title: Risk factors for anal HPV-16/18 infection in Mexican HIV-infected men who have sex with men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of specific HPV types among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly the presence of HPV-16 and/or -18, and to determine the factors associated with anal HPV-16/18 infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study from a baseline cohort of 525 HIV-positive MSM, who attended an HIV Clinic in Mexico City. Socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors and HIV-related parameters were assessed. Anal samples were tested for HPV DNA using the Linear Array HPV genotyping assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of any HPV type in the anal canal among 446 participants was 93.1%. At least one oncogenic HPV type was detected in 72.2% of the subjects and HPV-16 and/or18 were detected in 30.7%. Additionally, 76.9% of patients were infected with multiple HPV types. Having more than 10 receptive sexual partners in the last 6months (OR=2.30; 95% CI 1.12-4.74) and a CD4 cell count ≤350cells/μL (OR=1.97; 95% CI 1.26-3.09) were factors positively associated with HPV-16/18 infection in the anal canal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-infection with HPV-16/18 and other oncogenic types are predominant in this group of HIV-positive MSM. The recognition of infection with specific oncogenic types will be of aid in designing future preventive strategies that target this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62508 Cuernavaca, Mexico. Electronic address: leticia.torres@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torres-Ibarra
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62508 Cuernavaca, Mexico. Electronic address: cjconde@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Carlos J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Conde-Glez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62508 Cuernavaca, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 62450 Cuernavaca, Mexico. Electronic address: jsalme@prodigy.net.mx.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmerón
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94143 San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: jpalefsky@medicine.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palefsky
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62508 Cuernavaca, Mexico. Electronic address: mpnevar@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hernández-Nevares
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62508 Cuernavaca, Mexico. Electronic address: msanchez@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Alemán
authors.affiliation: Dirección de atención integral, Centro Nacional para la Prevención y el Control del VIH y el SIDA, 11590 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. Electronic address: carlos.magis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magis-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62508 Cuernavaca, Mexico. Electronic address: elazcano@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazcano-Ponce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000821:virology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003075:Coitus; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anal canal; HIV; Human papillomavirus; Men who have sex with men; Oncogenic human papillomavirus