title: Gastroesophageal reflux disease vs. Panayiotopoulos syndrome: an underestimated misdiagnosis in pediatric age?
abstract: Autonomic signs and symptoms could be of epileptic or nonepileptic origin, and the differential diagnosis depends on a number of factors which include the nature of the autonomic manifestations themselves, the occurrence of other nonictal autonomic signs/symptoms, and the age of the patient. Here, we describe twelve children (aged from ten months to six years at the onset of the symptoms) with Panayiotopoulos syndrome misdiagnosed as gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and Panayiotopoulos syndrome may represent an underestimated diagnostic challenge. When the signs/symptoms occur mainly during sleep, a sleep EEG or, if available, a polysomnographic evaluation may be the most useful investigation to make a differential diagnosis between autonomic epileptic and nonepileptic disorders. An early detection can reduce both the high morbidity related to mismanagement and the high costs to the national health service related to the incorrect diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. To decide if antiseizure therapy is required, one should take into account both the frequency and severity of epileptic seizures and the tendency to have potentially lethal autonomic cardiorespiratory involvement. In conclusion, we would emphasize the need to make a differential diagnosis between gastroesophageal reflux disease and Panayiotopoulos syndrome in patients with "an unusual" late-onset picture of GERD and acid therapy-resistant gastroesophageal reflux, especially if associated with other autonomic symptoms and signs.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Service, Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Service, Sleep Pediatric Service, Pediatric Pulmonology Service, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, c/o "Sant' Andrea" Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: pasquale.parisi@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Service, Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Service, Sleep Pediatric Service, Pediatric Pulmonology Service, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, c/o "Sant' Andrea" Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pacchiarotti
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Service, Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Service, Sleep Pediatric Service, Pediatric Pulmonology Service, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, c/o "Sant' Andrea" Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Service, Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Service, Sleep Pediatric Service, Pediatric Pulmonology Service, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, c/o "Sant' Andrea" Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Service, Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Service, Sleep Pediatric Service, Pediatric Pulmonology Service, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, c/o "Sant' Andrea" Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paolino
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Service, Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Service, Sleep Pediatric Service, Pediatric Pulmonology Service, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, c/o "Sant' Andrea" Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Service, Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Service, Sleep Pediatric Service, Pediatric Pulmonology Service, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, c/o "Sant' Andrea" Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Principessa
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Service, Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Service, Sleep Pediatric Service, Pediatric Pulmonology Service, NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, c/o "Sant' Andrea" Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Villa
mesh_terms: D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D017286:Polysomnography; D013577:Syndrome
keywords: Autonomic epilepsy; Benign epilepsy of infancy; Gastroesophageal reflux; Misdiagnosis; Panayiotopoulos syndrome; Polysomnographic recording; Sleep EEG