title: Ensemble multivariate analysis to improve identification of articular cartilage disease in noisy Raman spectra.
abstract: The development of new methods for the early diagnosis of cartilage disease could offer significant improvement in patient care. Raman spectroscopy is an emerging biomedical technology with unique potential to recognize disease tissues, though difficulty in obtaining the samples needed to train a diagnostic and excessive signal noise could slow its development into a clinical tool. In the current report we detail the use of principal component analysis--linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) on spectra from pairs of materials modeling cartilage disease to create multiple spectral scoring metrics, which could limit the reliance on primary training data for identifying disease in low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) Raman spectra. Our proof-of-concept experiments show that combinations of these model-metrics has the potential to improve the classification of low-SNR Raman spectra from human normal and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage over a single metric trained with spectra from the same healthy and OA tissues. Scatter plot showing the PCA-LDA derived human-disease-metric scores versus rat-model-metric scores for 7656 low signal-to-noise spectra from healthy (blue) and osteoarthritic (red) cartilage. Light vertical and horizontal lines represent the optimized single metric classification boundary. Dark diagonal line represents the classification of boundary resulting from the optimized combination of the two metrics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petrigliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles. bdunn@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles. DEvseenko@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evseenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D051381:Rats; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
keywords: Raman spectroscopy; articular cartilage; multivariate analysis; osteoarthritis