title: Actinomyces-like organisms in cervical smears: the association with intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of actinomyces-like organisms in routine cervical smears of Korean women and to evaluate its association with the development of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in these women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of cervical smears between 2011 and 2012 at a single university hospital were searched. If positive for actinomyces-like organisms, the medical record of the patient was searched and development of PID was followed. If the data were not available in the medical record, the patient was contacted by telephone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of actinomyces-like organisms in cervical smears was 0.26% (52/20,390). Forty-two women (80.8%) were intrauterine device (IUD) users: the copper-IUD in 25 women and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in 13 women (type unknown in 4 women). The majority (71.4%, 30/42) of the IUD users maintained the IUD. Prophylactic antibiotics were prescribed to 12 women. Two continuous IUD users were later diagnosed with PID, but these cases were not pelvic actinomycosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It would be a reasonable option to choose the expectant management for asymptomatic women who incidentally showed actinomyces-like organisms in their cervical smear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeo Joo
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Youm
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Jee Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Chul
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Jee
keywords: Actinomyces-like organism; Intrauterine devices; Vaginal smears