title: Quantitative determination of zopiclone and zolpidem in whole blood by liquid-liquid extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS.
abstract: An ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of zopiclone and zolpidem in whole blood, for use in cases with suspected driving under influence of drugs (DUID) and autopsy cases. Sample preparation was performed with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using ethyl acetate/n-heptane (80:20, v/v) and 0.1mL whole blood. Deuterated analogues were used as internal standards (IS) for both compounds. The compounds were separated using a reversed phase C18-column (2.1mm×100mm, 1.7μm), with a flow rate of 0.5mL/min, 1μL injected and gradient elution with 5mM ammonium formate pH 10.2 and acetonitrile. Quantification was done by MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive mode. The run time of the method was 4.5min including equilibration time. The calibration curves of extracted whole blood standards were fitted by linear-order calibration curves weighted 1/x, with R(2) values above 0.999 for both compounds. Intermediate precision and accuracies (bias) were 2.4-12.9% RSD and from -5.9 to 6.8%, respectively. Recoveries of the compounds were ≥70%. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for zopiclone was 0.50nmol/L (0.19ng/mL) or 0.05pg injected on column, and 3.5nmol/mL (1.10ng/mL) for zolpidem, or 0.27pg injected on column. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2nmol/L (0.08ng/mL) for zopiclone and 0.3nmol/L (0.09ng/mL) for zolpidem. Matrix effects (ME) were between 108 and 115% when calculated against IS. A comparison with former confirmation LC-MS method at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Medicine (NIPH) was performed during method validation. Good correlation was seen for both compounds. The method has been running on a routine basis for two years, and has proven to be very robust and reliable with satisfactory long term precision and bias and with results for external quality samples corresponding well to consensus mean or median. Zopiclone and zolpidem concentrations in post mortem and ante mortem cases were reported. The method also meets the requirements of the legislative limits for driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs introduced in the Norwegian Road Traffic Act Law from 2012.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eliassen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: lena.kristoffersen@fhi.no.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kristoffersen
mesh_terms: D001344:Autopsy; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds / Q000097:blood*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000097:blood*; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D009664:Norway; D010879:Piperazines / Q000097:blood*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000097:blood*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; C515050:zopiclone; D000077334:Zolpidem
keywords: Liquid–liquid extraction; Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; Whole blood; Zolpidem; Zopiclone; z-hypnotica