title: Effectiveness of final irrigant protocols for debris removal from simulated canal irregularities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effectiveness of saline, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 2% chlorhexidine, with or without passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), in debris removal from simulated canal irregularities within prepared root canals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety bovine lateral incisors were randomly divided into 3 main groups (n = 30) based on the irrigant and prepared with hand files attached to an oscillating handpiece (NSK, Tokyo, Japan) up to a size #80 K-file. Next, the teeth were split longitudinally, and a standardized groove was prepared into the apical third and filled with dentin debris. After the halves were reassembled, they were placed in a muffle. Each main group was randomly subdivided into 2 groups (n = 14) and was treated with different final irrigation protocols. In the sodium hypochlorite/PUI, chlorhexidine/PUI, and saline/PUI groups, the solution was ultrasonically activated 3 times for 20 seconds. In the remaining groups, PUI was not performed. Specimens were scored for debris removal and analyzed under a scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An association was observed between the score of debris removal and protocols using PUI (P < .05). No association was observed between the scores of debris removal and the irrigants (P = .87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Final irrigation protocols that used PUI were more effective in removing debris from simulated canal irregularities into the apical third than those that did not use it.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martins Justo
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address: rabreudarosa@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abreu da Rosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manuela Favarin
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Beatriz
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cardoso Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jefferson Ricardo
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Húngaro Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus Vinícius
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Reis Só
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011897:Random Allocation; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016369:Smear Layer / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004492:Edetic Acid; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Dentin debris; endodontics; irrigation systems; passive ultrasonic irrigation; root canal irrigation