title: Sensitivity and permissivity of Cyprinus carpio to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 during the early stages of its development: importance of the epidermal mucus as an innate immune barrier.
abstract: Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) causes a lethal disease in common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). The present study investigated the ability of CyHV-3 to infect common carp during the early stages of its development (from embryos to fingerlings) after inoculation by immersion in water containing the virus. Fish were inoculated at different times after hatching with a pathogenic recombinant CyHV-3 strain expressing luciferase. The sensitivity and permissivity of carp to CyHV-3 were investigated using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. The susceptibility of carp to CyHV-3 disease was investigated by measuring the survival rate. Carp were sensitive and permissive to CyHV-3 infection and susceptible to CyHV-3 disease at all stages of development, but the sensitivity of the two early developmental stages (embryo and larval stages) was limited compared to later stages. The lower sensitivity observed for the early developmental stages was due to stronger inhibition of viral entry into the host by epidermal mucus. In addition, independent of the developmental stage at which inoculation was performed, the localization of light emission suggested that the skin is the portal of CyHV-3 entry. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that carp are sensitive and permissive to CyHV-3 at all stages of development and confirm that the skin is the major portal of entry after inoculation by immersion in infectious water. The results also stress the role of epidermal mucus as an innate immune barrier against pathogens even and especially at the early stages of development.
authors.affiliation: Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium. mronsmans@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Maygane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ronsmans
authors.affiliation: Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium. maxime.boutier@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boutier
authors.affiliation: Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium. krakus@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rakus
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics and Bioinformatics applied to Veterinary Science (B43), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium. f.farnir@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farnir
authors.affiliation: Pathology, Department of Morphology and Pathology (B43), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium. daniel.desmecht@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Desmecht
authors.affiliation: Transgenic Platform, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire B34, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium. fabien.ectors@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ectors
authors.affiliation: CEFRA-University of Liège, 10 Chemin de la Justice, 4500, Tihange, Belgium. Michael.Vandecan@afsca.be.
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vandecan
authors.affiliation: CERgroupe, 1 rue du Carmel, B-6900, Marloie, Belgium. f.lieffrig@cergroupe.be.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lieffrig
authors.affiliation: CEFRA-University of Liège, 10 Chemin de la Justice, 4500, Tihange, Belgium. C.Melard@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mélard
authors.affiliation: Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium. a.vdplasschen@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanderplasschen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D004267:DNA Viruses / Q000502:physiology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D004817:Epidermis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009093:Mucus / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology