title: Assessing measurement invariance of the diabetes stress questionnaire in youth with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Diabetes Stress Questionnaire (DSQ), a measure of diabetes-specific stress, across sex, age (<9th grade vs. ≥9th grade), and glycemic control (optimal vs. suboptimal).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 318 adolescent participants were pooled from four archival data sets and the ongoing Predicting Resiliency in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes study in which the DSQ was completed. Confirmatory factor and measurement invariance analyses were conducted to confirm the proposed factor structure and measurement invariance across sex, age, and glycemic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DSQ factor structure was found to have an acceptable fit, which was invariant across sex, age, and glycemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When using the DSQ, differences in diabetes-related stress with respect to sex, age, or glycemic control can be considered meaningful. This study supports the DSQ as an evidence-based and well-established assessment of perceived diabetes stress in youth with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and LeBonheur Children's Hospital rebecca.kamody@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rebecca C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kamody
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and LeBonheur Children's Hospital Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and LeBonheur Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Kristoffer S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and LeBonheur Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hains
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and LeBonheur Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kichler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and LeBonheur Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: W Hobart
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and LeBonheur Children's Hospital Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and LeBonheur Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Diaz-Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and LeBonheur Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ferry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: chronic illness; diabetes; endocrinology; statistical applications; stress