title: Lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves performance in nursery pigs during an indirect immune challenge.
abstract: Lysozyme is a 1,4-β-N-acetylmuramidase that has antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of lysozyme and antibiotics on growth performance and immune response during an indirect immune challenge. Two replicates of 600 pigs each were weaned from the sow at 26 d of age, blocked by litter and sex, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 24 pens in either a nursery room that had been fully disinfected or a nursery room left unclean since the previous group of pigs. Within a room, pigs were randomly assigned to either control diets (2 phase nursery regime), control diets + antibiotics (chlortetracycline/tiamulin hydrogen fumarate), or control diets + lysozyme (100 mg/kg diet). Pig weights and feed disappearance were measured and blood was collected on d 0, 14, and 28 of treatment. A group of 20 pigs were killed at 24 d of age for initial body composition analysis and 10 pigs of median weight were killed per diet room combination for body composition analysis after 28 d of treatment. Control + antibiotics and control + lysozyme-fed pigs grew at a faster rate for the 28-d study compared to control pigs (318 ± 14,320 ± 15 vs. 288 ± 15 g/d, respectively; P < 0.05), regardless of nursery environment (P > 0.05). The indirect immune challenge did not alter growth performance from d 0 to 14 of treatment but decreased ADG from d 14 to 28 of the study (415 ± 15 vs. 445 ± 13 g/d ;: P < 0.05). Feed intake was not altered by the nursery environment (P > 0.61) or dietary treatments (P > 0.10), but feed efficiency was worsened by the indirect immune challenge (P < 0.05) and improved by both control + antibiotics and control + lysozyme diets (P < 0.01). The immune challenge did not alter nutrient accretion (P > 0.25), but both control + antibiotics and control + lysozyme pigs had decreased accretion of whole-body lipid (P < 0.01) and increased accretion of protein (P < 0.09). Blood levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; P < 0.01), haptoglobin (P < 0.09), and C-reactive protein (CRP; P < 0.01) were higher due to the indirect immune challenge compared to pigs reared in the clean nursery (P < 0.05). In addition, pigs consuming antibiotics or lysozyme had lower TNF-α, haptoglobin, and CRP compared to control pigs, regardless of nursery environment (P < 0.04). Thus, lysozyme is a suitable alternative to antibiotics in swine nursery diets, and lysozyme ameliorates the effects of a chronic indirect immune challenge.
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166 William.Oliver@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701.
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Maxwell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009113:Muramidase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D009113:Muramidase
keywords: antibiotics; immune; lysozyme; nursery; swine