title: Interventions for the management of oral ulcers in Behçet's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Behçet's disease is a chronic inflammatory vasculitis that can affect multiple systems. Mucocutaneous involvement is common, as is the involvement of many other systems such as the central nervous system and skin. Behç̧et's disease can cause significant morbidity, such as loss of sight, and can be life threatening. The frequency of oral ulceration in Behçet's disease is thought to be 97% to 100%. The presence of mouth ulcers can cause difficulties in eating, drinking, and speaking leading to a reduction in quality of life. There is no cure for Behçet's disease and therefore treatment of the oral ulcers that are associated with Behçet's disease is palliative.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical effectiveness and safety of interventions on the pain, episode duration, and episode frequency of oral ulcers and on quality of life for patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS)-type ulceration associated with Behçet's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook electronic searches of the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (to 4 October 2013); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 9); MEDLINE via Ovid (1946 to 4 October 2013); EMBASE via Ovid (1980 to 4 October 2013); CINAHL via EBSCO (1980 to 4 October 2013); and AMED via Ovid (1985 to 4 October 2013). We searched the US National Institutes of Health trials register (http://clinicaltrials.gov) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. There were no restrictions on language or date of publication in the searches of the electronic databases. We contacted authors when necessary to obtain additional information.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that looked at pre-specified oral outcome measures to assess the efficacy of interventions for mouth ulcers in Behçet's disease. The oral outcome measures included pain, episode duration, episode frequency, safety, and quality of life. Trials were not restricted by outcomes alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies meeting the inclusion criteria underwent data extraction and an assessment of risk of bias, independently by two review authors and using a pre-standardised data extraction form. We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15 trials (n = 888 randomised participants) were included, 13 were placebo controlled and three were head to head (two trials had more than two treatment arms). Eleven of the trials were conducted in Turkey, two in Japan, one in Iran and one in the UK. Most trials used the International Study Group criteria for Behçet's disease. Eleven different interventions were assessed. The interventions were grouped into two categories, topical and systemic. Only one study was assessed as being at low risk of bias. It was not possible to carry out a meta-analysis. The quality of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low and there was insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of any included intervention with regard to pain, episode duration, or episode frequency associated with oral ulcers, or safety of the interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the heterogeneity of trials including trial design, choice of intervention, choice and timing of outcome measures, it was not possible to carry out a meta-analysis. Several interventions show promise and future trials should be planned and reported according to the CONSORT guidelines. Whilst the primary aim of many trials for Behç̧et's disease is not necessarily reduction of oral ulceration, reporting of oral ulcers in these studies should be standardised and pre-specified in the methodology. The use of a core outcome set for oral ulcer trials would be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, The University of Manchester, Dental Hospital, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester, UK, M15 6FH.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Glenny
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brocklehurst
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorodkin
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Pemberton
mesh_terms: D000212:Acyclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001528:Behcet Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003078:Colchicine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068800:Etanercept; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019226:Oral Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D015363:Quinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013281:Stomatitis, Aphthous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D013392:Sucralfate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D015363:Quinolones; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D013792:Thalidomide; D013392:Sucralfate; D016572:Cyclosporine; C052785:rebamipide; D000409:Alanine; D000068800:Etanercept; D003078:Colchicine; D000212:Acyclovir