title: fMRI assessment of neuroplasticity in youths with neurodevelopmental-associated motor disorders after piano training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Damage to the developing brain may lead to lifelong motor impairments namely of the hand function. Playing an instrument combines the execution of gross and fine motor movements with direct auditory feedback of performance and with emotional value. This motor-associated sensory information may work as a self-control of motor performance in therapeutic settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined the occurrence of neuronal changes associated to piano training in youths with neurodevelopmental-associated hand motor deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging responses evoked during a finger tapping task in a group of ten youths with neuromotor impairments that received individualized piano lessons for eighteen months were analyzed. Functional imaging data obtained before and after the piano training was compared to that obtained from a similar group of six youths who received no training during the same period of time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dynamic causal modeling of functional data indicated an increase in positive connectivity from the left primary motor cortical area to the right cerebellum from before to after the piano training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide variability across patients was observed and further studies remain necessary to clarify the neurophysiological basis of the effects of piano training in hand motor function of patients with neurodevelopmental motor disorders.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Pediatric Neuroorthopaedics and Cerebral Palsy, Orthopaedic Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alves-Pinto
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Pediatric Neuroorthopaedics and Cerebral Palsy, Orthopaedic Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Varvara
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Turova
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Pediatric Neuroorthopaedics and Cerebral Palsy, Orthopaedic Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blumenstein
authors.affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thienel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Afra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wohlschläger
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Pediatric Neuroorthopaedics and Cerebral Palsy, Orthopaedic Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Renee.Lampe@lrz.tu-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Renée
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lampe
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004644:Emotions; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007360:Intelligence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cerebral palsy; Motor impairment; Neurodevelopmental disorder; Neuroplasticity; Piano; fMRI