title: Night shift work at specific age ranges and chronic disease risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association of night shift work history and age when night shift work was performed with cancer and cardiovascular disease risk factors among 54 724 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) II.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated age-adjusted and socioeconomic status-adjusted means and percentages for cancer and cardiovascular risk factors in 2009 across categories of night shift work history. We used multivariable-adjusted logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for key risk factors among 54 724 participants (72% ever shift workers). We further examined these associations by age (20-25, 26-35, 36-45 and 46+ years) at which shift work was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ever night shift workers had increased odds of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2); OR=1.37, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.43); higher caffeine intake (≥131 mg/day; OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.22) and total calorie intake (≥1715 kcal/day; OR=1.09, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.13); current smoking (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.42); and shorter sleep durations (≤7 h of sleep/day; OR=1.19, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.24) compared to never night shift workers. These estimates varied depending on age at which night work was performed, with a suggestion that night shift work before age 25 was associated with fewer risk factors compared to night shift work at older ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that night shift work may contribute to an adverse chronic disease risk profile, and that risk factors may vary depending on the age at which night shift work was performed.
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Cody
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramin
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Devore
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Weike
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pierre-Paul
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Lani R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wegrzyn
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA LBI-ACR & ACR-ITR VIEnna/CEADDP, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Eva S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Schernhammer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D009726:Nurses; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine