title: The wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1: a systematic review.
abstract: Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1), also known as distal spinal-muscular atrophy 1 (DSMA10), is an autosomal recessive type of spinal muscular atrophy that is related to mutations in the IGHMBP2 gene, which encodes for the immunoglobulin μ-binding protein. SMARD1 patients usually present low birth weight, diaphragmatic palsy and distal muscular atrophy. Clinical features are still the most important factor that leads to the diagnosis of SMARD1, due to the fact that IGHMBP2 gene mutations are characterized by significant phenotypic heterogeneity. In the present review, we will systematically discuss the genetic, clinical and neuropathological features of SMARD1 in order to provide a complete overview of SMARD1 variable clinical presentations and of the most important diagnostic tools which can be used to identify and properly manage affected individuals. This background is crucial also in the perspective of the development of novel therapeutic strategies for this still orphan disorder.
authors.affiliation: Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porro
authors.affiliation: Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rinchetti
authors.affiliation: Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magri
authors.affiliation: Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulietta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riboldi
authors.affiliation: Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nizzardo
authors.affiliation: Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.affiliation: Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zanetta
authors.affiliation: Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Faravelli
authors.affiliation: Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: stefania.corti@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corti
mesh_terms: D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009134:Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D059906:Neuroimaging; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C489892:IGHMBP2 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Clinical presentations; Diagnostic criteria; IGHMBP2 gene; Immunoglobulin μ binding protein; Infantile neuromuscular disorders; SMARD1