title: The Relationship between Substance Use and HIV Transmission in Peru.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this article is to review literature regarding the relationship between substance use and HIV transmission in Peru.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed search of published literature completed in PubMed and Google-Scholar and other local Peruvian publications. Mesh words: "Peru"; "substance-related-disorders"; "HIV"; "sexual-behavior" and their combinations. From 3921 articles, 150 were chosen for more careful review and only 26 were used for the review. No date limit was used in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peruvian HIV epidemic is limited to MSM and its prevalence goes up to 33% in certain MSM-subpopulations. Transmission is mainly through sexual contact. Drug use doubled the risk for casual sex, decreased by half the chances of using condoms, increased the number of partners per year and the risk for STD's. Peruvian HIV-positive populations have higher rates drug use and using drugs have been associated with a higher prevalence of being HIV-positive. This may be also true for other populations such as pregnant women in which there is an association between drug use and HIV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the amount of Peruvian research in this area limits the review, there seems to be a relationship between using drugs, having risky-sexual-behaviors and being HIV positive in Peru. HIV-prevention strategies for Peruvians must address the link between sex and substance use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Chacarilla-Surco, Lima-Peru, USA.
authors.forename: Alfredo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Massa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, USA.
authors.forename: Marc I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Rosen
keywords: HIV transmission; Peru; Peruvian research; Substance-related-disorders