title: Method for the quantification of current use and persistent pesticides in cow milk, human milk and baby formula using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the quantification of organochlorine (OC), organophosphate (OP), carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticide residues in cow milk, human milk, and baby formula. A total of 25 compounds were included in this method. Sample extraction procedures combined liquid-liquid extraction, freezing-lipid filtration, dispersive primary-secondary amine cleanup, and solid-phase extraction together for effective extraction and elimination of matrix interferences. Target compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron impact ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Average extraction recoveries obtained from cow milk samples fortified at two different concentrations (10 ng/mL and 25 ng/mL), ranged from 34% to 102%, with recoveries for the majority of target compounds falling between 60% and 80%. Similar ranges were found for formula fortified at 25 ng/mL. The estimated limits of detection for most target analytes were in the low pg/mL level (range 3-1600 pg/mL). The accuracies and precisions were within the range of 80-120% and less than 15%, respectively. This method was tested for its viability by analyzing 10 human milk samples collected from anonymous donors, 10 cow milk samples and 10 baby formula samples purchased from local grocery stores in the United States. Hexachlorobenzene, p,p-dicofol, o,p-DDE, p,p-DDE, and chlorpyrifos were found in all samples analyzed. We found detectable levels of permethrin, cyfluthrin, and fenvalerate in some of the cow milk samples but not in human milk or baby formula samples. Some of the pesticides, such as azinphos-methyl, heptachlor epoxide, and the pesticide synergist piperonyl butoxide, were detected in some of the cow milk and human milk samples but not in baby formula samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE Rm 2041, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Xianyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE Rm 2041, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Parinya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panuwet
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE Rm 2041, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE Rm 2041, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Riederer
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE Rm 2041, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Geneva C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Bernoudy
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE Rm 2041, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Dana Boyd
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE Rm 2041, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: bryan@emory.edu.
authors.forename: P Barry
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues
keywords: Baby formula; Current use and persistent pesticides; Gas chromatography; Human milk; Tandem mass spectrometry; Whole milk