title: Ciprofloxacin residues in municipal biosolid compost do not selectively enrich populations of resistant bacteria.
abstract: Biosolids and livestock manure are valuable high-carbon soil amendments, but they commonly contain antibiotic residues that might persist after land application. While composting reduces the concentration of extractable antibiotics in these materials, if the starting concentration is sufficiently high then remaining residues could impact microbial communities in the compost and soil to which these materials are applied. To examine this issue, ciprofloxacin was added to biosolid compost feedstock to achieve a total concentration of 19 ppm, approximately 5-fold higher than that normally detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (1 to 3.5 ppm). This feedstock was placed into mesh bags that were buried in aerated compost bays. Once a week, a set of bags was removed and analyzed (treated and untreated, three replicates of each; 4 weeks). Addition of ciprofloxacin had no effect on the recovery of resistant bacteria at any time point (P = 0.86), and a separate bioassay showed that aqueous extractions from materials with an estimated 59 ppm ciprofloxacin had no effect on the growth of a susceptible strain of Escherichia coli (P = 0.28). Regression analysis showed that growth of the susceptible strain of E. coli can be reduced given a sufficiently high concentration of ciprofloxacin (P < 0.007), a result that is consistent with adsorption being the primary mechanism of sequestration. While analytical methods detected biologically significant concentrations of ciprofloxacin in the materials tested here, the culture-based methods were consistent with the materials having sufficient adsorptive capacity to prevent typical concentrations of ciprofloxacin residues from selectively enriching populations of resistant bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Mount Vernon, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Caitlin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Youngquist
authors.affiliation: Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Jinxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Orfe
authors.affiliation: Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Mount Vernon, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA drcall@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Call
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D014866:Waste Products; D002939:Ciprofloxacin