title: Toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide to zebrafish embryos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was aimed to investigate the toxic effects of 3 nanomaterials, i.e. multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), on zebrafish embryos.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2-h post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to MWCNTs, GO, and RGO at different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50, 100 mg/L) for 96 h. Afterwards, the effects of the 3 nanomateria on spontaneous movement, heart rate, hatching rate, length of larvae, mortality, and malformations ls were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis indicated that RGO significantly inhibited the hatching of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, RGO and MWCNTs decreased the length of the hatched larvae at 96 hpf. No obvious morphological malformation or mortality was observed in the zebrafish embryos after exposure to the three nanomaterials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MWCNTs, GO, and RGO were all toxic to zebrafish embryos to influence embryos hatching and larvae length. Although no obvious morphological malformation and mortality were observed in exposed zebrafish embryos, further studies on the toxicity of the three nanomaterials are still needed.
authors.affiliation: College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Tong
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Xi Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Xiao Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Li Xuan
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Wen Bi
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yong Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Cheng Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Xue Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D010087:Oxides; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Graphene Oxide; Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes; Reduced Graphene Oxide; Toxicity; Zebrafish Embryos