title: Chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors in 12 regions of the Russian Federation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estimation suggests that at least 4 million people die, annually, as a result of chronic respiratory disease (CRD). The Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD) was formed following a mandate from the World Health Assembly to address this serious and growing health problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of CRD in Russian symptomatic patients and to evaluate the frequency of major risk factors for CRD in Russia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, population-based epidemiological study using the GARD questionnaire on adults from 12 regions of the Russian Federation. Common respiratory symptoms and risk factors were recorded. Spirometry was performed in respondents with suspected CRD. Allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic bronchitis (CB) were defined by the presence of related symptoms according to the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma and the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines; asthma was defined based on disease symptoms; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was defined as a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume per 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio <0.7 in symptomatic patients, following the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of questionnaires completed was 7,164 (mean age 43.4 years; 57.2% female). The prevalence of asthma symptoms was 25.7%, AR 18.2%, and CB 8.6%. Based on patient self-reported diagnosis, 6.9% had asthma, 6.5% AR, and 22.2% CB. The prevalence of COPD based on spirometry in patients with respiratory symptoms was estimated as 21.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of respiratory diseases and risk factors was high in Russia when compared to available data. For bronchial asthma and AR, the prevalence for related symptoms was higher than self-reported previous diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pulmonology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Chuchalin
authors.affiliation: Global Alliance Against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD), Genève, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khaltaev
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pulmonology, Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Nikolay S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Antonov
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitry V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Galkin
authors.affiliation: Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration RAS (Russian Academy of Sciences), Blagoveshchensk, Russia.
authors.forename: Leonid G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Manakov
authors.affiliation: Worldwide Clinical Trials, King of Prussia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.affiliation: Worldwide Clinical Trials, King of Prussia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Worldwide Clinical Trials, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Solodovnikov
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bousquet
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Chief Medical Office, International Medical, GlaxoSmithKline, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marcelo H S
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Irina V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Demko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013147:Spirometry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014797:Vital Capacity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: GARD; Russia; chronic respiratory diseases; prevalence