title: Impaired cognition in depression and Alzheimer (AD): a gradient from depression to depression in AD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess cognition in major depressed (MD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression in AD elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were evaluated by Mini Mental, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Rey Complex Figure, Digit Span, Similarities, Trail Making A/B, Verbal Fluency and Stroop. One-way ANOVA and multivariate models were used to compare the performance of each group on neuropsychological tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 212 subjects. Compared to MD, attention, working memory, processing speed and recall showed significantly better in controls. Controls showed significantly higher performance in all cognitive measures, except in attention compared to AD. Verbal fluency, memory, processing speed and abstract reasoning in MD was significantly higher compared to AD. AD was significantly better in general cognitive state than depression in AD. All other cognitive domains were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decreasing gradient in cognition appeared from the control to depression in AD, with MD and AD in an intermediate position.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociência do Exercício, Universidade Gama Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Narahyana Bom de
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociência do Exercício, Universidade Gama Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helena Sales
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociência do Exercício, Universidade Gama Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heitor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: Centro Universitário, Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de Reabilitação, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arcoverde
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociência do Exercício, Universidade Gama Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Eduardo
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Vasques
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Dementia Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Maria Lage
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barca
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Dementia Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne-Brita
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Knapskog
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Dementia Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engedal
authors.affiliation: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evandro Silva Freire
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociência do Exercício, Universidade Gama Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea Camaz
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Deslandes
authors.affiliation: Centro de Doenças de Alzheimer e outras Desordens Mentais na Velhice, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jerson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laks
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology