title: Characterization of the withdrawal phase in a swine controlled intestinal donation after circulatory death model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transplantation of donation after cardiac death (DCD) intestine has higher rates of organ failure and complications. Fortunately, this is less grievous in a subclass of DCD called controlled (CDCD), those with irreversible but incomplete brain injury. The aim of the paper is to establish a CDCD porcine model which is closely mimicking human CDCD scenario, and investigate the physiologic changes from withdrawal of ventilatory support to circulatory arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten domestic crossbred pigs were anesthetized and ventilated with room air. Once all baseline data was taken, atracurium besilate (0.9 mg/kg, 3×ED95) was administered and the ventilator was discontinued while the animal was under deep anesthesia to establish the porcine CDCD model. Meanwhile, heparin (150~200 U/kg) was administered after discontinuation of the ventilator. The time to death and the changes of arterial blood gases and hemodynamic parameters were monitored every 5 minutes until circulatory arrest. In addition, histopathology, ultrastructures (via electron microscope) and expression of tight junction proteins of intestinal mucosa were observed at the baseline and the time of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean time to death was approximately (21.8±3.12 min. Within 5 minutes of removal of the ventilator, there was a hyperdynamic period. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate quickly increased to 118.5±10.4 mmHg and 108.2±4.94 bpm, respectively. Blood pressure and heart rate then reduced rapidly until circulatory arrest. Moreover, the PaO2 quickly dropped to 17.4±3.13 mmHg, the blood gases throughout the apneic time showed a rapid hypercapnia and acidosis. In addition, warm ischemia damaged intestinal mucosa and reduced TJ proteins expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new swine CDCD model, simulating three stages of "withdrawal of ventilation, systemic anticoagulation and determination of death", which closely mimics the human DCD scenario and can thus be used in studies related to organ transplantation, was successfully established.
authors.forename: Mingxiao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Linlin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chunlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007422:Intestines / Q000637:transplantation* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D012769:Shock / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000648:ultrastructure