title: Pharmacological relevance of endoxifen in a laboratory simulation of breast cancer in postmenopausal patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tamoxifen is metabolically activated via a CYP2D6 enzyme system to the more potent hydroxylated derivatives 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen. This study addresses the pharmacological importance of endoxifen by simulating clinical scenarios in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical levels of tamoxifen metabolites in postmenopausal breast cancer patients previously genotyped for CYP2D6 were used in vitro along with clinical estrogen levels (estrone and estradiol) in postmenopausal patients determined in previous studies. The biological effects on cell growth were evaluated in a panel of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell lines via cell proliferation assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed with one- and two-way analysis of variance and Student's t test. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postmenopausal levels of estrogen-induced proliferation of all test breast cancer cell lines (mean fold induction ± SD vs vehicle control: MCF-7 = 11 ± 1.74, P < .001; T47D = 7.52 ± 0.72, P < .001; BT474 = 1.75 ± 0.23, P < .001; ZR-75-1 = 5.5 ± 1.95, P = .001. Tamoxifen and primary metabolites completely inhibited cell growth regardless of the CYP2D6 genotype in all cell lines (mean fold induction ± SD vs vehicle control: MCF-7 = 1.57 ± 0.38, P = .54; T47D = 1.17 ± 0.23, P = .79; BT474 = 0.96 ± 0.2, P = .98; ZR-75-1 = 0.86 ± 0.67, P = .99). Interestingly, tamoxifen and its primary metabolites were not able to fully inhibit the estrogen-stimulated expression of estrogen-responsive genes in MCF-7 cells (P < .05 for all genes), but the addition of endoxifen was able to produce additional antiestrogenic effect on these genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that tamoxifen and other metabolites, excluding endoxifen, completely inhibit estrogen-stimulated growth in all cell lines, but additional antiestrogenic action from endoxifen is necessary for complete blockade of estrogen-stimulated genes. Endoxifen is of supportive importance for the therapeutic effect of tamoxifen in a postmenopausal setting.
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (PYM, REM, DJF, PB, VRK, CJ); Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania (RFC).
authors.forename: Philipp Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Maximov
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (PYM, REM, DJF, PB, VRK, CJ); Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania (RFC).
authors.forename: Russell E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: McDaniel
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (PYM, REM, DJF, PB, VRK, CJ); Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania (RFC).
authors.forename: Daphne J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (PYM, REM, DJF, PB, VRK, CJ); Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania (RFC).
authors.forename: Puspanjali
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhatta
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (PYM, REM, DJF, PB, VRK, CJ); Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania (RFC).
authors.forename: Valeriy R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Korostyshevskiy
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (PYM, REM, DJF, PB, VRK, CJ); Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania (RFC).
authors.forename: Ramona F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Curpan
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (PYM, REM, DJF, PB, VRK, CJ); Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania (RFC). vcj2@georgetown.edu.
authors.forename: V Craig
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004970:Estrone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012107:Research Design; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D013629:Tamoxifen; D004970:Estrone; C055492:4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen; D004958:Estradiol; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6