title: Neuronavigation in small animals: development, techniques, and applications.
abstract: A persistent obstacle to accurate diagnosis and treatment of brain disease has been the difficulties in safely obtaining representative biopsy material in a live patient. Major problems are the variability in the anatomy between individuals and the inability to reliably locate deep structures through reliance on surface anatomic features. Although stereotaxic devices have been available for many years, they have now been supplanted by frameless systems, which are more accurate and less cumbersome and allow good surgical access and provision of intraoperative feedback of instrument location.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Veterinary Specialty Services, 1021 Howard George Drive, Manchester, MO 63021, USA; University of Missouri-College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, 900 E Campus Drive Columbia, MO 65211, USA. Electronic address: fredwininger@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wininger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D002415:Cats; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D004285:Dogs; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Biopsy; Brain; Central nervous system; Intracranial; Localization; Stereotaxy; Tumor