title: The effect of long and short head biceps loading on glenohumeral joint rotational range of motion and humeral head position.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of loading the long and short heads of the biceps on glenohumeral range of motion and humeral head position.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight cadaveric shoulders were tested in 60° abduction in the scapula and coronal plane. Muscle loading was applied based on cross-sectional area ratios. The short and long head of the biceps were loaded individually followed by combined loading. Range of motion was measured with 2.2 Nm torque, and the humeral head apex position was measured using a MicroScribe. A paired t test with Bonferroni correction was used for statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long head loading decreased internal rotation in both the scapular (17.9 %) and coronal planes (5.7 %) and external rotation in the scapular plane (2.6 %) (P < 0.04). With only short head loading, maximum internal rotation was significantly increased in the scapular and coronal plane. Long head and short head loading shifted the humeral head apex posteriorly in maximum internal rotation in both planes with the long head shift being significantly greater than the short head. Long head loading also shifted the humeral apex inferiorly in internal rotation and inferiorly posteriorly in neutral rotation in the scapular plane. With the long head unloaded, there was a significant superior shift with short head loading in both planes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loading the long head of the biceps had a much greater effect on glenohumeral range of motion and humeral head shift than the short head of the biceps; however, in the absence of long head loading, with the short head loaded, maximum internal rotation increases and the humeral head shifts superiorly, which may contribute to impingement following tenodesis of the long head of the biceps. These small changes in rotational range of motion and humeral head position with biceps tenodesis may not lead to pathologic conditions in low-demand patients; however, in throwers, biceps tenodesis may lead to increased contact pressures in late-cocking and deceleration that will likely translate to decreased performance therefore every effort should be made to preserve the biceps-labral complex.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Long Beach Healthcare System (09/151), 5901 East 7th. Street, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: McGarry
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Long Beach Healthcare System (09/151), 5901 East 7th. Street, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Long Beach Healthcare System (09/151), 5901 East 7th. Street, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanypsiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ranjan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, VA Long Beach Healthcare System (09/151), 5901 East 7th. Street, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA. tqlee@va.gov.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. tqlee@va.gov.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. tqlee@va.gov.
authors.forename: Thay Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058430:Humeral Head / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Cadaver study; Glenohumeral joint; Humeral head shift; Long head biceps; Range of motion; Short head biceps