title: Microsurgical anatomy of the lateral condylar vein and its clinical significance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the lateral condylar vein has been encountered in some skull base approaches and used as a route to access the anterior condylar venous confluence, few descriptions can be found in the literature regarding its morphology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the anatomy of the lateral condylar vein and its clinical significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The craniocervical junctions of 3 cadaveric heads, 15 dry bones, and 25 computed tomography venography images were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lateral condylar vein was identified in 88.0% of paracondylar areas, with an average diameter of 3.6 mm. This vein originated near the jugular bulb, descended along the lateral surface of the occipital condyle and medial to the internal jugular vein, cranial nerves IX to XI, and rectus capitis lateralis muscle to drain into the vertebral venous plexus surrounding the vertebral artery. The veins were classified according to their origin from either (1) the anterior condylar confluence or (2) the internal jugular vein. In some specimens, the lateral condylar vein courses within a small osseous canal lateral to the occipital condyle, the paracondylar canal, which was identified in 16.7% of paracondylar areas in the dry bones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lateral condylar vein may be encountered in exposing the jugular bulb, hypoglossal canal, or foramen magnum. This vein has been reported to be a main draining route of dural arteriovenous fistulas, in which case it can be utilized as a transvenous route for endovascular treatment, or obliterated. An understanding of the anatomy of this vein may prove useful in planning skull base and endovascular procedures.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; §Department of Radiology, Oita University, Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan; ¶Department of Neurosurgery, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funaki
authors.forename: Noritaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Komune
authors.forename: Hiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyosue
authors.forename: Masatou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Albert L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rhoton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019291:Skull Base / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult