title: Development and validation of a parent-report measure for detection of cognitive delay in infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a brief, parent-completed instrument (ERIC - Early Report by Infant Caregivers) for detection of cognitive delay in 10- to 24-month-olds born preterm, or of low birthweight, or with perinatal complications, and to establish ERIC's diagnostic properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scores for ERIC were collected from the parents of 317 children meeting ≥inclusion criterion (birthweight <1500 g, gestational age <34 completed weeks, 5 min Apgar score <7, or presence of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy) and no exclusion criteria. Children were assessed using a criterion score of below 80 on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III cognitive scale. Items were retained according to their individual associations with delay. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were estimated and a truncated ERIC was developed for use in children <14 months old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ERIC correctly detected developmental delay in 17 out of 18 children in the sample, with 94.4% sensitivity, 76.9% specificity, 19.8% positive predictive value, 99.6% negative predictive value, 4.09 likelihood ratio positive, and 0.07 likelihood ratio negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ERIC has potential value as a quickly administered diagnostic instrument for the absence of early cognitive delay in 10- to 24-month-old preterm infants and as a screen for cognitive delay.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schafer
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Genesoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Greenacres Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boden
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doll
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, UK.
authors.forename: Rosamond A K
authors.initials: RAK
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Newborn Intensive Care Unit, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Eleri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Dingley Specialist Children's Centre, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Ros
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jefferson
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric