title: Comparison of emergence times with different fresh gas flow rates following desflurane anaesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate emergence times with different fresh gas flow rates, following desflurane anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing surgery with desflurane anaesthesia were randomly assigned to receive fresh gas flow rates of 100% oxygen during emergence of 2 l/min (group D2), 4 l/min (group D4) or 6 l/min (group D6). Time to eye opening, spontaneous movement and extubation (emergence time) were assessed after desflurane discontinuation. The end-tidal concentration of desflurane and bispectral index were recorded at each of these timepoints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 105 patients were included in the study, with 35 in each of the three groups. Mean times to extubation were 17.6 min, 9.9 min and 9.1 min in groups D2, D4 and D6, respectively. Times to eye opening, spontaneous movement and extubation in group D2 were significantly longer than in groups D4 and D6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that there is the potential to predict emergence time based on fresh gas flow rate following desflurane anaesthesia. It should therefore be possible to use a low-flow technique during the emergence period, in addition to the maintenance period, without delaying recovery if the inhaled anaesthetic is stopped at the predicted time before the end of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Seon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University School Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University School Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Lark
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University School Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University School Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bong Yeong
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University School Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea macheong@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Mi Ae
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jeong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D060666:Airway Extubation; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077335:Desflurane; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077208:Remifentanil; D013995:Time; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077335:Desflurane; D007530:Isoflurane; D000077208:Remifentanil
keywords: Low flow anaesthesia; desflurane; emergence time; extubation time