title: Influence of local hemostatic and antiplatelet agents on the incidence of bleeding complications in carotid endarterectomies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For the reduction of cardio- and cerebrovascular events in carotid endarterectomies continuation of antiplatelet medication is recommended perioperatively. As a result, this patient population is at increased risk for postoperative bleeding complications. Intraoperative application of local hemostatic agents might reduce the incidence of bleeding complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 565 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy between January 2005 and January 2011 were analysed retrospectively. Most patients in the earlier cohort years of the study had no perioperative antiplatelet medication. In contrast antiplatelet medication was usually continued perioperatively in the later cohort years. To reduce the risk of perioperative bleeding local hemostatic agents were applied increasingly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Revision surgery, due to postoperative bleeding or massive hematoma, was necessary in 20 cases (3.5 %). Overall, 383 carotid endarterectomies (67.8 %) were performed with perioperative antiplatelet medication. Local hemostatic agents were applied in 259 cases (45.8 %) intraoperatively. Initially, operations performed in patients taking antiplatelet medication resulted in an increased need for surgical revision. Following an accelerated practice of using local hemostatic agents, the need for revision surgeries fell. Nevertheless, when patients from all years were analysed together there was no significant benefit from the application of local hemostatic agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of local hemostatic agents might have contributed to a reduction of bleeding complications in carotid endarterectomies. However, this could not be shown of statistical significance. Other confounding factors such as different operative techniques or forms of anesthesia might also have influenced this decline.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinrich
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kundt
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klar
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany Department of Vascular Medicine, Vivantes Humboldt-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bünger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006487:Hemostasis; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
keywords: Hemostatic agents; antiplatelet medication; bleeding complication; carotid endarterectomy