title: Combat near-death experiences: an exploratory study.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to add to the professional literature regarding combat near-death experiences (cNDEs) and to help clinicians and experiencers (cNDErs) recognize this phenomenon as an experience that is not indicative of mental illness. cNDErs were military personnel whose NDEs occurred during active combat or sequelae. Sixty-eight self-reported survivors of combat-related close brushes with death completed an online survey that included the Near-Death Experience Scale(1) (NDE Scale), the Life-Changes Inventory-Revised(2), and a few open-ended questions. Respondents were 20 cNDErs-participants who scored at least 7 on the NDE Scale-and 48 non-NDErs. Compared to NDErs from two methodologically similar studies, cNDErs scored lower on Bonferroni corrected t-tests than NDErs on the NDE Scale overall(3) (p < 0.0003) and on Affective and Transcendental subscales; they scored higher on the Cognitive subscale(1) (p < 0.0007). In Life-Changes Inventory-Revised total change and six of seven value clusters, cNDErs, compared to non-NDErs, scored in the same direction as numerous other studies of NDE aftereffects, but none of the differences were statistically significant and all reflected small effect sizes except total change and changes in spirituality that reflected medium effect sizes--a finding that corresponded to analysis of narrative responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Higher Education, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310829, Denton, TX 76203-5017.
authors.forename: Tracy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Goza
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Higher Education, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310829, Denton, TX 76203-5017.
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Higher Education, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310829, Denton, TX 76203-5017.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kinsey
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000533:Altruism; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003071:Cognition; D003643:Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012067:Religion; D012649:Self Concept; D029181:Spirituality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014857:Warfare; D055815:Young Adult