title: Phenolic composition, antioxidant, anti-wrinkles and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of cocoa pod extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocoa pod is an outer part of cocoa fruits being discarded during cocoa bean processing. Authors found out that data on its usage in literature as cosmetic materials was not recorded in vast. In this study, cocoa pod extract was investigated for its potential as a cosmetic ingredient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cocoa pod extract (CPE) composition was accomplished using UHPLC. The antioxidant capacity were measured using scavenging assay of 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene bleaching assay (BCB) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Inhibiting effect on skin degradation enzymes was carried out using elastase and collagenase assays. The skin whitening effect of CPE was determined based on mushroom tyrosinase assay and sun screening effect (UV-absorbance at 200-400 nm wavelength).
  
  
  RESULTS
  LC-MS/MS data showed the presence of carboxylic acid, phenolic acid, fatty acid, flavonoids (flavonol and flavones), stilbenoids and terpenoids in CPE. Results for antioxidant activity exhibited that CPE possessed good antioxidant activity, based on the mechanism of the assays compared with ascorbic acid (AA) and standardized pine bark extract (PBE); DPPH: AA > CPE > PBE; FRAP: PBE > CPE > AA; and BCB: BHT > CPE > PBE. Cocoa pod extract showed better action against elastase and collagenase enzymes in comparison with PBE and AA. Higher inhibition towards tyrosinase enzyme was exhibited by CPE than kojic acid and AA, although lower than PBE. CPE induced proliferation when tested on human fibroblast cell at low concentration. CPE also exhibited a potential as UVB sunscreen despite its low performance as a UVA sunscreen agent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, the CPE has high potential as a cosmetic ingredient due to its anti-wrinkle, skin whitening, and sunscreen effects.
authors.forename: Azila Abdul
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. azrinaaz@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Azrina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azlan
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Puziah
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Siti Salwa
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Abd Gani
authors.forename: Badrul Hisyam
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Zainudin
authors.forename: Nur Azilah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abdullah
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts; D006801:Humans; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D062327:Skin Lightening Preparations; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase