title: Destruction of the craniofacial skeleton in the child caused by an orbital tumor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this paper are to describe the morphological alterations within an infant craniofacial skeleton caused by an orbital tumor and present how the bone reacts in contact with a spreading tumor mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study was performed on the dry skull of a child at the age of approximately 2 years. Morphological alterations of the craniofacial skeleton were analysed by visual inspection, and the intracranial cavity was examined with the aid of a digital camera. Subsequently, the skull was examined using computed tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The skull was identified as having unilateral symptoms of orbital destruction caused by a malignant tumor, probably retinoblastoma or rhabdomyosarcoma. The left orbit and surrounding bones showed extensive malformation caused by the invading tumor. Profound deformities were also observed in the nasal cavity, which was partially occluded by the collapsed medial wall of the left orbit. The tumor extended to the wall of the orbit, spread out of the orbit, penetrated to the anterior cranial fossa, and probably invaded the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive pathological cranial destruction and possible metastases to inner organs suggest that the orbital tumor was the cause of death. Anatomical alterations observed in the craniofacial skeleton indicate a highly aggressive character of the orbital tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 12, 31-034, Kraków, Poland, goncerz@mp.pl.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goncerz
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skrzat
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kołodziej
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walocha
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed