title: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae challenge in swine: diagnostic of lung alterations by infrared thermography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pp.) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia leading to high economic losses in the pig industry. Infrared thermography (IRT) of the thorax might offer a new method to select swine with lung alterations for further diagnostics. In this study 50 german landrace pigs were infected with A.pp. in an established model for respiratory tract disease, while 10 healthy pigs served as control animals. To avoid drift errors during IR measurements absolute skin temperatures and temperature differences between a thoracal and an abdominal region were assessed for its diagnostic validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IRT findings during the course of experimental A.pp.-infection were verified by computed tomography (CT) before and on days 4 and 21 after infection. Significant correlations were found between clinical scores, CT score and lung lesion score. Ambient temperature, body temperature and abdominal surface temperature were factors influencing the skin surface temperature of the thorax. On day 4 but not on day 21 after infection the right thoracal temperature was significantly higher and the difference between a thoracal region in the height of the left 10th vertebra and an abdominal region was significantly lower in infected pigs than in control pigs. At a cut off of 28°C of right thoracal temperature the specificity of the method was 100% (CI 95%: 69-100%) and the sensitivity 66% (CI 95%: 51-79%). At a cut off of 2°C temperature difference between thoracal and abdominal region on the left body site the specificity of the method was 100% (CI 95%: 69-100%) and the sensitivity 32% (CI 95%: 19-47%) with all control pigs detected negative. Orientation for lung biopsy by IRT resulted in 100% specificity and sensitivity (CI 95%: 69-100%) of bacteriological examination of tissue samples during the acute stage of infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IRT might be a valuable tool for the detection of inflammatory lung alterations in pigs, especially during the acute stage of infection and if ambient temperatures are constant during individual measurements. External and internal factors interfere with this method, so that its application in the field might be restricted to a selection of pigs for further diagnostic with adequate specificity.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beyerbach
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siewert
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gundlach
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoeltig
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graage
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Waldmann
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verspohl
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hennig-Pauka
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016977:Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*