title: The use of vitamin supplements among adults in Warsaw: is there any nutritional benefit?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of dietary supplements is widespread and can contribute substantially to total nutrient intake. However, it also generates some potential risks in the case of unreasonable and excessive use of such products.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of supplementation and the vitamin supplement contribution to total intake among Warsaw population aged 20-74 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutrient intake and supplement use were studied in a representative sample of Warsaw population in years 2011/12 (486 men and 421 women) and in 2001 (658 and 671 respectively). The vitamin levels were analyzed in reference to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the tolerable upper intake level (UL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the years 2011/12 the use of dietary supplements (vitamins and minerals) was reported by 31% men and 40% women. Vitamin intake from food showed the deficiency of vitamins D, B1 and folates and adequate intake of vitamins A, C, E, B2, B6, B12. Supplementing with vitamins D and B1 as well as folic acid contributed to better RDA fulfillment. Supplementing with vitamins A, C, E, B2, B6 and B12 was not justified because these vitamins were taken in sufficient amounts with food. In 1.3%-14.9% supplement users, the total intake of vitamins A, C, E and B6 exceeded the UL. The prevalence of supplementation of vitamins A, C and E did not change between 2001 and 201 1/12, but the total intake of vitamin A in both sexes and vitamins C, E in women was significantly higher in 2001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of dietary supplements in Warsaw population was widespread and in case of some vitamins- unreasonable.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waśkiewicz
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sygnowska
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Broda
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chwojnowska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011044:Poland; D014815:Vitamins; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins