title: Four-dimensional, multiphase, steady-state imaging with contrast enhancement (MUSIC) in the heart: a feasibility study in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a technique for high resolution, four-dimensional (4D), multiphase, steady-state imaging with contrast enhancement (MUSIC) in children with complex congenital heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight pediatric patients underwent cardiovascular MRI with controlled mechanical ventilation after ferumoxytol administration. Breath-held contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) was performed during the first-pass and delayed phases of ferumoxytol, followed by a respiratory gated, 4D MUSIC acquisition during the steady state distribution phase of ferumoxytol. The subjective image quality and image sharpness were evaluated. Assessment of ventricular volumes based on 4D MUSIC was compared with those based on multislice 2D cardiac cine MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 4D MUSIC technique provided cardiac-phase-resolved (65-95 ms temporal resolution) and higher spatial resolution (0.6-0.9 mm isotropic) images than previously achievable using first-pass CE-MRA or 2D cardiac cine. When compared with Ferumoxytol-based first-pass CE-MRA, the 4D MUSIC provided sharper images and better definition of the coronary arteries, aortic root, myocardium, and pulmonary trunk (P < 0.05 for all). The ventricular volume measurements were in good agreement between 4D MUSIC and 2D cine (concordance correlation coefficient >0.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 4D MUSIC technique may represent a new paradigm in MR evaluation of cardiovascular anatomy and function in children with complex congenital heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Stanislas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rapacchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Ihab
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ayad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Isidro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salusky
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plotnik
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.|Biomedical Physics Inter-Departmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.|Biomedical Physics Inter-Departmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: 4D steady state; MR angiography; congenital heart disease; ferumoxytol; intravascular contrast agent; pediatric MRI