title: Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA Consensus Conference.
abstract: The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus have grown significantly throughout the world, due primarily to the increase in type 2 diabetes. This overall increase in the number of people with diabetes has had a major impact on development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), one of the most frequent complications of both types of diabetes. DKD is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), accounting for approximately 50% of cases in the developed world. Although incidence rates for ESRD attributable to DKD have recently stabilized, these rates continue to rise in high-risk groups such as middle-aged African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics. The costs of care for people with DKD are extraordinarily high. In the Medicare population alone, DKD-related expenditures among this mostly older group were nearly $25 billion in 2011. Due to the high human and societal costs, the Consensus Conference on Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes was convened by the American Diabetes Association in collaboration with the American Society of Nephrology and the National Kidney Foundation to appraise issues regarding patient management, highlighting current practices and new directions. Major topic areas in DKD included 1) identification and monitoring, 2) cardiovascular disease and management of dyslipidemia, 3) hypertension and use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade and mineralocorticoid receptor blockade, 4) glycemia measurement, hypoglycemia, and drug therapies, 5) nutrition and general care in advanced-stage chronic kidney disease, 6) children and adolescents, and 7) multidisciplinary approaches and medical home models for health care delivery. This current state summary and research recommendations are designed to guide advances in care and the generation of new knowledge that will meaningfully improve life for people with DKD.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, and Providence Health Care, Spokane, WA.
authors.forename: Katherine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Tuttle
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Hypertension Center, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL (National Kidney Foundation liaison).
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bakris
authors.affiliation: Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
authors.forename: Rudolf W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Bilous
authors.affiliation: American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA jchiang@diabetes.org.
authors.forename: Jane L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: Sierra Nevada Nephrology Consultants, Reno, NV.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldstein-Fuchs
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Irl B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalantar-Zadeh
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Narva
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Novick Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Sankar D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Navaneethan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Neumiller
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Nephrology and Pediatric Nephrology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (American Society of Nephrology liaison).
authors.forename: Uptal D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ratner
authors.affiliation: Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO.
authors.forename: Adam T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Whaley-Connell
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Molitch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose