title: ω-3 PUFA rich camelina oil by-products improve the systemic metabolism and spleen cell functions in fattening pigs.
abstract: Camelina oil-cakes results after the extraction of oil from Camelina sativa plant. In this study, camelina oil-cakes were fed to fattening pigs for 33 days and its effect on performance, plasma biochemical analytes, pro-/anti-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant detoxifying defence in spleen was investigated in comparison with sunflower meal. 24 crossbred TOPIG pigs were randomly assigned to one of two experimental dietary treatments containing either 12% sunflower meal (treatment 1-T1), or 12.0% camelina oil-cakes, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3 (ω-3 PUFA) (treatment 2-T2). The results showed no effect of T2 diet (camelina cakes) on feed intake, average weight gain or feed efficiency. Consumption of camelina diet resulted in a significant decrease in plasma glucose concentration (18.47%) with a trend towards also a decrease of plasma cholesterol. In spleen, T2 diet modulated cellular immune response by decreasing the protein and gene expression of pro-inflammatory markers, interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin (IL-8) and cyclooxigenase 2 (COX-2) in comparison with T1 diet. By contrast, T2 diet increased (P<0.05) in spleen the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) by 3.43, 2.47 and 1.83 fold change respectively, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (4.60 fold), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (3.23 fold) and the total antioxidant level (9.02%) in plasma. Camelina diet increased also peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) mRNA and decreased that of mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (p38α MAPK) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-κB). At this level of inclusion (12%) camelina oil-cakes appears to be a potentially alternative feed source for pig which preserves a high content of ω-3 PUFA indicating antioxidant properties by the stimulation of detoxifying enzymes expression and the suppression of spleen pro-inflammatory markers.
authors.affiliation: INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania.
authors.forename: Ionelia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taranu
authors.affiliation: INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania.
authors.forename: Mihail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gras
authors.affiliation: INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania.
authors.forename: Gina Cecilia
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Pistol
authors.affiliation: INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motiu
authors.affiliation: INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania.
authors.forename: Daniela E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.affiliation: INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania.
authors.forename: Nicoleta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lefter
authors.affiliation: INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ropota
authors.affiliation: INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania.
authors.forename: Mihaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Habeanu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D028244:Camellia / Q000737:chemistry*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D048308:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010938:Plant Oils; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D048308:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14