title: Carotid artery stenting: second consensus document of the ICCS/ISO-SPREAD joint committee.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major debate in cerebrovascular medicine today is over the choice of the best treatment to implement for stenosis of the carotid artery. Carotid artery stenting is a less invasive technique than endarterectomy for the treatment of carotid stenosis, and is becoming more widely performed, particularly on patients with carotid artery stenosis who present also with comorbidities. To address the aspects related to the use of carotid artery stenting, an Italian multidisciplinary task force comprising the most representative scientific societies concerned with carotid artery disease was set up to provide neurologists, radiologists, cardiologists, vascular surgeons, and all those involved in stroke prevention and treatment with an updated, evidence-based consensus document.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The task force followed a structured methodology to assess the literature on carotid stenosis in order to provide a summary of the main issues related to carotid artery stenting, including the definition of the grade of symptomatic carotid artery stenosis, indications for intervening on the carotid artery stenosis, establishing whether to perform either a surgical or an endovascular procedure, the training, credentialization, and competency needed by physicians to perform carotid artery stenting, acceptable complication rates and risk certification for carotid artery stenting, management of stented patients, durability of carotid artery stenting, and future tasks. Here, we outline the main findings of this effort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As for any guideline or consensus statement, each point is valid as long as the evidence on which it is based remains up to date. In a fast-evolving field of medicine such as that of carotid artery stenosis management, and in particular carotid artery stenting, the stimulation of continuous and fruitful discussion among all professionals involved is mandatory. We hope that this document may provide a standardized basis for the application of carotid artery stenting as implemented today.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS MultiMedica Hospital, Castellanza, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Setacci
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cremonesi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
authors.forename: Gianmarco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Donato
authors.forename: Patrizio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castelli
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pratesi
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peinetti
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaninelli
authors.forename: Gian Franco
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gensini
mesh_terms: D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000628:therapy*; D032921:Consensus; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012306:Risk; D015607:Stents