title: Effect of melamine on [Ca(2+)]i and viability in PC3 human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Melamine is thought to be an endocrine disrupter that affects physiology in cells. This study examined the effect of melamine on cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)]i) and viability in PC3 human prostate cancer cells. Melamine evoked [Ca(2+)]i rises concentration-dependently. Melamine-evoked Ca(2+) entry was inhibited by nifedipine, econazole, SKF96365, GF109203X and phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate. In Ca(2+)-free medium, treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor thapsigargin inhibited melamine-evoked [Ca(2+)]i rise. Conversely, treatment with melamine abolished thapsigargin-evoked [Ca(2+)]i rise. Inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 did not alter melamine-evoked [Ca(2+)]i rise. Melamine at 500-800μM decreased cell viability, which was not reversed by pretreatment with the Ca(2+) chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA/AM). Collectively, our data suggest that in PC3 cells, melamine induced [Ca(2+)]i rises by evoking phospholipase C-independent Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum, and Ca(2+) entry via protein kinase C-regulated store-operated Ca(2+) entry. Melamine also caused Ca(2+)-independent cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Chia-Yi 61363, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiang-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, St. Joseph Hospital, Kaohsiung 80288, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Te-Kung
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Zhe
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jin-Shiung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hong-Tai
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jue-Long
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Tzu Hui Institute of Technology, Pingtung 92641, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-An
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Daih-Huang
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pochuen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan. Electronic address: crjan@isca.vghks.gov.tw.
authors.forename: Chung-Ren
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jan
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014227:Triazines; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; C011907:melamine; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Ca(2+); Cell death; Human prostate cancer cells; Melamine