title: The analytical calibration in (bio)imaging/mapping of the metallic elements in biological samples--definitions, nomenclature and strategies: state of the art.
abstract: Nowadays, studies related to the distribution of metallic elements in biological samples are one of the most important issues. There are many articles dedicated to specific analytical atomic spectrometry techniques used for mapping/(bio)imaging the metallic elements in various kinds of biological samples. However, in such literature, there is a lack of articles dedicated to reviewing calibration strategies, and their problems, nomenclature, definitions, ways and methods used to obtain quantitative distribution maps. The aim of this article was to characterize the analytical calibration in the (bio)imaging/mapping of the metallic elements in biological samples including (1) nomenclature; (2) definitions, and (3) selected and sophisticated, examples of calibration strategies with analytical calibration procedures applied in the different analytical methods currently used to study an element's distribution in biological samples/materials such as LA ICP-MS, SIMS, EDS, XRF and others. The main emphasis was placed on the procedures and methodology of the analytical calibration strategy. Additionally, the aim of this work is to systematize the nomenclature for the calibration terms: analytical calibration, analytical calibration method, analytical calibration procedure and analytical calibration strategy. The authors also want to popularize the division of calibration methods that are different than those hitherto used. This article is the first work in literature that refers to and emphasizes many different and complex aspects of analytical calibration problems in studies related to (bio)imaging/mapping metallic elements in different kinds of biological samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jurowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogusław
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buszewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Regional Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis and Structural Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: wojciech.piekoszewski@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Piekoszewski
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008670:Metals
keywords: (Bio)imaging; Calibration methods; Calibration nomenclature; Calibration procedure; Calibration strategy; Distribution; Mapping