title: Community pharmacists' knowledge of diabetes management during Ramadan in Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although Muslim diabetic patients may be aware of their religious exemption from fasting, many still fast and adjust their medication regimens accordingly. Pharmacists have a significant potential to identify and prevent harm from medication misuse in Ramadan.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines Egyptian pharmacists' knowledge regarding management of diabetes during Ramadan. It also explores pharmacists' willingness to attend a 1 day workshop on medication regimen adjustment during Ramadan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community pharmacies throughout Alexandria, Egypt.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study using a pretested self-administered survey was conducted among a random sample of community pharmacists. The survey included three knowledge questions relevant to counseling diabetic patients during Ramadan. Questions covered the recommended timing and dosing for metformin and insulin as well as the safe blood glucose range required for diabetic patients to safely continue their fast. Using logistic regression, a model was estimated to predict pharmacists' willingness to attend a workshop on the adjustment of medication regimens during Ramadan. Content analysis was used to analyze pharmacists' answers to the question concerning what they would like the workshop to cover.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacists' aggregate scores for all three diabetes management knowledge questions and pharmacists' willingness to attend a workshop on the adjustment of medication regimens during Ramadan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety three percent of the 298 approached pharmacists agreed to participate. Forty three pharmacists (15.9%) did not know the correct answer to any question, 118(43.7%) 24 answered one correctly, 86 (31.9%) answered two correctly and only 23 (8.5%) answered all 25 three correctly. Confidence in therapeutic knowledge regarding medication regimen 26 adjustment during Ramadan was not associated with the pharmacists' knowledge of diabetes management during Ramadan. One hundred seventy five (63.6%) pharmacists wanted to attend a workshop on adjusting medication regimens during Ramadan. This was significantly associated with pharmacists being Muslim (OR 3.52, CI 1.70-7.27) and of younger age (OR 30 = 0.98, CI 0.96-0.99978). Pharmacists offered specific content and communication process 31 suggestions for the workshop content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies variability among community pharmacists' knowledge of diabetes management during Ramadan. It also shows willingness among the majority of pharmacists to learn more about the topic.
authors.affiliation: Joseph Wiederholt Wisconsin Distinguished Graduate Fellow, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2503 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA, mohamedezzat21@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohamed E K
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chewning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology*; D019468:Disease Management; D004534:Egypt / Q000208:ethnology; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists; D055815:Young Adult