title: Evaluation of training nurses to perform semi-automated three-dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction using a customised workstation-based training protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the feasibility of training cardiac nurses to evaluate left ventricular function utilising a semi-automated, workstation-based protocol on three dimensional echocardiography images.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Assessment of left ventricular function by nurses is an attractive concept. Recent developments in three dimensional echocardiography coupled with border detection assistance have reduced inter- and intra-observer variability and analysis time. This could allow abbreviated training of nurses to assess cardiac function.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparative, diagnostic accuracy study evaluating left ventricular ejection fraction assessment utilising a semi-automated, workstation-based protocol performed by echocardiography-naïve nurses on previously acquired three dimensional echocardiography images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine cardiac nurses underwent two brief lectures about cardiac anatomy, physiology and three dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction assessment, before a hands-on demonstration in 20 cases. We then selected 50 cases from our three dimensional echocardiography library based on optimal image quality with a broad range of left ventricular ejection fractions, which was quantified by two experienced sonographers and the average used as the comparator for the nurses. Nurses independently measured three dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction using the Auto lvq package with semi-automated border detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The left ventricular ejection fraction range was 25-72% (70% with a left ventricular ejection fraction <55%). All nurses showed excellent agreement with the sonographers. Minimal intra-observer variability was noted on both short-term (same day) and long-term (>2 weeks later) retest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to train nurses to measure left ventricular ejection fraction utilising a semi-automated, workstation-based protocol on previously acquired three dimensional echocardiography images. Further study is needed to determine the feasibility of training nurses to acquire three dimensional echocardiography images on real-world patients to measure left ventricular ejection fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurse-performed evaluation of left ventricular function could facilitate the broader application of echocardiography to allow cost-effective screening and monitoring for left ventricular dysfunction in high-risk populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.|University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Kristyan B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Guppy-Coles
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.|University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.|Mater Adult Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Sandhir B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Kym C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.|University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Atherton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009733:Nursing Diagnosis; D015588:Observer Variation; D013318:Stroke Volume; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: cardiac quantification; echocardiography; heart failure; left ventricular systolic dysfunction; nurse training; screening; sonographer; three-dimensional echocardiography; three-dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction; workstation training