title: Investigating executive functions in children with severe speech and movement disorders using structured tasks.
abstract: Executive functions are the basis for goal-directed activity and include planning, monitoring, and inhibition, and language seems to play a role in the development of these functions. There is a tradition of studying executive function in both typical and atypical populations, and the present study investigates executive functions in children with severe speech and motor impairments who are communicating using communication aids with graphic symbols, letters, and/or words. There are few neuropsychological studies of children in this group and little is known about their cognitive functioning, including executive functions. It was hypothesized that aided communication would tax executive functions more than speech. Twenty-nine children using communication aids and 27 naturally speaking children participated. Structured tasks resembling everyday activities, where the action goals had to be reached through communication with a partner, were used to get information about executive functions. The children (a) directed the partner to perform actions like building a Lego tower from a model the partner could not see and (b) gave information about an object without naming it to a person who had to guess what object it was. The executive functions of planning, monitoring, and impulse control were coded from the children's on-task behavior. Both groups solved most of the tasks correctly, indicating that aided communicators are able to use language to direct another person to do a complex set of actions. Planning and lack of impulsivity was positively related to task success in both groups. The aided group completed significantly fewer tasks, spent longer time and showed more variation in performance than the comparison group. The aided communicators scored lower on planning and showed more impulsivity than the comparison group, while both groups showed an equal degree of monitoring of the work progress. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that aided language tax executive functions more than speech. The results may also indicate that aided communicators have less experience with these kinds of play activities. The findings broaden the perspective on executive functions and have implications for interventions for motor-impaired children developing aided communication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway ; Section of Paediatric Neuro-habilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stadskleiv
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Tetzchner
authors.affiliation: CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, McMaster University Hamilton, Canada.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Batorowicz
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Balkom
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Gothenburg University Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahlgren-Sandberg
authors.affiliation: Catholic University of Applied Sciences Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Renner
keywords: aided communication; assessment; cerebral palsy; executive functions; severe speech and movement disorder