title: Treatment of bowel in experimental gastroschisis with a nitric oxide donor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reduce the harmful effect of bowel exposure to amniotic fluid in gastroschisis, we used the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in an animal model of gastroschisis and assessed the ideal concentration for treatment of changes in bowel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastroschisis was surgically induced in rat fetuses on day 18.5 of gestation. The fetuses were divided into 5 groups (n = 12 animals/group): control (C), gastroschisis (G), gastroschisis + GSNO 5 μmol/L (GNO1), gastroschisis + GSNO 0.5 μmol/L (GNO2), and gastroschisis + GSNO 0.05 μmol/L (GNO3). On day 21.5 of gestation, fetuses were collected by cesarean delivery. Body and intestinal weight were measured and the bowels were either fixed for histometric and immunohistochemical study or frozen for Western blotting. We analyzed bowel morphometry on histological sections and expression of the NO synthase (NOS) enzymes by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test when appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological and histometric measurements of weight, diameter, and thickness of the layers of the intestinal wall decreased with GSNO treatment, especially in the GNO3 group, when compared with the G group (P < .05). The expression of neuronal NOS, endothelial NOS, and inducible NOS decreased mainly in GNO3 group compared to the G group (P < .05), with no difference compared to C group (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal treatment with 0.05 μmol/L GSNO resulted in significant improvement of bowel morphology in gastroschisis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Fetal Surgery "Michael Harrison," Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frances L L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Augusto F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Fetal Surgery "Michael Harrison," Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rebeca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Fetal Surgery "Michael Harrison," Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Electronic address: sbragia@fmrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Lourenço
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sbragia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D046128:Fetal Therapies / Q000379:methods*; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007422:Intestines / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase
keywords: S-nitrosoglutathione; experimental surgery; gastroschisis; nitric oxide