title: Mandibular ramus length as an indicator of chronological age and sex.
abstract: Age and sex estimation is crucial in forensic investigations, whether in legal situations that involve living people or to identify mortal remains. The aim of this study was to establish reference values in a Brazilian population to estimate age and sex by measuring the length of the mandibular ramus on lateral cephalometric radiographs, and to determine the probability that an individual being is 18 years or older, based on the results that were obtained. Two hundred and eighteen scanned lateral cephalograms of individuals between 6 and 20 years of age (101 males and 117 females) were measured with reference to mandibular ramus length (the distance between Condylion superior (Cs) and Gonion (Go)) using ImageJ 1.41 software (NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA). The results showed that sexual dimorphism was not observed until 16 years and, based on the ramus length measurements in this sample, it is possible to predict sex with an accuracy of only 54 %. There was a positive correlation between age and ramus length (r = 0.90; p < 0.001). From the linear regression analysis, one formula was derived; therefore, it was possible to calculate the individual's age, given his or her ramus length. The results showed that if an individual's ramus length is 7.0 cm or more, then there is an 81.25 % chance that the individual is 18 years old or older. In conclusion, the mandibular ramus length was not effective in discriminating sex. Mandibular length is strongly related to chronological age and can be used to predict whether an individual is 18 years or older with high degree of expected accuracy.
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Toledo
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Mariana Quirino Silveira
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Viviane Almeida
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Sarmento
authors.forename: Cassia Maria Fischer
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rubira
authors.forename: José Roberto Pereira
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lauris
authors.forename: Izabel Regina Fischer
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Rubira-Bullen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D001938:Brazil; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D005553:Forensic Dentistry; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D054881:Sex Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult