title: Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic hepatitis B virus patients during nucleoside/nucleotide analog therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some patients develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during nucleoside/nucleotide analog (NA) therapy even if alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels are sufficiently reduced. The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors of development of HCC during NA therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and two patients were analyzed who were continuously receiving NA for chronic HBV infection. The patients who developed HCC previously or within 1 year of therapy were excluded. In the patients studied, the median duration of therapy was 90 months. A total of 492 patients had chronic hepatitis (CH) and 110 had liver cirrhosis (LC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 602 patients, the rate of normalization of ALT, loss of serum HBV DNA and development of HCC were 90.4%, 55.4%, and 6.1%, respectively. The significant risk factors of development of HCC were LC status and duration of therapy. The annual incidence of HCC in LC patients was 2.53%/year, compared with 0.34%/year in CH patients. When the relation between the incidence of HCC and the response to therapy was evaluated, in patients with normalization of ALT level, loss of HBV DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction or hepatitis B e-antigen seroconversion, the incidences of HCC was reduced to some extent. However, none of the patients who achieved hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance during NA therapy developed HCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LC status was the significant risk factor of development of HCC during NA therapy. However, none of the patients who showed HBsAg seroclearance developed HCC. The ultimate goal of therapy for reduced risk of HCC may be HBsAg seroclearance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Orito
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Chitomi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hasebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Musashino Hospital, Musashino, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurosaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Matsuyama Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Joko
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsunori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kusakabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Musashino Hospital, Musashino, Japan.
authors.forename: Namiki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Izumi
keywords: hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance; hepatitis B virus DNA; hepatocellular carcinoma; liver cirrhosis; nucleoside/nucleotide analog therapy; risk factors