title: Effect of daily use of an enzymatic denture cleanser on Candida albicans biofilms formed on polyamide and poly(methyl methacrylate) resins: an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candida biofilms on denture surfaces are substantially reduced after a single immersion in denture cleanser. However, whether this effect is maintained when dentures are immersed in cleanser daily is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the daily use of enzymatic cleanser on Candida albicans biofilms on denture base materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surfaces of polyamide and poly(methyl methacrylate) resin specimens (n=54) were standardized and divided into 12 groups (n=9 per group), according to study factors (material type, treatment type, and periods of treatment). Candida albicans biofilms were allowed to form over 72 hours, after which the specimens were treated with enzymatic cleanser once daily for 1, 4, or 7 days. Thereafter, residual biofilm was ultrasonically removed and analyzed for viable cells (colony forming units/mm(2)) and enzymatic activity (phospholipase, aspartyl-protease, and hemolysin). Factors that interfered with the response variables were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA with the Holm-Sidak multiple comparison method (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polyamide resin presented more viable cells of Candida albicans (P<.001) for both the evaluated treatment types and periods. Although enzymatic cleansing significantly (P<.001) reduced viable cells, daily use did not maintain this reduction (P<.001). Phospholipase activity significantly increased with time (P<.001) for both materials and treatments. However, poly(methyl methacrylate) based resin (P<.001) and enzymatic cleansing treatment (P<.001) contributed to lower phospholipase activity. Aspartyl-protease and hemolysin activities were not influenced by study factors (P>.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although daily use of an enzymatic cleanser reduced the number of viable cells and phospholipase activity, this treatment was not effective against residual biofilm over time.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Dentistry, University Center of Maranhão, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frederico Silva
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Freitas-Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yuri Wanderley
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.affiliation: Research Fellow, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Pedro
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ricomini Filho
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wander José
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: altcury@fop.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Altair Antoninha
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Del Bel Cury
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Martinna Mendonça
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bertolini
mesh_terms: D057055:Aspartic Acid Proteases / Q000032:analysis; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001881:Borates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000382:microbiology; D003820:Denture Cleansers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008422:Materials Testing; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009757:Nylons / Q000737:chemistry*; D010740:Phospholipases / Q000032:analysis; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013431:Sulfates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001881:Borates; D003764:Dental Materials; D003820:Denture Cleansers; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D009757:Nylons; D013431:Sulfates; C102654:Polident; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D010740:Phospholipases; D057055:Aspartic Acid Proteases