title: Pycnodysostosis: review and case report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim of the present study was to present a case report of a patient suffering from pycnodysostosis and assess how it may manifest and affect the dental/ orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 11-year-old patient who was diagnosed with pycnodysostosis at the age of 18 months, attended the orthodontics department requiring treatment for extensive carious lesions, periodontal disease and severe crowding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After an accurate radiographic, clinical and orthodontic assessment of the patient taking into consideration the severity of the condition and the patient's necessities, we have formulated a treatment plan, which was accepted by both the patient and parents. We took into consideration the risks and benefits of the options available and the requests of the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have decided to opt for the extraction of teeth to relieve the crowding as this was impeding good oral hygiene and hence increasing the risk of caries and periodontal disease. Such patients must be placed under an oral hygiene prevention scheme, a treatment plan must be accurately designed and the patient must be constantly motivated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics University of Milan, Milan, Italy - gampietro.farronato@unimi.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Farronato
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salvadori
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nolet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgonovo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esposito
mesh_terms: D000202:Activator Appliances; D001862:Bone Resorption; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology; D058631:Pycnodysostosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D011859:Radiography; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities; D014081:Tooth Extraction