title: Isolation, identification, and quantification of lichenysin, a novel nonvolatile compound in Chinese distilled spirits.
abstract: Nonvolatile components influence overall flavor volatility and perception in alcoholic beverages. However, little information has been reported about the nonvolatile compounds in Chinese distilled spirits. For the first time, we isolated and identified a cyclic lipopeptide "lichenysin" as a novel nonvolatile compound in Chinese liquors, using preparative high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance. The concentrations of lichenysin were quantified in 14 main types of bottled Chinese liquors by using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The concentrations of lichenysin in Chinese liquor ranged from 0.01 to 111.74 μg/L, where the concentration was the highest in Dongjiu liquor. Furthermore, we found that lichenysin selectively affected aroma volatility in the Chinese liquor, using the headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The headspace concentrations of 2-phenylethanol, phenol, and 4-methylphenol significantly decreased by respectively 58%, 76%, and 59% in 3 Chinese commercial liquors with an increase in lichenysin. These results indicated that lichenysin could be a novel nonvolatile compound that selectively affected aroma volatility in Chinese liquors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was the first report that lichenysin was isolated, identified, and quantified as a nonvolatile compound in traditional Chinese liquors. Lichenysin selectively affected the volatility of the aroma compounds in Chinese liquors. So far, there is no report on lichenysin in other alcoholic beverages. It would give a new insight into flavoromics in food and help to improve aroma quality of Chinese liquors.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan Univ, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D003408:Cresols; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000032:analysis; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D013649:Taste; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D010636:Phenols; C094325:lichenysin A; C032538:4-cresol; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol
keywords: Chinese liquor; HS-SPME-GC-MS; NMR; UPLC-MS/MS; aroma volatility; lichenysin; nonvolatile compound