title: Pallidifloside D, a saponin glycoside constituent from Smilax riparia, resist to hyperuricemia based on URAT1 and GLUT9 in hyperuricemic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The roots and rhizomes of Smilax riparia (SR), called "Niu-Wei-Cai" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), are believed to be effective in treating hyperuricemia and gout symptoms. This study was designed to isolate a saponin glycoside named pallidifloside D from the total saponins of Smilax riparia and to examine its effect in reducing serum uric acid levels in a hyperuricemic mouse model induced by potassium oxonate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effects of pallidifloside D treated with 5, 10 and 20mg/kg on serum uric acid levels (SUA), Serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in a hyperuricemic mouse. A colorimetric method was used to evaluate the effects of pallidifloside D on the XOD activities, and Western Blotting analysis were carried out to observe protein levels of mURAT1, mGLUT9 and mOTA1 in hyperuricemic mice after treatment with pallidifloside D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of serum uric acid levels (SUA) were suppressed significantly with dose-dependence by pallidifloside D treated with 5, 10 and 20mg/kg (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.01 respectively). Pallidifloside D could down-regulate the expression levels of renal mURAT1 protein in hyperuricemic mice in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001 respectively), and the protein levels of mGLUT9 could be down-regulated with dose-dependence (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively) by pallidifloside D at the dose of 10 and 20mg/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that pallidifloside D possesses a potent uricosuric effect in hyperuricemic mice through decreasing renal mURAT1 and GLUT9, which contribute to the enhancement of uric acid excretion and attenuate hyperuricemia-induced renal dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical, Therapeutics and Diagnostics, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resources Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: longhui804@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resources Evaluation of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Lan
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical, Therapeutics and Diagnostics, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical, Therapeutics and Diagnostics, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Qing
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical, Therapeutics and Diagnostics, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China. Electronic address: zhangyanwen@tijmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000235:genetics; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D051379:Mice; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D010094:Oxonic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D018517:Plant Roots; D027343:Rhizome; D012503:Saponins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032281:Smilax / Q000737:chemistry*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D012503:Saponins; C109687:Slc22a12 protein, mouse; C498775:Slc2a9 protein, mouse; C000603145:pallidifloside D; D014527:Uric Acid; C489337:potassium oxonate; D010094:Oxonic Acid
keywords: GLUT9; Hyperuricemia; Pallidifloside D; Saponin glycoside; Smilax riparia; URAT1