title: Normative Databases for Imaging Instrumentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the process by which imaging devices undergo reference database development and regulatory clearance. The limitations and potential improvements of reference (normative) data sets for ophthalmic imaging devices will be discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A symposium was held in July 2013 in which a series of speakers discussed issues related to the development of reference databases for imaging devices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Automated imaging has become widely accepted and used in glaucoma management. The ability of such instruments to discriminate healthy from glaucomatous optic nerves, and to detect glaucomatous progression over time is limited by the quality of reference databases associated with the available commercial devices. In the absence of standardized rules governing the development of reference databases, each manufacturer's database differs in size, eligibility criteria, and ethnic make-up, among other key features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The process for development of imaging reference databases may be improved by standardizing eligibility requirements and data collection protocols. Such standardization may also improve the degree to which results may be compared between commercial instruments.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University Eye Institute, Morgantown, WV †Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla ∥Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA ‡School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA #Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada §National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK ¶Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA **Private Practice, Louisville, KY ††VA New York Harbor Health Care System, Brooklyn ‡‡SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Realini
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zangwill
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garway-Heath
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Patella
authors.forename: Chris A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Artes
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Gaddie
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fingeret
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005006:Ethnicity; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D012016:Reference Values