title: Prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with cystic fibrosis and parent caregivers: results of The International Depression Epidemiological Study across nine countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with chronic diseases and parent caregivers are at increased risk for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Prevalence of psychological symptoms was evaluated in adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and parent caregivers across nine countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with CF, ages 12 years and older, and caregivers of children with CF, birth to18 years of age, completed measures of depression and anxiety across 154 CF centres in Europe and the USA. Psychological symptoms were compared across countries using χ(2). Logistic regression examined extent of comorbid symptoms, predictors of depression and anxiety, and concordance between parent and adolescent symptomatology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychological symptoms were reported by 6088 patients with CF and 4102 parents. Elevated symptoms of depression were found in 10% of adolescents, 19% of adults, 37% of mothers and 31% of fathers. Elevations in anxiety were found in 22% of adolescents, 32% of adults, 48% of mothers and 36% of fathers. Overall, elevations were 2-3 times those of community samples. Participants reporting elevated anxiety were more likely to report depression (ORs: adolescents=14.97, adults=13.64, mothers=15.52, fathers=9.20). Significant differences in reports of depression and anxiety were found by patient age and parent respondent. Concordance between 1122 parent-teen dyads indicated that adolescents whose parents reported depression were more likely to be elevated on depression (OR=2.32). Similarly, adolescents whose parents reported anxiety were more likely to score in the elevated range on the anxiety measure (OR=2.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms of depression and anxiety were elevated in both patients with CF and parents across several European countries and the USA. Annual screening of psychological symptoms is recommended for both patients and parents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Pediatrics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Quittner
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldbeck
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: The Regional Paediatric CF Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, Yorkshire, UK.
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duff
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Lifespan Psychology, Free University Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lambrecht
authors.affiliation: Adult CF and Lung Transplant Unit, University Hospital la Fe, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solé
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marijke M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tibosch
authors.affiliation: Stockholm CF Centre, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergsten Brucefors
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.affiliation: Meyer Hospital CF Regional Centre, Florence, Pediatric Department, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catastini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005192:Family Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cystic Fibrosis; Paediatric Lung Disaese; Psychology