title: The effects of N-acetylcysteine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate on liver tissue protein oxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels after the exposure to radiofrequency radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The widespread and sustained use of mobile and cordless phones causes unprecedented increase of radiofrequency radiation (RFR). The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effect of 900 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-modulated RFR (average whole body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 0.4 W/kg, 10 or 20 min daily for consecutive 7 days) to the liver tissue of guinea pigs and the protective effects of antioxidant treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male guinea pigs were randomly divided into nine groups as: Group I (sham/saline), Group II (sham/EGCG), Group III (sham/NAC), Group IV (10-min RF-exposure/saline), Group V (20-min RF-exposure/saline), Group VI (10-min RF-exposure/EGCG), Group VII (20-min RF-exposure/EGCG), Group VIII (10-min RF-exposure/NAC), and Group IX (20-min RF-exposure/NAC). Protein oxidation (PCO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated after the exposure and the treatments with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant decreases in the activities of SOD were observed in the liver of guinea pigs after RFR exposure. Protein damage did not change due to RFR exposure. On the other hand, only NAC treatment induced increased PCO levels, whereas EGCG treatment alone elevated the level of AOPP. Due to antioxidants having pro-oxidant behavior, the well decided doses and treatment timetables of NAC and ECGC are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center , Ankara.
authors.forename: Elcin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozgur
authors.forename: Duygu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Arin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomruk
authors.forename: Goknur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guler
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sepici Dinçel
authors.forename: Nilgun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altan
authors.forename: Nesrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seyhan
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D040421:Cell Phone; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011506:Proteins; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate; Mobile phone radiation; N-acetylcysteine; liver; protein oxidation