title: Co-occurrence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in Kızılırmak River isolates.
abstract: Contamination of surface waters with antimicrobials has become an increasing public health concern because of the emergence of multi-resistant pathogens. For this reason, water samples collected from the Kızılırmak River-Kırıkkale, Turkey were analysed to learn more about the co-occurrence of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Resistant profiles were determined by using 26 antibiotics and 17 heavy metals. Out of 290, 24 isolates with both heavy metal and antibiotic resistance were determined. Resistance to heavy metals including lead, tin, nickel, barium, aliminum, strontium, silver and lithium varied between 50 and 92 %. More than 50 % of the isolates showed resistance to cephalosporin, quinolone, sulfonamide and aminoglycoside type of antibiotics. The discharge of antimicrobials to water bodies may cause a combined effect of selection and co-selection towards resistant bacteria. Therefore, surface waters may be potential hot spots of the evolution of heavy metal- and antibiotic-resistant bacteria and require special scientific consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey, bicgen@metu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Icgen
authors.forename: Fadime
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S