title: Escape from extreme specialization: passionflowers, bats and the sword-billed hummingbird.
abstract: A striking example of plant/pollinator trait matching is found between Andean species of Passiflora with 6-14-cm-long nectar tubes and the sword-billed hummingbird, Ensifera ensifera, with up to 11-cm-long bills. Because of the position of their anthers and stigmas, and self-incompatibility, these passionflower species depend on E. ensifera for pollination. Field observations show that the bird and plant distribution match completely and that scarcity of Ensifera results in reduced passionflower seed set. We here use nuclear and plastid DNA sequences to investigate how often and when these mutualisms evolved and under which conditions, if ever, they were lost. The phylogeny includes 26 (70%) of the 37 extremely long-tubed species, 13 (68%) of the 19 species with tubes too short for Ensifera and four of the seven bat-pollinated species for a total of 43 (69%) of all species in Passiflora supersection Tacsonia (plus 11 outgroups). We time-calibrated the phylogeny to infer the speed of any pollinator switching. Results show that Tacsonia is monophyletic and that its stem group dates to 10.7 Ma, matching the divergence at 11.6 Ma of E. ensifera from its short-billed sister species. Whether pollination by short-billed hummingbirds or by Ensifera is the ancestral condition cannot be securely inferred, but extremely long-tubed flowers exclusively pollinated by Ensifera evolved early during the radiation of the Tacsonia clade. There is also evidence of several losses of Ensifera dependence, involving shifts to bat pollination and shorter billed birds. Besides being extremely asymmetric-a single bird species coevolving with a speciose plant clade-the Ensifera/Passiflora system is a prime example of a specialized pollinator not driving plant speciation, but instead being the precondition for the maintenance of isolated populations (through reliable seed set) that then underwent allopatric speciation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Nees Institute of Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn 53113, Germany Department of Biology, Institute for Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Strasse 67, Munich 80638, Germany stefan.abrahamczyk@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abrahamczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Institute for Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Strasse 67, Munich 80638, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Souto-Vilarós
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Institute for Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Strasse 67, Munich 80638, Germany renner@lmu.de.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Renner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D020387:Food Chain; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029598:Passiflora / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D063148:Plant Dispersal; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics; D054817:Pollination; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013020:South America
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: Passiflora; asymmetric coevolution; coevolution; hummingbirds; molecular clock; phylogenetics