title: Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is rapidly increasing in the United States, especially among young people since e-cigarettes have been perceived as a safer alternative to conventional tobacco cigarettes. However, the scientific evidence regarding the human health effects of e-cigarettes on the lung is extremely limited. The major goal of our current study is to determine if e-cigarette use alters human young subject airway epithelial functions such as inflammatory response and innate immune defense against respiratory viral (i.e., human rhinovirus, HRV) infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the effects of e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) on pro-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., IL-6) production, HRV infection and host defense molecules (e.g., short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone 1, SPLUNC1) in primary human airway epithelial cells from young healthy non-smokers. Additionally, we examined the role of SPLUNC1 in lung defense against HRV infection using a SPLUNC1 knockout mouse model. We found that nicotine-free e-liquid promoted IL-6 production and HRV infection. Addition of nicotine into e-liquid further amplified the effects of nicotine-free e-liquid. Moreover, SPLUNC1 deficiency in mice significantly increased lung HRV loads. E-liquid inhibited SPLUNC1 expression in primary human airway epithelial cells. These findings strongly suggest the deleterious health effects of e-cigarettes in the airways of young people. Our data will guide future studies to evaluate the impact of e-cigarettes on lung health in human populations, and help inform the public about potential health risks of e-cigarettes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Maisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minor
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hong Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6