title: The protective effects of IgM-enriched immunoglobulin and erythropoietin on the lung and small intestine tissues of rats with induced sepsis: biochemical and histopathological evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sepsis continues to be a significant problem for critical care patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the protective effects of IgM-enriched immunoglobulin and erythropoietin on pulmonary and small intestine tissues in a rat model of intra-abdominal sepsis induced via the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Control group (n = 6): surgical procedure was not performed. Laparotomy was only performed in the sham group (n = 6) and CLP was only performed in the sepsis (CLP) group (n = 30). After erythropoietin (2000 U/kg, intraperitoneal) was given in the sepsis + erythropoietin (CLP + EPO) group (n = 30), IgM-enriched immunoglobulin (600 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) was given in the sepsis + pentaglobin (CLP + PEN) group (n = 30), CLP was created. Intracardiac blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis; lung and small intestine tissue samples were removed for histopathological evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma TNF-α levels (pg/ml) were similar among CLP, CLP + EPO, and CLP + PEN groups (204.0 ± 52.4, 198.5 ± 17.3, and 214.6 ± 93.6, respectively). The CLP group had higher plasma IL-1β levels (pg/ml) compared with CLP + EPO and CLP + PEN groups (325.1 ± 134.1, 164.3 ± 25.6, and 186.3 ± 26.0, respectively) (p < 0.05). Rats in CLP + EPO and CLP + PEN groups had abolished histopathologic appearance of lung and small intestine tissues compared with rats in the CLP group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the use of EPO and IgM-enriched immunoglobulin in the prevention of lung and small intestine injuries associated with sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Palandöken State Hospital , Erzurum , Turkey .
authors.forename: Irem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ates
authors.forename: Nazım
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aksoy
authors.forename: Zekai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Halıcı
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gündogdu
authors.forename: Mevlüt Sait
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008026:Ligation; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004921:Erythropoietin; C060166:pentaglobulin
keywords: CLP; cytokine; histopathology; lung