title: Gender differences of axis I and II comorbidity in subjects diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity patients diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews about current ADHD symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity on axis I and II (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I and axis II) were conducted in a clinical cohort of 168 patients (78 women, 90 men). Independent information on childhood and current symptoms was collected from parents, partners and patient files.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity on axis I reached 92%, and current comorbidity, including autism spectrum disorders and Tourette's syndrome, was 47%. Women had a higher lifetime prevalence of mood and eating disorders compared with men, where substance-use disorders were more frequent. Ten per cent of patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder. When excluding the general diagnostic criteria, 46% of the patients endorsed the specific criteria for at least one personality disorder. Gender differences were identified with predominance of histrionic personality traits in women and conduct disorder in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients diagnosed with ADHD as adults display an extremely high lifetime axis I comorbidity with a gender-specific pattern similar to the general population. No gender differences were identified with regard to personality disorders; however, an increased prevalence of deviant personality traits was confirmed. This study stresses the importance of evaluating comorbidity among patients diagnosed with ADHD as adults to secure optimal treatment.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edvinsson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bingefors
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lewander
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ekselius