title: Admixture in Latin America: geographic structure, phenotypic diversity and self-perception of ancestry based on 7,342 individuals.
abstract: The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Linares
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kaustubh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Anthropology and History, México City, México.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Acuña-Alonzo
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mirsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quinto-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jaramillo
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile and Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile.
authors.forename: Macarena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile and Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pizarro
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Anthropology and History, México City, México; Facultad de Medicina and Facultad de Química, UNAM, México City, México.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Everardo
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Anthropology and History, México City, México; Facultad de Medicina and Facultad de Química, UNAM, México City, México.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Avila
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina and Facultad de Química, UNAM, México City, México.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gómez-Valdés
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina and Facultad de Química, UNAM, México City, México.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: León-Mimila
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
authors.forename: Tábita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hunemeier
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramallo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
authors.forename: Caio C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Silva de Cerqueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mari-Wyn
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Burley
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Konca
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Zagonel
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Remote Sensing and Digital Imaging Laboratory, Graduate Program on Geology, Vale do Rio dos Sinos University, São Leopoldo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio Roberto
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Veronez
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubio-Codina
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, United Kingdom; Department of Economics, University College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Orazio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Attanasio
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sahra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibbon
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Carouge, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Perúana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Perúana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poletti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosique
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schuler-Faccini
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Salzano
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
authors.forename: Maria-Cátira
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bortolini
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina and Facultad de Química, UNAM, México City, México; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", México City, México.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canizales-Quinteros
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile and Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rothhammer
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedoya
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Balding
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-José
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012649:Self Concept