title: Serum and tissue endothelin-1 are independent from intima-media thickness of peripheral arteries in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to study the relationship of peripheral arteries' atherosclerosis with serum and tissue endothelin-1 in chronic kidney disease patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety patients were enrolled, including 35 patients with chronic kidney disease (case group), 31 patients with coronary artery diseases who were candidates for coronary artery bypass grafting (positive control group), and 24 living kidney donors (negative control group). Intima-media thickness of the common carotid and femoral arteries was determined by ultrasonography. Serum and tissue endothelin-1 were measured by ELISA method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean serum and tissue endothelin-1 levels in the donor group were significantly lower than other groups (p < 0.001 for both). The coronary artery bypass grafting group had higher carotid and femoral intima-media thickness than other groups (p < 0.001), and the chronic kidney disease group had higher carotid and femoral intima-media thickness than the donor group (p < 0.001). Regression analysis in all groups did not reveal any correlation between the carotid intima-media thickness/femoral intima-media thickness and the serum/tissue endothelin-1. There was a direct linear correlation between the carotid and femoral intima-media thickness (p < 0.001) in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelin-1 level and intima-media thickness were higher in the chronic kidney disease patients and coronary artery bypass grafting candidates, without any correlation between endothelin-1 and peripheral arteries' intima-media thickness of both groups. Perhaps endothelin-1 rises and remains high upon endothelial damage and initiation of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Nariman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nezami
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada nariman256@gmail.com sepehrva@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Nariman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sepehrvand
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirchi
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Behrooz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shokouhi
authors.affiliation: Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghojazadeh
authors.affiliation: Students' Research Committee, Medical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naghavi-Behzad
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Sona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghorashi
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mirzaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noshad
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Afshar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zomorrodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Abasad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gharedaghi
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Savalan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Babapoor-Farrokhran
authors.affiliation: The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Saeedeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mirbagheri
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Kazem
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Tarzamni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019332:Endothelin-1
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; artery; atherosclerosis; endothelin-1; intima-media thickness