title: Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Scar Contracture-bearing Axilla and Digital Webs Using the Square Flap Method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Joint scar contractures are characterized by tight bands of soft tissue that bridge the 2 ends of the joint like a web. Classical treatment methods such as Z-plasties are mainly based on 2-dimensional designs. Our square flap method is an alternative surgical method that restores the span of the web in a stereometric fashion, thereby reconstructing joint function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 20 Japanese patients with joint scar contractures on the axillary (n = 10) or first digital web (n = 10) underwent square flap surgery. The maximum range of motion and commissure length were measured before and after surgery. A theoretical stereometric geometrical model of the square flap was established to compare it to the classical single (60 degree), 4-flap (45 degree), and 5-flap (60 degree) Z-plasties in terms of theoretical web reconstruction efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cases achieved 100% contracture release. The maximum range of motion and web space improved after square flap surgery (P = 0.001). Stereometric geometrical modeling revealed that the standard square flap (α = 45 degree; β = 90 degree) yields a larger flap area, length/width ratio, and postsurgical commissure length than the Z-plasties. It can also be adapted by varying angles α and β, although certain angle thresholds must be met to obtain the stereometric advantages of this method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When used to treat joint scar contractures, the square flap method can fully span the web space in a stereometric manner, thus yielding a close-to-original shape and function. Compared with the classical Z-plasties, it also provides sufficient anatomical blood supply while imposing the least physiological tension on the adjacent skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chenyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Rei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ogawa