title: The etiology, risk factors, and interactions of enteric infections and malnutrition and the consequences for child health and development study (MAL-ED): description of the Tanzanian site.
abstract: The Haydom, Tanzania, site (TZH) of The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) Study is in north-central Tanzania, 300 km from the nearest urban center. TZH is in a remote rural district where most of the population are agropastoralists and grow maize as the staple food. The average household size is 7. The average woman achieves a parity of 6 and has 1 child death. Socioeconomic indicators are poor, with essentially no household having access to electricity, piped water, or improved sanitary facilities (compared with 14%, 7%, and 12%, respectively, reported nationally). The Demographic Health Survey Tanzania 2004 indicated that the region had high rates of stunting and underweight (40% and 31% of children aged <5 years had a height-for-age z score and weight-for-age z score, respectively, of <-2 ) and an under-5 child mortality rate of 5.8%. Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence among 18-month-old children is <0.5%. TZH represents a remote rural African population with profound poverty and malnutrition, but a strong community-based research infrastructure.
authors.affiliation: Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara Region, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Estomih R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mduma
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gratz
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago.
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matson
authors.affiliation: Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara Region, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dakay
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara Region, Tanzania.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pascal
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McQuillin
authors.affiliation: Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara Region, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mighay
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hinken
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.affiliation: Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara Region, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amour
authors.affiliation: Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara Region, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Regisiana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mvungi
authors.affiliation: Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara Region, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Eliwaza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bayyo
authors.affiliation: Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara Region, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Yeconia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Station, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Sokoine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kivuyo
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Houpt
authors.affiliation: Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara Region, Tanzania Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Erling
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D044342:Malnutrition; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: MAL-ED; Tanzania; child development; enteric infections; malnutrition