title: Molecular evidence for cryptic speciation in the Cyclophorus fulguratus (Pfeiffer, 1854) species complex (Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoridae) with description of new species.
abstract: A high degree of intraspecific variation, both genetic and in shell morphology, of the operculate land snail Cyclophorus fulguratus (Pfeiffer, 1854) suggests that its classification as a single species warrants reconsideration. We sequenced two nuclear (18S and 28S) and two mitochondrial (16S and COI) genes of 46 C. fulguratus specimens and used them to estimate the phylogeny and to determine the validity of species boundaries. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of three lineages corresponding to three geographically disjunctive populations of C. fulguratus in Thailand. Likelihood tests of topologies significantly supported the non-monophyly of the C. fulguratus-complex and Bayesian species delimitation analysis significantly supported the potential representation as distinct species of these three lineages. Discriminant function analysis based on geometric-morphometrics of shell shape allowed for significant distinction of these three candidate species, although they revealed a considerable degree of overlap of shell shape reflecting their crypsis morphologically. The diagnostic characters are provided by color pattern, pattern of protoconch and pattern of jaw. In conclusion, the results support that the C. fulguratus s.l., as currently recognized, consists of three distinct species in Thailand: C. fulguratus s.s., C. rangunensis and C. abditus sp.nov., which are described herein.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nattawadee
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nantarat
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.affiliation: Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Ekgachai
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jeratthitikul
authors.affiliation: Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chirasak
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sutcharit
authors.affiliation: Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Somsak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panha
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012908:Snails / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV