title: Column test-based optimization of the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technique for remediating groundwater contaminated by landfill leachates.
abstract: We investigated the optimum composition of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) materials for remediating groundwater heavily contaminated by landfill leachate, in column tests using various mixtures of zero-valent iron (ZVI), zeolite (Zeo) and activated carbon (AC) with 0.01-0.25, 3.0-5.0 and 0.7-1.0mm grain sizes, respectively. The main contributors to the removal of organic/inorganic contaminants were ZVI and AC, and the optimum weight ratio of the three PRB materials for removing the contaminants and maintaining adequate hydraulic conductivity was found to be 5:1:4. Average reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and contents of total nitrogen (TN), ammonium, Ni, Pb and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from test samples using this mixture were 55.8%, 70.8%, 89.2%, 70.7%, 92.7% and 94.2%, respectively. We also developed a systematic method for estimating the minimum required thickness and longevity of the PRB materials. A ≥ 309.6 cm layer with the optimum composition is needed for satisfactory longevity, defined here as meeting the Grade III criteria (the Chinese National Bureau of Standards: GB/T14848/93) for in situ treatment of the sampled groundwater for ≥ 10 years.
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen, University, 135 Xin'gang RD.W., Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Key Laboratory for Aquatic Product Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen, University, 135 Xin'gang RD.W., Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen, University, 135 Xin'gang RD.W., Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Key Laboratory for Aquatic Product Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen, University, 135 Xin'gang RD.W., Guangzhou 510275, PR China. Electronic address: eesly@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, No. 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
authors.forename: Yinbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Bonaray Analysis Instrument Technology Co., Ltd, Building A5, High and New Technology Industrial Development Zone, Jining 272000, PR China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Environmental Technology Center, 28 Modiesha Avenue, Xingang Dong Road, Guangzhou 510308, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiongfei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, No. 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhiliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen, University, 135 Xin'gang RD.W., Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Key Laboratory for Aquatic Product Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen, University, 135 Xin'gang RD.W., Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
authors.forename: Junyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Nanhai Environmental Technology Center of Foshan City, Environmental Protection Building, 4 New RD. 3S., Guicheng, Foshan 528200, PR China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: National College of Technology, 355 Chokushicho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8058, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamon
mesh_terms: D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry; D002681:China; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017641:Zeolites / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017641:Zeolites; D002606:Charcoal; D007501:Iron
keywords: Component ratio; Contamination; Groundwater; Longevity; Permeable reactive barrier (PRB); Remediation; Thickness