title: Moving beyond quiet stance: applicability of the inverted pendulum model to stooping and crouching postures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, it is unknown whether the inverted pendulum model is applicable to stooping or crouching postures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the degree of applicability of the inverted pendulum model to these postures, via examination of the relationship between the centre of mass (COM) acceleration and centre of pressure (COP)-COM difference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten young adults held static standing, stooping and crouching postures, each for 20s. For both the anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions, the time-varying COM acceleration and the COP-COM were computed, and the relationship between these two variables was determined using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Additionally, in both directions, the average absolute COM acceleration, average absolute COP-COM signal, and the inertial component (i.e., -I/Wh) were compared across postures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pearson correlation coefficients revealed a significant negative relationship between the COM acceleration and COP-COM signal for all comparisons, regardless of the direction (p<0.001). While no effect of posture was observed in the AP direction (p=0.463), in the ML direction, the correlation coefficients for stooping were different (i.e., stronger) than standing (p=0.008). Regardless of direction, the average absolute COM acceleration for both the stooping and crouching postures was greater than standing (p<0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high correlations indicate that the inverted pendulum model is applicable to stooping and crouching postures. Due to their importance in completing activities of daily living, there is merit in determining what type of motor strategies are used to control such postures and whether these strategies change with age.
authors.affiliation: Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Tyler B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Michal N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Glinka
authors.affiliation: Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. Electronic address: actlaing@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Laing
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Balance; Centre of mass; Centre of pressure; Postural sway; Squatting