title: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: subphenotypes in a cohort of Brazilian patients.
abstract: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) involves cerebellar, pyramidal, extrapyramidal, motor neuron and oculomotor systems with strong phenotypic heterogeneity, that lead us to classify the disorder into different clinical subtypes according to the predominantly affected motor systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The series comprises 167 SCA3 patients belonging to 68 pedigrees, studied from 1989-2013. These patients were categorized into seven different subphenotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCA3 cases were clustered according to the predominant clinical features. Three most common forms were subphenotype 2, characterized by ataxia and pyramidal symptom was observed in 67.5%, subphenotype 3 with ataxia and peripheral signs in 13.3%, and subphenotype 6 with pure cerebellar syndrome in 7.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study was the first to systematically classify SCA3 into seven subphenotypes. This classification may be particularly useful for determination of a more specific and direct phenotype/genotype correlation in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Setor de Neurologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Renato P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Munhoz
authors.affiliation: Setor de Neurologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Walter O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Genetika, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Salmo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raskin
authors.affiliation: Setor de Neurologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moscovich
authors.affiliation: Setor de Neurologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hélio A G
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Teive
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001938:Brazil; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D017827:Machado-Joseph Disease / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype