title: Infrared thermography detects febrile and behavioural responses to vaccination of weaned piglets.
abstract: An automated, non-invasive system for monitoring of thermoregulation has the potential to mitigate swine diseases through earlier detection. Measurement of radiated temperature of groups of animals by infrared thermography (IRT) is an essential component of such a system. This study reports on the feasibility of monitoring the radiated temperature of groups of animals as a biomarker of immune response using vaccination as a model for febrile disease. In Study A, weaned pigs were either treated with an intramuscular vaccine (FarrowSure Gold), a sham injection of 0.9% saline or left as untreated controls. An infrared thermal camera (FLIR A320) was fixed to the ceiling directly above the pen of animals, and recorded infrared images of the treatment groups at 5 min intervals. The effect on temperature of the spatial distribution of pigs within the pen was significant, with higher temperatures recorded when pigs were grouped together into a single cluster. A higher frequency of clustering behaviour was observed in vaccinated animals compared with controls during a period of the afternoon ~4 to 7 h post-vaccination. The daily mean of the maximum image temperature was significantly higher in vaccinated animals compared with control and sham-treated animals. In the vaccination treated group, the 24 h mean of the maximum temperature was significantly higher during the post-vaccination period compared with the 24 h period before vaccination. Increased temperature in the vaccinated animals occurred from ~3 h, peaked at ~10 h, and remained elevated for up to 20 h post-vaccination. In Study B, the effect of prevalence was tested in terms of the difference in maximum temperature between control and vaccination days. A thermal response to vaccination was detected in a pen of 24 to 26 animals when <10% of the animals were vaccinated. The results support the concept of radiated temperature measurements of groups of animals by IRT as a screening tool for febrile diseases in pig barns.
authors.affiliation: 1Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development,Livestock Research and Extension Division,Lacombe Research Centre,6000 C&E Trail,Lacombe,Alberta,Canada T4L 1W1.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,Lacombe Research Centre,6000 C&E Trail,Lacombe,Alberta,Canada T4L 1W1.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chabot
authors.affiliation: 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,Lacombe Research Centre,6000 C&E Trail,Lacombe,Alberta,Canada T4L 1W1.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.affiliation: 3University of Alberta,3-10G Agriculture/Forestry Centre,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada T6G 2P5.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bench
authors.affiliation: 3University of Alberta,3-10G Agriculture/Forestry Centre,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada T6G 2P5.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001831:Body Temperature; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D007259:Infrared Rays; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D013552:Swine / Q000276:immunology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: febrile response; infrared thermography; pigs; vaccination