title: Relationship between bent long bones, bent scapulae, and wavy ribs: malformations or variations?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shortened and bent long bones and bent scapulae are sometimes reported in fetuses with wavy ribs (Carney and Kimmel, ). Wavy ribs are typically seen in the presence of maternal and developmental toxicity, are transient and reversible postnatally, and are considered to be variations rather than malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We further assessed the literature cited in Kimmel and Carney () as well as papers published since then to determine under what conditions bent long bones in the absence of gross limb defects and bent scapulae were reported and whether information was available on the transient or permanent nature of these effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long bone and/or scapular changes almost always occurred at a lower incidence than wavy ribs. In every case, maternal and fetal toxicity occurred at the same dose levels. In a few studies, pups were followed sequentially after birth and bent long bones and scapulae were transient in nature and appeared normal by the time of weaning. Rabbits were much less likely to show wavy ribs or long bone and scapular changes at birth, even in the presence of severe maternal and fetal toxicity. This species difference may be due in part to the great increase in bone mass and remodeling that occurs during the first few postnatal weeks in rodents, but which takes place during the longer fetal period in rabbits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our conclusion from this review is that bent long bones and scapulae, like wavy ribs, appear to be secondary to maternal and developmental toxicity, are transient, and like wavy ribs should be considered variations rather than malformations.
authors.affiliation: Exponent, Inc, Toxicology and Mechanistic Biology, Alexandria, Virginia.
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Garry
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: DeSesso
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D007867:Leg Bones / Q000002:abnormalities*; D051379:Mice; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D012272:Ribs / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012540:Scapula / Q000002:abnormalities*
keywords: bent long bones; bent scapulae; variations; wavy ribs