title: Unhealthy dietary behavior in refractory functional dyspepsia: a multicenter prospective investigation in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association of dietary behavior with refractory functional dyspepsia (RFD) and its subtypes in Chinese patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of patients admitted to the Outpatient Department of Gastroenterology of four hospitals in Mainland China for upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms from June to September 2012 were reviewed and their characteristics were collected. Functional dyspepsia (FD) was diagnosed based on the Rome III criteria. RFD was defined as FD with continuous symptoms for at least 6 months that was unresponsive to at least two kinds of medications. Another 100 healthy volunteers were included as controls. The participants' dietary behaviors were investigated using a questionnaire survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 1341 FD patients were enrolled in the study, including 327 RFD and 1014 non-RFD (NRFD). Unhealthy dietary behaviors were more prevalent in both RFD and NRFD than in the healthy controls. Skipping meals, eating extra meals and a preference to sweet food and gas-producing food were more common in the RFD patients. Compared with NRFD, RFD-epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) patients preferred spicy food, whereas those with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) preferred sweet food and gas-producing food, and those with both EPS and PDS were found to skip meals and take extra meals more often. Logistic regression analysis showed that skipping meals, eating extra meals and a preference to sweet food and gas-producing food were risk factors for RFD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unhealthy dietary behaviors, especially skipping meals, eating extra meals and a preference to sweet food and gas-producing food, were correlated with RFD and its subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Nansha Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shu Man
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xiao Gai
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Sheng Bing
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: epigastric pain syndrome; food habit; functional dyspepsia; postprandial distress syndrome