title: Differential association of frailty with cognitive decline and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Frailty in older adults is a serious problem because of various adverse health outcomes in many countries with aging populations, such as Japan. The purpose of this study was to determine whether frailty and pre-frailty are associated with cognitive decline and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 273 Japanese community-dwelling older women aged 65 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the frailty criteria developed by the Cardiovascular Health Study to define physical frailty. We divided the cohort into nonfrail, prefrail, and frail according to frailty scores. Cognitive decline and memory decline were defined by using the Mini-Mental State Examination and Scenery Picture Memory Test, respectively. Sarcopenia was defined according to the diagnostic algorithm recommended by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the multivariate logistic regression analysis by using non-frail participants as the reference, pre-frail elderly individuals were significantly more likely to have sarcopenia than non-frail elderly individuals [odds ratio (OR): 2.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-9.26], but not cognitive decline or memory decline. Frail elderly individuals were significantly more likely to have cognitive decline (OR: 5.76, 95% CI: 1.20-27.6), memory decline (OR: 5.53, 95% CI: 1.64-18.7) and sarcopenia (OR: 19.1, 95% CI: 3.73-98.0) than non-frail elderly individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sarcopenia was associated with pre-frailty and frailty, whereas cognitive decline was associated only with frailty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: nishiguchi.shu.82s@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishiguchi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukutani
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Daiki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morino
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirooka
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuma
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hinako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Moe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuboyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoyama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D057187:Independent Living / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Frailty; cognitive decline; community-dwelling older adults; sarcopenia