title: Combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy vs. uterine curettage in the uterine artery embolization-based management of cesarean scar pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) has significantly increased in the recent decade. Although uterine artery embolization (UAE) has been adopted to minimize the blood loss during uterine curettage removing of CSP, massive bleeding and uterine rupture can still be frequently encountered. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of a novel combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy technique with the traditional curettage in removing the conceptus and repairing the incision defect following the UAE management of CSP.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CSP patients (n = 58) diagnosed between March 1, 2005 and March 1, 2010 were enrolled in three medical centers in Shanghai, China. All of these patients have undergone intra-arterial methotrexate, UAE and one of the following treatments: combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy (study group, n = 25) and uterine curettage (control group, n = 33). Their medical records and 2-year outcomes were reviewed. The CSP removal rate, amount of blood loss during the treatment, incision repair rate (note: the post-curettage healing process of the incision defect was seen as a form of natural incision repairing, i.e., the self-repair mode), hospital stay, β-hCG regression time and postoperative sequelae were compared between two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CSP removal rate in the study group (100%) was significantly higher than that (79%) in the control group (p = 0.024). The average blood loss was 78.0 mL in the study group, which was much less than the 258.5 mL (p = 0.004) in the control group. A satisfactory incision repair rate (96%) was achieved in the study group, while it was 25% (p < 0.001) in the control group. Moreover, the study group had significantly shorter hospital stays (p = 0.043) and β-hCG regression times (p = 0.033), lower rates of postoperative abdominal pain (p = 0.035) and menstruation abnormalities (p = 0.043).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy is much safer and more effective than uterine curettage as a supplementary measure to remove the conceptus and repair the cesarean incision following the UAE management of CSP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China. he_yifeng@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yifeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Qiujing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xuezhe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Lingda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Aimin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Di
mesh_terms: D000020:Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D002585:Cesarean Section; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood; D002921:Cicatrix; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004107:Dilatation and Curettage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055357:Uterine Artery Embolization / Q000379:methods*; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000020:Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D008727:Methotrexate