title: The VAGUS insight into psychosis scale--self-report and clinician-rated versions.
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop self-report and clinician-rated versions of an insight scale that would be easy to administer, sensitive to small changes, and inclusive of the core dimensions of clinical insight into psychosis. Ten-item self-report (VAGUS-SR) and five-item clinician-rated (VAGUS-CR) scales were designed to measure the dimensions of insight into psychosis and evaluated in 215 and 140 participants, respectively (www.vagusonline.com). Tests of reliability and validity were performed. Both the VAGUS-SR and VAGUS-CR showed good internal consistency and reliability. They demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity. Both versions were strongly correlated with one another and with the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight and Birchwood Insight Scale. Exploratory factor analyses identified three possible latent components of insight. The VAGUS-CR and VAGUS-SR are valid, reliable and easy to administer. They are build on previous insight scales with separate clinician-rated and self-report versions. The VAGUS-SR exhibited a multidimensional factor structure. Using a 10-point Likert scale for each item, the VAGUS has the capacity to detect small, temporally sensitive changes in insight, which is essential for intervention studies with neurostimulation or rapidly acting medications.
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: philgerretsen@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerretsen
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remington
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borlido
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quilty
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Polsinelli
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Wanna
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mar
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Pothier
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caravaggio
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mamo
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: Tarek K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Rajji
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Benoit H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Mulsant
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Deluca
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganguli
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graff-Guerrero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001364:Awareness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Illness Awareness; Insight; Schizoaffective disorder; Schizophrenia; Symptom assessment