significant difference of -14% (95% CI: -24, -4%) SD in memory, and this relation was nonlinear, with a steeper decline in performance at MnW > 100 μg/L. A 1-SD increase in log10 manganese intake from water was associated with a significant difference of -11% (95% CI: -21, -0.4%) SD in motor function. The relation between log10 manganese intake and poorer motor function was linear. There was no significant association between manganese exposure and hyperactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to manganese in water was associated with poorer neurobehavioral performances in children, even at low levels commonly encountered in North America.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oulhote
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mergler
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barbeau
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bellinger
authors.forename: Thérèse
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bouffard
authors.forename: Marie-Ève
authors.initials: MÈ
authors.lastname: Brodeur
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saint-Amour
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Legrand
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauvé
authors.forename: Maryse F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bouchard
mesh_terms: D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008345:Manganese