title: Experimental fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys: nonhuman primate models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The monkey model is the best model to investigate some physiological response to the fetal transitory tracheal occlusion but it has never been described in Macaca monkeys. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) in a non-human primate model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant rhesus monkeys and cynomolgus were tested as a potential experimental model for FETO in the third trimester of pregnancy, by performing fetal tracheoscopies with and without tracheal occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 pregnancies were followed in 16 monkeys and underwent fetal surgery. Percutaneous endoscopic access to the uterine cavity was possible in 20 cases (91%). Of these 20 pregnant monkeys, fetal tracheoscopy could be achieved in 15 cases (75%). In rhesus monkeys, the time between the onset of endoscopy and tracheal penetration decreases as operator experience increases. Neither maternal morbidity nor mortality was related to surgery. Two fetal losses were possibly due to the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FETO is feasible in the non-human primate, which closely reflects procedures in humans. The non-human primate model for FETO, specially the rhesus monkeys, may be useful for future studies concerning the mechanisms related to the lung growth after transitory fetal tracheal occlusion.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Fetal Medicine , Strasbourg Teaching Hospital , France .
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sananès
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Weingertner
authors.forename: Pierrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Regnard
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miry
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mager
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Becmeur
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dimarcq
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Debry
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Favre
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000151:congenital / Q000196:embryology / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005332:Fetoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000196:embryology; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000196:embryology; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D014132:Trachea / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Cynomolgus monkey; endoscopic surgery; fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion; non-human primate; rhesus monkey