title: Amygdala enlargement in unaffected offspring of bipolar parents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipolar disorder (BD) is a devastating disorder with a strong genetic component. While the frontolimbic profile of individuals suffering from BD is relatively well-established, there is still disagreement over the neuroanatomical features of unaffected BD offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain volumetric measures were obtained for 82 children and adolescents including 18 unaffected BD offspring (10.50 ± 3.37 years), 19 BD offspring suffering from psychiatric disorders (12.87 ± 3.28 years) and 45 healthy controls (HC-10.50 ± 3.37 years). Clinical diagnoses were established according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. Cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation were performed with the Freesurfer image analysis suite. Profile analyses compared frontolimbic volumes across groups. Age, gender, testing site, ethnicity and intracranial volume were entered as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The right amygdala was significantly larger in unaffected BD offspring compared to BD offspring with psychiatric disorders and HC. Volumes of striatal, hippocampal, cingulate, and temporal regions were comparable across groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The size of the amygdala may be a marker of disease susceptibility in offspring of BD parents. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine rates of conversion to BD as related to specific pre-morbid brain abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: Isabelle.E.Bauer@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Isabelle E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Marsal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanches
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suchting
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Nadia M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: El Fangary
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Giovana B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Zunta-Soares
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jair C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
keywords: Amygdala; Bipolar disorder; Freesurfer; Offspring; Volume