title: TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels: neurobiological markers of alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent patients?
abstract: We investigated the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in 30 male alcohol-dependent patients during withdrawal (day 1, 7, and 14) and compared them with the levels obtained from 18 healthy male controls. IL-6 (day 1: T = 2,593, p = 0.013; day 7: T = 2,315, p = 0.037; day 14: T = 1,650, p = 0.112) serum levels were significantly increased at the beginning of alcohol withdrawal. TNF-α (T = 3,202, p = 0.03) serum levels were significantly elevated in the patients' group during the whole period of withdrawal. IL-6 serum levels decreased significantly during withdrawal (F = 16.507, p < 0.001), whereas TNF-α levels did not change significantly (day 1-14). IL-6 serum levels were directly associated with alcohol consumption (r = 0.392, p = 0.047) on day 1. Moreover, the IL-6 serum levels were associated with alcohol craving (PACS total score day 1: r = -0.417, p = 0.022, the score of the obsessive subscale of the OCDS on day 14 [r = -0.549, p = 0.022]), depression (r = -0.507, p = 0.005), and trait anxiety (r = -0.674, p < 0.001) on day 1. We found an association with the duration of active drinking following the last period of abstinence and the TNF-α serum levels (day 1:r = 0.354, p = 0.009; day 7: r = 0.323, p = 0.022; day 14: r = 0.303, p = 0.034) as well as an association with the severity of alcohol dependence measured by the SESA scale (r = 0.454, p = 0.015). Moreover, we found a significant association between the BDNF serum levels and the TNF-α serum levels (r = -0.426, p = 0.021). Our results support an association between alterations in TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels and alcohol consumption.
authors.affiliation: Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: heberlein.annemarie@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heberlein
authors.affiliation: Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Käser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lichtinghagen
authors.affiliation: Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rhein
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kornhuber
authors.affiliation: Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bleich
authors.affiliation: Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hillemacher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064829:Alcohol Abstinence / Q000523:psychology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Abstinence; Alcohol dependence; Alcohol withdrawal; BDNF; IL-6; TNF-α