title: Problem of time: facets and Machian strategy.
abstract: The problem of time is that "time" in each of ordinary quantum theory and general relativity are mutually incompatible notions. This causes difficulties in trying to put these two theories together to form a theory of quantum gravity. The problem of time has eight facets in canonical approaches. I clarify that all but one of these facets already occur at the classical level, and reconceptualize and re-name some of these facets as follows. The frozen formalism problem becomes temporal relationalism, the thin sandwich problem becomes configurational relationalism, via the notion of best matching. The problem of observables becomes the problem of beables, and the functional evolution problem becomes the constraint closure problem. I also outline how each of the global and multiple-choice problems of time have their own plurality of facets. This article additionally contains a local resolution to the problem of time at the conceptual level and which is actually realizable for the relational triangle and minisuperspace models. This resolution is, moreover, Machian, and has three levels: classical, semiclassical, and a combined semiclassical-histories-timeless records scheme. I end by delineating the current frontiers of this program toward resolution of the problem of time in the cases of full general relativity and of slightly inhomogeneous cosmology.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011340:Problem Solving; D011789:Quantum Theory; D013995:Time
keywords: background independence; problem of time; quantum gravity; quantum theory