title: Biocompatibility and toxicity of poly(vinyl alcohol)/N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan scaffold.
abstract: The in vivo biocompatibility and toxicity of PVA/NOCC scaffold were tested by comparing them with those of a biocompatible inert material HAM in a rat model. On Day 5, changes in the blood parameters of the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats were significantly higher than those of the control. The levels of potassium, creatinine, total protein, A/G, hemoglobulin, erythrocytes, WBC, and platelets were not significantly altered in the HAM-implanted rats, when compared with those in the control. On Day 10, an increase in potassium, urea, and GGT levels and a decrease in ALP, platelet, and eosinophil levels were noted in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, when compared with control. These changes were almost similar to those noted in the HAM-implanted rats, except for the unaltered potassium and increased neutrophil levels. On Day 15, the total protein, A/G, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil levels remained unaltered in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, whereas urea, A/G, WBC, lymphocyte, and monocyte levels remained unchanged in the HAM-implanted rats. Histology and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed inflammatory infiltration in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, but not in the HAM-implanted rats. Although a low toxic tissue response was observed in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, further studies are necessary to justify the use of this material in tissue engineering applications.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Tunku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamarul
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krishnamurithy
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noman D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Salih
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nurul Syuhada
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hanumantha Rao Balaji
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Raghavendran
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdul Razzaq
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Suhaeb
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: D S K
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Choon
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000650:Amnion / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008297:Male; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D048271:Chitosan; D020100:Hydrogels; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D011188:Potassium; D014508:Urea; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C077199:O,N-carboxymethylchitosan