title: Pfcrt 76T and pfmdr1 86Y allele frequency in Plasmodium falciparum isolates and use of self-medication in a rural area of Gabon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies showed that chloroquine resistance may revert to sensitivity after its withdrawal mainly detected by a significant decrease of Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt 76T and pfmdr1 86Y alleles. Besides, self-medication is considered as a key factor of antimalarial drug resistance expansion. Thus, pfcrt 76T and pfmdr1 86Y allele frequency and its relationship with antimalarial drug self-medication was analyzed in P. falciparum isolates collected in Gabon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were collected from febrile children screened for P. falciparum infection in 2005 and 2008 at the regional hospital of Oyem. Self-use of antimalarial drugs before the day of consultation was recorded. Polymorphic codons 76 and 86 of pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes were analyzed by PCR-RFLP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of pfcrt 76T mutant allele was greater than 70.0% in 2005 and 2008. Wild type isolates were 1.7-fold more prevalent in 2008. The prevalence of pfmdr1 86Y mutant allele was comparable between 2005 and 2008 (p=0.1); the proportion of wild type allele reached 20.5% in 2008. The frequency of wild type allele pfcrt K76 or pfmdr1 N86 was higher among patients without anti-malarial drug self-medication compared to those who used it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase of the frequency of P. falciparum wild type allele pfcrt 76K and pfmdr1 86N was observed within a short period after chloroquine withdrawal. The proportion of mutant genotypes is still high, mainly among patients using self-medication with antimalarial drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon, BP 4009 Libreville, Gabon dpmawili@gmail.com.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mawili-Mboumba
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon, BP 4009 Libreville, Gabon.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ndong Ngomo
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon, BP 4009 Libreville, Gabon.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maboko
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon, BP 4009 Libreville, Gabon.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guiyedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon, BP 4009 Libreville, Gabon.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mourou Mbina
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon, BP 4009 Libreville, Gabon.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kombila
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon, BP 4009 Libreville, Gabon.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bouyou Akotet
mesh_terms: D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005681:Gabon / Q000453:epidemiology; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D012424:Rural Population; D012651:Self Medication / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000655:Amodiaquine; D000962:Antimalarials; D002738:Chloroquine; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C513498:Mdr1 protein, Plasmodium falciparum; C416369:PfCRT protein, Plasmodium falciparum
keywords: Gabon; Pfcrt gene; Pfmdr1 gene; Plasmodium falciparum; Resistance; Self-medication