title: Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been debate regarding whether Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD) is distinct from Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) when the latter is comorbid with PTSD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the patterns of symptoms endorsed by women seeking treatment for childhood abuse form classes that are consistent with diagnostic criteria for PTSD, Complex PTSD, and BPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted on an archival dataset of 280 women with histories of childhood abuse assessed for enrollment in a clinical trial for PTSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  THE LCA REVEALED FOUR DISTINCT CLASSES OF INDIVIDUALS: a Low Symptom class characterized by low endorsements on all symptoms; a PTSD class characterized by elevated symptoms of PTSD but low endorsement of symptoms that define the Complex PTSD and BPD diagnoses; a Complex PTSD class characterized by elevated symptoms of PTSD and self-organization symptoms that defined the Complex PTSD diagnosis but low on the symptoms of BPD; and a BPD class characterized by symptoms of BPD. Four BPD symptoms were found to greatly increase the odds of being in the BPD compared to the Complex PTSD class: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, unstable sense of self, unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, and impulsiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings supported the construct validity of Complex PTSD as distinguishable from BPD. Key symptoms that distinguished between the disorders were identified, which may aid in differential diagnosis and treatment planning.
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Marylène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cloitre
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Donn W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Garvert
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Eve B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bryant
keywords: Borderline Personality Disorder; Complex PTSD; ICD-11; WHO; posttraumatic stress disorder