title: Circulating glioma biomarkers.
abstract: Validated biomarkers for patients suffering from gliomas are urgently needed for standardizing measurements of the effects of treatment in daily clinical practice and trials. Circulating body fluids offer easily accessible sources for such markers. This review highlights various categories of tumor-associated circulating biomarkers identified in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of glioma patients, including circulating tumor cells, exosomes, nucleic acids, proteins, and oncometabolites. The validation and potential clinical utility of these biomarkers is briefly discussed. Although many candidate circulating protein biomarkers were reported, none of these have reached the required validation to be introduced for clinical practice. Recent developments in tracing circulating tumor cells and their derivatives as exosomes and circulating nuclear acids may become more successful in providing useful biomarkers. It is to be expected that current technical developments will contribute to the finding and validation of circulating biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.).
authors.forename: Johan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kros
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.).
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.).
authors.forename: Lennard J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.).
authors.forename: Peter A E
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sillevis Smitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.).
authors.forename: Theo M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Luider
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., P.-P.Z.); Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L.); Brain Tumor Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.K., D.M.M., L.J.M.D., P.A.E.S.S., T.M.L., P.-P.Z.).
authors.forename: Ping-Pin
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009696:Nucleic Acids
keywords: Omics; biomarker; blood; cerebrospinal fluid; circulating tumor cell; exosome; glioma; nucleic acid