title: A systematic review of self-medication practices among adolescents.
abstract: The purpose was to systematically review the global trends and factors influencing self-medication (SM) among adolescents. Databases (Medline/Pubmed, Ingenta, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Proquest, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for peer-reviewed research published between January 2000 and December 2013 on SM among adolescents aged 13-18 years. Articles were scrutinized for country of origin, sample size, recall period, prevalence rates and associations, influencing factors, medicines used, self-medicated health complaints, sources of drug information, recommendation and procurement, knowledge about medicines, and adverse drug reactions. One hundred and sixty-three publications met the inclusion criteria. SM prevalence ranged from 2% to 92% in different countries. The most frequently self-medicated over-the-counter and prescription-only medicines were analgesics and antibiotics, respectively. Headache, allergies, and fever were the most common self-medicated health complaints reported. Misuse of both over-the-counter and prescription-only medicines reflected a risky trend. Female gender, older age, maternal education, and familial practices were associated with SM among adolescents. The primary sources of drug information, recommendation, and procurement included pharmacists, parents, and friends. High-risk practices such as diversion of prescription medicines and utilization of previous prescriptions were also reported. Most studies revealed gaps in drug knowledge, although adolescents self-rated it as satisfactory. However, few adverse drug reactions were reported, probably because of lack of awareness about the potential harmful effects of medicines. Recommendations for "responsible SM" have been made to minimize the adverse effects of SM. Understanding the links between various factors promoting SM can be helpful in deriving strategies aimed at reducing drug-related health risks among adolescents. Moreover, these will aid in creating awareness among adolescents about the potential risks of using drugs without proper information and consultation. Studies need to be designed to assess the changing trend and identify new correlates of self-medication practices among adolescents, which pose fresh challenges to monitor the menace.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Electronic address: shehnazilyas@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Syed Ilyas
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Shehnaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Anoop Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Nelofer
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D015995:Prevalence; D012651:Self Medication / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: Adolescents; Drug utilization; Nonprescription drugs; Prescription drugs; Prevalence; Self medication; Systematic review