title: Individual in vitro effects of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase in lymphocytes of broiler chickens.
abstract: The contamination of consumer food and animal feed with toxigenic fungi has resulted in economic losses worldwide in animal industries. Mycotoxins are highly biologically reactive secondary metabolites and can inhibit protein synthesis and cell multiplication. Considering the cytotoxicity of mycotoxins, this experiment was performed to determine the in vitro influence of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on lipid peroxidation in lymphocytes of broiler chickens at different concentrations. This study has also evaluated whether the presence of these mycotoxins changes the acetylcholinesterase activity in lymphocytes, which is involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Blood lymphocytes of broiler chickens were isolated through density gradient centrifugation and incubated with the respective mycotoxins at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL. Lipid peroxidation, which was evaluated through the amount of malondialdehyde measured in a thiobarbituric acid-reactive species test, and the enzymatic activity were analyzed at 24, 48 and 72 h. Results of the lipid peroxidation evaluation showed an increasing cytotoxicity relation: ochratoxin A > deoxynivalenol > zearalenone. Conversely, cytotoxicity was valued as zearalenone > deoxynivalenol > ochratoxin A in relation to the acetylcholinesterase enzymatic activity. At a concentration of 1 μg/mL, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol induced the highest cellular oxidative stress levels and the highest enzymatic activity at the majority of time points. However, the same mycotoxins, except at 1 μg/mL concentration, induced a reduction of lymphocytic lipid peroxidation 72 h after incubation, suggesting the action of a compensatory mechanism in these cells.
authors.affiliation: Setor de Micologia, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS Brasil.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lautert
authors.affiliation: Setor de Micologia, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS Brasil.
authors.forename: Laerte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferreiro
authors.affiliation: Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Cruz Alta (UNICRUZ), Campus Universitário Dr. Ulysses Guimarães - Rodovia Municipal Jacob Della Méa, Km 5.6, 98020-290 Cruz Alta, RS Brasil.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolkmer
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinário (LACVET), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS Brasil.
authors.forename: Francine C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Paim
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinário (LACVET), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS Brasil.
authors.forename: Cássia B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS Brasil.
authors.forename: Jeandre As
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jaques
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinário (LACVET), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS Brasil.
authors.forename: Sônia Ta
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas (LAPEMI), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS Brasil.
authors.forename: Janio M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Santurio
keywords: Cytotoxicity; Enzymatic activity; Leucocytes; Lipid peroxidation; Mycotoxins; Oxidative burst