title: Mediating effects of social support and self-concept on depressive symptoms in adults with spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-sectional, correlational design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of individual demographics, activities of daily living, social support, and self-concept on depressive symptoms in people with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 135 adults with SCI was recruited from medical and rehabilitation centres in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Face-to-face, structured interviews were employed to collect information. Study questionnaires included a demographic sheet, the Barthel scale, the modified Social Support Inventory, the Huang self-concept scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analysed by structural equation modelling (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of the participants was 43.3 years (±11.98), the mean duration of injury was 114 months (±93.78), and most were males. Emotional support (r=-0.173, P<0.05) and appraisal support (r=-0.261, P<0.01) were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. The best fitted SEM model included individual demographics and physical function, social support and self-concept as significant predictors of depressive symptoms, with self-concept acting as a mediator in this relationship. Participants' characteristics and social support both contributed substantial indirect effects on depressive symptoms via self-concept. Self-concept also mediated the relationship between education, income, physical functioning and participants' depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For this sample, the more negative that individuals perceived themselves, the more likely they were to report worsening depressive symptoms. The more social support that individuals have, the more likely they were to report less depressive symptoms. Further longitudinal research will help clarify the direction of these relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W-K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, MeiHo University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: H-L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: 1] I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan [2] Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: H-Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science & Technology, Pu-tz, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S-E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: L-M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012649:Self Concept; D012944:Social Support; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan