title: Development and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4).
abstract: The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) and its earlier versions are measures designed to assess societal and interpersonal aspects of appearance ideals. Correlational, structural equation modeling, and prospective studies of the SATAQ-3 have shown consistent and significant associations with measures of body image disturbance and eating pathology. In the current investigation, the SATAQ-3 was revised to improve upon some conceptual limitations and was evaluated in 4 U.S. and 3 international female samples, as well as a U.S. male sample. In Study 1, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses for a sample of women from the Southeastern United States (N = 859) indicated a 22-item scale with 5 factors: Internalization: Thin/Low Body Fat, Internalization: Muscular/Athletic, Pressures: Family, Pressures: Media, Pressures: Peers. This scale structure was confirmed in 3 independent and geographically diverse samples of women from the United States (East Coast N = 440, West Coast N = 304, and North/Midwest N = 349). SATAQ-4 scale scores demonstrated excellent reliability and good convergent validity with measures of body image, eating disturbance, and self-esteem. Study 2 replicated the factorial validity, reliability, and convergent validity of the SATAQ-4 in an international sample of women drawn from Italy, England, and Australia (N = 362). Study 3 examined a sample of college males from the United States (N = 271); the 5-factor solution was largely replicated, yet there was some evidence of an underlying structure unique to men. Future research avenues include additional item testing and modification of the scale for men, as well as adaptation of the measure for children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida.
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida.
authors.forename: Natasha L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida.
authors.forename: J Kevin
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Measurement and Research, University of South Florida.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Dedrick
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University.
authors.forename: Leslie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Heinberg
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Kent.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Calogero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bardone-Cone
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chapman University.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Frederick
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii.
authors.forename: Mackenzie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York.
authors.forename: Drew A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schaumberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences-Section of Psychology, University of Florence.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nerini
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences-Section of Psychology, University of Florence.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanile
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sussex.
authors.forename: Helga
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6094-3567
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dittmar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sussex.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sussex.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sussex.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macwana
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Klump
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Allison C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vercellone
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University.
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Paxton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Westminster.
authors.forename: Viren
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Swami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001315:Australia; D001828:Body Image; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004739:England; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D010379:Peer Group; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States