title: Causal pathways between impulsiveness, cocaine use consequences, and depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined whether lifetime cocaine use consequences mediate the relationship between trait impulsiveness and current depression symptoms among regular cocaine users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regular cocaine users (N=108) were assessed using: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale subscales (non-planning, attentional, motor sub-scales) to measure trait impulsiveness; a standardized Drug History and Use Questionnaire to measure cocaine use and related consequences; and Beck Depression Inventory to measure current depression symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All impulsiveness subscales were positively associated with an earlier age of first cocaine use, a higher degree of current depression symptoms and a greater number of lifetime cocaine use consequences. In three separate simple mediation tests, lifetime cocaine use consequences partially mediated the relationship between each of the impulsiveness subscales (non-planning: R(2)=.42; attentional: R(2)=.40; motor: R(2)=.24) and current depression symptoms. Separate moderated mediation analyses failed to demonstrate an interaction between lifetime cocaine use and cocaine-related consequences predicting depression symptoms for the mediation models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine-related consequences function in a more nuanced manner than just an outcome of impulsiveness or cocaine use, but as a pathway between trait impulsiveness and current depression symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: jlister@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Jamey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: dledgerwood@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ledgerwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: llundahl@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Leslie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lundahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: mgreen@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Greenwald
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015984:Causality; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cocaine; Cocaine use consequences; Depression; Impulsiveness; Pathways