title: Chronic wheel running-induced reduction of extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats is associated with reduced number of periaqueductal gray dopamine neurons.
abstract: Exercise (physical activity) has been proposed as a treatment for drug addiction. In rodents, voluntary wheel running reduces cocaine and nicotine seeking during extinction, and reinstatement of cocaine seeking triggered by drug-cues. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of chronic wheel running during withdrawal and protracted abstinence on extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats, and to determine a potential neurobiological correlate underlying the effects. Rats were given extended access to methamphetamine (0.05 mg/kg, 6 h/day) for 22 sessions. Rats were withdrawn and were given access to running wheels (wheel runners) or no wheels (sedentary) for 3 weeks after which they experienced extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking. Extended access to methamphetamine self-administration produced escalation in methamphetamine intake. Methamphetamine experience reduced running output, and conversely, access to wheel running during withdrawal reduced responding during extinction and, context- and cue-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue demonstrated that wheel running during withdrawal did not regulate markers of methamphetamine neurotoxicity (neurogenesis, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vesicular monoamine transporter-2) and cellular activation (c-Fos) in brain regions involved in relapse to drug seeking. However, reduced methamphetamine seeking was associated with running-induced reduction (and normalization) of the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The present study provides evidence that dopamine neurons of the PAG region show adaptive biochemical changes during methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats and wheel running abolishes these effects. Given that the PAG dopamine neurons project onto the structures of the extended amygdala, the present findings also suggest that wheel running may be preventing certain allostatic changes in the brain reward and stress systems contributing to the negative reinforcement and perpetuation of the addiction cycle.
authors.affiliation: Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffery C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sobieraj
authors.affiliation: Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Airee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
authors.forename: McKenzie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fannon
authors.affiliation: Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. cmandyam@scripps.edu.
authors.forename: Chitra D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mandyam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012646:Self Administration; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
keywords: BrdU; PAG; Self-administration; Tyrosine hydroxylase; VMAT2; c-Fos; nNOS