title: Increased Levels of Chitotriosidase and YKL-40 in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers total tau, abnormally phosphorylated tau and amyloid β 1-42 are strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apart from the pathologic hallmarks that these biomarkers represent, other processes such as inflammation and microglial activation are present in the brains of patients with AD. New biomarkers related to these processes could be valuable for the diagnosis and follow-up of AD patients and for the evaluation of inflammation-related pathologies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of inflammatory CSF biomarkers with AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five AD patients and 25 controls who had a pathological and normal CSF profile of the core AD biomarkers, respectively, were included in this study. CSF levels of chitotriosidase, YKL-40 (also known as chitinase-3-like protein 1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were quantified and the levels compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AD patients had increased CSF levels of chitotriosidase and YKL-40 (both approximately twice higher than in controls), while the levels of MCP-1 were similar in the AD and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that chitotriosidase and YKL-40 may be helpful for the evaluation of cerebral inflammatory activity in AD patients.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosén
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carl-Henrik
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Andreasson
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Molinuevo
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjerke
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rami
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lladó
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden ; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Biomarkers; Cerebrospinal fluid; Inflammation