title: Differences in functional connectivity between alcohol dependence and internet gaming disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and alcohol dependence (AD) have been reported to share clinical characteristics including craving and over-engagement despite negative consequences. However, there are also clinical factors that differ between individuals with IGD and those with AD in terms of chemical intoxication, prevalence age, and visual and auditory stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed brain functional connectivity within the prefrontal, striatum, and temporal lobe in 15 patients with IGD and in 16 patients with AD. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were assessed in patients with IGD and in patients with AD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both AD and IGD subjects have positive functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), cingulate, and cerebellum. In addition, both groups have negative functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the orbitofrontal cortex. However, the AD subjects have positive functional connectivity between the DLPFC, temporal lobe and striatal areas while IGD subjects have negative functional connectivity between the DLPFC, temporal lobe and striatal areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AD and IGD subjects may share deficits in executive function, including problems with self-control and adaptive responding. However, the negative connectivity between the DLPFC and the striatal areas in IGD subjects, different from the connectivity observed in AD subjects, may be due to the earlier prevalence age, different comorbid diseases as well as visual and auditory stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: hduk@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Doug Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: BoAh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Boong Nyun
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: The Brain Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018910:Video Games
keywords: Alcohol dependence; Brain connectivity; Immaturity; Internet gaming disorder