title: Low expression of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 is a poor prognostic indicator for gastric cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation plays an important role in gastric cancer (GC) development and progression. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 and SOCS-3 negatively regulate proinflammatory cytokine signaling; however, their prognostic significance in GC remains unknown. We evaluated the clinicopathological correlation and prognostic significance of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 in GC.
  
  
  METHODS
  SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 mRNA levels were analyzed in 80 paired gastric tumor and adjacent normal mucosal tissues using a microarray dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the prognostic impact of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 immunohistochemical expression on overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in 186 consecutive GC patients who underwent curative surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 mRNA expression levels were lower in gastric tumor tissues than in matched normal mucosa. OS and RFS were significantly longer in the high SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 expression groups than in their corresponding low expression groups (p < 0.05). High simultaneous SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 expression were associated with longer OS compared with low simultaneous SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 expression (68.8 vs. 22.2 months; p < 0.001). SOCS-1 [hazards ratio (HR) 0.54, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.33-0.87, p = 0.011] and SOCS-3 (HR 0.46, 95 % CI 0.26-0.80, p = 0.006) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Only SOCS-1 (HR 0.20, 95 % CI 0.11-0.38, p = 0.006) was an independent prognostic factor for RFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 expression are poor prognostic indicators in GC. GC patients with low SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 expression need close follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2nd Street, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shirong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018279:Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C108944:SOCS1 protein, human; C106644:SOCS3 protein, human; D000071222:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein; D000071223:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins