title: The response of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -2 to exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a major group of enzymes that play essential roles in normal functioning of diverse tissues during growth, development, and aging. However, among the MMPs little is known regarding the role of exercise in MMP-9 and MMP-2 function in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to provide a systematic comprehensive review of the literature examining the effect of different exercise interventions on MMP-9 and MMP-2 in human investigations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive systematic database search was performed, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both the acute and chronic effects of exercise were included for evaluation in this systematic review. Inclusion criteria included the use of any type of planned, structured, and repetitive movement and its effects on the MMP-2 and MMP-9 response (obtained from plasma samples), participants (humans only) of any age with or without diseases, sedentary participants and those involved in light, moderate, and vigorous activity, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical trials (CTs), full text article citations with no restrictions in terms of language, and scored at least 5/11 on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) quality scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PEDro scale was used to appraise study quality of RCTs and CTs. Two reviewers independently reviewed the full texts of all potentially relevant articles for eligibility and disagreements were discussed and resolved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven studies met the previously determined quality indicators and were reviewed; three were RCTs and four were CTs. In general, the quality of the studies ranged from 5 to 9 out of a maximum of 11 on the PEDro quality criteria scale. Results revealed that chronic aerobic training induces a decrease in MMP-9 and MMP-2 levels, possibly indicating a cardioprotective effect, while resistance exercise training displayed conflicting results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in MMP-9 and MMP-2 plasma concentrations may be valuable biomarkers to reflect the influence of exercise on the inflammatory state. Nevertheless, the limited evidence available regarding the effects of exercise on the MMP-9 and MMP-2 response in human participants suggests that further studies are needed to fully define the connection between the role of exercise on the MMP-9 and MMP-2 response.
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Q.S. 07, Lote 01, EPTC-Bloco G, Brasilia, DF, 71966-700, Brazil, dahanc@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Dahan da Cunha
authors.initials: Dda C
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: Rita de Cassia Marqueti
authors.initials: Rde C
authors.lastname: Durigan
authors.forename: Ramires Alsamir
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tibana
authors.forename: João Luiz Quagliotti
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Durigan
authors.forename: James Wilfred
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Navalta
authors.forename: Jonato
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prestes
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000097:blood*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011998:Recreation; D057185:Sedentary Behavior
chemical_list: D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9