title: Risk factors for carbapenem resistant bacteraemia and mortality due to gram negative bacteraemia in a developing country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the risk factors for carbapenem resistant bacteraemia and mortality due to gram negative bacteraemia in a developing country.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT) from June to October 2012. Hospitalized patients > 15 years of age with gram negative bacteraemia were included and followed for a period of 2 weeks for in hospital mortality. Data was collected and analyzed for 243 subjects. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the risk factors for carbapenem resistant bacteraemia and mortality due to gram negative bacteraemia. Crude and adjusted odds ratio and 95% CI are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 729 out of 1535 (47.5%) cultures were positive for gram negative isolates. Out of 243 subjects, 117 (48%) had an MDR isolate. Having an MDR isolate on culture (AOR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.35-4.0), having multiple positive cultures (AOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.94-3.4) and stay in ICU > 48 hours (AOR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.12-3.78) were identified as significant risk factors for mortality due to gram negative organisms. Risk factors for carbapenem resistant bacteraemia were age > 50 years (AOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.0-3.5), septic shock on presentation (AOR 2.53; 95% CI, 1.03-6.2), ICU stay of > 72 hours (AOR 2.40; 95% CI, 1.14-5.0) and receiving immunosuppressant medications (AOR 2.23; 95% CI, 0.74-6.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high burden of MDR and carbapenem resistant gram negative bacteraemia, with a high mortality rate.
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalam
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qamar
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Shehla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baqi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015780:Carbapenems