title: The effects of parental mood on reports of their children's psychopathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to assess whether current mood state (depressed or manic/hypomanic) among parents with a mood disorder would affect their reports of their offspring's psychopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five parents with current depression, 42 parents with current mania/hypomania, 181 parents with mood disorder in remission, and their offspring (n = 479, aged 6-18 years) completed assessments of offspring psychopathology as part of the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS). We compared rates of offspring psychopathology assessed using the following: a clinician-administered semi-structured interview with parent and child using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS); parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL); offspring self-reported Youth Self Reports (YSR) for those 11 years and older (n = 250); and teachers' reports when available (n = 209).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no between-group differences in rates of psychopathology yielded from the K-SADS, except for more depressive disorders in offspring of parents with current mania/hypomania compared to offspring of parents in remission. Conversely, using the CBCL and comparing with parents who were in remission, parents with current depression reported significantly more externalizing psychopathology in offspring, whereas parents with current mania/hypomania reported more externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in their offspring. On the YSR, offspring of parents with current mania/hypomania had more internalizing psychopathology compared to offspring of parents in remission. Teacher's reports showed no between-group differences in rates of any psychopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental active mood symptomatology, especially during a manic/hypomanic episode, significantly affects their reports of their offspring's psychopathology. Trained interviewers reduce potential report bias. Clinicians and studies assessing children's psychopathology should take into account parental current mood state.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Hagai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maoz
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Benjamin I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jieyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Dara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sakolsky
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Rasim S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Diler
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brent
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: birmaherb@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000341:Affective Disorders, Psychotic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012306:Risk
keywords: bipolar disorder; depression; high risk; offspring