title: Behavior of Staphylococcus aureus in culture broth, in raw and thermized milk, and during processing and storage of traditional Greek Graviera cheese in the presence or absence of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris M104, a wild, novel nisin A-producing raw milk isolate.
abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the behavior of Staphylococcus aureus during processing, ripening, and storage of traditional Greek Graviera cheese in accordance with European Union Regulation 1441/2007 for coagulase-positive staphylococci in thermized milk cheeses. Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris M104, a wild, novel nisin A-producing (NisA+) strain, also was evaluated as an antistaphylococcal adjunct. A three-strain cocktail of enterotoxigenic (Ent+) S. aureus increased by approximately 2 log CFU/ml when co-inoculated (at approximately 3 log CFU/ml) in thermized Graviera cheese milk (TGCM; 63°C for 30 s) with commercial starter culture (CSC) and/or strain M104 at approximately 6 log CFU/ml and then incubated at 37°C for 3 h. However, after 6 h at 37°C, significant retarding effects on S. aureus growth were noted in the order TGCM + M104 > TGCM + CSC = TGCM + CSC + M104 > TGCM. Additional incubation of TGCM cultures at 18°C for 66 h resulted in a 1.2-log reduction (P < 0.05) of S. aureus populations in TGCM + M104. The Ent + S. aureus cocktail did not grow but survived during ripening and storage when inoculated (at approximately 3 log CFU/g) postcooking into Graviera mini cheeses prepared from TGCM + CSC or TGCM + CSC + M104, ripened at 18°C and 90% relative humidity for 20 days, and stored at 4°C in vacuum packages for 2 months. A rapid 10-fold decrease (P < 0.05) in S. aureus populations occurred within the first 24 h of cheese fermentation. Reductions of S. aureus were greater by approximately 0.4 log CFU/g in CSC + M104 than in CSC only cheeses, concomitantly with the presence of NisA + M104 colonies and nisin-encoding genes in the CSC plus M104 cheeses and their corresponding microbial consortia only. A high level of selective survival of a naturally nisin-resistant EntC z S. aureus strain from the cocktail was noted in CSC + M104 cheeses and in coculture with the NisA + M104 strain in M-17 broth. In conclusion, although S. aureus growth inhibition is assured during Graviera cheese ripening, early growth of the pathogen during milk curdling and curd cooking operations may occur. Nisin-resistant S. aureus strains that may contaminate Graviera cheese milks postthermally may be difficult to control even by the application of the NisA + L. lactis subsp. cremoris strain M104 as a bioprotective adjunct culture.
authors.affiliation: Dairy Research Institute, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Katsikas, 45221 Ioannina, Greece. jsam@otenet.gr.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samelis
authors.affiliation: Dairy Research Institute, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Katsikas, 45221 Ioannina, Greece; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lianou
authors.affiliation: Dairy Research Institute, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Katsikas, 45221 Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.affiliation: Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1230 DomŽale, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Bojana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bogovič-Matijašić
authors.affiliation: Dairy Research Institute, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Katsikas, 45221 Ioannina, Greece; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parapouli
authors.affiliation: Dairy Research Institute, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Katsikas, 45221 Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kakouri
authors.affiliation: Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1230 DomŽale, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rogelj
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013294:Lactococcus lactis; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D009561:Nisin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development*; D013696:Temperature; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D009561:Nisin; C102526:nisin A