title: Ghrelin inhibits BSCB disruption/hemorrhage by attenuating MMP-9 and SUR1/TrpM4 expression and activation after spinal cord injury.
abstract: Blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption after spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to secondary injury and results in apoptosis of neurons and glia, leading to permanent neurological deficits. Here, we examined the effect of ghrelin on BSCB breakdown and hemorrhage after SCI. After moderate weight-drop contusion injury at T9 spinal cord, ghrelin (80μg/kg) was administered via intraperitoneal injection immediately after SCI and then the same dose of ghrelin was treated every 6h for 1d. Our data showed that ghrelin treatment significantly inhibited the expression and activation of matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) at 1d after SCI. The increases of sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) and transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TrpM4) expressions at 1h and 8h after SCI respectively were also alleviated by ghrelin treatment. In addition, both BSCB breakdown and hemorrhage at 1d after injury were significantly attenuated by ghrelin. In parallel, the infiltration of blood cells such as neutrophils and macrophages was inhibited by ghrelin treatment at 1d and 5d after SCI respectively. We also found that ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a (GHS-R1a), was expressed in the blood vessel of normal spinal tissue. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of ghrelin on hemorrhage and BSCB disruption at 1d after SCI were blocked by GHS-R1a antagonist, [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 (3mg/kg). Thus, these results indicate that the neuroprotective effect by ghrelin after SCI is mediated in part by blocking BSCB disruption and hemorrhage through the down-regulation of SUR1/TrpM4 and MMP-9, which is dependent on GHS-R1a.
authors.affiliation: Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jee Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hae Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: bgju@sogang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bong G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.affiliation: Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: tyune@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tae Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Yune
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D064233:Sulfonylurea Receptors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C577509:Abcc8 protein, rat; C520836:GHRP-6, Lys(3)-; D054439:Ghrelin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009842:Oligopeptides; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin; D064233:Sulfonylurea Receptors; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels; C500239:TRPM4 protein, rat; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Blood spinal cord barrier; Ghrelin; Hemorrhage; Matrix metalloprotease; Sulfonylurea receptor 1; Transient receptor potential melastatin 4