title: Neuroticism associated with cocaine-induced psychosis in cocaine-dependent patients: a cross-sectional observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine consumption can induce transient psychotic symptoms, which has been correlated with more severe addiction and aggressive behavior. However, little is known about the nature of the relationship between personality traits and psychotic symptoms in cocaine-dependent patients. This study examined the relationship between neuroticism and cocaine-induced psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 231 cocaine-dependent patients seeking treatment were recruited to the study. Personality was evaluated by the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire. Cocaine-induced psychosis questionnaire, SCID-I, and SCID-II were used to evaluate comorbidity and clinical characteristics. Data analysis was performed in three steps: descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cocaine-induced psychosis was reported in 65.4% of the patients and some personality disorder in 46.8%. Two personality dimensions (Neuroticism-Anxiety and Aggression-Hostility) presented a significant effect on the risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms (t(229) = 2.69, p = 0.008; t(229) = 2.06, p = 0.004), and patients with psychotic symptoms showed higher scores in both variables. On the multivariate analysis, only Neuroticism remained as a significant personality factor independently associated with psychotic symptoms (Wald = 7.44, p<0.05, OR = 1.08, CI 95% 1.02-1.16) after controlling for age, gender and number of consumption substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An association between high neuroticism scores and presence of psychotic symptoms induced by cocaine has been found, independently of other consumption variables. Personality dimensions should be evaluated in cocaine-dependent patients in order to detect high scores of neuroticism and warn patients about the risk of developing cocaine-induced psychotic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital - Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roncero
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital - Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Constanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daigre
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital - Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barral
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital - Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros-Cucurull
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital - Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grau-López
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital - Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Cintas
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Drug Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital - Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tarifa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000075384:Neuroticism; D010551:Personality; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult