title: Muzzle imprint mark: a patterned injury which may be constituted of intradermal blood extravasations.
abstract: The muzzle imprint mark in contact shots is usually regarded as a patterned pressure abrasion depicting the barrel end as well as adjacent constructional components of the weapon. Due to parching after exposure to air, the affected skin assumes a brown color, especially along the contours of the impacting structures. Apart from this well-known type of epidermal damage, the imprint mark may also be formed by intradermal hemorrhages. In some cases, these intracutaneous bleedings manifest themselves as circular, curved or straight reddish lines mirroring the surface relief of the weapon's muzzle end. To estimate the frequency of skin hematomas in muzzle imprints, 35 consecutive contact shots to the head (temple, forehead, submental and occipital region) were evaluated. In 3 cases, the muzzle imprint mark exclusively consisted of intracutaneous bruises surrounding the bullet entrance hole. In 14 cases, the muzzle imprint was composed of both excoriations and intradermal hematomas.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: rebecca.pircher@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pircher
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bielefeld
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geisenberger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Große Perdekamp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pollak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thierauf-Emberger
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000473:pathology*; D006406:Hematoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006708:Homicide; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology*; D013405:Suicide; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Contact shot; Intradermal hemorrhage; Muzzle imprint mark; Patterned bruise