title: Lower urinary tract symptoms are associated with low levels of serum serotonin, high levels of adiponectin and fasting glucose, and benign prostatic enlargement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to test whether lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and urinary incontinence are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The association between LUTS and benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, representative risk factor analysis of LUTS, as measured by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and urinary incontinence was conducted. Among 950 representative individuals, aged 69-81 years, the association between clinical, anthropometric, endocrine, metabolic and inflammatory factors on the one hand, as both major and minor aspects of MetS, and LUTS and urinary incontinence, on the other hand, was analysed. The prostate gland volume was measured in a subgroup of 155 randomly selected individuals and the association between LUTS and BPE was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant association was found between LUTS or urinary incontinence and the major aspects of the MetS. However, in a multivariate analysis, serum serotonin showed an independent negative correlation with LUTS and with urinary incontinence while fasting serum glucose and serum adiponectin showed a positive correlation with LUTS. Furthermore, in a subgroup of 155 individuals, the prostate gland volume correlated positively with LUTS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study did not show an association between LUTS or urinary incontinence and the major components of the MetS. However, serum serotonin showed an independent negative correlation with LUTS and with urinary incontinence while fasting serum glucose and serum adiponectin showed a positive correlation with LUTS. The data confirm the general knowledge that BPE may be one of the causative factors of LUTS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Haghsheno
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mellström
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peeker
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hammarsten
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorentzon
authors.forename: Valter
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sundh
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Jan-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Damber
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D009929:Organ Size; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012701:Serotonin / Q000097:blood*; D013548:Sweden; D014481:United States; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D012701:Serotonin
keywords: benign prostatic enlargement; lower urinary tract symptoms; serotonin; urinary incontinence