title: Selection of wild macrophytes for use in constructed wetlands for phytoremediation of contaminant mixtures.
abstract: Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer an alternative to traditional industrial wastewater treatment systems that has been proved to be efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Most of the time, CWs are planted with proliferative species such as Phragmites australis or with plants originating from nurseries, both representing a risk for the natural biodiversity conservation of aquatic ecosystems located downstream of the CWs. For the removal of metals and organic pollutant mixtures present in industrial effluents, it is necessary to select tolerant plant species that are able to produce a high aboveground biomass and to develop a healthy belowground system. Wild plant species growing in aquatic bodies at industrial outfalls could constitute suitable tolerant species to use in CWs for industrial effluent treatment. To test this hypothesis, we assessed, under laboratory conditions (using an experimental design), the tolerance to mixtures of metals (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) or/and organic pollutants (THC, PHE, PYR, LAS) of five European sub-cosmopolitan native macrophytes (Alisma lanceolatum, Carex cuprina, Epilobium hirsutum, Iris pseudacorus and Juncus inflexus) that had been collected in a polluted Mediterranean wetland, after a field study (crossing ecological relevés and analyses of contaminant concentrations in water and sediments). Our results demonstrated that research on phytoremediation of industrial effluents should focus much more on the use of native macrophytes growing at short distances from industrial discharges (such as C. cuprina in this study), and that root/shoot ratio, aerial height and proportion of green leaves are good and cost-effective indicators of plant tolerance to metals and organic pollutant mixtures in laboratory studies.
authors.affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, 3 place Victor Hugo, Case 4, F-13331 Marseille cedex 03, France; ECO-MED SARL, Tour Méditerranée, 65 Avenue Jules Cantini, 13298 Marseille Cedex 20, France. Electronic address: anna.philippe@imbe.fr.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guittonny-Philippe
authors.affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, 3 place Victor Hugo, Case 4, F-13331 Marseille cedex 03, France. Electronic address: marie-eleonore.petit@imbe.fr.
authors.forename: Marie-Eléonore
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, 3 place Victor Hugo, Case 4, F-13331 Marseille cedex 03, France. Electronic address: veronique.masotti@imbe.fr.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Masotti
authors.affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, 3 place Victor Hugo, Case 4, F-13331 Marseille cedex 03, France. Electronic address: yogan.monnier@imbe.fr.
authors.forename: Yogan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Monnier
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Environnement, FRE 3416, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, F-13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France. Electronic address: laure.malleret@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malleret
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Environnement, FRE 3416, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, F-13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France. Electronic address: bruno.coulomb@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coulomb
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7362 Laboratoire Image Ville et Environnement, Institut de Botanique, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France. Electronic address: combroux@unistra.fr.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Combroux
authors.affiliation: ECO-MED SARL, Tour Méditerranée, 65 Avenue Jules Cantini, 13298 Marseille Cedex 20, France. Electronic address: t.baumberger@ecomed.fr.
authors.forename: Teddy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baumberger
authors.affiliation: ECO-MED SARL, Tour Méditerranée, 65 Avenue Jules Cantini, 13298 Marseille Cedex 20, France. Electronic address: j.viglione@ecomed.fr.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viglione
authors.affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, 3 place Victor Hugo, Case 4, F-13331 Marseille cedex 03, France. Electronic address: isabelle.laffont-schwob@imbe.fr.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laffont-Schwob
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Carex cuprina; Constructed wetlands; Industrial effluents; Iris pseudacorus; Native macrophytes; Selection criteria