title: The anatomy of the dog soft palate. III. Histological evaluation of the caudal soft palate in brachycephalic neonates.
abstract: A thickened and abnormally long soft palate is mostly involved in the pathogenesis of both nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal narrowing, affecting the respiratory activity in virtually all of the brachycephalic dogs suffering from Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome (BAOS). The morphology of the soft palate in adult mesaticephalic and brachycephalic dogs has been previously described. In this article specimens from brachycephalic dog neonates (N=10) dead from one to 3 hr after birth of unrelated conditions were collected and histologically evaluated at three transverse levels to describe the microscopic aspect of the caudal part of the soft palate. The soft palate of neonate brachycephalic dogs was histologically characterized by a musculo-connective axis containing salivary glands and coated by a mucosal layer on both the nasopharyngeal and the oral side. Quali-quantitative features, such as thickened superficial epithelium, broad oedema of the lamina propria, mucous gland hyperplasia and diverse muscular modifications described in adult brachycephalic dogs, were not observed in the soft palate of brachycephalic neonate dogs. The lack of tissue lesions in the soft palate of newborn brachycephalic dogs further supports the hypothesis that inspiratory depression during the inspiratory phase causes chronic vibration and microtrauma, which lead to soft palate alterations in adult brachycephalic dogs starting from the earliest grade of the respiratory syndrome. Overall, this study provides baseline information for the comprehension of the pathogenesis of BAOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pichetto
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arrighi
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobbetti
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romussi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS); brachycephalic dog; histology; neonates; soft palate