title: Commentary: flawed science delays smelter cleanup and worsens health.
abstract: For 6,000 years, humans have known about smelter hazards. Yet these metals threats continue. Why? This commentary provides one preliminary answer. It (1) summarizes the history of smelter pollution and (2) suggests that at least 3 problems-especially flawed smelter-polluter science-allow continuing health threats. It (3) illustrates this flawed science by using one of the most dangerous of U.S. former smelters, in DePue, Illinois. There polluters are avoiding violating the law yet trying to minimize smelter-caused health threats, thus clean-up costs, by using two questionable scientific claims. The causality-denial claim denies that smelter metals cause neurodegenerative diseases. The biomagnification-denial claim denies that food-chain biomagnification of smelter metals can put citizens at risk. The commentary shows both claims err, and (4) suggests ways to address flawed smelter science and resulting health harms.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana , USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spear
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shrader-Frechette
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007221:Industry; D008669:Metallurgy; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: DePue; Doe-Run; LaOroya; Renco; biomagnification; metal; neurodegeneration; smelter