title: Galectin-1 dysregulation independently predicts disease specific survival in bladder urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Galectin-1 is highly expressed in various tumors and participates in various oncogenic processes. Our previous proteomics investigation demonstrated that galectin-1 is up-regulated in high compared to nonhigh grade lesions. Thus, in the current cohort study we clarified the correlation of galectin-1 over expression with various clinicopathological features and prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 185 cases of consecutively treated primary localized bladder urothelial carcinoma for study. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed in all patients followed by radical cystectomy in those with T2 to T4 tumors. Pathological slides were examined to determine cytoplasmic galectin-1 immuno-expression and correlate galectin-1 dysregulation with various clinicopathological factors and disease specific survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive galectin-1 immuno-expression in tumors was significantly linked to pT status (p = 0.0295), histological grade (p = 0.037), vascular invasion (p = 0.0287) and nodal status (p = 0.0012). Galectin-1 over expression in tumors significantly predicted disease specific survival at the univariate (p = 0.0002) and multivariate levels (p = 0.03, HR 2.438, 95% CI 1.090-5.451). In situ hybridization indicated that the LGALS1 gene was amplified in 43 specimens in an independent cohort of 56 snap frozen tumor specimens. Association analysis showed that an increased LGALS1 mRNA level was linked to bladder urothelial carcinoma invasiveness (p = 0.016) and LGALS1 gene amplification was significantly associated the amount of GAL-1 protein in tumors (p <0.0001). On the univariate level gene amplification was also closely linked to disease specific survival (p = 0.0006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reveal that galectin-1 over expression is a possible independent factor for bladder cancer prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ting-Feng
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chien-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lan-Hsiang
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. Electronic address: robert.shen@msa.hinet.net.
authors.forename: Kun-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hsuan-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chia-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Alex C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D037483:Galectin 1
keywords: carcinoma; galectin 1; gene amplification; prognosis; urinary bladder