title: Antimicrobial activity of a sodium hypochlorite/etidronic acid irrigant solution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)/9% etidronic acid (HEBP) irrigant solution on Enterococcus faecalis growing in biofilms and a dentinal tubule infection model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antimicrobial activity of the solutions 2.5% NaOCl and 9% HEBP alone and associated was evaluated on E. faecalis biofilms grown in the Calgary biofilm model (minimum biofilm eradication concentration high-throughput device). For the dentinal tubule infection test, the percentage of dead cells in E. faecalis-infected dentinal tubules treated with the solutions for 10 minutes was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy and the live/dead technique. Available chlorine and pH of the solutions were also measured. Distilled water was used as the control. Nonparametric tests were used to determine statistical differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest viability was found in the distilled water group and the lowest in the NaOCl-treated dentin (P < .05). Both NaOCl solutions killed 100% of the E. faecalis biofilms and showed the highest antimicrobial activity inside dentinal tubules, without statistical differences between the 2 (P < .05). The HEBP isolated solution killed bacteria inside dentinal tubules but did not present any significant effect against E. faecalis biofilms. The incorporation of HEBP to NaOCl did not cause any loss of available chlorine within 60 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HEBP did not interfere with the ability of NaOCl to kill E. faecalis grown in biofilms and inside dentinal tubules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Arias-Moliz
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: ronaldordinola@usp.br.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ordinola-Zapata
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baca
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Linares
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen María
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ferrer-Luque
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis; D003804:Dentin / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D012968:Etidronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D002713:Chlorine; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D012968:Etidronic Acid
keywords: Antimicrobials; bacteria; dentin infection; root canal irrigants