title: [Gender-specific differences relating to depressiveness in 1st and 2nd generation migrants: results of a cross-sectional study amongst employees of a university hospital].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analysed the risk of depression in men and women with a background of immigration by means of a cross-sectional study amongst employees of a German university hospital. In addition we identified gender-specific differences related to risk factors for depressiveness in the subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  7062 employees with or without a 1st (1G) or 2nd (2G) generation background of migration were questioned with regard to their socio-economic status, to single markers of acculturation, and to existing symptoms of depression assessed on the general depression scale (CES-D). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 41.7% (n=2932). In comparison to non-migrants a higher risk of clinically relevant depressiveness was found for 1G male migrants (OR 2.35, 95% Cl 1.11-4.96), 1G female migrants (OR 1.94, 95% Cl 1.26-2.97) and for 2G female migrants (OR 1.82, 95% Cl 1.03-3.19). There was no significant increase in risk for 2G male migrants (OR 1.06, 95% Cl 0.31-3.62). 2G female migrants who considered themselves to retain a "close relationship to their native culture" had a significantly higher risk of depression than 2G male immigrants (OR 7.31; p = 0.032). Male 1G migrants without a "close relationship to their native culture" had a significantly higher risk of depression than those with a "close relationship to their native culture" (OR 5.79; p = 0.010).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study point to gender-specific risk constellations for depression amongst 1st and 2nd generation migrants. It would appear that a strong orientation to the native culture increases the risk of depression for 2G female migrants, whereas for 1G male migrants this factor is associated with a lower risk of depression.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Psychiatrie, Sozialpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maksimović
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrie Wunstorf/Langenhagen, Klinikum Region Hannover, Wunstorf/Hannover.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziegenbein
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Transkulturelle Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum Wahrendorff, Sehnde/Hannover.
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Graef-Calliess
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ersöz
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Psychiatrie, Sozialpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Machleidt
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Psychiatrie, Sozialpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sieberer
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology*; D000078329:Workforce; D055815:Young Adult