title: Goal-directed learning and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
abstract: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has become a paradigmatic case of goal-directed dysfunction in psychiatry. In this article, we review the neurobiological evidence, historical and recent, that originally led to this supposition and continues to support a habit hypothesis of OCD. We will then discuss a number of recent studies that have directly tested this hypothesis, using behavioural experiments in patient populations. Based on this research evidence, which suggests that rather than goal-directed avoidance behaviours, compulsions in OCD may derive from manifestations of excessive habit formation, we present the details of a novel account of the functional relationship between these habits and the full symptom profile of the disorder. Borrowing from a cognitive dissonance framework, we propose that the irrational threat beliefs (obsessions) characteristic of OCD may be a consequence, rather than an instigator, of compulsive behaviour in these patients. This lays the foundation for a potential shift in both clinical and neuropsychological conceptualization of OCD and related disorders. This model may also prove relevant to other putative disorders of compulsivity, such as substance dependence, where the experience of 'wanting' drugs may be better understood as post hoc rationalizations of otherwise goal-insensitive, stimulus-driven behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK claire.gillan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Claire M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gillan
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
authors.forename: Trevor W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Robbins
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D006040:Goals; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D066127:White Matter / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: compulsivity; goal directed; habit; obsessive–compulsive disorder