title: Mutations in the testis-specific enhancer of SOX9 in the SRY independent sex-determining mechanism in the genus Tokudaia.
abstract: SRY (sex-determining region Y) is widely conserved in eutherian mammals as a sex-determining gene located on the Y chromosome. SRY proteins bind to the testis-specific enhancer of SOX9 (TES) with SF1 to upregulate SOX9 expression in undifferentiated gonads of XY embryos of humans and mice. The core region within TES, named TESCO, is an important enhancer for mammalian sex determination. We show that TESCO of the genus Tokudaia lost enhancer activity caused by mutations in its SRY and SF1 binding sites. Two species of Tokudaia do not have the Y chromosome or SRY, and one species has multiple SRYs located on the neo-Y chromosome consisting of the Y fused with an autosome. The sequence of Tokudaia TESCO exhibited more than 83% identity with mouse TESCO, however, nucleotide substitution(s) were found in two out of three SRY binding sites and in five out of six SF1 binding sites. TESCO of all species showed low enhancer activity in cells co-transfected with SRY and SF1, and SOX9 and SF1 in reporter gene assays. Mutated TESCO, in which nucleotide substitutions found in SRY and SF1 binding sites were replaced with mouse sequence, recovered the activity. Furthermore, SRYs of the SRY-positive species could not activate the mutated TESCO or mouse TESCO, suggesting that SRYs lost function as a sex-determining gene any more. Our results indicate that the SRY dependent sex-determining mechanism was lost in a common ancestor of the genus Tokudaia caused by nucleotide substitutions in SRY and SF1 binding sites after emergence of a new sex-determining gene. We present the first evidence for an intermediate stage of the switchover from SRY to a new sex-determining gene in the evolution of mammalian sex-determining mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: RIKEN, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroki
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Asato
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuroiwa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009115:Muridae / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D019849:Sex Determination Processes / Q000235:genetics*; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D014998:Y Chromosome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D051876:Sex-Determining Region Y Protein