title: Helicopter-based in-water resuscitation with chest compressions: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drowning is a relevant worldwide cause of severe disability and death. The delay of ventilations and chest compressions is a crucial problem in drowning victims. Hence, a novel helicopter-based ALS rescue concept with in-water ventilation and chest compressions was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and vascular access were performed in a self-inflating Heliboat platform in an indoor wave pool using the Fastrach intubating laryngeal mask, the Oxylator resuscitator, Lund University Cardiopulmonary Assist System (LUCAS) chest compression device and EZ-IO intraosseous power drill. The time requirement and physical exertion on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were compared between a procedure without waves and with moderate swell.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurement of the elapsed time of the various stages of the procedure did not reveal significant differences between calm water and swell: Ventilation was initiated after 02:48 versus 03:02 and chest compression after 04:20 versus 04:18 min; the intraosseous cannulisation was completed after 05:59 versus 06:30 min after a simulated jump off the helicopter. The attachment of the LUCAS to the mannequin and the intraosseous cannulisation was rated significantly more demanding on the VAS during swell conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPR appears to be possible when performed in a rescue platform with special equipment. The novel helicopter-based strategy appears to enable the rescuers to initiate CPR in an appropriate length of time and with an acceptable amount of physical exertion for the divers. The time for the helicopter to reach the patient will have to be very short to minimise neurological damage in the drowning victim.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hartig
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DuCanto
authors.affiliation: German Naval Medical Institute, Kiel-Kronshagen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgieff
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Yannick P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Lungwitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Claus-Martin
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Muth
mesh_terms: D017732:Air Ambulances; D058109:Airway Management / Q000379:methods*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000628:therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011897:Random Allocation; D014872:Water Movements
keywords: airway; cardiac arrest; resuscitation; training; ventilation