title: Effect of low temperature on flavonoids, oxygen radical absorbance capacity values and major components of winter sweet spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Winter sweet treatment (WST) has been established for cultivating high-quality leafy vegetables during the winter. Although it is known that chilling stress during cold acclimation induces oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species in plant tissues, knowledge about changes in antioxidant activity and compounds during WST in spinach is superficial. We investigated changes in flavonoids, total ascorbic acid, carotenoids and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC) along with components in three spinach varieties during low-temperature treatment by exposure to cold air in winter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The H-ORAC values increased substantially together with total flavonoids and total ascorbic acid concentration. In addition, WST increased mono- and diglucosylated flavonoid derivatives with an ortho-dihydroxy (catechol) structure of lower molecular weight in spinach. These results suggest that WST contributes to the prevention of low-temperature-induced oxidative damage by increasing the level of antioxidant compounds, thereby improving antioxidant activity. Although sucrose concentrations were increased by WST, nitrate and oxalate concentrations did not increase in any variety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WST can contribute to the increase in antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and ascorbic acids, antioxidant activity and sucrose without increasing in nitrate and oxalate of spinach.
authors.affiliation: Agro-Production Technologies and Management Research Division, NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, 020-0198, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Agro-Production Technologies and Management Research Division, NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, 020-0198, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ayugase
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000737:chemistry*; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: H-ORAC value; antioxidant compounds; flavonoids; spinach; winter sweet treatment