title: Regulation of skeletal muscle energy/nutrient-sensing pathways during metabolic adaptation to fasting in healthy humans.
abstract: During fasting, rapid metabolic adaptations are required to maintain energy homeostasis. This occurs by a coordinated regulation of energy/nutrient-sensing pathways leading to transcriptional activation and repression of specific sets of genes. The aim of the study was to investigate how short-term fasting affects whole body energy homeostasis and skeletal muscle energy/nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptome in humans. For this purpose, 12 young healthy men were studied during a 24-h fast. Whole body glucose/lipid oxidation rates were determined by indirect calorimetry, and blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected and analyzed at baseline and after 10 and 24 h of fasting. As expected, fasting induced a time-dependent decrease in plasma insulin and leptin levels, whereas levels of ketone bodies and free fatty acids increased. This was associated with a metabolic shift from glucose toward lipid oxidation. At the molecular level, activation of the protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways was time-dependently reduced in skeletal muscle during fasting, whereas the AMP-activated protein kinase activity remained unaffected. Furthermore, we report some changes in the phosphorylation and/or content of forkhead protein 1, sirtuin 1, and class IIa histone deacetylase 4, suggesting that these pathways might be involved in the transcriptional adaptation to fasting. Finally, transcriptome profiling identified genes that were significantly regulated by fasting in skeletal muscle at both early and late time points. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive map of the main energy/nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptomic changes during short-term adaptation to fasting in human skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Marjolein A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wijngaarden
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Leontine E H
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Gerard C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: van der Zon
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and.
authors.forename: Peter A C
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: 't Hoen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and.
authors.forename: Ko Willems
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Ingrid M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Jazet
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pijl
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands b.g.a.guigas@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guigas
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D056564:Sirtuin 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C085126:FOXO1 protein, human; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D007328:Insulin; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D020738:Leptin; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C447939:SIRT1 protein, human; D056564:Sirtuin 1; C400300:HDAC4 protein, human; D006655:Histone Deacetylases
keywords: adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; fasting; histone deacetylases; mammalian target of rapamycin; skeletal muscle; transcriptome