title: Termite (order Blattodea, infraorder Isoptera) baiting 20 years after commercial release.
abstract: Termite baiting is now one of the two main management tools in developed countries after 20 years of commercial release. It has two main goals: to use small amounts of active ingredient and 'colony elimination', i.e. death of all individuals in the colony. We consider how well baiting has been evaluated from 100 studies in the scientific literature. Studies have included 15 active ingredients, 23 termite species and 16 countries, yet most studies have focused on the chitin synthesis inhibitor hexaflumuron, Reticulitermes and the United States. Baiting has mostly met its goals: typically about 0.5 g of active ingredient was used, and colony elimination achieved, albeit with rates varying from 0 to 100%, and sometimes supplemented with liquid insecticide. Baiting was most successful using chitin synthesis inhibitors against Reticulitermes and Coptotermes (Rhinotermitidae), in temperate locations, although colony elimination was usually inferred indirectly - mostly by termite absence from baits - and was often slow, from 25 to 450 days. Baiting has been less tested and less successful against higher termites in tropical locations, where they are most diverse and abundant. Future research may have to consider greater termite species diversity and other active ingredients to reduce control times in order to fulfil the potential of baiting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Theodore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iqbal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides; D002686:Chitin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides; D020049:Isoptera; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D002686:Chitin; D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; C058039:hexafluoron; D005466:Fluorocarbons
keywords: Coptotermes; Reticulitermes; chitin synthesis inhibitor; chlorfluazuron; colony elimination; hexaflumuron