title: Investigating sub-2 μm particle stationary phase supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for chemical profiling of chamomile extracts.
abstract: Roman and German chamomile are widely used throughout the world. Chamomiles contain a wide variety of active constituents including sesquiterpene lactones. Various extraction techniques were performed on these two types of chamomile. A packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was designed for the identification of sesquiterpenes and other constituents from chamomile extracts with no derivatization step prior to analysis. Mass spectrometry detection was achieved by using electrospray ionization. All of the compounds of interest were separated within 15 min. The chamomile extracts were analyzed and compared for similarities and distinct differences. Multivariate statistical analysis including principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to differentiate between the chamomile samples. German chamomile samples confirmed the presence of cis- and trans-tonghaosu, chrysosplenols, apigenin diglucoside whereas Roman chamomile samples confirmed the presence of apigenin, nobilin, 1,10-epioxynobilin, and hydroxyisonobilin.
authors.affiliation: Analytical and Environmental Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London SE1 9NH, UK; Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757 USA. Electronic address: Michael.1.Jones@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Bharathi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Avula
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Yan-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Avonto
authors.affiliation: Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757 USA.
authors.forename: Giorgis
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isaac
authors.affiliation: Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757 USA.
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meeker
authors.affiliation: Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757 USA.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London SE1 9NH, UK.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Legido-Quigley
authors.affiliation: Analytical and Environmental Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London SE1 9NH, UK.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Ikhlas A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D047310:Apigenin / Q000032:analysis; D020843:Chamomile / Q000737:chemistry*; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D047310:Apigenin
keywords: Chamomile; Chemical profiling; Convergence chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Multivariate analysis; Supercritical fluid chromatography