title: Proteomic study reveals a functional network of cancer markers in the G1-Stage of the breast cancer cell cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer cells are characterized by a deregulated cell cycle that facilitates abnormal proliferation by allowing cells to by-pass tightly regulated molecular checkpoints such as the G1/S restriction point. To facilitate early diagnosis and the identification of new drug targets, current research efforts focus on studies that could lead to the development of protein panels that collectively can improve the effectiveness of our response to the detection of a life-threatening disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cells were cultured and arrested by serum deprivation in the G1-stage of the cell cycle, and fractionated into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. The protein extracts were trypsinized and analyzed by liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry (MS), and the data were interpreted with the Thermo Electron Bioworks software. Biological characterization of the data, selection of cancer markers, and identification of protein interaction networks was accomplished with a combination of bioinformatics tools provided by GoMiner, DAVID and STRING.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The objective of this work was to explore via MS proteomic profiling technologies and bioinformatics data mining whether randomly identified cancer markers can be associated with the G1-stage of the cell cycle, i.e., the stage in which cancer cells differ most from normal cells, and whether any functional networks can be identified between these markers and placed in the broader context of cell regulatory pathways. The study enabled the identification of over 2000 proteins and 153 cancer markers, and revealed for the first time that the G1-stage of the cell cycle is not only a rich source of cancer markers, but also a host to an intricate network of functional relationships within the majority of these markers. Three major clusters of interacting proteins emerged: (a) signaling, (b) DNA repair, and (c) oxidative phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of cancer marker regulatory components that act not alone, but within networks, represents an invaluable resource for elucidating the moxlecular mechanisms that govern the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells, as well as for catalyzing the development of protein panels with biomarker and drug target potential, screening tests with improved sensitivity and specificity, and novel cancer therapies aimed at pursuing multiple drug targets.
authors.forename: Milagros J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tenga
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. malazar@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Iulia M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lazar
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019295:Computational Biology; D004249:DNA Damage; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020543:Proteome