title: Emma Bovary, Hedda Gabler, and Harold Brodkey would not have lived without Charcot: hysteria in novels.
abstract: Medical humanities is the interdisciplinary field of humanities (literature, philosophy, ethics, history, and religion), social science (anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, and sociology), and the arts (literature, theater, film, and visual arts), and their application to medical education and practice. In this chapter, the concept of 'hysteria' is put into a medical humanities perspective. We review the concept of hysteria concisely. Two novels and one autobiographical story are used as material in order to study how 'hysteria' is represented in literary work. Madame Bovary (Gustave Flaubert), Hedda Gabler (Henrik Ibsen), and A Story in an Almost Classical Mode (Harold Brodkey) were searched for elements that are characteristic of hysteria. Excessive emotion, dramatics, attention-seeking behavior, physical symptoms of unknown and unidentifiable organic causes, self-centered behavior, and flirtatious behavior are the six elements used to operationalize hysteria. It was found that these elements were present in both a quantitative and qualitative manner in the literary works examined. Acknowledging some limitations and suggesting some research areas and clinical implications, we conclude that literary works are useful in analyzing concepts in medicine. Also, more generally, using literary works seems to have a positive impact on readers, healthcare providers, and researchers in the healthcare domain. Studying novels and related literary work contributes to the body of knowledge of medical humanities.
authors.affiliation: Medical Psychology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kaptein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001325:Autobiographies as Topic; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007046:Hysteria / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008093:Literature, Modern / Q000266:history*; D008297:Male; D008488:Medical Illustration / Q000266:history; D008513:Medicine in Literature