title: A postal screener for pain and need for treatment in older persons in primary care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the Pain intensity, Enjoyment in life, General activity questionnaire (PEG) as a postal screener for pain in older persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based survey. Postal screening questionnaires followed by an interview of a sample of participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons aged 75 and older (N = 243; 95 interviewed).
  
  
  METHODS
  Screening included the PEG, a three-item abbreviated version of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), plus an additional question on treatment need. Pain severity and related interference was assessed (BPI) during the interview, as was the current (need for) pain treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median PEG score of the 243 persons participating in the screening (response 76%) was 2.0 (interquartile range 0-4.7). Seventy-nine (35%) had moderate to severe pain (PEG score ≥ 4), of whom 56% reported current pain treatment and 15% stated that they might ask for help. For a PEG score cutoff of 4 or greater, sensitivity was 0.81 and specificity was 0.78 to find scores of 4 or greater on one or both BPI subscales during the interview. For the question on need for treatment, replies on the screener and the interview were not always consistent. Of the 43 interviewed participants with a PEG score of 4 or greater, 60% received treatment. Of the 17 without current pain treatment, 10 still reported pain, three of whom said that they might ask for help.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PEG can be used as a postal screener to detect the presence of pain in older persons, but treatment needs cannot be established using the PEG alone or in combination with a simple additional question.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margot W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: de Waal
authors.forename: Wendy P J
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: den Elzen
authors.forename: Wilco P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Achterberg
authors.forename: Jacobijn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gussekloo
authors.forename: Jeanet W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Blom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D059408:Pain Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: old age; pain; screening