title: Effects of fungal species, cultivation time, growth substrate, and air exposure velocity on the fluorescence properties of airborne fungal spores.
abstract: Real-time bioaerosol monitoring is possible with fluorescence based instruments. This study provides information on major factors that can affect the fluorescence properties of airborne fungal spores. Two fluorescence-based bioaerosol detectors, BioScout, and ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UVAPS), were used to study fluorescent particle fractions (FPFs) of released spores of three fungal species (Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium brevicompactum). Two culture media (agar and gypsum board), three ages of the culture (one week, one month, and four months), and three aerosolization air velocities (5, 15, and 27 m/s) were tested. The results showed that the FPF values for spores released from gypsum were typically lower than for those released from agar indicating that poor nutrient substrate produces spores with lower amounts of fluorescent compounds. The results also showed higher FPF values with lower air velocities in aerosolization. This indicates that easily released fully developed spores have more fluorescent compounds compared to forcibly extracted non-matured spores. The FPFs typically were lower with older samples. The FPF results between the two instruments were similar, except with four-month-old samples. The results can be utilized in field measurements of fungal spores to estimate actual concentrations and compare different instruments with fluorescence-based devices as well as in instrument calibration and testing in laboratory conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorescence-based instruments are the only choice for real-time detection of fungal spores at the moment. In general, all fluorescence-based bioaerosol instruments are tested against known bacterial and fungal spores in laboratory conditions. This study showed that fungal species, growth substrate, age of culture, and air current exposure rate have an effect on detection efficiency of fungal spores in the fluorescence-based instruments. Therefore, these factors should be considered in the instrument calibration process. The results are also important when interpreting results of fluorescence-based field measurements of fungal spores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saari
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mensah-Attipoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reponen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Veijalainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salmela
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pasanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keskinen
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000392:Air Movements; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002963:Cladosporium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000382:microbiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D010407:Penicillium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000302:isolation & purification*
keywords: BioScout; Bioaerosol; Fluorescence; Fungal spores; Real-time detection; Ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer