title: The antimicrobial peptide lysozyme is induced after multiple trauma.
abstract: The antimicrobial peptide lysozyme is an important factor of innate immunity and exerts high potential of antibacterial activity. In the present study we evaluated the lysozyme expression in serum of multiple injured patients and subsequently analyzed their possible sources and signaling pathways. Expression of lysozyme was examined in blood samples of multiple trauma patients from the day of trauma until 14 days after trauma by ELISA. To investigate major sources of lysozyme, its expression and regulation in serum samples, different blood cells, and tissue samples were analysed by ELISA and real-time PCR. Neutrophils and hepatocytes were stimulated with cytokines and supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus. The present study demonstrates the induction and release of lysozyme in serum of multiple injured patients. The highest lysozyme expression of all tested cells and tissues was detected in neutrophils. Stimulation with trauma-related factors such as interleukin-6 and S. aureus induced lysozyme expression. Liver tissue samples of patients without trauma show little lysozyme expression compared to neutrophils. After stimulation with bacterial fragments, lysozyme expression of hepatocytes is upregulated significantly. Toll-like receptor 2, a classic receptor of Gram-positive bacterial protein, was detected as a possible target for lysozyme induction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klüter
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fitschen-Oestern
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lippross
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weuster
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6350-3911
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mentlein
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2503-2773
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steubesand
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8537-2238
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neunaber
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7729-9838
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pufe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mersedeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tohidnezhad
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seekamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Deike
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Varoga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000378:metabolism*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D009113:Muramidase