title: Prehospital intravenous access and fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis: an observational cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prompt treatment of severe sepsis in the Emergency Department reduces deaths, but the role of prehospital fluid resuscitation is unknown. We sought to determine the risk-adjusted association between prehospital fluid administration and hospital mortality among emergency medical services (EMS) patients admitted with severe sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective, observational study of patients hospitalized with severe sepsis on admission among 45,394 adult EMS encounters taken to 15 hospitals from 11/2009 to 12/2010 by a two-tier EMS system in King County, Washington. The region mandated recording of prehospital intravenous catheter and fluid administration in prehospital records, along with detailed demographic, incident, physiologic, and hospital adjustment variables. We determined the effect of prehospital intravenous catheter or fluid versus no catheter or fluid on all-cause mortality using multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all encounters, 1,350 met criteria for severe sepsis on admission, of whom 205 (15%) died by hospital discharge, 312 (23%) received prehospital intravenous fluid, 90 (7%) received a prehospital catheter alone and 948 (70%) did not receive catheter or fluid. EMS administered a median prehospital fluid volume of 500 mL (interquartile range (IQR): 200, 1000 mL). In adjusted models, the administration of any prehospital fluid was associated with reduced hospital mortality (Odds ratio =0.46; 95% Confidence interval: 0.23, 0.88; P =0.02) compared to no prehospital fluid. The odds of hospital mortality were also lower among severe sepsis patients treated with prehospital intravenous catheter alone (Odds ratio =0.3; 95% Confidence interval: 0.17 to 0.57; P <0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a population-based study, the administration of prehospital fluid and placement of intravenous access were associated with decreased odds of hospital mortality compared with no prehospital catheter or fluid.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Heckbert
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spertus
authors.forename: Clifton W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin-Gill
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yealy
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: Derek C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Angus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012151:Resuscitation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014861:Washington