title: Temporal analysis of the effect of extruded flaxseed on the swine gut microbiota.
abstract: Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid, an essential ω-3 fatty acid reported to have beneficial health effects in humans. Feeding swine a diet supplemented with flaxseed has been found to enrich pork products with ω-3 fatty acids. However, the effect of flaxseed supplementation on the swine gut microbiota has not been assessed to date. The purpose of this study was to investigate if extruded flaxseed has any impact on the bacterial and archaeal microbiota in the feces of growing-finishing pigs over a 51-day period, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time PCR. Bacterial DGGE profile analysis revealed major temporal shifts in the bacterial microbiota with only minor ones related to diet. The archaeal microbiota was significantly less diverse than that of Bacteria. The majority of bacterial DGGE bands sequenced belonged to the Firmicutes phylum while the archaeal DGGE bands were found to consist of only 2 species, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae. The abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly from day 0 to day 21 in all diet groups while the abundance of Firmicutes was relatively stable across all diet cohorts and sampling times. There was also no significant correlation between pig mass and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. While the addition of extruded flaxseed to the feed of growing-finishing pigs was beneficial for improving ω-3 fatty acid content of pork, it had no detectable impact on the fecal bacterial and archaeal microbiota, suggesting that extruded flaxseed may be used to improve meat quality without adverse effect on the swine gut microbiota or animal performance.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
authors.forename: Devin B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Bushansingh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baurhoo
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chénier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D044822:Biodiversity; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D064307:Microbiota / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: DGGE; flaxseed; graine de lin; gut microbiota; microflore intestinale; porc; swine