title: The role of emotion regulation on social participation following stroke.
abstract: Following stroke, individuals often experience reduced social participation, regardless of physical limitations. Impairments may also occur in a range of cognitive and emotional functions. Successful emotion regulation, which has been identified as important in psychological adaptation to chronic illness, is associated with better perceived psychological well-being and social functioning. However, there is little evidence about the effect of stroke on emotion regulation difficulties, and associated impact on important outcomes in recovery from stroke.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were (1) to determine whether people who have had a stroke reported greater difficulties in emotion regulation than controls and (2) to establish whether emotion regulation difficulties relate to social participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  75 stroke and 40 healthy participants completed measures of emotion regulation (DERS), social participation (Modified Functional Limitation Profile [mFLP], WHOQoL-Bref) and activity limitations (mFLP). Stroke participants were seen at the acute stage (63 days post-stroke) for Study 1 and 18 months post-stroke for Study 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1, acute-stage stroke patients had significant impairments on impulse control, awareness of emotions, and strategies for emotion regulation. There was also evidence that emotion regulation difficulties (impulse control, awareness and clarity about emotions) were associated with social participation in the stroke sample, even after controlling for potential confounders. In Study 2, there was evidence that, in the chronic-stage post-stroke, difficulties with strategy and acceptance of emotions were associated with social participation restrictions. Whilst emotion regulation as a whole in the acute phase predicted social participation in the chronic phase of stroke, no one domain of emotion regulation was a significant predictor of social participation >1 year later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that multiple aspects of emotion regulation are impaired following stroke, with implications for social participation and recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research highlights the following important clinical implications: Following a stroke, emotion regulation can be immediately and persistently affected, with post-stroke individuals experiencing greater difficulties with their emotion regulation than control participants. Emotion regulation can significantly predict important stroke outcomes including social participation and quality of life, over and above physical limitations and other post-stroke confounders. This study highlights the potential for developing a behaviour change intervention to address emotion regulation difficulties and thus ensuring individuals maximize their potential rehabilitation outcome. Cautions of the study for consideration: Emotion regulation was a self-report measure, and proxy measures would have been desirable. We are unable to establish if the post-stroke individuals differed from the controls on their emotion regulation prior to stroke.
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology, DAHS, University of Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Clare L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Louise H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: MacLeod
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001364:Awareness; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012917:Social Adjustment; D058992:Social Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000523:psychology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Activity Limitations; Rehabilitation; Social Participation; emotion regulation; stroke