title: Congenital malformations in the newborn population: a population study and analysis of the effect of sex and prematurity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital malformation (CM) is a leading cause of infant mortality. We hypothesized that the current estimates of the prevalence of CM are obsolete because of the increased rate of terminating fetuses with severe CMs and the widespread use of prenatal vitamins.
  
  
  METHODS
  This population-based cross-sectional study analyzed the effect of sex and prematurity on CM prevalence. All data were derived from birth entries in the 2008 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of CM diagnoses among all birth hospitalizations in 2008 and to analyze the effect of sex and gestational maturity on CM prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 29,312 patients with CMs from among 1,014,261 live births, which yielded a CM prevalence of 28.9 per 1000 live births. Associated genetic syndromes were present in 1172 (4%) patients. Among newborns with nonsyndromic CM, 91% of newborns had an isolated CM and 9% of newborns had multiple CMs. The cardiovascular system was the most commonly involved organ system. The risk of CM was significantly higher in preterm newborns for an isolated CM [odds ratio (OR), 1.5; confidence interval (CI), 1.4-1.5]; multiple CMs (OR, 2.1; CI, 2.0-2.3); and overall CMs (OR, 1.4; CI, 1.3-1.5). Males had higher risk of isolated CMs (OR, 1.3; CI, 1.2-1.5). However, there was no sex difference in the risk of overall CM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We reported up-to-date national estimates of the prevalence of CM, which is important for monitoring trends, determining service planning, and assessing disease burden because of congenital malformations in the United States of America. We also showed a strong association between CM and prematurity. Further study of this association is needed to provide insight into the etiology of these relatively common public health problems.
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: cegbe2001@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Egbe
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uppu
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Preventative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stroustrup
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Shubhika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: congenital malformation; neonatal outcome; newborn; preterm; sex difference