title: Increased lodging resistance in long-culm, low-lignin gh2 rice for improved feed and bioenergy production.
abstract: Lignin modification has been a breeding target for the improvements of forage digestibility and energy yields in forage and bioenergy crops, but decreased lignin levels are often accompanied by reduced lodging resistance. The rice mutant gold hull and internode2 (gh2) has been identified to be lignin deficient. GH2 has been mapped to the short arm of chromosome 2 and encodes cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). We developed a long-culm variety, 'Leaf Star', with superior lodging resistance and a gh phenotype similar to one of its parents, 'Chugoku 117'. The gh loci in Leaf Star and Chugoku 117 were localized to the same region of chromosome 2 as the gh2 mutant. Leaf Star had culms with low lignin concentrations due to a natural mutation in OsCAD2 that was not present in Chugoku 117. However, this variety had high culm strength due to its strong, thick culms. Additionally, this variety had a thick layer of cortical fiber tissue with well-developed secondary cell walls. Our results suggest that rice can be improved for forage and bioenergy production by combining superior lodging resistance, which can be obtained by introducing thick and stiff culm traits, with low lignin concentrations, which can be obtained using the gh2 variety.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Taiichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ookawa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Institute, Toyama Agricultural, Forestry &Fisheries Research Center, Toyama, Toyama 939-8153, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebitani
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Institute, Toyama Agricultural, Forestry &Fisheries Research Center, Toyama, Toyama 939-8153, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takarada
authors.affiliation: Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakaba
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Funada
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiation Breeding, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Hitachiohmiya, Ibaraki 319-2293, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanekatsu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyota
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Motobayashi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vazirzanjani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Seishu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tojo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D018533:Biomass; D001947:Breeding; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D008031:Lignin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012275:Oryza / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D008031:Lignin; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C018656:cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase