title: Obesity, islet cell autoimmunity, and cardiovascular risk factors in youth at onset of type 1 autoimmune diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current increase in childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) and obesity has led to two conflicting hypotheses and conflicting reports regarding the effects of overweight on initiation and spreading of islet cell autoimmunity vs earlier clinical manifestation of preexisting autoimmune β-cell damage driven by excess weight.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to address the question of whether the degree of β-cell autoimmunity and age are related to overweight at diabetes onset in a large cohort of T1D youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cross-sectional study of youth with autoimmune T1D consecutively recruited at diabetes onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a regional academic pediatric diabetes center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred sixty-three consecutive children younger than 19 years at onset of T1D participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relationships between body mass index and central obesity (waist circumference and waist to height ratio) and antigen spreading (islet cell autoantibody number), age, and cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors examined at onset and/or 3 months after the diagnosis were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant associations between number of autoantibodies with measures of adiposity. Age relationships revealed that a greater proportion of those with central obesity (21%) were in the youngest age group (0-4 y) compared with those without central obesity (6%) (P = .001). PATIENTS with central obesity had increased CVD risk factors and higher onset C-peptide levels (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evidence was found to support the concept that obesity accelerates progression of autoantibody spreading once autoimmunity, marked by standard islet cell autoantibody assays, is present. Central obesity was present in almost one-third of the subjects and was associated with early CVD risk markers already at onset.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.C., I.M.L., D.J.B.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Biostatistics (V.C.A., L.Z.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (D.I.-L.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Division of Immunogenetics (M.T.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; and Department of Immunology (M.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors.forename: Maribel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cedillo
authors.forename: Ingrid M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Libman
authors.forename: Vincent C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trucco
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ize-Ludlow
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pietropaolo
authors.forename: Dorothy J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies