title: Independent external validation of cardiovascular disease mortality in women utilising Framingham and SCORE risk models: a mortality follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted an independent external validation of three cardiovascular risk score models (Framingham risk score model and SCORE risk charts developed for low-risk regions and high-risk regions in Europe) on a prospective cohort of 4487 Australian women with no previous history of heart disease, diabetes or stroke. External validation is an important step to evaluate the performance of risk score models using discrimination and calibration measures to ensure their applicability beyond the settings in which they were developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten year mortality follow-up of 4487 Australian adult women from the National Heart Foundation third Risk Factor Prevalence Study with no baseline history of heart disease, diabetes or stroke. The 10-year risk of cardiovascular mortality was calculated using the Framingham and SCORE models and the predictive accuracy of the three risk score models were assessed using both discrimination and calibration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The discriminative ability of the Framingham and SCORE models were good (area under the curve > 0.85). Although all models overestimated the number of cardiovascular deaths by greater than 15%, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated that the Framingham and SCORE-Low models were calibrated and hence suitable for predicting the 10-year cardiovascular mortality risk in this Australian population. An assessment of the treatment thresholds for each of the three models in identifying participants recommended for treatment were found to be inadequate, with low sensitivity and high specificity resulting from the high recommended thresholds. Lower treatment thresholds of 8.7% for the Framingham model, 0.8% for the SCORE-Low model and 1.3% for the SCORE-High model were identified for each model using the Youden index, at greater than 78% sensitivity and 80% specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Framingham risk score model and SCORE risk chart for low-risk regions are recommended for use in the Australian women population for predicting the 10-year cardiovascular mortality risk. These models demonstrate good discrimination and calibration performance. Lower treatment thresholds are proposed for better identification of individuals for treatment.
authors.forename: Louise Gek Huang
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Timothy Alexander
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Welborn
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, Australia. s.dhaliwal@curtin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Satvinder Singh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000592:standards*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL