title: Assessing in vivo toxicity of graphene materials: current methods and future outlook.
abstract: Graphene, a novel 2D carbon nanomaterial with unique properties, has attracted massive attention. Evaluating its toxicity is of great significance due to its potential applications in many fields, especially in biomedicine. In this review, the toxicity of graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs) and related mechanisms at the molecular and cellular level, various approaches to evaluation of the in vivo toxicity of GNMs and major factors defining their toxicity will be discussed and summarized. This review will allow better understanding of the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of GNMs, which, we believe, may facilitate design and fabrication of novel, biocompatible and efficient GNM-based systems for biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech & Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors.forename: Yufei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005544:Forecasting; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D006108:Graphite
keywords: biomedicine; graphene; graphene oxide; in vivo; toxicity