title: Open microsurgical tumor excavation and vertebroplasty for metastatic destruction of the second cervical vertebra-outcome in seven cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metastatic osteolytic involvement of the second cervical vertebra (C2) is rare, but usually very painful. Percutaneous vertebroplasty has shown to be effective regarding pain control, but carries the risk of cement leakage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe an alternative microsurgical procedure suitable for patients suffering from C2 osteolysis who are considered to be high risk with respect to cement leakage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A technical report.
  
  
  METHODS
  It included seven patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  They include the assessment of clinical safety regarding approach- and procedure-related morbidity and radiologic safety regarding extravertebral cement leakage and the assessment of clinical efficacy by monitoring the pain activity using the visual analog scale (VAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients (five men, two women; mean age 70 years) presented with an acute onset of excruciating neck pain (VAS>6) due to osteolytic destruction of the axis vertebra. There was no neurologic deficit and no compression of the spinal cord preoperatively requiring surgical decompression or stabilization in any of the cases. An open treatment strategy via an anterolateral microsurgical approach was performed. Under biplanar fluoroscopic control, the soft tumor tissue was resected out of the vertebral body through a drilled entry in the anterior wall. After the excavation procedure, the resection cavity was filled with minimal pressure with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients suffered from severe spontaneous neck pain (mean VAS 8.1, range 6-9), with head motion-dependent pain exacerbation despite high dose of opiates and fixation of the head with a brace.Mean duration of the operative procedure was 51 minutes. Histologic analysis revealed a diagnosis of cancer metastasis in all cases. On average, 1.9 mL cement was placed within the vertebral body, and no cement leakage was observed in postoperative computed tomography and X-ray controls. All patients experienced immediate pain relief at Day 1 after the procedure (mean VAS 4.0, range 2-6), and a further decrease of pain levels was observed at Week 6 after the completion of radiation therapy (mean VAS 2.0, range 0-5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cases of metastatic C2 destruction, tumor excavation via an anterolateral approach and subsequent filling of the resection cavity with bone cement offers a safe and effective alternative to percutaneous approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Spine and Pain, St Vinzenz Hospital, Schloβstr. 85, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Floeth
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Spine and Pain, St Vinzenz Hospital, Schloβstr. 85, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herdmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine and Pain, St Vinzenz Hospital, Schloβstr. 85, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krajewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Jakob
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: s.eicker@uke.de.
authors.forename: Sven O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Eicker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054854:Vertebroplasty / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Axis; C2; Metastasis; Osteolysis; Pain; Tumor resection; Vertebroplasty