title: Annual research review: Infant development, autism, and ADHD--early pathways to emerging disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, with a high degree of co-occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective longitudinal studies of infants who later meet criteria for ASD or ADHD offer the opportunity to determine whether the two disorders share developmental pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prospective studies of younger siblings of children with autism have revealed a range of infant behavioral and neural markers associated with later diagnosis of ASD. Research on infants with later ADHD is less developed, but emerging evidence reveals a number of relations between infant measures and later symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We review this literature, highlighting points of convergence and divergence in the early pathways to ASD and ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Teodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gliga
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Charman
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: ADHD; Neurodevelopmental disorder; autism spectrum disorders; developmental pathways; prediction, risk factors