title: Chemical identification and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of fixed oil extracted from Rhinella jimi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The toad Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) (Bufonidae) is used in traditional medicine to treat a number of illnesses (inflammation, infections, and wounds) in humans as well as animals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present work examined the antimicrobial actions of the extracted oils from the body fat of R. jimi (ORJ) against fungi and standard and multi-resistant lines of bacteria, as well as their effects when combined with aminoglycosides.
  
  
  METHODS
  The toads were collected in the municipality of Exu in Pernambuco State, Brazil, and their body fat oils extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus using hexane. A gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer was used to identify the fatty acids, based on their methyl esters. The antimicrobial activities of the oil were analyzed against standard and multi-resistant lines of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as against fungal lines of Candida albicans and Candida krusei using the broth micro-dilution method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ORJ were 512 µg/mL for Candida krusei and ≥1024 µg/mL for the other microorganisms. When associated with amikacin, ORJ demonstrated an increase in its ability to inhibit E. coli growth (from 156.25 to 39.06 µg/mL), indicating synergistic interaction. In the same way, when allied with amikacin, gentamicin, and neomycin, the ORJ reduced the MICs meaningly, against P. aeruginosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data will enable searches to be made to obtain new products in combination with antibiotics, enhancing the efficacy of these drugs against drug-resistant microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE , Recife, PE , Brazil .
authors.forename: Débora Lima
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.forename: Olga Paiva
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Mário Eduardo Santos
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.forename: Diógenes Queiroz
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Marta Regina
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kerntopf
authors.forename: Henrique Douglas Melo
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: José Galberto Martins
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Francisco Roberto Dias
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: Felipe Silva
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Waltécio Oliveira
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001938:Brazil; D002025:Bufonidae; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005216:Fat Body / Q000737:chemistry*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D009821:Oils
keywords: Conservation; ethnobiology; modulation of aminoglycosides; zootherapy