title: Nanoemulgel (NEG) of Ketoprofen with eugenol as oil phase for the treatment of ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in Wistar rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the novel study was to check the efficacy of a locally applied 2%w/w nanoemulgel (NEG) of Ketoprofen (KP) in preventing the periodontitis, and was also checked NEG without KP to ensure the effect of eugenol in NEG as an oil phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  For experimentally induced periodontitis, sterile silk ligatures (3/0) were placed around the crevices of the first left lower molar teeth of the male Wistar rats. During 8 weeks, all rats were fed with 10%w/v sucrose solution. The experimental assessment was carried out at 11 d after treatment of experimental periodontal disease (EPD) rats by various clinical parameters like gingival index (GI), tooth mobility (TM), alveolar bone loss (ABL), histological analysis, detection of TNF-α, and IL-1β in gingival tissue by ELISA and the roughness were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping modes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After treatment, comparison studies with EPD were performed. NEG loaded with KP prevents significantly (p < 0.05) various parameters (GI, TM, and ABL), which were responsible for periodontitis. The histopathology of the periodontium showed that Group 3 (NEG loaded with KP) had a more significant reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar bones resorption, and cementum (p < 0.05). In the topographical images, significant reduction in roughness of NEG loaded with KP was observed in comparison with EPD without treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study revealed the great synergistic potential of the combined NEG of an anti-inflammatory drug KP along with eugenol as the oil phase, which have potential antibacterial, analgesic, and anesthetic properties to combat periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics , and.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics , and.
authors.forename: Yub Raj
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Neupane
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Parveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics , and.
authors.forename: Kanchan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohli
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004655:Emulsions / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005054:Eugenol / Q000737:chemistry*; D005782:Gels / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008026:Ligation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014086:Tooth Mobility / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005782:Gels; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D009821:Oils; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005054:Eugenol; D007660:Ketoprofen
keywords: Atomic force microscopy; Ketoprofen; eugenol; nanoemulgel; periodontitis