title: Repair and tissue engineering techniques for articular cartilage.
abstract: Chondral and osteochondral lesions due to injury or other pathology commonly result in the development of osteoarthritis, eventually leading to progressive total joint destruction. Although current progress suggests that biologic agents can delay the advancement of deterioration, such drugs are incapable of promoting tissue restoration. The limited ability of articular cartilage to regenerate renders joint arthroplasty an unavoidable surgical intervention. This Review describes current, widely used clinical repair techniques for resurfacing articular cartilage defects; short-term and long-term clinical outcomes of these techniques are discussed. Also reviewed is a developmental pipeline of acellular and cellular regenerative products and techniques that could revolutionize joint care over the next decade by promoting the development of functional articular cartilage. Acellular products typically consist of collagen or hyaluronic-acid-based materials, whereas cellular techniques use either primary cells or stem cells, with or without scaffolds. Central to these efforts is the prominent role that tissue engineering has in translating biological technology into clinical products; therefore, concomitant regulatory processes are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Eleftherios A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Makris
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Andreas H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gomoll
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Trauma, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larisa 41110, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Malizos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Kyriacos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012038:Regeneration; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001685:Biological Factors