title: Use of varenicline for smoking cessation treatment in UK primary care: an association rule mining analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Varenicline is probably the most effective smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, but is less widely used than nicotine replacement therapy. We therefore set out to identify the characteristics of numerically important groups of patients who typically do, or do not, receive varenicline in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used association rule mining to analyse data on prescribing of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy in relation to age, sex, comorbidity and other variables from 477,620 people aged 16 years and over, registered as patients throughout 2011 with one of 559 UK general practices in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database, and recorded to be current smokers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  46,685 participants (9.8% of all current smokers) were prescribed any smoking cessation treatment during 2011, and 19,316 of these (4% of current smokers, 41% of those who received any therapy) were prescribed varenicline. Prescription of varenicline was most common among heavy smokers aged 31-60, and in those with a diagnosis of COPD. Varenicline was rarely used among smokers who were otherwise in good health, or were aged over 60, were lighter smokers, or had psychotic disorders or dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Varenicline is being underused in healthy smokers, or in older smokers, and in those with psychotic disorders or dementia. Since varenicline is probably the most effective available single cessation therapy, this study identifies under-treatment of substantial public health significance.
authors.affiliation: UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK. yue.huang@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Britton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D063507:Sexism; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D000068580:Varenicline; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D000068580:Varenicline