title: Biomarkers in dementia: clinical utility and new directions.
abstract: Imaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-based biomarkers have the potential to improve the accuracy by which specific causes of dementia can be diagnosed in vivo, provide insights into the underlying pathophysiology, and may be used as inclusion criteria and outcome measures for clinical trials. While a number of imaging and CSF biomarkers are currently used for each of these purposes, this is an evolving field, with numerous potential biomarkers in varying stages of research and development. We review the currently available biomarkers for the three most common forms of neurodegenerative dementia, and give an overview of research techniques that may in due course make their way into the clinic.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.affiliation: Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.affiliation: Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schott
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000652:urine; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE; BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION; DEMENTIA; FRONTAL LOBE