title: Compatibility of reduced-risk insecticides with the non-target predatory mite Iphiseius degenerans (Acari: Phytoseiidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a common predatory mite in citrus orchards in some areas of the Mediterranean basin and an important biological control agent of the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes in greenhouse crops. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the 'reduced-risk' insecticides acetamiprid, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, metaflumizone, methoxyfenozide, spinetoram and thiamethoxam on I. degenerans, as a means of testing their compatibility in IPM programmes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although all pesticides decreased immature survival, high mortality was only recorded for young larvae when exposed to acetamiprid, while metaflumizone, thiamethoxam and spinetoram resulted in intermediate lethal effects. The estimated LC50 values of acetamiprid, spinetoram and thiamethoxam for I. degenerans females were 0.52, 0.84 and 0.16-fold lower than the respective maximum recommended doses of the pesticides for field application. Although all pesticides tested significantly decreased fecundity, highest rates corresponded to the three pesticides already mentioned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide and methoxyfenozide may preliminarily be included in IPM programmes, whereas the effects of acetamiprid, metaflumizone, spinetoram and thiamethoxam on I. degenerans should be clarified in further field toxicological tests. This information could be useful for rationally planning and implementing pest management on a sustainable basis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece.|Acarology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: İsmail
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Döker
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4563-3023
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Samaras
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece.
authors.forename: Anneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Triantafyllou
authors.affiliation: Acarology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kazak
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece.
authors.forename: George D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-2109
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Broufas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008925:Mites / Q000254:growth & development*; D010571:Pest Control
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Iphiseius degenerans; integrated pest management; natural enemies; reduced-risk insecticides; risk assessment