title: Feasibility of carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced sinonasal adenocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for locally advanced sinonasal adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients with sinonasal adenocarcinoma were treated with CIRT. CIRT was the primary treatment for 16 patients. Four patients received CIRT for local recurrence after surgery and two for residual tumour after surgery or chemotherapy. At the start of CIRT, 1 patient had T-classification (T) 2 disease, 2 had T3 disease, 5 had T4a disease, and 14 had T4b disease. Fourteen patients were treated with 57.6 Gy equivalent (GyE)/16 fractions, and 8, with 64.0 GyE/16 fractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up period was 43 months for all patients. The 3-year local control and loco-regional control rates for all patients were 76.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]=56.7-97.1%) and 61.3% (95% CI=38.5-84.1%), respectively. The 3-year overall survival and disease-specific survival rates were 59.1% (95% CI=38.6-79.6%) and 65.6% (95% CI=44.9-86.3%), respectively. Acute reactions of grade 3 of the skin and mucosa were observed in 2 and 4 patients, respectively. Late reactions included lateral visual loss (5 patients), mucosal ulceration (1 patient), and brain necrosis with clinical symptoms (1 patient). In the 5 patients who developed visual loss, the optic nerve was close to the tumour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CIRT was effective and generally safe for locally advanced sinonasal adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan. Electronic address: koto@nirs.go.jp.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koto
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Azusa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sasahara
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikawa
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun-Etsu
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mizoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jingu
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsujii
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okamoto
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D063193:Heavy Ion Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adenocarcinoma; Carbon ion radiotherapy; Particle therapy; Sinonasal tumour