title: Phytoliths in taxonomy of phylogenetic domains of plants.
abstract: We discuss, from the aspect of phylogeny, the interrelationships of the phytolith types in plants from the main taxonomical groups (algae, lichens, horsetails, gymnosperms, and floral plants) with homologues of known proteins of biomineralization. Phytolith morphotypes in various phylogenetic plant domains have different shapes. We found that, in ancient types of plants (algae, horsetails, and gymnosperms), there are fewer different phytolith morphotypes compared to more modern plants (floral plants). The phytolith morphotypes in primitive plants are generally larger than the morphotypes in more highly organized plants. We found that the irregular ruminate and irregular smooth morphotypes are the two most frequently encountered phytolith morphotypes in the tested plants (from algae to floral plants). These two morphotypes probably have a universal role. Silacidins, silicon transporters, silicateins, silaffins, and silicase homologues are often found in the major taxonomic groups of plants. Red algae had the smallest number of homologues of the biomineralization proteins (70-80), Monocotyledonous: 142, Coniferous: 166, Mosses: 227, and Dicotyledones: 336.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Educational Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Pushkinskaya Street, Vladivostok 690990, Russia.
authors.forename: Kirill S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Golokhvast
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecology and Protection Animals, Pacific Institute of Geography FEB RAS, 7 Radio Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
authors.forename: Ivan V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Seryodkin
authors.affiliation: Scientific Educational Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Pushkinskaya Street, Vladivostok 690990, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Chaika
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry FEB RAS, 159 Prospect 100 Let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zakharenko
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University, 104 Lenina Street, Blagoveshchensk 675000, Russia.
authors.forename: Igor E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Pamirsky
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019669:Embryophyta / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D012825:Silicon