title: Style of coping and its determinants in adults with congenital heart disease in a developing country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to compare coping strategies between adults with and without congenital heart disease and to scrutinize the associations between different available resources (e.g., social support) and adoption of certain coping strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study has a cross-sectional case-control design.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in two university-affiliated heart hospitals in Tehran, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants comprised 347 persons (18-64 years) with and 353 individuals without congenital heart disease, matched by gender and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coping strategies, assessed with the Utrecht Coping List-short form, were compared between both groups. Block-wise multiple regression analyses were conducted to scrutinize the associations between different independent variables (e.g., demographic/socioeconomic statuses) and adoption of certain styles of coping (dependent variables) among all participants and separately for each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The styles of coping in the patients were comparable with those of the control group. Multivariate analyses revealed that congenital heart disease per se was not associated with style of coping except for palliative reaction pattern. The active problem-solving coping style was associated with never married marital status, parenthood, unemployment, higher level of anxiety/somatic symptoms, lower level of depressive symptoms, and better social support. The avoidance behavior style was associated with having a low income, whereas the expression of emotion style was associated with higher anxiety symptoms, experience of financial strain, and income. None of the adopted coping strategies was related to the heart disease variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adults with congenital heart disease coped as well as adults without congenital heart disease. Marital status, parenthood, annual income, financial strain, psychological adjustment, and perceived social support were important explanatory factors in adopting a certain style of coping among adults with congenital heart disease. However, longitudinal studies with repeated measures are warranted.
authors.forename: Bahareh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macassa
authors.forename: Örjan
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Sundin
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Khankeh
authors.forename: Joaquim J F
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult