title: Serum lipid profile and risk of prostate cancer recurrence: Results from the SEARCH database.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence for an association between total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL, respectively), triglycerides, and prostate cancer is conflicting. Given that prostate cancer and dyslipidemia affect large proportions of Western society, understanding these associations has public health importance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 843 radical prostatectomy (RP) patients who never used statins before surgery within the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to investigate the association between cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides and biochemical recurrence risk. In secondary analysis, we explored these associations in patients with dyslipidemia, defined using National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated serum triglycerides were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence [HRper 10 mg/dl, 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.05] but associations between total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, and recurrence risk were null. However, among men with dyslipidemia, each 10 mg/dl increase in cholesterol and HDL was associated with 9% increased recurrence risk (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.17) and 39% reduced recurrence risk (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.41-0.91), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated serum triglycerides were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence. Cholesterol, LDL, or HDL were not associated with recurrence risk among all men. However, among men with dyslipidemia, elevated cholesterol and HDL levels were associated with increased and decreased risk of recurrence, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings, coupled with evidence that statin use is associated with reduced recurrence risk, suggest that lipid levels should be explored as a modifiable risk factor for prostate cancer recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. Cancer Prevention, Detection, and Control Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina. Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Emma H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Allott
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cooperberg
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.affiliation: Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California. Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Aronson
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia. Section of Urology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Martha K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Terris
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Amling
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. steve.freedland@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Freedland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D016208:Databases, Factual; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen