title: A prospective study of maternal prenatal weight and offspring cardiometabolic health in midchildhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with offspring cardiometabolic health.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 1090 mother-child pairs in Project Viva, a Boston-area prebirth cohort. We measured overall (dual x-ray absorptiometry total fat; body mass index z-score) and central adiposity (dual x-ray absorptiometry trunk fat), and systolic blood pressure in offspring at 6 to 10 years. Fasting bloods (n = 687) were assayed for insulin and glucose (for calculation of homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), triglycerides, leptin, adiponectin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6. Using multivariable linear regression, we examined differences in offspring outcomes per 1 SD maternal ppBMI and GWG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for confounders, each 5 kg/m² higher ppBMI corresponded with 0.92 kg (95% confidence interval, 0.70-1.14) higher total fat, 0.27 BMI z-score (0.21-0.32), and 0.39 kg (0.29-0.49) trunk fat. ppBMI was also positively associated with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, leptin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and systolic blood pressure; and lower adiponectin. Each 5 kg of GWG predicted greater adiposity (0.33 kg [0.11-0.54] total fat; 0.14 kg [0.04-0.23] trunk fat) and higher leptin (6% [0%-13%]) in offspring after accounting for confounders and ppBMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children born to heavier mothers have more overall and central fat and greater cardiometabolic risk. Offspring of women with higher GWG had greater adiposity and higher leptin.
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Electronic address: Wei_Perng@harvardpilgrim.org.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Perng
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Christos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oken
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Adiposity; Cardiometabolic health; Childhood obesity; Dual x-ray absorptiometry; Gestational weight gain; Lean mass; Prenatal