title: No previous isolation of female goats is required for novel males to induce a male effect, especially if direct physical contact is established.
abstract: Goat does supposedly need to be separated from bucks before male stimuli can induce reproductive activity, ovulation, and estrous. The present study examined the reproductive response (ovulation and estrous) of does to "novel" bucks in direct contact with them and when separated from them by a fence. One hundred fourteen does were distributed into three groups: (1) ISOL group (N = 31): females that had been completely isolated from males for 46 days, and thereafter placed in direct contact with "novel" males during the breeding period; (2) NOTISOL-CONTACT group (N = 29): females that had been in contact with "familiar" vasectomized males for 46 days and thereafter placed in direct contact with novel males during the breeding period; (3) NOTISOL-NO CONTACT group (N = 54): females that were in contact with familiar vasectomized males for 46 days and thereafter introduced to novel males, but separated by a fence, during the breeding period. All the males were treated with melatonin to ensure that they were sexually active. Estrous activity was recorded daily by direct visual observation of the marks left by marking harnesses worn by the males. Ovulation was confirmed via the plasma progesterone concentration (measured in weekly blood samples). The ovulation rate was assessed by transrectal ultrasonography. Fecundity, fertility, prolificacy, and productivity were also determined for the ISOL and NOTISOL-CONTACT groups (naturally, in the NOTISOL-NO CONTACT group, no pregnancies were possible). The introduction of novel males induced the same ovarian response in each group (P > 0.05), but the percentage of females that showed estrous and ovulation was lower in the NOTISOL-NO CONTACT group (P < 0.05). No differences were seen between the ISOL and NOTISOL-CONTACT groups (P > 0.05) in terms of fecundity, fertility, prolificacy, and productivity. These results show that the introduction of novel males to females already in contact with familiar males induces ovarian activity similar to that observed in the classical male effect (ISOL group) and that this response leads to a significantly higher estrus activity only when direct physical contact between the females and the novel males is established.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallego-Calvo
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gatica
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Celi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guzmán
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina, Departamento de Ciencias Médico Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Delgadillo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Huelva, Spain. Electronic address: zarazaga@uhu.es.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Zarazaga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030762:Estrous Cycle; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010060:Ovulation; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone
keywords: Estrous; Familiar male; Male effect; Novel male; Ovulation