title: Nasopharyngeal gene expression, a novel approach to study the course of respiratory syncytial virus infection.
abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes mild infections in the vast majority of children. However, in some cases, it causes severe disease, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Development of severe RSV infection is determined by the host response. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to identify biomarkers associated with severe RSV infection. To identify biomarkers, nasopharyngeal gene expression was profiled by microarray studies, resulting in the selection of five genes: ubiquitin D, tetraspanin 8, mucin 13, β-microseminoprotein and chemokine ligand 7. These genes were validated by real-time quantitative PCR in an independent validation cohort, which confirmed significant differences in gene expression between mildly and severely infected and between recovery and acute patients. Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples are regularly taken when a viral respiratory tract infection is suspected. In this article, we describe a method to discriminate between mild and severe RSV infection based on differential host gene expression. The combination of pathogen detection and host gene expression analysis in nasopharyngeal aspirates will significantly improve the diagnosis and prognosis of respiratory tract infections.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dept of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Corne.vandenKieboom@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Corné H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van den Kieboom
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dept of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Inge M L
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Ahout
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dept of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aldert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zomer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dept of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kim H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dept of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dept of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerben
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferwerda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dept of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marien I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: de Jonge
mesh_terms: D054410:Chemokine CCL7 / Q000235:genetics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005819:Genetic Markers; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009077:Mucins / Q000235:genetics*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D062072:Patient Acuity; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D029584:Prostatic Secretory Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000235:genetics; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D059470:Tetraspanins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C515450:CCL7 protein, human; D054410:Chemokine CCL7; D005819:Genetic Markers; C429552:MUC13 protein, human; D009077:Mucins; D029584:Prostatic Secretory Proteins; C065609:TSPAN8 protein, human; D059470:Tetraspanins; C043076:beta-microseminoprotein