title: Wnt pathway in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is an aggressive pediatric brain tumor with limited therapeutic options. The hypothesis for this study was that the Wnt pathway triggered by the Wnt5B ligand plays an important role in ATRT biology. To address this hypothesis, the role of WNT5B and other Wnt pathway genes was analyzed in ATRT tissues and ATRT primary cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcriptome-sequencing analyses were performed using nanoString platforms, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, immunoprecipitation, short interference RNA studies, cell viability studies, and drug dose response (DDR) assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our transcriptome-sequencing results of Wnt pathway genes from ATRT tissues and cell lines indicated that the WNT5B gene is significantly upregulated in ATRT samples compared with nontumor brain samples. These results also indicated a differential expression of both canonical and noncanonical Wnt genes. Imunoprecipitation studies indicated that Wnt5B binds to Frizzled1 and Ryk receptors. Inhibition of WNT5B by short interference RNA decreased the expression of FRIZZLED1 and RYK. Cell viability studies a indicated significant decrease in cell viability by inhibiting Frizzled1 receptor. DDR assays showed promising results with some inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These promising therapeutic options will be studied further before starting a translational clinical trial. The success of these options will improve care for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.).
authors.forename: Madhavi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chakravadhanula
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.).
authors.forename: Chris N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Hampton
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.).
authors.forename: Parth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chodavadia
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.).
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ozols
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.).
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Catchpoole
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.).
authors.forename: Jingying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.).
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erdreich-Epstein
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona (M.C., C.N.H., V.O., R.D.B.); Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia (L.Z., D.C.); Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.C.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.E.-E.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (J.X., A.E.-E.).
authors.forename: Ratan D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D051157:Frizzled Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018335:Rhabdoid Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D013724:Teratoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway
chemical_list: C489740:FZD1 protein, human; D051157:Frizzled Receptors; C435831:WNT5B protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins
keywords: ATRT; Frizzled 1; Ryk; Wnt pathway; Wnt5B