title: Effects of high-protein vs. high- fat snacks on appetite control, satiety, and eating initiation in healthy women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether a high-protein afternoon yogurt snack improves appetite control, satiety, and reduces subsequent food intake compared to other commonly-consumed, energy dense, high-fat snacks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty, healthy women (age: 27 ± 2 y; BMI: 23.4 ± 0.7 kg/m2) completed the randomized crossover design study which included 3, 8-h testing days comparing the following 160 kcal afternoon snacks: high-protein yogurt (14 g protein/25 g CHO/0 g fat); high-fat crackers (0 g protein/19 g CHO/9 g fat); and high-fat chocolate (2 g protein/19 g CHO/9 g fat). Participants were acclimated to each snack for 3 consecutive days. On day 4, the participants consumed a standardized breakfast and lunch; the respective snack was consumed 3-h post-lunch. Perceived hunger and fullness were assessed throughout the afternoon until dinner was voluntarily requested. An ad libitum dinner was then provided. The consumption of the yogurt snack led to greater reductions in afternoon hunger vs. chocolate (p < 0.01). No differences in afternoon fullness were detected. The yogurt snack also delayed eating initiation by approximately 30 min compared to the chocolate snack (p < 0.01) and approximately 20 min vs. crackers (p = 0.07). The yogurt snack led to approximately 100 fewer kcals consumed at dinner vs. the crackers (p = 0.08) and chocolate (p < 0.05). No other differences were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that, when compared to high-fat snacks, eating less energy dense, high-protein snacks like yogurt improves appetite control, satiety, and reduces subsequent food intake in healthy women.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ortinau
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hoertel
authors.forename: Steve M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 307 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. leidyh@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Leidy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002099:Cacao; D002182:Candy; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D012527:Satiation; D062410:Snacks; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins