title: Concordance Between Clinical Diagnosis and Medicare Claims of Depression Among Older Primary Care Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify patient characteristics associated with concordance of Medicare claims with clinically identified depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied a cohort of 742 older primary care patients linked to Medicare claims data using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition major depressive disorder and clinically significant minor depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 474 patients with depression, 198 patients had a Medicare claim for depression (sensitivity: 42%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 37%-46%). Among 268 patients who did not meet criteria for depression, 235 patients did not have a Medicare claim for depression (specificity: 88%; 95% CI: 83%-91%). After adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics, non-white participants were nearly twice as likely not to have Medicare claims for depression among patients who met criteria for depression ("false negatives"). Smoking status, depression severity (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), cardiovascular disease, and more primary care physician office visits were also significantly associated with decreased odds to be false negatives. In contrast, after covariate adjustment, white race and chronic pulmonary disease were associated with increased odds of a Medicare claim for depression among patients who did not meet criteria for depression ("false positives"). Using weights based on the screened sample, the positive predictive value of a Medicare claim for depression was 66% (95% CI [63%, 69%]), whereas the negative predictive value was 77% (95% CI [76%, 78%]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigators using Medicare data to study depression must recognize that diagnoses of depression from Medicare data may be biased by patient ethnicity and the presence of medical comorbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Seungyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Ravishankar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jayadevappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Jarcy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zivin
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Hillary R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Raue
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY.
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: jgallo2@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D011320:Primary Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States
keywords: Claims analysis; Medicare; depression; primary healthcare