title: Peak vertical ground reaction force during two-leg landing: a systematic review and mathematical modeling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To systematically review peak vertical ground reaction force (PvGRF) during two-leg drop landing from specific drop height (DH), (2) to construct a mathematical model describing correlations between PvGRF and DH, and (3) to analyze the effects of some factors on the pooled PvGRF regardless of DH.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized bibliographical search was conducted to extract PvGRF data on a single foot when participants landed with both feet from various DHs. An innovative mathematical model was constructed to analyze effects of gender, landing type, shoes, ankle stabilizers, surface stiffness and sample frequency on PvGRF based on the pooled data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pooled PvGRF and DH data of 26 articles showed that the square root function fits their relationship well. An experimental validation was also done on the regression equation for the medicum frequency. The PvGRF was not significantly affected by surface stiffness, but was significantly higher in men than women, the platform than suspended landing, the barefoot than shod condition, and ankle stabilizer than control condition, and higher than lower frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PvGRF and root DH showed a linear relationship. The mathematical modeling method with systematic review is helpful to analyze the influence factors during landing movement without considering DH.
authors.affiliation: Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200455, China ; Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors.forename: Wenxin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1349-4524
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Eastern Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
authors.forename: Tienan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Eastern Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
authors.forename: Chenghua
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8937-090X
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011642:Publications; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results