title: Impact of excipients in the chronic toxicity of fluoxetine on the alga Chlorella vulgaris.
abstract: Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) widely used in the treatment of major depression. It has been detected in surface and wastewaters, being able to negatively affect aquatic organisms. Most of the ecotoxicity studies focused only in pharmaceuticals, though excipients can also pose a risk to non-target organisms. In this work the ecotoxicity of five medicines (three generic formulations and two brand labels) containing the same active substance (fluoxetine hydrochloride) was tested on the alga Chlorella vulgaris, in order to evaluate if excipients can influence their ecotoxicity. Effective concentrations that cause 50% of inhibition (EC50) ranging from 0.25 to 15 mg L⁻¹ were obtained in the growth inhibition test performed for the different medicines. The corresponding values for fluoxetine concentration are 10 times lower. Higher EC50 values had been published for the same alga considering only the toxicity of fluoxetine. Therefore, this increase in toxicity may be attributed to the presence of excipients. Thus more studies on ecotoxicological effects of excipients are required in order to assess the environmental risk they may pose to aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: a REQUIMTE , Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. António Bernardino de Almeida , 431 4200-072 Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Lúcia H M L M
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delerue-Matos
authors.forename: Sónia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
mesh_terms: D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000633:toxicity; D005079:Excipients / Q000633:toxicity*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000633:toxicity*; D005780:Gelatin / Q000633:toxicity; D007203:Indigo Carmine / Q000633:toxicity; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D013213:Starch / Q000633:toxicity; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D005079:Excipients; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005473:Fluoxetine; D005780:Gelatin; D007203:Indigo Carmine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D013213:Starch; D014025:Titanium; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; C000499:ferric oxide; C501844:dimethicone
keywords: Antidepressant; Chlorella vulgaris; ecotoxicity; excipients; fluoxetine