title: Plasticity of the thermal requirements of exotherms and adaptation to environmental conditions.
abstract: In exothermal organisms, temperature is an important determinant of the rate of ecophysiological processes, which monotonically increase between the minimum (t d min) and maximum (t d max) temperatures typical for each species. In insects, t d min and t d max are correlated and there is a approximately 20°C interval (thermal window W T = t d max - t d min) between them over which insects can develop. We assumed that other exotherms have similar thermal windows because the thermal kinetics of their physiological processes are similar. In this study, we determined the thermal requirements for germination in plants. Seeds of 125 species of Central European wild herbaceous and crop plants were germinated at nine constant temperatures between 5 and 37°C, and the time to germination of 50% of the seeds D and rate of germination R (=1/D) were determined for each temperature and the Lactin model used to determine t d min, t d max, and W T. The average width of the thermal windows for seeds was significantly wider (mean 24°C, 95% CI 22.7-24.2°C), varied more (between 14.5 and 37.5°C) and development occurred at lower temperatures than recorded for insects. The limiting temperatures for germination, t d min and t d max, were not coupled, so the width of the thermal window increased with both a decrease in t d min and/or increase in t d max. Variation in W T was not associated with taxonomic affiliation, adult longevity, or domestication of the different species, but tends to vary with seed size. Plants are poor at regulating their temperature and cannot move to a more suitable location and as a consequence have to cope with wider ranges in temperatures than insects and possibly do this by having wider thermal windows.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study indicated specificity of W T in different exotherm taxa and/or their development stages.
authors.affiliation: Crop Research Institute CZ 16106 Prague 6, Ruzyne, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Honek
authors.affiliation: Crop Research Institute CZ 16106 Prague 6, Ruzyne, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Martinkova
authors.affiliation: Crop Research Institute CZ 16106 Prague 6, Ruzyne, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lukas
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony F G
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Dixon
keywords: Adaptation; domestication; life history; seed size; taxonomic affiliation; thermal window; thermoregulation