title: β-Glucan and dark chocolate: a randomized crossover study on short-term satiety and energy intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to adapt a traditional recipe into a healthier form by adding 3 g of oat β-glucan, substituting milk chocolate to dark chocolate with 70% cocoa, and to examine the effect of these alterations on short-term satiety and energy intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects (n = 25) were tested in a randomized, crossover design with four products closely matched for energy content. Four different versions of a traditional recipe including milk chocolate-control (CON), oat β-glucan (B-GLU), dark chocolate (DARK) or oat β-glucan and dark chocolate (B-GLU + DARK) were given to subjects on different test days. After subjects were asked to report visual analog scale (VAS) scores on sensory outcomes and related satiety for four hours ad libitum, lunch was served and energy intake of individuals was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAS scores indicated that none of the test foods exerted an improved effect on satiety feelings. However, energy intake of individuals during ad libitum lunch was significantly lower in dark chocolate groups (CON: 849.46 ± 47.45 kcal versus DARK: 677.69 ± 48.45 kcal and B-GLU + DARK: 691.08 ± 47.45 kcal, p = 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated that substituting dark chocolate for milk chocolate is more effective in inducing satiety during subsequent food intake in healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey. asli.akyol@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akyol
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kirikkale University, Yahsihan, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey. halil.dasgin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Halil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dasgin
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey. baylin@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey. zbtuncer@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Zehra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Buyuktuncer
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey. htbf@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors.forename: H Tanju
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Besler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018554:Avena / Q000737:chemistry*; D002099:Cacao; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012527:Satiation; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D047071:beta-Glucans