title: TagTrainer: supporting exercise variability and tailoring in technology supported upper limb training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rehabilitation technology for upper limb training can potentially increase the amount, duration, and quality of therapy offered to patients by targeting the needs of individual patients. Empirical evaluations of such technologies focus on clinical effectiveness; however, little is known regarding the implications of their implementation in daily practice. Tailoring training content to patients requires active participation by therapists, and requires an extension of their role to include authoring and modifying exercises. It is not yet known whether this is feasible, and the socio-technical requirements that will make it successful in practice have not yet been explored. The current study investigates the extent to which therapists can take the role of authoring patient-specific training content and whether effort savings can be achieved by sharing the created content.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present TagTrainer: an interactive tabletop system for rehabilitation that can be operated by manipulating every day physical objects in order to carry out exercises that simulate daily living tasks. TagTrainer supports therapists in creating their own exercises that fit individual patient needs, in adjusting existing exercises, and in putting together personalized exercise programs for and with patients. Four therapists in stroke- and paraplegia-rehabilitation have used TagTrainer for three weeks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the therapists, questionnaires were administered to them, and observation notes and usage logs were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 20 exercises were created from scratch, while another three exercises were created as variations of the existing ones. Importantly, all these exercises were created to address specific needs that patients expressed. The patients found the exercises motivating and these exercises were integrated into their regular training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TagTrainer can support arm-hand rehabilitation training by increasing therapy variability and tailoring. Therapists consider TagTrainer most suited for group sessions where they supervise many patients at once. Therapists are motivated and are able to, with minimal training, create and tailor exercises for patients fitting individual needs and capabilities. Future research will examine the socio-technical conditions that will encourage therapists to contribute and share training content, and provide the peer support needed for the adoption of a new technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. d.tetteroo@tue.nl.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tetteroo
authors.forename: Annick A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Timmermans
authors.forename: Henk A M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Seelen
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Markopoulos
mesh_terms: D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000193:education / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D034941:Upper Extremity