title: The factor structure of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in persons with traumatic brain injury. A NIDRR TBI model systems module study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep disturbances are common following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used measure of sleep quality that has been used in numerous populations. Although this measure has been used in TBI research, there are few studies examining the psychometric properties in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined the factor structure of the PSQI in a sample of persons with TBI and tested the one, two, and three factor models derived from previous studies in other populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A telephone interview was conducted with 243 individuals who had sustained a TBI. All participants were approximately one year post-injury. Factor analyses were conducted (exploratory and confirmatory) to examine the factor structure of the PSQI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results confirm the fit of models previously tested in the literature but also reveal an alternative conceptualization of sleep containing both qualitative and quantitative factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the 3-factor model best fits the data in this TBI sample, the use of a 2-factor model is acceptable and may be more clinically relevant due to the grouping of time-related variables that could provide important information with regard to circadian rhythm disorders.
authors.affiliation: Kessler Foundation Research Center & Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, West Orange, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lequerica
authors.affiliation: Kessler Foundation Research Center & Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, West Orange, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chiaravalloti
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dijkers
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Resarch Center, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Resarch Center, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kolakowsky-Hayner
authors.affiliation: Rusk Rehabilitation, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushnick
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Goodman Hall, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000647:Amnesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Brain injury; measurement; sleep