title: Drug resistance in non-B subtype HIV-1: impact of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes approximately 2.5 million new infections every year, and nearly 1.6 million patients succumb to HIV each year. Several factors, including cross-species transmission and error-prone replication have resulted in extraordinary genetic diversity of HIV groups. One of these groups, known as group M (main) contains nine subtypes (A-D, F-H and J-K) and causes ~95% of all HIV infections. Most reported data on susceptibility and resistance to anti-HIV therapies are from subtype B HIV infections, which are prevalent in developed countries but account for only ~12% of all global HIV infections, whereas non-B subtype HIV infections that account for ~88% of all HIV infections are prevalent primarily in low and middle-income countries. Although the treatments for subtype B infections are generally effective against non-B subtype infections, there are differences in response to therapies. Here, we review how polymorphisms, transmission efficiency of drug-resistant strains, and differences in genetic barrier for drug resistance can differentially alter the response to reverse transcriptase-targeting therapies in various subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. singhka@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Kamalendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. jaf468@mail.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. kirbyk@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden. ujjwal.neogi@ki.se.
authors.forename: Ujjwal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Neogi
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden. Anders.Sonnerborg@ki.se.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sonnerborg
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan. hachiya@mail-nmc.jp.
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hachiya
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. kalyan@cabm.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Kalyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. arnold@cabm.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science , School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. McArthurC@umkc.edu.
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. map167@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parniak
authors.affiliation: Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. sarafianoss@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Stefan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sarafianos
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors