title: The Chernobyl accident, the male to female ratio at birth and birth rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The male:female ratio at birth (male births divided by total live births - M/T) has been shown to increase in response to ionizing radiation due to gender-biased fetal loss, with excess female loss. M/T rose sharply in 1987 in central-eastern European countries following the Chernobyl accident in 1986. This study analyses M/T and births for the former Soviet Republics and for the countries most contaminated by the event.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual birth data was obtained from the World Health Organisation. The countries with the highest exposure levels (by ¹³⁷Cs) were identified from an official publication of the International Atomic Energy Agency. All of the former Soviet states were also analysed and the periods before and after 1986 were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except for the Baltic States, all regions in the former USSR showed a significant rise in M/T from 1986. There were significant rises in M/T in the three most exposed (Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation). The birth deficit in the post-Soviet states for the ten years following Chernobyl was estimated at 2,072,666, of which 1,087,924 are accounted by Belarus and Ukraine alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chernobyl has resulted in the loss of millions of births, a process that has involved female even more than male fetuses. This is another and oft neglected consequence of widespread population radiation contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Malta. victor.e.grech@gov.mt.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grech
mesh_terms: D001723:Birth Rate; D047852:Chernobyl Nuclear Accident; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D002094:Republic of Belarus / Q000453:epidemiology; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012744:Sex Ratio; D014455:Ukraine / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Birth Rate/*trends; Chernobyl Nuclear Accident; Infant; Ionizing; New Born Sex Ratio; Radiation; USSR