title: The relationship between perceived discomfort of static posture holding and posture holding time.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have investigated mathematical characteristics of the discomfort-time relationship during prolonged static posture holding (SPH) on an individual basis. Consequently, the discomfort-time relationship is not clearly understood at individual trial level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine discomfort-time sequence data obtained from a large number of maximum-duration SPH trials to understand the perceived discomfort-posture holding time relationship at the individual SPH trial level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty subjects (15 male, 15 female) participated in this study as paid volunteers. The subjects performed maximum-duration SPH trials employing 12 different wholebody static postures. The hand-held load for all the task trials was a ``generic'' box weighing 2 kg. Three mathematical functions, that is, linear, logarithmic and power functions were examined as possible mathematical models for representing individual discomfort-time profiles of SPH trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three different time increase patterns (negatively accelerated, linear and positively accelerated) were observed in the discomfort-time sequences data. The power function model with an additive constant term was found to adequately fit most (96.4%) of the observed discomfort-time sequences, and thus, was recommended as a general mathematical representation of the perceived discomfort-posture holding time relationship in SPH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new knowledge on the nature of the discomfort-time relationship in SPH and the power function representation found in this study will facilitate analyzing discomfort-time data of SPH and developing future posture analysis tools for work-related discomfort control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Engineering, Safety & Technology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ogutu
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Woojin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D011187:Posture; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Static exertion; discomfort-time relationship; postural stress; posture analysis