title: Increased expression of interleukin (IL)-35 and IL-17, but not IL-27, in gingival tissues with chronic periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interleukin (IL)-35 plays an important role in immune regulation through the suppression of effector T-cell populations, including T-helper 17 (Th17) cells. Although Th17 cells and IL-17 are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, the level of IL-35 in inflamed periodontal tissues is unclear. Here, IL-35, IL-17, and IL-27 production/expression in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and human gingival tissue were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  GCF samples were collected from buccal (mesial, center, and distal) sites of teeth from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy controls and were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IL-35 (periodontitis, n = 36; healthy, n = 30) and IL-17 (periodontitis, n = 16; healthy, n = 13). Gingival tissue, including sulcus/pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue, was collected from an additional 10 healthy participants and 10 patients with CP and were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Epstein Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3), IL12A, and IL17A. IL27p28 was also tested by qPCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-35 and IL-17 were significantly higher in GCF from patients with periodontitis than healthy participants (P <0.01, P <0.05, respectively). In both healthy participants and those with periodontitis, positive correlations were found among IL-35 and probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) as well as between IL-17 and CAL. EBI3, IL12A (components of IL-35), and IL17A messenger RNA expression levels were significantly higher in inflamed gingival tissue than in healthy control tissues (P <0.05). IL27p28 was not detected in any sample, suggesting that IL-27 is not produced in large quantities in periodontal tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-35 and IL-17, but not IL-27, may play important roles in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitani
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Niedbala
authors.forename: Takeki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Makio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mogi
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamae
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hishikawa
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.forename: Norikazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000276:immunology; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology*; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000276:immunology; D004846:Epithelial Attachment / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000276:immunology*; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D053765:Interleukin-12 Subunit p35 / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000276:immunology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000276:immunology; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000032:analysis; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C097732:EBI3 protein, human; C508858:IL12A protein, human; C508717:IL17A protein, human; D053765:Interleukin-12 Subunit p35; D020381:Interleukin-17; D007378:Interleukins; C464565:MYDGF protein, human; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D021122:Protein Subunits; C532417:interleukin-35, human
keywords: Gingival crevicular fluid; interleukin-17; interleukin-27; interleukin-35, human; periodontal diseases