title: Recommendations for multimodal noninvasive and invasive screening for detection of extracranial venous abnormalities indicative of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: a position statement of the International Society for Neurovascular Disease.
abstract: Under the auspices of the International Society for Neurovascular Disease (ISNVD), four expert panel committees were created from the ISNVD membership between 2011 and 2012 to determine and standardize noninvasive and invasive imaging protocols for detection of extracranial venous abnormalities indicative of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). The committees created working groups on color Doppler ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, catheter venography (CV), and intravascular US. Each group organized a workshop focused on its assigned imaging modality. Non-ISNVD members from other societies were invited to contribute to the various workshops. More than 60 neurology, radiology, vascular surgery, and interventional radiology experts participated in these workshops and contributed to the development of standardized noninvasive and invasive imaging protocols for the detection of extracranial venous abnormalities indicative of CCSVI. This ISNVD position statement presents the MR imaging and intravascular US protocols for the first time and describes refined color Doppler US and CV protocols. It also emphasizes the need for the use of for noninvasive and invasive multimodal imaging to diagnose adequately and monitor extracranial venous abnormalities indicative of CCSVI for open-label or double-blinded, randomized, controlled studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo. Electronic address: rzivadinov@bnac.net.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zivadinov
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, University of Pavia.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bastianello
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dake
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Section of Interventional Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ferral
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: E Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Haacke
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Ziv J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Haskal
authors.affiliation: Applied fMRI Institute, Hubbard Foundation, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Diagnosis, Euromedic Greece, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liasis
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mandato
authors.affiliation: Fresenius Vascular Care and Department of Radiology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical School, Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sclafani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery , School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo.
authors.forename: Adnan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, College of Applied Sciences, Ruda Śląska, Poland.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simka
authors.affiliation: Vascular Disease Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zamboni
mesh_terms: D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis*