title: Irrigation dynamics associated with positive pressure, apical negative pressure and passive ultrasonic irrigations: a computational fluid dynamics analysis.
abstract: Complexities in root canal anatomy and surface adherent biofilm structures remain as challenges in endodontic disinfection. The ability of an irrigant to penetrate into the apical region of a canal, along with its interaction with the root canal walls, will aid in endodontic disinfection. The aim of this study was to qualitatively examine the irrigation dynamics of syringe irrigation with different needle tip designs (open-ended and closed-ended), apical negative pressure irrigation with the EndoVac® system, and passive ultrasonic-assisted irrigation, using a computational fluid dynamics model. Syringe-based irrigation with a side-vented needle showed a higher wall shear stress than the open-ended but was localised to a small region of the canal wall. The apical negative pressure mode of irrigation generated the lowest wall shear stress, while the passive-ultrasonic irrigation group showed the highest wall shear stress along with the greatest magnitude of velocity.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: José Enrique
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nurbakhsh
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Layton
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bussmann
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishen
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003804:Dentin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009339:Needles; D011312:Pressure; D012212:Rheology; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013594:Syringes; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants
keywords: dental pulp cavity; disinfection; numerical analysis computer-assisted; therapeutic irrigation; ultrasonic