title: First report of the successful operation of a side stream supersaturation hypolimnetic oxygenation system in a eutrophic, shallow reservoir.
abstract: Controlling hypolimnetic hypoxia is a key goal of water quality management. Hypoxic conditions can trigger the release of reduced metals and nutrients from lake sediments, resulting in taste and odor problems as well as nuisance algal blooms. In deep lakes and reservoirs, hypolimnetic oxygenation has emerged as a viable solution for combating hypoxia. In shallow lakes, however, it is difficult to add oxygen into the hypolimnion efficiently, and a poorly designed hypolimnetic oxygenation system could potentially result in higher turbidity, weakened thermal stratification, and warming of the sediments. As a result, little is known about the viability of hypolimnetic oxygenation in shallow bodies of water. Here, we present the results from recent successful tests of side stream supersaturation (SSS), a type of hypolimnetic oxygenation system, in a shallow reservoir and compare it to previous side stream deployments. We investigated the sensitivity of Falling Creek Reservoir, a shallow (Zmax = 9.3 m) drinking water reservoir located in Vinton, Virginia, USA, to SSS operation. We found that the SSS system increased hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentrations at a rate of ∼1 mg/L/week without weakening stratification or warming the sediments. Moreover, the SSS system suppressed the release of reduced iron and manganese, and likely phosphorus, from the sediments. In summary, SSS systems hold great promise for controlling hypolimnetic oxygen conditions in shallow lakes and reservoirs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Derring Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: alexg13@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Alexandra B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gerling
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.affiliation: Gantzer Water Resources Engineering, LLC, Kirkland, WA 98034, USA.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gantzer
authors.affiliation: Mobley Engineering Inc., Norris, TN 37828, USA.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mobley
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Little
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Derring Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Cayelan C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Carey
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D005068:Eutrophication / Q000187:drug effects*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014768:Virginia; D014872:Water Movements; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D008345:Manganese; D007501:Iron; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Hypoxia; Internal loading; Iron; Manganese; Phosphorus; Water quality management