title: 24-h urinary free cortisol from mid-pregnancy to 3-months postpartum: gender and parity differences and effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnancy and postpartum have been associated to several physiological changes; however, empirical evidence was almost exclusively obtained in primiparous women and few studies focus on hormonal changes in men and second-time parents. The main aim of this study is to examine 24-h urinary free cortisol from mid-pregnancy to 3-months postpartum, comparing women/men and first/second-time parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six women and 22 men (N=48) were recruited from an antenatal obstetric unit in Porto, Portugal. 24-h urinary free cortisol was measured at the 2nd and 3rd trimester and at 3-months postpartum. Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted, in order to analyze 24-h urinary free cortisol patterns of change over this period. Gender and parity were included in the analyses as potential modifiers, in order to compare women and men, and first- and second-time parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase from the 2nd to the 3rd trimester (p=.006) and a decrease from the 3rd trimester to 3-months postpartum (p=.005) were reported in all parents' 24-h urinary free cortisol. The interaction effects for Time*Gender (p=.03) and Time*Parity (p=.02) were found. Women and first-time parents revealed higher levels, while men and second-time parents showed lower 24-h urinary free cortisol levels at the 2nd trimester than at 3-months postpartum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings appear to clarify the direction, as well as, the timing, gender and parity extension of 24-h urinary free cortisol changes from mid-pregnancy to 3-months postpartum. The same pattern of change in all parents' 24-h urinary free cortisol from mid-pregnancy to 3-months postpartum is consistent with the proposed role of hormones in preparation to parenting. Gender and parity differences and effects on 24-h urinary free cortisol are also consistent with cortisol as a stress biomarker for higher challenges associated to pregnancy and childbirth in women and first-time parents versus higher demands related to after childbirth parenting in men and second-time parents.
authors.affiliation: Portucalense Infante D. Henrique University, Porto, Portugal; School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. Electronic address: anac@upt.pt.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Bárbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D010298:Parity / Q000502:physiology*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000652:urine*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000652:urine*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: 1st/2nd time parents; Cortisol; Postpartum; Pregnancy; Women/men