title: Brachypodium: a promising hub between model species and cereals.
abstract: Brachypodium distachyon was proposed as a model species for genetics and molecular genomics in cereals less than 10 years ago. It is now established as a standard for research on C3 cereals on a variety of topics, due to its close phylogenetic relationship with Triticeae crops such as wheat and barley, and to its simple genome, its minimal growth requirement, and its short life cycle. In this review, we first highlight the tools and resources for Brachypodium that are currently being developed and made available by the international community. We subsequently describe how this species has been used for comparative genomic studies together with cereal crops, before illustrating major research fields in which Brachypodium has been successfully used as a model: cell wall synthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, root architecture, and seed development. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of research on Brachypodium in order to improve nitrogen use efficiency in cereals, with the aim of reducing the amount of applied fertilizer while increasing the grain yield. Several paths are considered, namely an improvement of either nitrogen remobilization from the vegetative organs, nitrate uptake from the soil, or nitrate assimilation by the plant. Altogether, these examples position the research on Brachypodium as at an intermediate stage between basic research, carried out mainly in Arabidopsis, and applied research carried out on wheat and barley, enabling a complementarity of the studies and reciprocal benefits.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France thomas.girin@versailles.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Girin
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Laure C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chardin
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sibout
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krapp
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrario-Méry
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Daniel-Vedele
mesh_terms: D058431:Brachypodium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000235:genetics; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008954:Models, Biological; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Barley; Brachypodium; cell wall; genomics; nitrogen use efficiency; plant pathogens; roots; seeds; wheat.