title: Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in Shandong province, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the clinical and biochemical data, mutation analysis, treatment, outcome and the follow-up data of patients with BH4 deficiency from 2004 to 2012 in Shandong province, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the clinical, biochemical and treatment data of 40 patients with BH4 deficiency. Urinary neopterin and biopterin were analyzed. Further BH4 loading tests were performed in suspected patients with abnormal urinary pterin profiles. The patients with BH4 deficiency were treated with BH4 and neurotransmitter after diagnosis. Blood phenylalanine level, clinical symptoms and mental development were followed up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  40 cases with BH4 deficiency were identified and all classified as PTPS deficiency between 2004 and 2012 in Shandong province, China. They were diagnosed at the age of 20d - 41m and most patients received treatment with BH4, l-dopa and 5-HTP after diagnosis. Seven different mutations (P87S, K91R, T106M, D96N, N52S, S21R, and L127F) were detected in 11 patients. But outcome assessments were not always available. We obtained 19 records of DQ/IQ assessment. In 9 patients (7 early and 2 late diagnosed) no development delay is observed, while in 10 patients (8 early and 2 late diagnosed) development was delayed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study emphasized that screening for BH4 deficiency should be carried out in all patients with HPA in order to minimize misdiagnosis. Although the outcomes of BH4 deficiency are highly variable, early diagnosis and treatment is essential for good outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Jinan Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Bingjuan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Jinan Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Jinan Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Bingchao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: caozhiyang_czy@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhiyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Jinan Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China; Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: liuyingxia@njmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yingxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D006916:5-Hydroxytryptophan / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009154:Mutation; D019798:Neopterin / Q000652:urine; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000097:blood; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001708:Biopterins; D007980:Levodopa; D010649:Phenylalanine; D019798:Neopterin; D006916:5-Hydroxytryptophan; C003402:sapropterin
keywords: BH4 deficiency; Follow-up; HPA; PTPS; Treatment