title: Astrocyte processes label for filamentous actin and reorient early within the optic nerve head in a rat glaucoma model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if astrocyte processes label for actin and to quantify the orientation of astrocytic processes within the optic nerve head (ONH) in a rat glaucoma model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was produced by episcleral hypertonic saline injection and tissues were collected after 5 weeks. For comparison, eyes with optic nerve transection were collected at 2 weeks. Fellow eyes served as controls. Axonal degeneration in retrobulbar optic nerves was graded on a scale of 1 to 5. Optic nerve head sections (n ≥ 4 eyes per group) were colabeled with phalloidin (actin marker) and antibodies to astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein and aquaporin 4, or axonal tubulin βIII. Confocal microscopy and FIJI software were used to quantify the orientation of actin bundles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control ONHs showed stereotypically arranged actin bundles within astrocyte processes. Optic nerve head actin bundle orientation was nearly perpendicular to axons (82.9° ± 6.3° relative to axonal axis), unlike the retrobulbar optic nerve (45.4° ± 28.7°, P < 0.05). With IOP elevation, ONH actin bundle orientation became less perpendicular to axons, even in eyes with no perceivable axonal injury (i.e., 38.8° ± 15.1° in grade 1, P < 0.05 in comparison to control ONHs). With severe injury, ONH actin bundle orientation became more parallel to the axonal axis (24.1° ± 28.4°, P < 0.05 in comparison to control ONHs). Optic nerve head actin bundle orientation in transected optic nerves was unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actin labeling identifies fine astrocyte processes within the ONH. Optic nerve head astrocyte process reorientation occurs early in response to elevated IOP.
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.
authors.forename: Shandiz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tehrani
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.
authors.forename: Elaine C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Cepurna
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000199:Actins
keywords: actin; astrocyte; glaucoma; intraocular pressure; optic nerve head