title: Microbial sensing by Toll-like receptors and intracellular nucleic acid sensors.
abstract: Recognition of an invading pathogen is critical to elicit protective responses. Certain microbial structures and molecules, which are crucial for their survival and virulence, are recognized by different families of evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This recognition initiates a signaling cascade that leads to the transcription of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to eliminate pathogens and attract immune cells, thereby perpetuating further adaptive immune responses. Considerable research on the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions has resulted in the discovery of multifarious PRRs. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in microbial recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and intracellular nucleic acid sensors and the signaling pathways initiated by them.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Surya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018448:Models, Immunological; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D004247:DNA