title: Bacterial effectors and their functions in the ubiquitin-proteasome system: insight from the modes of substrate recognition.
abstract: Protein ubiquitination plays indispensable roles in the regulation of cell homeostasis and pathogenesis of neoplastic, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the importance of this modification, it is to be expected that several pathogenic bacteria have developed the ability to utilize the host ubiquitin system for their own benefit. Modulation of the host ubiquitin system by bacterial effector proteins inhibits innate immune responses and hijacks central signaling pathways. Bacterial effectors mimic enzymes of the host ubiquitin system, but may or may not be structurally similar to the mammalian enzymes. Other effectors bind and modify components of the host ubiquitin system, and some are themselves subject to ubiquitination. This review will describe recent findings, based on structural analyses, regarding how pathogens use post-translational modifications of proteins to establish an infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Infection Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku 4-6-1, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. minsoo@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Minsoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Infection Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku 4-6-1, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. r-otsubo@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otsubo
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Infection Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku 4-6-1, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. h-mrkw@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hanako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.affiliation: Picobiology Institute, Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan. rj12k019@stkt.u-hyogo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishide
authors.affiliation: Picobiology Institute, Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan. ktakagi@sci.u-hyogo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Infection Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku 4-6-1, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. sasakawa@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sasakawa
authors.affiliation: Picobiology Institute, Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan. mizushi@sci.u-hyogo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tsunehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizushima