title: Mechanisms of otoconia and otolith development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Otoconia are bio-crystals that couple mechanic forces to the sensory hair cells in the utricle and saccule, a process essential for us to sense linear acceleration and gravity for the purpose of maintaining bodily balance. In fish, structurally similar bio-crystals called otoliths mediate both balance and hearing. Otoconia abnormalities are common and can cause vertigo and imbalance in humans. However, the molecular etiology of these illnesses is unknown, as investigators have only begun to identify genes important for otoconia formation in recent years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, in-depth studies of selected mouse otoconial proteins have been performed, and about 75 zebrafish genes have been identified to be important for otolith development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review will summarize recent findings as well as compare otoconia and otolith development. It will provide an updated brief review of otoconial proteins along with an overview of the cells and cellular processes involved. While continued efforts are needed to thoroughly understand the molecular mechanisms underlying otoconia and otolith development, it is clear that the process involves a series of temporally and spatially specific events that are tightly coordinated by numerous proteins. Such knowledge will serve as the foundation to uncover the molecular causes of human otoconia-related disorders.
authors.affiliation: Vestibular Genetics Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Yunxia Wang
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: Yinfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Thiessen
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D038081:Organogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000196:embryology*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics
keywords: anchoring; cilia; development; endolymph; otoconia/otolith; otoconial membrane; otoconial proteins; protein secretion; tight junction