title: Semantic effects in sentence recall: the contribution of immediate vs delayed recall in language assessment.
abstract: Sentence recall is increasingly used to assess language. It is widely debated what the task is actually testing, but one rarely explored aspect is the contribution of semantics to sentence recall. The few studies that have examined the role of semantics in sentence recall have employed an 'intrusion paradigm', following Potter and Lombardi (1990), and their paradigm relies on interference errors with conclusions based on an analysis of error patterns. We have instead manipulated the semantic plausibility of whole sentences to investigate the effects of semantics on immediate and delayed sentence recall. In Study 1, adults recalled semantically plausible and implausible sentences either immediately or after distracter tasks varying in lexical retrieval demands (backward counting and picture naming). Results revealed significant effects of plausibility, delay, and a significant interaction indicating increasing reliance on semantics as the demands of the distracter tasks increased. Study 2, conducted with 6-year-old children, employed delay conditions that were modified to avoid floor effects (delay with silence and forward counting) and a similar pattern of results emerged. This novel methodology provided robust evidence showing the effectiveness of delayed recall in the assessment of semantics and the effectiveness of immediate recall in the assessment of morphosyntax. The findings from our study clarify the linguistic mechanisms involved in immediate and delayed sentence recall, with implications for the use of recall tasks in language assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The reader will be able to: (i) define the difference between immediate and delayed sentence recall and different types of distractors, (ii) explain the utility of immediate and delayed recall sentence recall in language assessment, (iii) discuss suitability of delayed recall for the assessment of semantics.
authors.affiliation: The University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: kamila.polisenska@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polišenská
authors.affiliation: City University London, Language and Communication Science, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Shula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiat
authors.affiliation: City University London, Language and Communication Science, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Comer
authors.affiliation: City University London, Language and Communication Science, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kirsty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McKenzie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D012094:Repression, Psychology; D012660:Semantics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Assessment; Delayed recall; Immediate recall; Semantics; Sentence