title: Molecular evolution of human respiratory syncytial virus attachment glycoprotein (G) gene of new genotype ON1 and ancestor NA1.
abstract: We conducted a comprehensive genetic analysis of the C-terminal 3rd hypervariable region of the attachment glycoprotein (G) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A (HRSV-A) genotype ON1 (93 strains) and ancestor NA1 (125 strains). Genotype ON1 contains a unique mutation of a 72 nucleotide tandem repeat insertion (corresponding to 24 amino acids) in the hypervariable region. The Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method was used to conduct phylogenetic analysis and a time scale for evolution. We also calculated pairwise distances (p-distances) and estimated the selective pressure. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the analyzed ON1 and NA1 strains formed 4 lineages. A strain belonging to lineage 4 of ON1 showed wide genetic divergence (p-distance, 0.072), which suggests that it might be a candidate new genotype, namely ON2. The emergence of genotype NA1 was estimated to have occurred in 2000 (95% of highest probability density, HPD; 1997-2002) and that of genotype ON1 in 2005 (95% HPD; 2000-2010) based on the time-scaled phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary rate of genotype ON1 was higher than that of ancestral genotype NA1 (6.03×10(-3) vs. 4.61×10(-3) substitutions/site/year, p<0.05). Some positive and many negative selection sites were found in both ON1 and NA1 strains. The results suggested that the new genotype ON1 is rapidly evolving with antigenic changes, leading to epidemics of HRSV infection in various countries.
authors.affiliation: Fukui Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 39-4 Harame-cho, Fukui-shi, Fukui 910-8851, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.affiliation: Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukagoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
authors.forename: Lay Myint
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Taisei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishioka
authors.affiliation: Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Aomori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-1-1 Higashitsukurimichi, Aomori-shi, Aomori 030-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan. Electronic address: aryo@yokohama-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akihide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryo
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan. Electronic address: kimhiro@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins
keywords: Attachment glycoprotein (G) gene; Genotype ON1; HRSV; Molecular evolution