title: Quantitative susceptibility mapping: current status and future directions.
abstract: Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a new technique for quantifying magnetic susceptibility. It has already found various applications in quantifying in vivo iron content, calcifications and changes in venous oxygen saturation. The accuracy of susceptibility mapping is dependent on several factors. In this review, we evaluate the entire process of QSM from data acquisition to individual data processing steps. We also show preliminary results of several new concepts introduced in this review in an attempt to improve the quality and accuracy for certain steps. The uncertainties in estimating susceptibility differences using susceptibility maps, phase images, and T2* maps are analyzed and compared. Finally, example clinical applications are presented. We conclude that QSM holds great promise in quantifying iron and becoming a standard clinical tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: nmrimaging@aol.com.
authors.forename: E Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Haacke
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Saifeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buch
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Weili
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Yongquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000592:standards; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Iron quantification; Magnetic susceptibility; Phase imaging; Quantitative susceptibility mapping; Susceptibility weighted imaging; Venous oxygen saturation