title: Application of neural networks with novel independent component analysis methodologies to a Prussian blue modified glassy carbon electrode array.
abstract: Sodium potassium absorption ratio (SPAR) is an important measure of agricultural water quality, wherein four exchangeable cations (K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) should be simultaneously determined. An ISE-array is suitable for this application because its simplicity, rapid response characteristics and lower cost. However, cross-interferences caused by the poor selectivity of ISEs need to be overcome using multivariate chemometric methods. In this paper, a solid contact ISE array, based on a Prussian blue modified glassy carbon electrode (PB-GCE), was applied with a novel chemometric strategy. One of the most popular independent component analysis (ICA) methods, the fast fixed-point algorithm for ICA (fastICA), was implemented by the genetic algorithm (geneticICA) to avoid the local maxima problem commonly observed with fastICA. This geneticICA can be implemented as a data preprocessing method to improve the prediction accuracy of the Back-propagation neural network (BPNN). The ISE array system was validated using 20 real irrigation water samples from South Australia, and acceptable prediction accuracies were obtained.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia. Electronic address: Liang.Wang@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Die
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Zuliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of EIE (Applied Physics), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lesniewski
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Megharaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mallavarapu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Ravendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D000465:Algorithms; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002138:Calibration; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D005295:Ferrocyanides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D054802:Molecular Imprinting; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005295:Ferrocyanides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon; C000170:ferric ferrocyanide
keywords: Back-propagation neural network (BPNN); Genetic algorithm (GA); Independent component analysis (ICA); Ion selective electrode (ISE) array; Orthogonal experimental design (OED); Prussian blue modified glassy carbon electrode (PB-GCE)