title: Quorum sensing signal production and microbial interactions in a polymicrobial disease of corals and the coral surface mucopolysaccharide layer.
abstract: Black band disease (BBD) of corals is a complex polymicrobial disease considered to be a threat to coral reef health, as it can lead to mortality of massive reef-building corals. The BBD community is dominated by gliding, filamentous cyanobacteria with a highly diverse population of heterotrophic bacteria. Microbial interactions such as quorum sensing (QS) and antimicrobial production may be involved in BBD disease pathogenesis. In this study, BBD (whole community) samples, as well as 199 bacterial isolates from BBD, the surface mucopolysaccharide layer (SML) of apparently healthy corals, and SML of apparently healthy areas of BBD-infected corals were screened for the production of acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) and for autoinducer-2 (AI-2) activity using three bacterial reporter strains. AHLs were detected in all BBD (intact community) samples tested and in cultures of 5.5% of BBD bacterial isolates. Over half of a subset (153) of the isolates were positive for AI-2 activity. AHL-producing isolates were further analyzed using LC-MS/MS to determine AHL chemical structure and the concentration of (S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD), the biosynthetic precursor of AI-2. C6-HSL was the most common AHL variant detected, followed by 3OC4-HSL. In addition to QS assays, 342 growth challenges were conducted among a subset of the isolates, with 27% of isolates eliciting growth inhibition and 2% growth stimulation. 24% of BBD isolates elicited growth inhibition as compared to 26% and 32% of the bacteria from the two SML sources. With one exception, only isolates that exhibited AI-2 activity or produced DPD inhibited growth of test strains. These findings demonstrate for the first time that AHLs are present in an active coral disease. It is possible that AI-2 production among BBD and coral SML bacteria may structure the microbial communities of both a polymicrobial infection and the healthy coral microbiome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America; Atkins North America, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Beth L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chinmayee D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bhedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dearth
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carson W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Prevatte
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pratte
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shawn R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laurie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D054742:Acyl-Butyrolactones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016960:Agrobacterium tumefaciens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000382:microbiology*; D002861:Chromobacterium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D057894:Coral Reefs; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006714:Homoserine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D007783:Lactones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000502:physiology; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D010420:Pentanes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D053038:Quorum Sensing; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: C493138:4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione; D054742:Acyl-Butyrolactones; D007783:Lactones; C091088:N-octanoylhomoserine lactone; D010420:Pentanes; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D006714:Homoserine