title: Effect of proctodeal gland foam on sperm kinetics in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).
abstract: The proctodeal gland of the male Japanese quail produces thick foam that accompanies semen when it is transferred to the female. It is thought that this foam enhances fertilization by improving the motility of the sperm, but reports are conflicting because the effect of foam on sperm motility has only been assessed subjectively The velocity of individual sperm was not able to be measured accurately, variations were large, and small changes in motility could not be accurately evaluated. So, we tested the hypothesis that foam affects the motility of spermatozoa of Japanese quail by analyzing motility objectively using computer-assisted semen analysis and determining changes in sperm kinetics in the presence of different concentrations of proctodeal gland foam. The addition of 5% or 10% foam to the sperm suspension increased (P < 0.05) all sperm kinetic parameters (the curvilinear velocity, straight line velocity, the velocity of the average path, linearity, straightness, and beat cross frequency). As a result, the percentage of motile and progressive motile sperm also increased. All these parameters declined (P < 0.05) with a further increase in the concentration of foam to 15% and 20%. Furthermore, this effect was similar in males that were 8, 16, or 26 weeks of age. We conclude that sperm motility is enhanced by proctodeal gland foam, and this enhancement depends on its concentration.
authors.affiliation: School of Animal Biology M085, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; Department of Poultry Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.affiliation: School of Animal Biology M085, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: The UWA Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rybnik-Trzaskowska
authors.affiliation: The UWA Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; Avian Physiology and Genetics Division, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: School of Animal Biology M085, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa. Electronic address: irek.malecki@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Malecki
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D003370:Coturnix / Q000502:physiology*; D005088:Exocrine Glands / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Computer-assisted semen analysis; Proctodeal gland foam; Rapid sperm; Sperm motility