title: [The role of arecoline on hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes rats].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effects of arecoline on hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes rats and to elucidate its possible mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty five Wistar rats were fed with high fructose diet for 12 weeks to induce type 2 diabetic rat model. rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8): control group, model group and model group were treated with different dose (0, 0.5, 1, 5 mg/kg) of arecoline. After 4 weeks, the fasting blood glucose, blood lipid and insulin level measured , mRNA expression of liver constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the protein expression of p-AKT and glucose transporter4 (GLUT4) were detected by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1.5 mg/kg arecoline could significantly decrease the level of fasting blood glucose, blood lipid, blood insulin level and liver G6Pase, PEPCK, IL-6, TNF-alpha mRNA level in type 2 diabetes rats. 1.5 mg/kg arecoline also could significantly increase CAR, PXR mRNA level and p-AKT and GLUT4 protein expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arecoline improved hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes rats by increasing the mRNA levels of CAR and PXR leading to the creased glucose metabolism and inflammation related genes expression.
authors.forename: Hong-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Qi-Xin
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Zhu-Qing
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Si-Si
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jian-Qin
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Kai-Fang
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001115:Arecoline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) / Q000378:metabolism; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000090702:Constitutive Androstane Receptor; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D000077297:Pregnane X Receptor; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; C495694:Slc2a4 protein, rat; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001115:Arecoline; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase; C582554:Pck1 protein, rat; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)