title: Onshore-offshore gradient in metacommunity turnover emerges only over macroevolutionary time-scales.
abstract: Invertebrate lineages tend to originate and become extinct at a higher rate in onshore than in offshore habitats over long temporal durations (more than 10 Myr), but it remains unclear whether this pattern scales down to durations of stages (less than 5 Myr) or even sequences (less than 0.5 Myr). We assess whether onshore-offshore gradients in long-term turnover between the tropical Eocene and the warm-temperate Plio-Pleistocene can be extrapolated from gradients in short-term turnover, using abundances of molluscan species from bulk samples in the northeast Atlantic Province. We find that temporal turnover of metacommunities does not significantly decline with depth over short durations (less than 5 Myr), but significantly declines with depth between the Eocene and Plio-Pleistocene (approx. 50 Myr). This decline is determined by a higher onshore extinction of Eocene genera and families, by a higher onshore variability in abundances of genera and families, and by an onshore expansion of genera and families that were frequent offshore in the Eocene. Onshore-offshore decline in turnover thus emerges only over long temporal durations. We suggest that this emergence is triggered by abrupt and spatially extensive climatic or oceanographic perturbations that occurred between the Eocene and Plio-Pleistocene. Plio-Pleistocene metacommunities show a high proportion of bathymetric generalists, in contrast to Eocene metacommunities. Accordingly, the net cooling and weaker thermal gradients may have allowed offshore specialists to expand into onshore habitats and maintain their presence in offshore habitats.
authors.affiliation: Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geological Institute, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia geoltoma@savba.sk.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomašových
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia, Museo di Storia Naturale, Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, Firenze 50121, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dominici
authors.affiliation: Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna 1090, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuschin
authors.affiliation: CR2P - MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Paris 6, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Merle
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005580:Fossils; D008974:Mollusca / Q000502:physiology*; D009792:Oceans and Seas
keywords: Mollusca; macroecology; macroevolution; niche conservatism; stasis; temporal turnover