title: Guidance on priority setting in health care (GPS-Health): the inclusion of equity criteria not captured by cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: This Guidance for Priority Setting in Health Care (GPS-Health), initiated by the World Health Organization, offers a comprehensive map of equity criteria that are relevant to health care priority setting and should be considered in addition to cost-effectiveness analysis. The guidance, in the form of a checklist, is especially targeted at decision makers who set priorities at national and sub-national levels, and those who interpret findings from cost-effectiveness analysis. It is also targeted at researchers conducting cost-effectiveness analysis to improve reporting of their results in the light of these other criteria. THE GUIDANCE WAS DEVELOP THROUGH A SERIES OF EXPERT CONSULTATION MEETINGS AND INVOLVED THREE STEPS: i) methods and normative concepts were identified through a systematic review; ii) the review findings were critically assessed in the expert consultation meetings which resulted in a draft checklist of normative criteria; iii) the checklist was validated though an extensive hearing process with input from a range of relevant stakeholders. The GPS-Health incorporates criteria related to the disease an intervention targets (severity of disease, capacity to benefit, and past health loss); characteristics of social groups an intervention targets (socioeconomic status, area of living, gender; race, ethnicity, religion and sexual orientation); and non-health consequences of an intervention (financial protection, economic productivity, and care for others).
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, PB 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Norheim
authors.affiliation: Nijmegen International Centre for Health Systems Research and Education (NICHE), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baltussen
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johri
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Financing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nord
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
authors.forename: DanW
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Priority Setting in Health Care, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Section on Ethics and Health Policy, NIH Clinical Centre, Bethesda, USA.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danis
authors.affiliation: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fleurbaey
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, PB 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kjell A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Aging, and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kapiriri
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, Previous affiliation the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), London, England, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Littlejohns
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mbeeli
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Krishna D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Tessa Tan-Torres
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Edejer
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wikler
keywords: Cost-effectiveness; Equity; Population health; Priority setting; Resource allocation