title: Disease modeling in functional movement disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms underlying functional movement disorders are poorly known. We examined whether experience of a movement disorder model in the family and/or the friendships contributes to functional movement disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hypothesis was tested in a case-control study including 33 patients with functional movement disorders and 66 age- and sex-matched patients with organic movement disorders and using a conditional logistic multivariable analysis (adjusted by age, education, disease duration, chronic medical illnesses and clinical phenotype).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Case-control comparison yielded a significant association between functional movement disorders and exposure to phenotypically congruent movement disorder models (Odds ratio, 3.9, p = 0.01), mainly when disease model came from friendships (Odds ratio, 5.9, p = 0.04). By contrast no association was found between functional movement disorders and phenotypically different neurological or non neurological disease models. A significant inverse relationship between exposure to a phenotypically concordant movement disorder model and age of disease onset was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support disease modeling as a factor contributing to the phenomenology of functional movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, I - 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pellicciari
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, I - 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Superbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, I - 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo Fabio
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gigante
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, I - 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Livrea
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, I - 70124 Bari, Italy. Electronic address: giovanni.defazio@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Defazio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010641:Phenotype
keywords: Disease model; Functional; Movement disorder; Psychogenic