title: Structural basis of the regulatory mechanism of the plant CIPK family of protein kinases controlling ion homeostasis and abiotic stress.
abstract: Plant cells have developed specific protective molecular machinery against environmental stresses. The family of CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPK) and their interacting activators, the calcium sensors calcineurin B-like (CBLs), work together to decode calcium signals elicited by stress situations. The molecular basis of biological activation of CIPKs relies on the calcium-dependent interaction of a self-inhibitory NAF motif with a particular CBL, the phosphorylation of the activation loop by upstream kinases, and the subsequent phosphorylation of the CBL by the CIPK. We present the crystal structures of the NAF-truncated and pseudophosphorylated kinase domains of CIPK23 and CIPK24/SOS2. In addition, we provide biochemical data showing that although CIPK23 is intrinsically inactive and requires an external stimulation, CIPK24/SOS2 displays basal activity. This data correlates well with the observed conformation of the respective activation loops: Although the loop of CIPK23 is folded into a well-ordered structure that blocks the active site access to substrates, the loop of CIPK24/SOS2 protrudes out of the active site and allows catalysis. These structures together with biochemical and biophysical data show that CIPK kinase activity necessarily requires the coordinated releases of the activation loop from the active site and of the NAF motif from the nucleotide-binding site. Taken all together, we postulate the basis for a conserved calcium-dependent NAF-mediated regulation of CIPKs and a variable regulation by upstream kinases.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid E-28006, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaves-Sanjuan
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid E-28006, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Maria Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Barrena
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid E-28006, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Juana Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Rubio
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid E-28006, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla E-41012, Spain.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ragel
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid E-28006, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla E-41012, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid E-28006, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez-Ripoll
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla E-41012, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid E-28006, Spain; and xalbert@iqfr.csic.es.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albert
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D006706:Homeostasis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017136:Ion Transport; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D008094:Lithium; D012964:Sodium; C406738:SOS2 protein, Arabidopsis; C514581:CIPK23 protein, Arabidopsis; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
keywords: abiotic stress; ion transport; signaling