title: Drug-drug interactions and risk of bleeding among inpatients on warfarin therapy: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Warfarin is known for its interaction with many drugs, resulting in undesired treatment outcomes such as bleeding. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of drug-drug interactions and determinants of bleeding among inpatients on warfarin therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of inpatients on warfarin treatment was prospectively followed from date of admission until discharge. The study was carried out from January to October 2013 in Ayder Referral Hospital, Northern Ethiopia. Patients on warfarin therapy during the study period and willing to participate were included as study subjects. Each concurrent medication was collected and checked for drug-drug interactions using Micromedex® online drug reference. Data were analyzed using statistical software, SPSS for windows version 16. The relationship between bleeding complications and independent variables (age, sex, residence, type and number of co-medications, dose and duration of warfarin treatment, INR value) was assessed using binary logistic regression analysis (Odds ratio, 95% confidence interval).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total 133 patients enrolled in the study, 78 (58.9%) were females. The mean age of the study participants was 40.81 ± 17.6 years. The prevalence of drug-drug interactions was 99.2%. Among these, 65 (49.2%) patients had at least one major while the others had moderate level of drug-drug interaction. Twenty two (16.5%) patients have developed bleeding complications. Increase in international normalized ratio value was found to be strongly associated with risk of bleeding (P value = 0.00; OR = 0.03 (0.00-0.46)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug-drug interactions with warfarin were prevalent in the study hospital. Bleeding complications due to warfarin were also high. Thus, clinicians should be aware of potential interactions and monitor patients' international normalized ratio closely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Gebrehiwot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Teklay
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Nuredin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shiferaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Befikadu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Legesse
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Mebratu Legesse
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bekele
keywords: Bleeding; Drug-drug interaction; Ethiopia; Warfarin