title: Sodium fluoride promotes apoptosis by generation of reactive oxygen species in human lymphocytes.
abstract: Fluoride generated the attention of toxicologists due to its deleterious effects at high concentrations in human populations suffering from fluorosis and with in vivo experimental models. Interest in its undesirable effects has resurfaced due to the awareness that this element interacts with cellular systems even at low doses. This study focused on examining the adverse effects of inorganic fluoride (NaF) on human lymphocyte cells in vitro. Mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, cell cycle progression, and mode of cell death were combined with genotoxic endpoints. Data demonstrated that NaF at lower concentrations, although not significantly cytotoxic and genotoxic, induced oxidative stress leading to apoptotic cell death. The results also suggested that at low concentrations (<1 μg/ml), NaF may affect cell cycle progression. Taken together, our findings confirm earlier reports on mechanisms involved in NaF-induced apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: a Cell Biology and Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India.
authors.forename: Manivannan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jothiramajayam
authors.forename: Sonali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Manosij
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Anish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: Aditi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jana
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012969:Sodium Fluoride