title: Direct injection ion chromatography for the control of chlorinated drinking water: simultaneous estimation of nine haloacetic acids and quantitation of bromate, chlorite and chlorate along with the major inorganic anions.
abstract: Most methods for the analysis of haloacetic acids published in recent years are based on ion chromatography with direct injection, employing a gradient elution with potassium hydroxide (KOH). This work reports the exploration of an alternative eluent, a buffer of sodium carbonate/sodium hydrogen carbonate, aimed at the simultaneous analysis of nine haloacetic acids along with bromate, chlorite and chlorate. The alternative of both a less alkaline eluent and a lower temperature of operation may prevent the partial decomposition of some of the haloacetic acids during the analytical process, especially the more vulnerable brominated ones. Gradient elution at temperature of 7 °C yielded the best results, with an acceptable separation of 17 analytes (which includes the major natural inorganic anions) and a good linearity. Precision ranges from 0.3 to 23.4 (% V.C.), and detection limits are within units of μg L⁻¹, except for tribromoacetic acid - somewhat high in comparison with those of the official methods. Nonetheless, with the basic instrumentation setup herein described, this method may be suitable for monitoring when the drinking water treatments are to be optimized. This is especially interesting for small communities or for developing/developed countries in which regulations on disinfection by-products others than trihalomethanes are being addressed.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus 'Miguel de Unamuno', E-37007 Salamanca, Spain E-mail: rgvill@usal.es.
authors.forename: Rafael J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Garcia-Villanova
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Espectrometría de Masas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raposo Funcia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus 'Miguel de Unamuno', E-37007 Salamanca, Spain E-mail: rgvill@usal.es.
authors.forename: M Vilani
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Oliveira Dantas Leite
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Control de Calidad de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, UNAN-León, León, Nicaragua.
authors.forename: Ivania M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Toruño Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Gomensoro, S.A., c/ Aguacate, 15, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espinosa Nieto
authors.affiliation: Gomensoro, S.A., c/ Aguacate, 15, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espuelas India
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis*; D001959:Bromates / Q000032:analysis; D002704:Chlorates / Q000032:analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D054879:Halogenation; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001959:Bromates; D002704:Chlorates; D002712:Chlorides; D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical