title: Molecular imaging of targeted therapies with positron emission tomography: the visualization of personalized cancer care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molecular imaging has been defined as the visualization, characterization and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular level in humans and other living systems. In oncology it enables to visualize (part of) the functional behaviour of tumour cells, in contrast to anatomical imaging that focuses on the size and location of malignant lesions. Available molecular imaging techniques include single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging. In PET, a radiotracer consisting of a positron emitting radionuclide attached to the biologically active molecule of interest is administrated to the patient. Several approaches have been undertaken to use PET for the improvement of personalized cancer care. For example, a variety of radiolabelled ligands have been investigated for intratumoural target identification and radiolabelled drugs have been developed for direct visualization of the biodistibution in vivo, including intratumoural therapy uptake. First indications of the clinical value of PET for target identification and response prediction in oncology have been reported. This new imaging approach is rapidly developing, but uniformity of scanning processes, standardized methods for outcome evaluation and implementation in daily clinical practice are still in progress. In this review we discuss the available literature on molecular imaging with PET for personalized targeted treatment strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Molecular imaging with radiolabelled targeted anticancer drugs has great potential for the improvement of personalized cancer care. The non-invasive quantification of drug accumulation in tumours and normal tissues provides understanding of the biodistribution in relation to therapeutic and toxic effects.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Medical Oncology VUmc Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lemonitsa H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Mammatas
authors.forename: Henk M W
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Verheul
authors.forename: N Harry
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Hendrikse
authors.forename: Maqsood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaqub
authors.forename: Adriaan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lammertsma
authors.forename: C Willemien
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Menke-van der Houven van Oordt
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods*