title: Three-dimensional ultrasonography for the prediction of breast cancer prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the value of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography findings in the prediction of breast cancer prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The findings of 3D ultrasonography of 221 breast tumors were compared with pathologic prognostic factors, including tumor diameter, axillary lymph node status, histologic grade, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (C-erb-B2), Ki-67 (cell proliferation marker) and p53 expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The convergence sign was correlated to the tumor diameter, axillary lymph node status, histologic grade, ER and PR status. The convergence sign was found significantly more frequently in the small tumor group (diameter ≤ 2 cm; p=0.001), in breast tumors associated with axillary lymph node metastases (p=0.034), in lower histologic grade (grade I and II) (p=0.011) and in positive ER and PR expression group (p=0.049; p=0.023, respectively). The appearance of tumor margins was correlated to axillary lymph node status and C-erb-B2 expression, with most breast tumors associated with axillary lymph node metastases and negative C-erb-B2 expression exhibiting irregular margins on 3D ultrasonography (p=0.000; p=0.039). The homogeneity of the tumor boundary was detected significantly more frequently in breast tumors without axillary lymph node metastases (p=0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3D ultrasonographic characteristics of breast tumors, especially the convergence sign, may be used to predict breast cancer prognosis and provide a basis for making more accurate therapeutic decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai TenthPeople's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ming-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Hui-Xiong
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011379:Prognosis; D014463:Ultrasonography