title: Anti-inflammatory effects of galangin on lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages via ERK and NF-κB pathway regulation.
abstract: Inflammation is the major symptom of the innate immune response to microbial infection. Macrophages, immune response-related cells, play a role in the inflammatory response. Galangin is a member of the flavonols and is found in Alpinia officinarum, galangal root and propolis. Previous studies have demonstrated that galangin has antioxidant, anticancer, and antineoplastic activities. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of galangin are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of galangin on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Galagin was not cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells, and nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages was significantly decreased by the addition of 50 μM galangin. Moreover, galangin treatment reduced mRNA levels of cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-6, and proinflammatory genes, such as iNOS in LPS-activated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Galangin treatment also decreased the protein expression levels of iNOS in activated macrophages. Galangin was found to elicit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting ERK and NF-κB-p65 phosphorylation. In addition, galangin-inhibited IL-1β production in LPS-activated macrophages. These results suggest that galangin elicits anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-activated macrophages via the inhibition of ERK, NF-κB-p65 and proinflammatory gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul , Korea .
authors.forename: Yun Chan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Mi Eun
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ju Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Pu Reum
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hwa-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: Hee-Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jun Sik
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; C037032:galangin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
keywords: Galangin; MAPK; NO production; inflammation; macrophage