title: Updated preparedness and response framework for influenza pandemics.
abstract: The complexities of planning for and responding to the emergence of novel influenza viruses emphasize the need for systematic frameworks to describe the progression of the event; weigh the risk of emergence and potential public health impact; evaluate transmissibility, antiviral resistance, and severity; and make decisions about interventions. On the basis of experience from recent influenza responses, CDC has updated its framework to describe influenza pandemic progression using six intervals (two prepandemic and four pandemic intervals) and eight domains. This updated framework can be used for influenza pandemic planning and serves as recommendations for risk assessment, decision-making, and action in the United States. The updated framework replaces the U.S. federal government stages from the 2006 implementation plan for the National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza (US Homeland Security Council. National strategy for pandemic influenza: implementation plan. Washington, DC: US Homeland Security Council; 2006. Available at http://www.flu.gov/planning-preparedness/federal/pandemic-influenza-implementation.pdf). The six intervals of the updated framework are as follows: 1) investigation of cases of novel influenza, 2) recognition of increased potential for ongoing transmission, 3) initiation of a pandemic wave, 4) acceleration of a pandemic wave, 5) deceleration of a pandemic wave, and 6) preparation for future pandemic waves. The following eight domains are used to organize response efforts within each interval: incident management, surveillance and epidemiology, laboratory, community mitigation, medical care and countermeasures, vaccine, risk communications, and state/local coordination. Compared with the previous U.S. government stages, this updated framework provides greater detail and clarity regarding the potential timing of key decisions and actions aimed at slowing the spread and mitigating the impact of an emerging pandemic. Use of this updated framework is anticipated to improve pandemic preparedness and response in the United States. Activities and decisions during a response are event-specific. These intervals serve as a reference for public health decision-making by federal, state, and local health authorities in the United States during an influenza pandemic and are not meant to be prescriptive or comprehensive. This framework incorporates information from newly developed tools for pandemic planning and response, including the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool and the Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework, and has been aligned with the pandemic phases restructured in 2013 by the World Health Organization.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: Sonja A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaza
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jernigan
mesh_terms: D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. / Q000458:organization & administration; D006076:Government; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058873:Pandemics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014944:World Health Organization / Q000458:organization & administration