title: Intradermal lidocaine or bacteriostatic normal saline to decrease pain before intravenous catheter insertion: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anesthetics used to decrease pain during peripheral intravenous catheter insertion have been studied with equivocal results. This meta-analysis determined if lidocaine or bacteriostatic normal saline (BaNS) is more effective in reducing pain associated with peripheral intravenous catheter cannulation in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertation and Theses, and Web of Science databases were queried. Thirteen randomized controlled trials were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean sample was 119.9 (±82.0); combined N was 1,559. Mean effect size was z = 0.46 (confidence interval = 0.24-0.68) indicating lidocaine was more effective than BaNS in providing pain relief (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cost-benefit issues and lidocaine drug shortages must be considered when making definitive practice recommendations.
authors.forename: Kathleen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Oman
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.forename: Mary Beth Flynn
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Makic
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoffecker
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmiege
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008012:Lidocaine
keywords: intravenous catheter insertion; lidocaine; meta-analysis; normal saline