title: Memory difficulties are not always a sign of incipient dementia: a review of the possible causes of loss of memory efficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Memory problems are a very common reason for presenting to primary care. There is a need for better treatments for dementia. Increased government and media interest may result in greater number seeking help for memory problems, which may not reduce the dementia gap but rather increase numbers seen who do not have dementia. This review highlights the issues around the diagnostic criteria and terminology used for people with memory complaints.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature search using PubMed using keywords for articles on subjective memory decline (SMD)/impairment/complaints, subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and functional memory disorder (FMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a need for early accurate detection of dementia syndromes so that trials of new treatments can begin earlier on the disease process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diagnostic criteria and terminology used for disorders of memory including SCD, MCI and FMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article reviews SCD and whether this can be used to predict Alzheimer's disease. The review also discusses the terminology used for non-progressive memory problems and the long-term outcomes for this patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accurate distinction of premorbid dementia syndromes from benign non-progressive memory problems. Studies of treatment options for people with benign non-progressive memory problems and longer-term follow-up to determine which patients develop chronic problems.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK d.blackburn@shef.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wakefield
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Shanks
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Kirsty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harkness
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reuber
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK IRCCS San Camillo Foundation Hospital, Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venneri
mesh_terms: D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D011379:Prognosis
keywords: dementia; functional memory disorder; mild cognitive impairment; subjective cognitive decline