title: Markers of oxidative stress in plasma and saliva in patients with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress plays a role in multiple sclerosis. Saliva can be potentially used to study the disease progression or treatment, because of its non-invasiveness and easy collection. But studies on saliva and multiple sclerosis are missing. The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of salivary oxidative stress markers in patients and healthy controls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Whole saliva and blood samples were collected from 29 patients and 29 healthy controls. Samples were collected during relapse, after corticosteroid therapy, and after three months. Markers of oxidative, carbonyl stress and antioxidant status were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In plasma, thiobarbituric acid reacting substances, advanced oxidation protein products and fructosamine were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (by 271%, 46% and 24%, respectively; p<0.01). Total antioxidant capacity in plasma was lower by 20% (p<0.01) in patients versus controls. In saliva, higher levels of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances and advanced glycation end-products were observed in patients when compared to controls (by 51% and 49% respectively; p<0.01). Ferric reducing ability was reduced by 38% (p<0.05) in patients with multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our knowledge, this is the first report showing higher markers of oxidative stress and lower antioxidant status in patients with multiple sclerosis in saliva.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karlík
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valkovič
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Viera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hančinová
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krížová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: tothova.lubomira@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ľubomíra
authors.initials: Ľ
authors.lastname: Tóthová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Celec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000097:blood*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Carbonyl stress; EDSS; Multiple sclerosis; Reactive oxygen species; Saliva