title: Pharmaceutical bioaccumulation by periphyton and snails in an effluent-dependent stream during an extreme drought.
abstract: Increasing evidence indicates that pharmaceutical bioaccumulate in fish collected downstream from municipal wastewater effluent discharges. However, studies of pharmaceutical bioaccumulation by other aquatic organisms, including primary producers (e.g., periphyton) and grazers (e.g., snails), are lacking in wadeable streams. Here, we examined environmental occurrence and bioaccumulation of a range of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern in surface water, a common snail (Planorbid sp.) and periphyton from an effluent-dependent stream in central Texas, USA, during a historic drought, because such limited dilution and instream flows may represent worst-case exposure scenarios for aquatic life to pharmaceuticals. Water and tissue samples were liquid-liquid extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization. Target analytes included 21 pharmaceuticals across multiple drug classes and 2 pharmacologically active metabolites. Several pharmaceuticals were detected at up to 4.7 μg kg(-1) in periphyton and up to 42 μg kg(-1) in Planorbid sp. We then identified limitations of several bioconcentration factor and bioaccumulation factor models, developed for other invertebrates, to assist interpretation of such field results. Observations from the present study suggest that waterborne exposure to pharmaceuticals may be more important than dietary exposure for snails.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; The Institute of Ecological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA. Electronic address: bowen_du@baylor.edu.
authors.forename: Bowen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; The Institute of Ecological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; The Institute of Ecological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: W Casan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; The Institute of Ecological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: C Kevin
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chambliss
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; The Institute of Ecological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D055864:Droughts; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008954:Models, Biological; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D045483:Rivers; D012908:Snails / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013781:Texas; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Instream flow; Invertebrates; Ionization; Periphyton; Pharmaceuticals; Wadeable stream