title: Low skin carotenoid concentration measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy is associated with metabolic syndrome in adults.
abstract: Oxidative stress is increased in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Antioxidants, including carotenoids, are decreased in MS. We hypothesized that a low skin carotenoid score (SCS), calculated using resonance Raman spectroscopy, would correlate with the presence of MS. We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients referred for dietary assessment between 2010 and 2012. For each patient, a nutrition history, medical history, and SCS were recorded. χ(2) and Student t test were used to determine factors associated with MS. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with MS. One hundred fifty-five patients were included. The mean age was 54.1 ± 13.1 years, and the mean body mass index was 28.3 ± 6.1 kg/m(2). Metabolic syndrome was present in 43.9% of patients. The mean SCS was 28 084 ± 14 006 Raman counts (RC), including 23 058 ± 9812 RC for patients with MS and 32 011 ± 15 514 RC for patients without MS (P = .0001). In a multivariate analysis, SCS less than 25 000 RC (odds ratio, 3.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-10.7; P = .01) was independently associated with MS. A higher number of MS components was associated with a progressively lower SCS (P = .004). In a consecutive sample of patients referred for dietary assessment, a noninvasively measured SCS was lower among patients with MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation, Division of Hepatology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA. Electronic address: holte@sutterhealth.org.
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Esther K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Antioxidant; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Resonance Raman spectroscopy; Skin carotenoids