title: Ballistic parameters and trauma potential of carbon dioxide-actuated arrow pistols.
abstract: Medical literature abounds with reports of injuries and fatalities caused by arrows and crossbow bolts. Crossbows are of particular forensic and traumatological interest, because their mode of construction allows for temporary mechanical storage of energy. A newly developed type of pistol (Arcus Arrowstar), which belongs to the category of air and carbon dioxide weapons, discharges arrow-shaped bolts actuated by carbon dioxide cylinders. As, to the best of the authors' knowledge, literature contains no information on this uncommon subclass of weapons it is the aim of this work to provide the experimental data and to assess the trauma potential of these projectiles based on the ascertained physical parameters. Basic kinetic parameters of these carbon dioxide-actuated bolts (velocity v = 39 m/s, energy E = 7.2 J, energy density E' = 0.26 J/mm(2)) are similar to bolts discharged by pistol crossbows. Subsequent firing resulted in a continuous and fast decrease in kinetic energy of the arrows. Test shots into ballistic soap blocks reveal a high penetration capacity, especially when compared to conventional projectiles of equal kinetic energy values (like, e.g., airgun pellets). To conclude, these data demonstrate the high efficiency of arrow-shaped projectiles, which are also characterized by a high cross-sectional density (ratio of mass to cross-sectional area of a projectile).
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Tien Thanh
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Rico
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grossjohann
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekkernkamp
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bockholdt
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004867:Equipment Design; D005389:Firearms; D044709:Forensic Ballistics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D054041:Weapons / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000335:Aerosol Propellants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide