title: Sphere-forming capacity as an enrichment strategy for epithelial-like stem cells from equine skin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mammal skin plays a pivotal role in several life preserving processes and extensive damage may therefore be life threatening. Physiological skin regeneration is achieved through ongoing somatic stem cell differentiation within the epidermis and the hair follicle. However, in severe pathological cases, such as burn wounds, chronic wounds, and ulcers, the endogenous repair mechanisms might be insufficient. For this reason, exogenous purification and multiplication of epithelial-like stem/progenitor cells (EpSCs) might be useful in the treatment of these skin diseases. However, only few reports are available on the isolation, purification and characterization of EpSCs using suspension cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, skin was harvested from 6 mares and EpSCs were isolated and purified. In addition to their characterization based on phenotypic and functional properties, sphere formation was assessed upon isolation, i.e. at passage 0 (P0), and at early (P4) and late (P10) passages using different culture conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average 0.53 ± 0.28% of these primary skin-derived cells showed the capacity to form spheres and hence possessed stem cell properties. Moreover, significantly more spheres were observed in EpSC medium versus differentiation medium, corroborating the EpSCs' privileged ability to survive in suspension. Furthermore, the number of cells per sphere significantly increased over time as well as with subsequent passaging. Upon immunophenotyping, the presumed EpSCs were found to co-express cytokeratin (CK) 14, Casein kinase 2 beta and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I and expressed no pan CK and wide CK. Only a few cells expressed MHC II. Their differentiation towards keratinocytes (at P4 and P10) was confirmed based on co-expression of CK 14, Casein kinase 2 beta, pan CK and wide CK. In one of six isolates, a non-EpSC cell type was noticed in adherent culture. Although morphological features and immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed a keratinocyte phenotype, this culture could be purified by seeding the cells in suspension at ultralow clonal densities (1 and 10 cells/cm(2)), yet with a significantly lower sphere forming efficiency in comparison to pure EpSCs (P = 0.0012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated sphere formation as a valuable tool to purify EpSCs upon their isolation and assessed its effectiveness at different clonal seeding densities for eliminating a cellular contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bizunesh M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Borena
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chiers
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: Kristel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Demeyere
authors.forename: Sarah Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Broeckx
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Spaas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047390:Casein Kinase II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005805:Genes, MHC Class I / Q000235:genetics; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II / Q000235:genetics; D006736:Horses; D053547:Keratin-14 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053547:Keratin-14; D047390:Casein Kinase II