title: Hexaminolevulinate blue-light cystoscopy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: review of the clinical evidence and consensus statement on appropriate use in the USA.
abstract: Hexaminolevulinate (HAL) is a tumour photosensitizer that is used in combination with blue-light cystoscopy (BLC) as an adjunct to white-light cystoscopy (WLC) in the diagnosis and management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Since being licensed in Europe in 2005, HAL has been used in >200,000 procedures, with consistent evidence that it improves detection compared with WLC alone. Current data support an additional role in the reduction of recurrence of NMIBC. Since the approval of HAL by the FDA in 2010, experience of HAL-BLC in the USA continues to expand. To define areas of need and to identify the benefits of HAL-BLC in clinical practice, a focus group of expert urologists specializing in the management of patients with bladder cancer convened to review the clinical evidence, share their experiences and reach a consensus regarding the optimal use of HAL-BLC in the USA. The focus group concluded that HAL-BLC should be considered for initial assessment of NMIBC, surveillance for recurrent tumours, diagnosis in patients with positive urine cytology but negative WLC findings, and for tumour staging.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7416, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daneshmand
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7416, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Schuckman
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA.
authors.forename: Bernard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bochner
authors.affiliation: University of Oklahoma Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Leonard G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Gomella
authors.affiliation: MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA.
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.affiliation: MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA.
authors.forename: Ashish M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Badrinath R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Konety
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University, USA.
authors.forename: Kamal S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pohar
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Raj S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pruthi
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Norm D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, N Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, USA.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D032921:Consensus; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014481:United States; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C419924:5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester