title: Treatment patterns in Cushing's disease patients in two large United States nationwide databases: application of a novel, graphical methodology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data on real-world treatment patterns for Cushing's disease (CD) are limited. We used a novel graphical technique to analyze treatment patterns in CD patients in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two combined US claims databases were used to identify CD patients with claims with Cushing's syndrome diagnosis and either benign pituitary adenoma or hypophysectomy and newly-treated in 2008 (no treatment in prior 6 months). Patients were followed from first treatment day until end of enrollment or 12/31/2010. We compared summary statistics with a novel graphical methodology that simultaneously displays individual color-coded patient treatment histories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 228 newly-treated CD patients, 180 (78.9%) had surgery as first observed treatment, 42 (18.4%) had pharmacotherapy, and 6 (2.6%) had radiotherapy. In 42 patients who had pharmacotherapy as first treatment, dopamine agonists were used as first pharmacotherapy in 24 (57.1%), ketoconazole in 17 (40.5%), and mitotane in one patient (2.4%). In 180 patients with surgery as first treatment, 15 (8.3%) later had radiotherapy and 14 (7.8%) had pharmacotherapy. In 42 patients who had pharmacotherapy as first treatment, 10 (23.8%) later had surgery and 2 (4.8%) had radiotherapy. Mean duration of first pharmacotherapy varied: 369.5 days for dopamine agonists, 157.1 for ketoconazole, and 30.0 for mitotane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study addresses a need for US data on real-world treatment patterns for CD patients. The majority of CD patients undergo surgery as initial therapy. Patients using pharmacotherapy had limited persistence with treatment. Neither reasons for discontinuation of therapy nor the impact of a recent FDA warning on potentially fatal liver toxicity from ketoconazole could be assessed.
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Partnership for Health Analytic Research, LLC, 280 South Beverly Drive, Suite 404, Beverly Hills, CA, 90212, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Broder
authors.forename: Maureen P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Neary
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Dasha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cherepanov
authors.forename: Gordon H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ludlam
mesh_terms: D049913:ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma / Q000628:therapy*; D000236:Adenoma / Q000628:therapy*; D000315:Adrenalectomy; D000328:Adult; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007016:Hypophysectomy; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008939:Mitotane / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000628:therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011878:Radiotherapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D008939:Mitotane; D007654:Ketoconazole