title: LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and their analogues in foods and dietary supplements in Korea.
abstract: A number of 188 food and dietary supplement samples were collected from 2009 to the first half of 2013 in Korean online and offline stores. A method to identify phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors and their analogues using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was validated. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation of liquid-type and solid-type negative samples ranged from 0.05 to 3.33 ng/mL or ng/g and from 0.15 to 10.00 ng/mL or ng/g, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 83% to 112%. Nineteen PDE-5 inhibitors and their analogues were detected, with tadalafil group compounds being the most frequently observed (53.0%), followed by the sildenafil group (42.5%). Tadalafil concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 138.69 mg/g. Compounds were most frequently detected in capsules (in 40 of 80 adulterated samples). To protect public health and food safety, appropriate monitoring of PDE-5 inhibitors and their analogues in foods and dietary supplements is recommended.
authors.affiliation: a Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong Health Technology Administration Complex , Cheongju-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: a Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong Health Technology Administration Complex , Cheongju-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong Health Technology Administration Complex , Cheongju-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong Health Technology Administration Complex , Cheongju-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoung Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: a Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong Health Technology Administration Complex , Cheongju-si , Korea.
authors.forename: In Sun
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: a Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong Health Technology Administration Complex , Cheongju-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Moon
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: a Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong Health Technology Administration Complex , Cheongju-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Yong
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: a Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong Health Technology Administration Complex , Cheongju-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Sooyeul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: a Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong Health Technology Administration Complex , Cheongju-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Woo Seong
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors
keywords: LC-ESI-MS/MS; PDE-5 analogues; PDE-5 inhibitors; dietary supplement