title: Morphological relationship between the cranial and supraorbital regions in Homo sapiens.
abstract: Although some hypotheses that attempt to explain the variation in supraorbital region morphology in modern humans have been proposed, this issue is still not well understood. In this study, the craniofacial size and spatial models were tested using a sample of modern human crania from geographically diverse populations, and the co-occurrence of the degrees of glabella (GL) and superciliary arch (ST) expression were analyzed. The two supraorbital structures were examined by visual assessment, and eight quantitative variables were included in the three-way ANOVA, canonical variates analysis and partial rank correlation. The influences of sex and the region of origin of the cranial samples on the relationships between the examined variables and the degrees of supraorbital structures expression were also considered. The results only partially supported the craniofacial size and spatial models and suggested that GL and ST experienced separate influences during development. In the sample of all crania, the neurocranial size more strongly influenced the morphological variation of the ST than of the GL, and sex influenced both of these structures the most. The results suggest that sex may be the main factor (having an influence independent of the other traits) on the morphological variation of the GL and ST.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Wrocław University, Kuźnicza 35, 50-138, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Wioletta
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nowaczewska
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Kuźmiński
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biecek
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D000886:Anthropometry; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000266:history / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: craniofacial size and spatial models; modern human cranial variation; supraorbital region