title: Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several management strategies may improve outcomes in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review evidence of management strategies for S. aureus bacteremia to determine whether transesophageal echocardiography is necessary in all adult cases and what is the optimal antibiotic therapy for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search from inception through May 2014 was performed to identify studies addressing the role of transesophageal echocardiography in S. aureus bacteremia. A second search of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from January 1990 through May 2014 was performed to find studies addressing antibiotic treatment for MRSA bacteremia. Studies reporting outcomes from antibiotic therapy for MRSA bacteremia were included. All searches, which were limited to English and focused on adults, were augmented by review of bibliographic references from included studies. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system with consensus of independent evaluations by at least 2 of the authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 9 studies with a total of 4050 patients, use of transesophageal echocardiography was associated with higher rates of a diagnosis of endocarditis (14%-28%) compared with transthoracic echocardiography (2%-15%). In 4 studies, clinical or transthoracic echocardiography findings did not predict subsequent transesophageal echocardiography findings of endocarditis. Five studies identified clinical or transthoracic echocardiography characteristics associated with low risk of endocarditis (negative predictive values from 93% to 100%). Characteristics associated with a low risk of endocarditis include absence of a permanent intracardiac device, sterile follow-up blood cultures within 4 days after the initial set, no hemodialysis dependence, nosocomial acquisition of S. aureus bacteremia, absence of secondary foci of infection, and no clinical signs of infective endocarditis. Of 81 studies of antibiotic therapy for MRSA bacteremia, only 1 high-quality trial was identified. In that study of 246 patients with S. aureus bacteremia, daptomycin was not inferior to vancomycin or an antistaphylococcal penicillin, each in combination with low-dose, short-course gentamicin (clinical success rate, 44.2% [53/120] vs 41.7% [48/115]; absolute difference, 2.4% [95% CI, -10.2% to 15.1%]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All adult patients with S. aureus bacteremia should undergo echocardiography. Characteristics of low-risk patients with S. aureus bacteremia for whom transesophageal echocardiography can be safely avoided have been identified. Vancomycin and daptomycin are the first-line antibiotic choices for MRSA bacteremia. Well-designed studies to address the management of S. aureus bacteremia are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina2Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina2Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Vance G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Fowler
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017576:Daptomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D000069349:Linezolid; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D014640:Vancomycin; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D000069349:Linezolid; D017576:Daptomycin