title: Immediate efficacy and persistent speed of kill of a novel oral formulation of afoxolaner (NexGardTM) against induced infestations with Ixodes ricinus ticks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ticks are hematophageous arthropods that transmit a wide spectrum of pathogens to human and animals. The ability of an acaricidal product to kill ticks quickly provides an important added benefit, especially as protecting dogs from tick bites remains the best preventive measure against tick-borne diseases. The speed of kill of afoxolaner in a novel soft chewable formulation (NexGardTM) against induced infestations with Ixodes ricinus adult ticks was evaluated during a full-month negative controlled and blinded study following a single oral administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 healthy beagle dogs were included and randomly allocated to 2 groups of six dogs each. One Group was a negative control while the other group was treated with an oral formulation of afoxolaner on Day 0. Tick infestations with 40 (±5) female and 10 male adult unfed I. ricinus were performed on Days -1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. To evaluate immediate efficacy, the number of live ticks were thumb counted at 12 and 24 hours post treatment. To evaluate the persistent speed of kill following further infestations, ticks were thumb counted 12 and 24 hours post infestations. Ticks were removed 24 hours post treatment or infestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Afoxolaner starts to kill the pre-existing tick infestations rapidly with an immediate efficacy of 93.4% and 100% respectively at 12 h and 24 h post treatment. The persistent speed of kill of afoxolaner was significant (p < 0,05), as compared with untreated controls, at 12 hours after infestations at D7 and D21. Efficacy at 12 h was 76.6%, 41.9%, 36.9% and 38.5% at D7, D14, D21 and D28 respectively. Efficacy at 24 h ranged from 91% to 100% for the entire month.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that besides the excellent acaricidal efficacy of afoxolaner after single oral administration, the product has a rapid speed of kill against one of the most important European tick species and controlled the weekly re-infestations for 28 days post treatment.
authors.affiliation: Merial S,A,S,, Sanofi Pasteur confluence, 69007 Lyon, France. lenaig.halos@merial.com.
authors.forename: Lénaïg
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Halos
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lebon
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chalvet-Monfray
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beugnet
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018884:Ixodes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D007555:Isoxazoles; D009281:Naphthalenes; C000589002:afoxolaner