title: Follow-up study of children whose mothers were treated with transcranial magnetic stimulation during pregnancy: preliminary results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) treatment during pregnancy on neurodevelopment of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women who were treated with rTMS during pregnancy and delivered liveborn children between 2008 and 2013 were selected. A control group consisted of children whose mothers had a history of untreated depression during their pregnancy (N = 26). Early developmental characteristics of all the children in the study were evaluated, and their developmental levels were determined using the Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the children in the rTMS treatment group was 32.4 months (range 16-64 months), and that of the untreated group was 29.04 (range 14-63 months). Jaundice (N = 2) and febrile convulsion (N = 1) were the reported medical conditions in the children of the rTMS-treated group; jaundice (N = 3) and low birth weight (N = 1) were reported in the untreated group. In the rTMS group, mothers' perception of delay in language development was observed, but there were not any statistically significant differences in the prevalence rate compared with the untreated group (OR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.0860-1.6580).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that rTMS exposure during pregnancy is not associated with poorer cognitive or motor development outcomes in children aged 18-62 months. Although language development as reported by the mothers was found to be poorer than expected in the rTMS-treated group, the delay was found to be similar to the language delay observed in offspring of untreated mothers, as reported in previous studies of prenatal depression treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Uskudar University Istanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eryılmaz
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Uskudar University Istanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gökben Hızlı
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Sayar
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Uskudar University Istanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Eylem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Özten
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Uskudar University Istanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Işıl Göğcegöz
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Gül
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Uskudar University Istanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özgür
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Yorbik
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Uskudar University Istanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nuket
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Işiten
authors.affiliation: Psychology, Uskudar University Istanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Eda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bağcı
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Language; neurodevelopment; pregnancy outcomes; safety; transcranial magnetic stimulation