title: Determination of equine deep digital flexor muscle volume based on distances between anatomical landmarks.
abstract: In equine medicine the use of Botox® is experimental. Dosages are determined from human treatment-protocols and limited numbers of equine studies. Determination of target-muscle volume can be helpful to extrapolate human dosages. The aim of the study was to calculate a formula enabling the estimation of the deep digital flexor muscle (DDFM) volume based on distances between anatomical landmarks. Nineteen cadaveric limbs were collected and distance A (top of olecranon to Os carpi accessorium) and B (circumference of limb) were measured. Converting mathematical formulas, C was calculated: π × (((0.5B)/π)(2)) × A. DDFM volume was determined by water displacement. Linear Regression Analysis was used to analyse data. The line best fitting the observed points was: Ln(volume[ml]) = -1.89 + 0.98 × Ln(value C[cm(3)]). Correlation was highest when natural logarithm was applied to both variables and was 0.97. The calculated formula enables estimating DDFM volume of a living horse. This estimated volume can be useful to apply human Botox® treatment-protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hardeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: van der Meij
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A A H
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Kolk
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Back
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: i.d.wijnberg@uu.nl.
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Wijnberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002102:Cadaver; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005121:Extremities / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics / Q000379:methods*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D056740:Olecranon Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009929:Organ Size; D014457:Ulna / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: Botox; deep digital flexor; equine; laminitis; muscle volume