title: Association of cerebrospinal fluid anti-Sm antibodies with acute confusional state in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropsychiatric manifestation in systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is one of the most serious complications of the disease. Previous studies revealed the strong association between serum anti-Sm and organic brain syndrome, consisting mainly of acute confusional state (ACS) of diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes (diffuse NPSLE). However, the precise mechanism by which anti-Sm causes diffuse NPSLE remains unclear. Of note, recent studies demonstrated that anti-U1 RNP antibodies (anti-RNP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with NPSLE. The present study was designed to explore the association of anti-Sm antibodies in CSF with NPSLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired serum and CSF specimens were obtained from 72 patients with NPSLE (49 with diffuse NPSLE, 23 with neurological syndromes or peripheral neuropathy (focal NPSLE) and from 22 control patients with non-SLE neurological diseases. Sera were also obtained from 41 patients with active SLE without neuropsychiatric manifestations (non-NPSLE). Anti-Sm and anti-RNP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and intrathecal anti-Sm production were evaluated by Q albumin and CSF anti-Sm index, respectively. Binding of anti-Sm to neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-MC and Neuro2a was examined by flow cytometry and by cell ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anti-Sm and anti-RNP in CSF and sera were elevated in NPSLE compared with non-SLE control. CSF anti-Sm, but not CSF anti-RNP, was significantly elevated in ACS compared with non-ACS diffuse NPSLE or with focal NPSLE. By contrast, there were no significant differences in serum anti-Sm or anti-RNP among subsets of NPSLE and non-NPSLE. Whereas there were no significant differences in CSF anti-Sm index, Q albumin was elevated in ACS compared with non-ACS or with focal NPSLE. Notably, CSF anti-Sm was correlated with Q albumin (r = 0.2373, P = 0.0447) or with serum anti-Sm (r = 0.7185, P <0.0001) in 72 patients with NPSLE. Finally, monoclonal anti-Sm and purified human anti-Sm bound to the surface of SK-N-MC and Neuro2a.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the elevation of CSF anti-Sm through transudation from systemic circulation due to damaged BBB plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ACS. More importantly, the data indicate that anti-Sm is yet another autoantibody with presumed neural toxicity, but might not be the last.
authors.forename: Shunsei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirohata
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.forename: Tamiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagida
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshio
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003221:Confusion / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000276:immunology; D055517:snRNP Core Proteins / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D055517:snRNP Core Proteins