title: Congenital central diabetes insipidus and optic atrophy in a Wolfram newborn: is there a role for WFS1 gene in neurodevelopment?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wolfram syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by diabetes mellitus (DM), optic atrophy (OA), central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and deafness (D). The phenotype of the disease has been associated with several mutations in the WFS1 gene, a nuclear gene localized on chromosome 4. Since the discovery of the association between WFS1 gene and Wolfram syndrome, more than 150 mutations have been identified in WS patients. We previously described the first case of perinatal onset of Wolfram syndrome newborn carrying a segmental uniparental heterodysomy affecting the short arm of chromosome 4 responsible for a significant reduction in wolframin expression. Here we review and discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms that we believe responsible for the perinatal onset of Wolfram syndrome as these data strongly suggest a role for WFS1 gene in foetal and neonatal neurodevelopment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We described a male patient of 30 weeks' gestation with intrauterine growth restriction and poly-hydramnios. During the first days of life, the patient showed a 19% weight loss associated with polyuria and hypernatremia. The presence of persistent hypernatremia (serum sodium 150 mEq/L), high plasma osmolarity (322 mOsm/L) and low urine osmolarity (190 mOsm/l) with a Uosm/Posm ratio < 1 were consistent with CDI. The diagnosis of CDI was confirmed by the desmopressin test and the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 34 weeks of age, that showed the lack of posterior pituitary hyperintense signal. In addition, a bilateral asymmetrical optic nerve hypoplasia associated with right orbital bone hypoplasia was observed, suggesting the diagnosis of WF. During the five years follow-up the patient did not developed glucose intolerance or diabetes mellitus. By the end of the second year of life, primary non-autoimmune central hypothyroidism and mild neurodevelopment retardation were diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis of our case, in the light of the most recent literature, suggests a possible role for WFS1 gene in the development of certain brain structures during the fetal period. Wolfram syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the rare cases of congenital central diabetes insipidus developed in the neonatal period.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. stefano.ghirardello@mangiagalli.it.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghirardello
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. elisa.dusi@mangiagalli.it.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dusi
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. bianca.castiglione@studenti.unimi.it.
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castiglione
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. monica.fumagalli@mangiagalli.it.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. fabio.mosca@mangiagalli.it.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mosca
mesh_terms: D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D020790:Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009896:Optic Atrophy / Q000151:congenital / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D014929:Wolfram Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; C114987:wolframin protein; D004247:DNA