title: In vivo genotoxicity of treated water containing the cylindrospermopsin-producer Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.
abstract: Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is an alkaloid commonly produced by some cyanobacteria that has been implicated in outbreaks of human illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cellular content (including CYN) and its byproducts resulting from chlorination during water treatment. DNA damage in blood and liver cells was analysed by the comet assay and micronucleus test (MN). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with the following treatments: (a) physiological saline, (b) treated water, (c) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (d) C. raciborskii extract (CYN producer strain, CYPO-011 K), (e) C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain), and (f) treated water plus C. raciborskii extract (CYN non producer strain) extract. After 48 h, samples were taken to perform tests (blood and liver cells to the comet assay and bone marrow to MN test). The CYPO-011 K had a genotoxic and mutagenic effects on liver and bone marrow cells. The group that received chlorine-treated water plus CYPO-011 K also exhibited genotoxic effects in the liver, as well as in the blood, and a mutagenic effect in blood marrow cells. The results emphasise the need of improving CYN monitoring in waters bodies in order to reduce the risk of human exposure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Natural Resources - Federal University of Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil and Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Av. BPS, 1303, Bairro Pinherinho, Itajubá CEP: 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil E-mail: a1fonseca@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA; PPGGTA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA; PPGGTA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria - IBCCF, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: S M F O
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria - IBCCF, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Campus Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D020552:Comet Assay; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D046891:Cylindrospermopsis / Q000737:chemistry*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D054879:Halogenation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000633:toxicity*; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D060766:Drinking Water; D022882:Trihalomethanes; C089595:cylindrospermopsin; D014498:Uracil