title: Assessment of altered three-dimensional blood characteristics in aortic disease by velocity distribution analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the feasibility of velocity distribution analysis for identifying altered three-dimensional (3D) flow characteristics in patients with aortic disease based on 4D flow MRI volumetric analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with aortic (Ao) dilation (mid ascending aortic diameter MAA = 40 ± 7 mm, age = 56 ± 17 years, 11 females) underwent cardiovascular MRI. Four groups were retrospectively defined: mild Ao dilation (n = 10; MAA < 35 mm); moderate Ao dilation (n = 10; 35 < MAA < 45 mm); severe Ao dilation (n = 10; MAA > 45 mm); Ao dilation+aortic stenosis AS (n = 10; MAA > 35 mm and peak velocity > 2.5 m/s). The 3D PC-MR angiograms were computed and used to obtain a 3D segmentation of the aorta which was divided into four segments: root, ascending aorta, arch, descending aorta. Radial chart displays were used to visualize multiple parameters representing segmental changes in the 3D velocity distribution associated with aortic disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in the velocity field and geometry between cohorts resulted in distinct hemodynamic patterns for each aortic segment. Disease progression from mild to Ao dilation + AS resulted in significant differences (P < 0.05) in flow parameters across cohorts and increased radial chart size for root and ascending aorta segments by 146% and 99%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Volumetric 4D velocity distribution analysis has the potential to identify characteristic changes in regional blood flow patterns in patients with aortic disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Ooij
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schnell
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine - Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Jyothy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Puthumana
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Bonow
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.|Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: 4D flow MRI; aortic dilation