title: Ability of bone graft substitutes to support the osteoprogenitor cells: An in-vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare seven commercially available bone graft substitutes (BGS) in terms of these properties and without using any additional biological growth factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine osteoprogenitor cells were loaded on seven commercially available BGS and allowed to proliferate for one week followed by osteogenic induction. Staining for live/dead cells as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to determine viability and cellular binding. Further outcome measures included alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays with normalisation for DNA content to quantify osteogenic potential. Negative and positive control experiments were carried out in parallel to validate the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Live/dead and SEM imaging showed higher viability and attachment with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) than with other BGS (P < 0.05). The average ALP activity in nmol/mL (normalised value for DNA content in nmol/μg DNA) per sample was 657.58 (132.03) for β-TCP, 36.22 (unable to normalise) for calcium sulphate, 19.93 (11.39) for the Hydroxyapatite/Tricalcium Phosphate composite, 14.79 (18.53) for polygraft, 13.98 (8.15) for the highly porous β-Tricalcium Phosphate, 5.56 (10.0) for polymers, and 3.82 (3.8) for Hydroxyapatite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the above experimental conditions, β-TCP was able to maintain better the viability of osteoprogenitor cells and allow proliferation and differentiation (P < 0.05).
authors.affiliation: Ziad Dahabreh, Michalis Panteli, Ippokratis Pountos, Peter V Giannoudis, Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LS1 3EX Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dahabreh
authors.affiliation: Ziad Dahabreh, Michalis Panteli, Ippokratis Pountos, Peter V Giannoudis, Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LS1 3EX Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panteli
authors.affiliation: Ziad Dahabreh, Michalis Panteli, Ippokratis Pountos, Peter V Giannoudis, Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LS1 3EX Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ippokratis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pountos
authors.affiliation: Ziad Dahabreh, Michalis Panteli, Ippokratis Pountos, Peter V Giannoudis, Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LS1 3EX Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Ziad Dahabreh, Michalis Panteli, Ippokratis Pountos, Peter V Giannoudis, Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LS1 3EX Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Ziad Dahabreh, Michalis Panteli, Ippokratis Pountos, Peter V Giannoudis, Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, LS1 3EX Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Giannoudis
keywords: Bone; Bone graft; Bone graft substitute; Fracture healing; Osteoprogenitor cells