title: A systematic review of episodic volunteering in public health and other contexts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Episodic volunteers are a critical resource for public health non-profit activities but are poorly understood. A systematic review was conducted to describe the empirical evidence about episodic volunteering (EV) in the public health sector and more broadly. Study location, focus and temporal trends of EV research were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve key bibliographic databases (1990-April week 2, 2014) were searched, including Google Scholar. Empirical studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals that identified participants as EVs who volunteered to support Not-for-Profit organisations in the health and social welfare sectors were included. EV definitions, characteristics, economic costs, antecedents and outcomes and theoretical approaches were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  41 articles met initial review criteria and 20 were specific to the health or social welfare sectors. EV definitions were based on one or more of three dimensions of duration, frequency, and task. EVs were predominantly female, middle aged, Caucasian (North American) and college/university educated. Fundraising was the most common EV activity and 72% had volunteered at least once. No studies examined the economic costs of EV. There was little consistency in EV antecedents and outcomes, except motives which primarily related to helping others, forming social connections, and self-psychological or physical enhancement. Most studies were atheoretical. Three authors proposed new theoretical frameworks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research is required to underpin the development of an agreed consensus definition of EV. Moreover, an EV evidence-base including salient theories and measures is needed to develop EV engagement and retention strategies for the health and social welfare sectors.
authors.affiliation: Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia. melissa.hyde@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Melissa K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Scuffham
authors.forename: Suzanne K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009939:Organizations, Nonprofit / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health; D012946:Social Welfare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014838:Volunteers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*