title: Home modifications to reduce injuries from falls in the home injury prevention intervention (HIPI) study: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the considerable injury burden attributable to falls at home among the general population, few effective safety interventions have been identified. We tested the safety benefits of home modifications, including handrails for outside steps and internal stairs, grab rails for bathrooms, outside lighting, edging for outside steps, and slip-resistant surfacing for outside areas such as decks and porches.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial of households from the Taranaki region of New Zealand. To be eligible, participants had to live in an owner-occupied dwelling constructed before 1980 and at least one member of every household had to be in receipt of state benefits or subsidies. We randomly assigned households by electronic coin toss to either immediate home modifications (treatment group) or a 3-year wait before modifications (control group). Household members in the treatment group could not be masked to their assigned status because modifications were made to their homes. The primary outcome was the rate of falls at home per person per year that needed medical treatment, which we derived from administrative data for insurance claims. Coders who were unaware of the random allocation analysed text descriptions of injuries and coded injuries as all falls and injuries most likely to be affected by the home modifications tested. To account for clustering at the household level, we analysed all injuries from falls at home per person-year with a negative binomial generalised linear model with generalised estimating equations. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12609000779279.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 842 households recruited, 436 (n=950 individual occupants) were randomly assigned to the treatment group and 406 (n=898 occupants) were allocated to the control group. After a median observation period of 1148 days (IQR 1085-1263), the crude rate of fall injuries per person per year was 0.061 in the treatment group and 0.072 in the control group (relative rate 0.86, 95% CI 0.66-1.12). The crude rate of injuries specific to the intervention per person per year was 0.018 in the treatment group and 0.028 in the control group (0.66, 0.43-1.00). A 26% reduction in the rate of injuries caused by falls at home per year exposed to the intervention was estimated in people allocated to the treatment group compared with those assigned to the control group, after adjustment for age, previous falls, sex, and ethnic origin (relative rate 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.94). Injuries specific to the home-modification intervention were cut by 39% per year exposed (0.61, 0.41-0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that low-cost home modifications and repairs can be a means to reduce injury in the general population. Further research is needed to identify the effectiveness of particular modifications from the package tested.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Health Research Council of New Zealand.
authors.affiliation: Otago University, Wellington, New Zealand. Electronic address: michael.keall@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Keall
authors.affiliation: Otago University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Nevil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pierse
authors.affiliation: Otago University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howden-Chapman
authors.affiliation: Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Building Research Association New Zealand, Porirua City, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Newlands, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jagadish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guria
authors.affiliation: Otago University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000061:Accidents, Home / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006794:Household Articles; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008029:Lighting / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult