title: DataSHIELD: taking the analysis to the data, not the data to the analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research in modern biomedicine and social science requires sample sizes so large that they can often only be achieved through a pooled co-analysis of data from several studies. But the pooling of information from individuals in a central database that may be queried by researchers raises important ethico-legal questions and can be controversial. In the UK this has been highlighted by recent debate and controversy relating to the UK's proposed 'care.data' initiative, and these issues reflect important societal and professional concerns about privacy, confidentiality and intellectual property. DataSHIELD provides a novel technological solution that can circumvent some of the most basic challenges in facilitating the access of researchers and other healthcare professionals to individual-level data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commands are sent from a central analysis computer (AC) to several data computers (DCs) storing the data to be co-analysed. The data sets are analysed simultaneously but in parallel. The separate parallelized analyses are linked by non-disclosive summary statistics and commands transmitted back and forth between the DCs and the AC. This paper describes the technical implementation of DataSHIELD using a modified R statistical environment linked to an Opal database deployed behind the computer firewall of each DC. Analysis is controlled through a standard R environment at the AC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on this Opal/R implementation, DataSHIELD is currently used by the Healthy Obese Project and the Environmental Core Project (BioSHaRE-EU) for the federated analysis of 10 data sets across eight European countries, and this illustrates the opportunities and challenges presented by the DataSHIELD approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DataSHIELD facilitates important research in settings where: (i) a co-analysis of individual-level data from several studies is scientifically necessary but governance restrictions prohibit the release or sharing of some of the required data, and/or render data access unacceptably slow; (ii) a research group (e.g. in a developing nation) is particularly vulnerable to loss of intellectual property-the researchers want to fully share the information held in their data with national and international collaborators, but do not wish to hand over the physical data themselves; and (iii) a data set is to be included in an individual-level co-analysis but the physical size of the data precludes direct transfer to a new site for analysis.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Amadou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaye
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Marcon
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isaeva
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: LaFlamme
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Elinor M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minion
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nuotio
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Butters
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Barnaby
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Murtagh
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Ipek
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Dany
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doiron
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Lisette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giepmans
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Budin-Ljøsne
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oliver Schmidt
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boniol
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bota
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Kim W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: deKlerk
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dibben
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Tero
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiekkalinna
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hveem
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kvaløy
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Ivan J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Popham
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raab
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reischl
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Nuala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waldenberger
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perola
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Bartha M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Knoppers
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Stolk
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fortier
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Bruce H R
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Woffenbuttel
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Madeleine J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Murtagh
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Burton
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D019295:Computational Biology; D016494:Computer Security; D003219:Confidentiality; D016208:Databases, Factual; D066264:Datasets as Topic; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: DataSHIELD; ELSI; bioinformatics; confidentiality; disclosure; distributed computing; intellectual property; pooled analysis; privacy