title: Use of invisible near infrared light fluorescence with indocyanine green and methylene blue in urology. Part 2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the second part of this paper, concerning the use of invisible near infrared light (NIR) fluorescence with indocyanine green (ICG) and methylene blue (MB) in urology, other possible uses of this new technique will be presented. In kidney transplantation, this concerns allograft perfusion and real time NIR-guided angiography; moreover, perfusion angiography of tissue flaps, NIRF visualization of ureters, NIR-guided visualization of urinary calcifications, NIRF in male infertility and semen quality assessment. In this part, we have also analysed cancer targeting and imaging fluorophores as well as cost benefits associated with the use of these new techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and Medline databases were searched for ICG and MB use in urological settings, along with data published in abstracts of urological conferences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although NIR-guided ICG and MB are still in their initial phases, there have been significant developments in a few more major domains of urology, including 1) kidney transplantation: kidney allograft perfusion and vessel reconstruction; 2) angiography perfusion of tissue flaps; 3) visualization of ureters; 4) visualization of urinary calcifications; and 5) NIRF in male infertility and semen quality assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Near infrared technology in urology is at its early stages. More studies are needed to assess the true potential and limitations of the technology. Initial studies show that this pioneering tool may influence various aspects of urology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Polom
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markuszewski
authors.affiliation: University of Medical Science of Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Young Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Rho
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matuszewski
keywords: fluorescence; indocyanine green; near infrered light