title: Occupational class inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality among middle-aged men in 14 European populations during the early 2000s.
abstract: This study analyses occupational class inequalities in all-cause mortality and four specific causes of death among men, in Europe in the early 2000s, and is the most extensive comparative analysis of occupational class inequalities in mortality in Europe so far. Longitudinal data, obtained from population censuses and mortality registries in 14 European populations, from around the period 2000-2005, were used. Analyses concerned men aged 30-59 years and included all-cause mortality and mortality from all cancers, all cardiovascular diseases (CVD), all external, and all other causes. Occupational class was analysed according to five categories: upper and lower non-manual workers, skilled and unskilled manual workers, and farmers and self-employed combined. Inequalities were quantified with mortality rate ratios, rate differences, and population attributable fractions (PAF). Relative and absolute inequalities in all-cause mortality were more pronounced in Finland, Denmark, France, and Lithuania than in other populations, and the same countries (except France) also had the highest PAF values for all-cause mortality. The main contributing causes to these larger inequalities differed strongly between countries (e.g., cancer in France, all other causes in Denmark). Relative and absolute inequalities in CVD mortality were markedly lower in Southern European populations. We conclude that relative and absolute occupational class differences in all-cause and cause specific mortality have persisted into the early 2000's, although the magnitude differs strongly between populations. Comparisons with previous studies suggest that the relative gap in mortality between occupational classes has further widened in some Northern and Western European populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marlen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toch-Marquardt
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Gwenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menvielle
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Sociology and Political Science, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Terje A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Eikemo
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kulhánová
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margarete C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kulik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bopp
authors.affiliation: Health Studies and Research Unit, Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Donostia-San Sebastián 1, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esnaola
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Domantas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jasilionis
authors.affiliation: Population Research Unit, Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Netta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mäki
authors.affiliation: Population Research Unit, Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martikainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Regidor
authors.affiliation: CHESS, Stockholm University/Karolinksa Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality*; D009790:Occupations; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis