title: Safety and effectiveness of continuous aerosolized albuterol in the non-intensive care setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the design features, utilization, and outcomes of a protocol treating children with status asthmaticus with continuous albuterol in the inpatient setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of children ages 2 to 18 treated in the non-intensive care, inpatient setting on a standardized treatment protocol for status asthmaticus from July 2011 to June 2013. We assessed characteristics associated with continuous albuterol therapy and, for those treated, duration of therapy and the proportion who clinically deteriorated (ICU transfer or progression to enhanced respiratory support) or who were identified as having hypokalemia or an arrhythmia. Using multivariable logistic regression, we determined which factors were associated with clinical deterioration or prolonged (>24 hours) continuous albuterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3003 children meeting study criteria, 1298 (43%) received continuous albuterol. Older age, black race, lower initial oxygen saturation, and higher initial age-standardized heart rate and respiratory rate were associated with initiation of continuous albuterol therapy (P < .001 for all). Median duration of therapy was 14.4 hours (interquartile range, 7.7, 24.6); 340 children (26%) experienced prolonged therapy. Seventy children (5%) experienced clinical deterioration, and 33 children (3%) had identified hypokalemia or arrhythmia. Comorbid pneumonia and emergency department administration of intravenous magnesium or subcutaneous terbutaline were associated with prolonged therapy and clinical deterioration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With appropriate support structures and care processes, continuous albuterol can be delivered effectively in the non-ICU, inpatient setting with low rates of adverse outcomes. Certain initial clinical characteristics may help identify patients needing more intensive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, and kenyonc@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Chén C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.affiliation: Divisions of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, and.
authors.forename: Evan S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Fieldston
authors.affiliation: Divisions of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, and.
authors.forename: Xianqun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.affiliation: Divisions of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, and.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keren
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zorc
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013224:Status Asthmaticus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000420:Albuterol
keywords: continuous aerosolized albuterol; hospitalization; status asthmaticus