title: The relation between parenting stress and adolescents' somatisation trajectories: a growth mixture analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of somatisation in adolescence is substantial. Knowledge on (predictors of) individual-level development of somatisation is necessary to develop tailored treatment. The current study assessed individual-level development of somatisation by means of latent mixed modelling. Parenting stress was included as a predictor of somatisation trajectory membership and within-trajectory variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1499 adolescents and one of their parents (mostly the mother) agreed to participate. Questionnaires were administered when the adolescents were respectively 12-13 (T1), 13-14 (T2), and 14-15 (T3) years old. Adolescents reported on their somatisation, parents on their parenting stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four individual somatisation trajectories were found: increased, long-term low, long-term high, and decreased. Higher early parenting stress (T1) significantly predicted less favourable trajectory membership (increased and long-term high). The relation between later parenting stress (T2 and T3) and somatisation depended on trajectory membership. For adolescents in the long-term high and decreased somatisation trajectories, lower T2 and T3 parenting stress was related to higher somatisation, while for adolescents in the long-term low and increased trajectories, higher T2 and T3 parenting stress was related to higher somatisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support a general recommendation to prevent the onset of high levels of parenting stress. In addition, for families in which high levels of parenting stress already exist, clinicians should be aware of natural fluctuations in parenting stress, its associated features (e.g., aspects of overall care, like looking for professional help) and of the consequences this might have for the adolescent.
authors.affiliation: Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: rousseausofie@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sofie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.affiliation: Centre for Special Needs Education and Youth Care, Grote Rozenstraat 38, 9712 TJ Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grietens
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Life Span Psychology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanderfaeillie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Youth Health Care, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoppenbrouwers
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Annemie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desoete
authors.affiliation: Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, L. Vanderkelenstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Adolescents; Individual-level; Parenting stress; Somatisation; Trajectories