title: Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water.
abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and has been recognized as a common source of large waterborne outbreaks involving contaminated water in developing countries. Thus, there is the need to produce experimental data on the disinfection kinetics of HEV by chlorine in water samples with diverse levels of fecal contamination. Here, the inactivation of HEV and human adenovirus C serotype 2 (HAdV2), used as a reference virus, was monitored using immunofluorescence and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. HEV has been shown to be susceptible to chlorine disinfection and presented equivalent kinetics to human adenoviruses. The C(t) values observed for a 2-log reduction of HEV were 0.41 in buffered demand-free water and 11.21 mg/L × min in the presence of 1% sewage. The results indicate that the inactivation kinetics of HEV and HAdV2 are equivalent and support the use of chlorine disinfection as an effective strategy to control HEV waterborne transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Catalonia, Spain E-mail: rgirones@ub.edu; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8009, USA.
authors.forename: Rosina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Girones
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Catalonia, Spain E-mail: rgirones@ub.edu; Present address: Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carratalà
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Catalonia, Spain E-mail: rgirones@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Byron
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calgua
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Catalonia, Spain E-mail: rgirones@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Manzano
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8009, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emerson
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology; D038301:Virus Inactivation; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D012722:Sewage; D002713:Chlorine