title: Toward reconstruction of the subcutaneous fat layer with the use of adipose-derived stromal cell-seeded collagen matrices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Complex injuries of the upper and lower extremities often result in scarring and subsequent adhesion formation, which may cause severe pain and distinctly reduce range of motion. In revision surgery, replacement of the missing subcutaneous tissue is desirable to prevent new adhesions, to cushion scarred tendons and nerves and to regain tissue elasticity. Therefore, the objective of this study was the in vitro evaluation of cell-seeded collagen matrices to serve as the basis for the reconstruction of the subcutaneous adipose tissue layer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five commercially available acellular dermal collagen matrices were seeded with human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASC). Size and shape stability of cell-matrix constructs were assessed and cell adhesion onto the matrix surface was evaluated histologically. Adipogenic differentiation of hASC on matrices was evaluated by means of histological staining, triglyceride quantification, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction gene expression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The collagen matrix Permacol was the only cell-seeded material that exhibited excellent size and shape stability. For Permacol and Strattice, successful seeding with continuous cell layers on top of the matrices was observed. For both matrices, histological staining, triglyceride quantification and messenger RNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors indicated substantial adipogenic differentiation of hASC after long-term induction as well as after short-term induction of only 4 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of all matrices investigated, only Permacol exhibited adequate handling stability and the development of a thin adipose tissue layer on top of the matrix. Thus, this matrix appears promising to be used in the development of a subcutaneous cushioning layer after complex injuries involving large scar formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jakubietz
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Rafael G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Jakubietz
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muhr
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bauer-Kreisel
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Electronic address: Blunk_T@ukw.de.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blunk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen
keywords: adipogenesis; adipose-derived stromal cells; collagen matrix; scar revision surgery; subcutaneous fat layer