title: Ipsilateral free semitendinosus tendon graft with interference screw fixation for minimally invasive reconstruction of chronic tears of the Achilles tendon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Minimally invasive ipsilateral semitendinosus reconstruction of large chronic tears aims to be advantageous for the patient in terms of plantar flexion recovery, anthropometric measures, fast return to daily and sport activity, is safe, with low donor site co-morbidities, low risks of wound complications and neurovascular injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tendon gaps greater than 6 cm and in cases of revision surgery (rerupture).
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes, vascular diseases, previous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  The semitendinosus tendon is harvested through an incision in the medial aspect of the popliteal fossa, and the proximal stump is exposed and mobilized through an incision performed 2 cm proximal and medial to the palpable tendon gap. We repeat the same steps distally, approaching the distal stump of the tendon through a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision made 2 cm distal and just anterior to the lateral margin of the distal stump. Through the distal incision, we expose the Kager's space and the postero-superior corner of the osteotomized calcaneum. We drill a bone tunnel into the calcaneum from dorsal to plantar using a cannulated headed reamer. The semitendinosus tendon graft is passed into the proximal stump through a medial-to-lateral small incision, its two ends are moved distally, and finally it is pulled down and shuttled through the bone tunnel. The construct is fixed to the calcaneum using an interference screw.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immobilization in a below the knee plaster cast with the foot in plantar flexion for 2 weeks, weight bearing on the metatarsal heads as tolerated, use elbow crutches, and keep the knee flexed. At 2 weeks, plaster removed, and rehabilitative exercises started, walker cast allowed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2008 and 2010, the procedure was performed on 28 consecutive patients (21 men and 7 women, median age 46 years). At the 2-year follow-up, average ATRS scores significantly improved (p < 0.0001) compared to average preoperative scores with good to excellent outcomes for 26 out of 28 patients (93 %); the maximum calf circumference also improved considerably whereby no clinical or functional relevance compared to the contralateral side observed. Of the 28 patients 16 (57 %) could practice sport at the same preinjury level, whereby 1 patient experienced persistent pain over the distal wound, which ameliorated after desensitization therapy.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, E1 4DG, London, UK, n.maffulli@qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Buono
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loppini
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Denaro
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001863:Bone Screws; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D022125:Lacerations / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012421:Rupture / Q000601:surgery; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D058971:Tenotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome