title: Genome-wide identification of signaling center enhancers in the developing limb.
abstract: The limb is widely used as a model developmental system and changes to gene expression patterns in its signaling centers, notably the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) and the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), are known to cause limb malformations and evolutionary differences in limb morphology. Although several genes that define these limb signaling centers have been described, the identification of regulatory elements that are active within these centers has been limited. By dissecting mouse E11.5 limbs that fluorescently mark the ZPA or AER, followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and low-cell H3K27ac ChIP-seq, we identified thousands of specific signaling-center enhancers. Our ChIP-seq datasets show strong correlation with ZPA- and AER-expressed genes, previously characterized functional ZPA and AER enhancers and enrichment for relevant biological terms related to limb development and malformation for the neighboring genes. Using transgenic assays, we show that several of these sequences function as ZPA and AER enhancers. Our results identify novel ZPA and AER enhancers that could be important regulators of genes involved in the establishment of these specialized regions and the patterning of tetrapod limbs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: VanderMeer
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Robin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Stacy L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA nadav.ahituv@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Nadav
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahituv
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018878:Limb Buds / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D038081:Organogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins
keywords: AER; Enhancer; Limb; Mouse; ZPA