title: Smoking and perceived stress in relation to short salivary telomere length among caregivers of children with disabilities.
abstract: Telomere length (TL), the length of repeated DNA sequence that forms protective caps at the end of chromosomes, has emerged as a novel biomarker of cell aging and oxidative stress. There is increasing research exploring the associations of smoking and perceived stress with TL, and the results are inconsistent. This study aimed to examine whether smoking and perceived stress were associated with shortened salivary TL among primary caregivers of children with disabilities. Using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method, salivary TL was assessed among 89 caregivers aged 19-69 years (87% were women) who took care of disabled children in the Patagonia Region, Chile. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect information on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. The 14-item Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess perceived stress. Mean relative TL was 0.92 (standard error = 0.03). Smokers had age-adjusted mean TL that was 0.07 units lower (β = -0.07, standard error = 0.03; p = 0.012) than non-smokers. Smokers were 2.17 times more likely to have shorter TL ( < 0.73, the lowest quartile of TL) than non-smokers (odds ratio = 3.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.05-9.52) with adjustment for age and perceived stress. Caregivers with higher perceived stress were 2.13 times more likely to have shorter TL (odds ratio = 3.13; 95% confidence interval = 1.03-9.55) than caregivers with lower perceived stress after adjustment for age and smoking. This study provides the first evidence of strong associations between smoking and perceived stress and shortened salivary TL among caregivers of children with disabilities. Larger studies with detailed information on smoking status are warranted to confirm our findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, MA , USA .
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Velez
authors.forename: Clarita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Micah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pepper
authors.forename: Asterio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stoner
authors.forename: Immaculata
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Vivo
authors.forename: Bizu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gelaye
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002677:Chile; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010465:Perception; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D059506:Telomere Shortening; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Biomarker; caregiver; child with a disability; saliva; smoking; stress; telomere length