title: In vivo acoustic super-resolution and super-resolved velocity mapping using microbubbles.
abstract: The structure of microvasculature cannot be resolved using standard clinical ultrasound (US) imaging frequencies due to the fundamental diffraction limit of US waves. In this work, we use a standard clinical US system to perform in vivo sub-diffraction imaging on a CD1, female mouse aged eight weeks by localizing isolated US signals from microbubbles flowing within the ear microvasculature, and compare our results to optical microscopy. Furthermore, we develop a new technique to map blood velocity at super-resolution by tracking individual bubbles through the vasculature. Resolution is improved from a measured lateral and axial resolution of 112 μm and 94 μ m respectively in original US data, to super-resolved images of microvasculature where vessel features as fine as 19 μm are clearly visualized. Velocity maps clearly distinguish opposing flow direction and separated speed distributions in adjacent vessels, thereby enabling further differentiation between vessels otherwise not spatially separated in the image. This technique overcomes the diffraction limit to provide a noninvasive means of imaging the microvasculature at super-resolution, to depths of many centimeters. In the future, this method could noninvasively image pathological or therapeutic changes in the microvasculature at centimeter depths in vivo.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen-Jeffries
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: Meng-Xing
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunsby
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Eckersley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004423:Ear / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D045423:Microbubbles; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055806:Microvessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*