title: Effects of sleep deprivation on polysomnography and executive function in patients with depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep deprivation (SD) has been used in treatment of depression disorder, and could effectively improve the patients' depressive symptoms.The aim of the study was to explore the effects of SD on electroencephalographic (EEG) and executive function changes in patients with depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen depression patients (DPs) and 21 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in the present study. The whole night polysomnography (PSG) was recorded by Neurofax-1518K (Nihon Kohden, Japan) system before and after 36 hours of SD. The level of subjects' depression state was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the executive function was assessed by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly decreased sleep latency (SL; before SD: (31.8 ± 11.1) minutes, after SD: (8.8 ± 5.2) minutes, P < 0.01) and REM sleep latency (RL; before SD: (79.8 ± 13.5) minutes, after SD: (62.9 ± 10.2) minutes, P < 0.01) were found after SD PSG in depression patients. Decreased Stage 1 (S1; before SD: (11.7 ± 2.9)%, after SD: (7.3 ± 1.1)%, P < 0.01) and Stage 2 (S2, before SD: (53.8 ± 15.5)%, after SD: (42.3 ± 14.7)%, P < 0.05) of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and increased Stage 3 (S3, before SD: (11.8 ± 5.5)%, after SD: (23.6 ± 5.8)%, P < 0.01) and Stage 4 (S4, before SD: (8.8 ± 3.3)%, after SD: (27.4 ± 4.8)%, P < 0.01) NREM sleep were also found. After SD, the depression level in patients decreased from 6.7 ± 2.1 to 2.9 ± 0.7 (P < 0.01). In WCST, the patients showed significantly decreased Response errors (Re, before SD: 22.3 ± 2.4, after SD: 18.3 ± 2.7, P < 0.01) and Response preservative errors (Rpe, before SD: 11.6 ± 3.6, after SD: 9.3 ± 2.9, P < 0.05). Depression patients' RE (t = 2.17, P < 0.05) and Rpe (t = 2.96, P < 0.01) also decreased significantly compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SD can improve depression symptom and executive function in depression patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Zibo Mental Health Center, Zibo, Shandong 255100, China.
authors.forename: Yingzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Zibo Mental Health Center, Zibo, Shandong 255100, China. Email: rqt1965@126.com.
authors.forename: Qingtao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Zibo Occupational Disease Hospital of Prevention and Treatment, Zibo, Shandong 255067, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Zibo Mental Health Center, Zibo, Shandong 255100, China.
authors.forename: Yingli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Zibo Mental Health Center, Zibo, Shandong 255100, China.
authors.forename: Qinfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Zibo Mental Health Center, Zibo, Shandong 255100, China.
authors.forename: Xiuqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Zibo Mental Health Center, Zibo, Shandong 255100, China.
authors.forename: Jinyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Zibo Mental Health Center, Zibo, Shandong 255100, China.
authors.forename: Hanzhen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Zibo Mental Health Center, Zibo, Shandong 255100, China.
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yunxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Lisheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Xingshi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*