title: Adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in 3-dimensional spheroid cultures (microtissue): implications for the reconstructive surgeon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) can be readily extracted from adipose tissue, expanded in vitro, and have the capacity to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. This makes this cell type of great interest to the field of regenerative medicine. This study focuses on the isolation and characterisation of ADSC and their differentiation into adipocytes in a 3D microtissue model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human ADSC were isolated from abdominal adipose tissue and characterised using multiparameter flow cytometry. ADSC were then expanded in culture and used to produce 3D scaffold-free micro-tissue. Adipogenic differentiation potential of micro-tissue constructs were subsequently characterised using Oil Red O staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow cytometric analysis showed ADSC were uniformly positive for CD34, CD73, CD90, and CD105, and negative for CD19, CD14, and CD45. The cells were functionally induced into adipocytes in the presence of appropriate conditioned media.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that adipose-derived stem cells have the ability to form of microtissue and survive in vitro. We postulate that in the future this will result in an ADSC population which is injectable and can extend the delivery options of current stem cell-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, University College London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: naghmeh62@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Naghmeh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naderi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tasmia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, University College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Seifalian
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Zhidao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Iain S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Whitaker
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D001391:Azo Compounds; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012038:Regeneration; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; C011049:oil red O
keywords: ADSC; Adipose differentiation; Adipose tissue regeneration; Flow cytometry; In vitro; Microtissue