title: Glaucoma secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glaucoma secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an uncommon but serious complication that threatens vision and therefore cannot be neglected. A few cases of secondary glaucoma resulting from lupus-induced or iatrogenic ocular impairments have been reported in association with SLE. However, a systematic analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma secondary to SLE has not been reported in the literature. The aim of this study is to further investigate the relationship between glaucoma and SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we reviewed nine eyes of five patients diagnosed with secondary glaucoma associated with SLE, including one case of neovascular glaucoma and four cases of steroid-induced glaucoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neovascular glaucoma was successfully treated by Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation surgery with adjunctive ranibizumab intravitreal injection, followed by panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). The steroid-induced glaucoma in eight eyes of four cases were controlled by trabeculectomy along with antiproliferative agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular follow-up ocular examinations should be conducted to ensure early diagnosis and treatment of secondary glaucoma in SLE patients to improve the prognosis of vision.
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
authors.forename: Wenbin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
authors.forename: Xinbo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China.
authors.forename: Huixin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
authors.forename: Keming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China; Glaucoma Department, Clinical Research Center, Institution of Drug Clinical Trials, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guandong 510060, China. Email: zhangxl2@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiulan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000069579:Ranibizumab