title: Validity and reliability of head posture measurement using Microsoft Kinect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the validity and reliability of Microsoft Kinect-based head tracker (KHT) for measuring head posture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Considering the cervical range of motion (CROM) as a reference, one-dimensional and three-dimensional (1D and 3D) head postures of 12 normal subjects (28-58 years of age; 6 women and 6 men) were obtained using the KHT. The KHT was validated by Pearson's correlation coefficient and intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficient. Test-retest reliability of the KHT was determined by its 95% limit of agreement (LoA) with the Bland-Altman plot. Face recognition success rate was evaluated for each head posture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements of 1D and 3D head posture performed using the KHT were very close to those of the CROM with correlation coefficients of 0.99 and 0.97 (p<0.05), respectively, as well as with an ICC of >0.99 and 0.98, respectively. The reliability tests of the KHT in terms of 1D and 3D head postures had 95% LoA angles of approximately ±2.5° and ±6.5°, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The KHT showed good agreement with the CROM and relatively favourable test-retest reliability. Considering its high performance, convenience and low cost, KHT could be clinically used as a head posture-measuring system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seognam, Korea.
authors.forename: Baek-Lok
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jongmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jongshin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seognam, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jehee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Child health (paediatrics); Diagnostic tests/Investigation; Muscles; Rehabilitation