title: Evaluation of hemodynamic properties of cerebral venous drainage in patients with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to compare patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy control subjects as regards hemodynamics of cerebral venous drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December 2012 and May 2013, 44 consecutive patients with multiple sclerosis and 44 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects underwent the B-mode, color Doppler, and duplex Doppler evaluations of the internal jugular vein (IJV) and vertebral vein. The following four parameters were investigated: IJV stenosis, reversal of postural control of the cerebral venous outflow pathways, absence of detectable blood flow in the IJVs and/or vertebral veins, and reflux in the IJVs and/or vertebral veins in the sitting or supine position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study group, IJV stenosis, postural control reversal of the cerebral venous outflow pathways, and absence of flow in the IJVs and/or vertebral veins were found in 3 (6.8%), 2 (4.5%), and 3 (6.8%) patients, respectively. In the control group, IJV stenosis (P=0.12), postural control reversal of the cerebral venous outflow pathways (P=0.50), and absence of flow (P=0.12) were not detected. Abnormal reflux was found neither in multiple sclerosis patients nor in healthy subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant difference in the cerebral venous drainage through the IJV or vertebral vein was found between patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy subjects within any of the investigated ultrasonographic parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran ; Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Babaei
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jandaghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Dayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Roudbari
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza Rajabzadeh
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kanafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pourghorban
keywords: Doppler; Hemodynamics; Jugular Veins; Multiple Sclerosis; Ultrasonography; Venous Insufficiency