title: Do self-referent metacognition and residential context predict depressive symptoms across late-life span? A developmental study in an Italian sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is controversial evidence concerning the variables favoring depression in community-dwelling elderly individuals. This study mainly investigates the impact of lifestyle, residential environment, cognitive efficiency and social desirability in predicting self-assessed depressive signs in late adult span.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty-nine elders were recruited in Northern Italy and Sardinia - an Italian island characterized by the longevity of people living in the inner areas. Participants were presented a battery of questionnaires assessing cognitive efficiency and self-referent measures of depression, metacognition and social desirability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A hierarchical regression analysis showed that residential environment was the most effective predictor of depressive symptoms, along with gardening and spending time for hobbies. In contrast, social desirability and metacognitive scores played a minor role in predicting mental health. An analysis of variance showed that Sardinian elders showed fewer signs of depression than age-matched elders residing in Northern Italy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Sardinian residential environment is a strong predictor of preserved mental health in late adulthood. In contrast, self-rated metacognitive efficiency and social desirability play a very marginal role in predicting depression among the elderly.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fastame
authors.forename: Paul Kenneth
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hitchcott
authors.forename: Maria Pietronilla
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Penna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006803:Human Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000208:ethnology; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D000067489:Metacognition / Q000502:physiology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012928:Social Desirability
keywords: aging; depression; mental health; metacognition; older adults; predictors; social desirability