title: Motivational interviewing to explore culturally and linguistically diverse people's comorbidity medication self-efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the perceptions of a group of culturally and linguistically diverse participants with the comorbidities of diabetes, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease to determine factors that influence their medication self-efficacy through the use of motivational interviewing.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  These comorbidities are a global public health problem and their self-management is more difficult for culturally and linguistically diverse populations living in English-speaking communities. Few interventions have been tested in culturally and linguistically diverse people to improve their medication self-efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of motivational interviewing telephone calls were conducted in the intervention arm of a randomised controlled trial using interpreter services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with these comorbidities aged ≥18 years of age whose preference it was to speak Greek, Italian or Vietnamese were recruited from nephrology outpatient clinics of two Australian metropolitan hospitals in 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of the 26 participants was 73·5 years. The fortnightly calls averaged 9·5 minutes. Thematic analysis revealed three core themes which were attitudes towards medication, having to take medication and impediments to chronic illness medication self-efficacy. A lack of knowledge about medications impeded confidence necessary for optimal disease self-management. Participants had limited access to resources to help them understand their medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work has highlighted communication gaps and barriers affecting medication self-efficacy in this group. Culturally sensitive interventions are required to ensure people of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds have the appropriate skills to self-manage their complex medical conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Helping people to take their medications as prescribed is a key role for nurses to serve and protect the well-being of our increasingly multicultural communities. The use of interpreters in motivational interviewing requires careful planning and adequate resources for optimal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Peninsula Campus School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University Health Sciences, Frankston, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manias
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062405:Motivational Interviewing; D044382:Population Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D012646:Self Administration; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012651:Self Medication
keywords: cardiovascular disease; chronic kidney disease; comorbidities; culturally and linguistically diverse groups; diabetes; medication; motivational interviewing; nursing; self-efficacy; self-management