title: Manipulation detection and preference alterations in a choice blindness paradigm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is commonly believed that individuals make choices based upon their preferences and have access to the reasons for their choices. Recent studies in several areas suggest that this is not always the case. In choice blindness paradigms, two-alternative forced-choice in which chosen-options are later replaced by the unselected option, individuals often fail to notice replacement of their chosen option, confabulate explanations for why they chose the unselected option, and even show increased preferences for the unselected-but-replaced options immediately after choice (seconds). Although choice blindness has been replicated across a variety of domains, there are numerous outstanding questions. Firstly, we sought to investigate how individual- or trial-factors modulated detection of the manipulations. Secondly, we examined the nature and temporal duration (minutes vs. days) of the preference alterations induced by these manipulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants performed a computerized choice blindness task, selecting the more attractive face between presented pairs of female faces, and providing a typewritten explanation for their choice on half of the trials. Chosen-face cue manipulations were produced on a subset of trials by presenting the unselected face during the choice explanation as if it had been selected. Following all choice trials, participants rated the attractiveness of each face individually, and rated the similarity of each face pair. After approximately two weeks, participants re-rated the attractiveness of each individual face online.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants detected manipulations on only a small proportion of trials, with detections by fewer than half of participants. Detection rates increased with the number of prior detections, and detection rates subsequent to first detection were modulated by the choice certainty. We show clear short-term modulation of preferences in both manipulated and non-manipulated explanation trials compared to choice-only trials (with opposite directions of effect). Preferences were altered in the direction that subjects were led to believe they selected.
authors.affiliation: SINAPSE Institute for Cognitive Science and Neurotechnologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taya
authors.affiliation: Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: SINAPSE Institute for Cognitive Science and Neurotechnologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.affiliation: SINAPSE Institute for Cognitive Science and Neurotechnologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: O'Dhaniel A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Mullette-Gillman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D008192:Deception; D005145:Face; D000066499:Facial Recognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult