title: Effect of intraoperative analgesia on children's pain perception during recovery after painful dental procedures performed under general anaesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possible effect of intraoperative analgesia, namely diclofenac sodium compared to acetaminophen on post-recovery pain perception in children undergoing painful dental procedures under general anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind randomised clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 180 consecutive cases of children undergoing full dental rehabilitation under general anaesthesia in a private hospital in Saudi Arabia during 2013 was divided into three groups (60 children each) according to the analgesic used prior to extubation. Group A, children had diclofenac sodium suppository. Group B, children received acetaminophen suppository and Group C, the control group. Using an authenticated Arabic version of the Wong and Baker faces Pain assessment Scale, patients were asked to choose the face that suits best the pain he/she is suffering. Data were collected and recorded for statistical analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Student's t test was used for comparison of sample means. A preliminary F test to compare sample variances was carried out to determine the appropriate t test variant to be used. A "p" value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 93% of children had post-operative pain in varying degrees. High statistical significance was observed between children in groups A and B compared to control group C with the later scoring high pain perception. Diclofenac showed higher potency in multiple painful procedures, while the statistical difference was not significant in children with three or less painful dental procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diclophenac sodium is more potent than acetaminophen, especially for multiple pain-provoking or traumatic procedures. A timely use of NSAID analgesia just before extubation helps provide adequate coverage during recovery. Peri-operative analgesia is to be recommended as an essential treatment adjunct for child dental rehabilitation under general anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dentistry, Sharjah University Dental College, P.O Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE, helbatawi@sharjah.ac.ae.
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: El Batawi
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D003442:Crowns; D003729:Dental Care; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000209:etiology; D014081:Tooth Extraction
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D000082:Acetaminophen