title: Visualization of different characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid with acute encephalopathy and febrile seizures using pattern recognition analysis of 1H NMR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In acute encephalopathy, deterioration of the condition can be rapid, and early intervention is essential to prevent progression of the disease. However, in the acute period, differentiating acute encephalopathy from febrile seizures is difficult. Thus, an early diagnostic marker has been sought to enable early intervention. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy is used to study the chemical characteristics of biological fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The purpose of this study was to ascertain if pattern recognition of (1)H NMR spectra could differentiate CSF obtained from patients with acute encephalopathy and febrile seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  CSF was obtained from patients with acute encephalopathy (n = 4), complex febrile seizures (n = 9), and simple febrile seizures (n = 9).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NMR spectra of CSF did not visually differ across the three groups. Spectral data were analyzed by partial least squares discriminant analysis and visualized by plotting the partial least squares scores of each sample. The three patient groups clustered separately on the plots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this preliminary study, we were able to visualize different characteristics of CSF obtained from patients with acute encephalopathy and simple and complex febrile seizures using pattern recognition analysis of (1)H NMR data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan [2] NMR Laboratory, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan [2] NMR Laboratory, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Youkichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fujino
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D003294:Seizures, Febrile / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers