title: Identification of an env-defective HIV-1 mutant capable of spontaneous reversion to a wild-type phenotype in certain T-cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attempts to eradicate HIV from cellular reservoirs are vital but depend on a clear understanding of how viral variants are transmitted and survive in the different cell types that constitute such reservoirs. Mutations in the env gene of HIV may be able to exert a differential influence on viral transmission ability in regard to cell-free and cell-associated viral forms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability of HIV containing an env G367R mutation in cell-free and cell-associated viruses to cause infection and to revert to wild-type was measured using several T cell lines. To determine factors that might potentially influence the reversion of G367R, we studied each of entry inhibitors, inhibitors of cellular endocytosis, and modulators of cell growth and activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that an HIV-1 variant containing a G367R substitution within the CD4 binding site of gp120 was non-infectious as free virus in culture but was infectious when infected cells were co-cultured with certain T cell lines or when cells were transfected by a relevant proviral plasmid. Differences in viral infectivity by cell-associated G367R viruses were determined by the type of target cell employed, regardless which type of donor cell was used. Reversion was slowed or inhibited by entry inhibitors and by inhibitors of cellular endocytosis. Interleukin 2 was able to block G367R reversion in only one of the T cell lines studied but not in the other, while phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) inhibited G367R reversion in all the T cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Env-defective HIV may have a different phenotype as cell-free versus cell-associated virus. The persistence of defective forms can potentially lead to the emergence of virulent forms. The heterogeneity of cell types that constitute the HIV reservoir can contribute to viral variability, even among similar types of cells. This is the first demonstration of a mutation in the HIV envelope, i.e. G367R, that can compromise infection by cell-free virus but less severely by cell-associated virus and that does so in a cell type-dependent manner.
authors.forename: Yudong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Yingshan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.affiliation: McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Sainte Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada. mark.wainberg@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wainberg
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010641:Phenotype; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology*; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus