title: Comparison of changes in etiologic microorganisms causing early-onset neonatal sepsis between preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate changes in the etiologic microorganisms causing early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) in preterm labor (PTL) or preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM) cases over the past 16 years and to analyze the associated factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included consecutive singleton pregnancies delivered before 34 weeks due to PTL or pPROM. The etiologic microorganisms causing EONS in PTL and pPROM cases were compared between period 1 (1996-2004) and period 2 (2005-2012).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in the incidence of Gram-positive bacteria causing EONS between period 1 and 2, either in PTL (2.0% versus 2.1%, p = 1.0) or in pPROM (1.5% versus 1.6%, p = 1.0). However, the incidence of EONS caused by Gram-negative bacteria was significantly increased in pPROM (0.6% versus 2.7%, p = 0.040) during period 2, compared to period 1; but not in PTL (0.3% versus 1.2%, p = 0.211). Multivariable analysis revealed that a prolonged ROM-to-delivery interval (>7 d) was significantly associated with EONS caused by Gram-negative bacteria in pPROM (odds ratio: 6.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.4-31.8, p = 0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The etiologic microorganisms causing EONS have changed over the past 16 years in pPROM cases but not in PTL cases.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.
authors.forename: Heejeong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.
authors.forename: Su-jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.
authors.forename: Ha-Na
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.
authors.forename: Suk-Joo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.
authors.forename: Soo-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics , Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Yae-Jean
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.
authors.forename: Cheong-Rae
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.
authors.forename: Jong-Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000382:microbiology*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000382:microbiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: Early-onset neonatal sepsis; Gram-negative bacteria; microorganisms; preterm labor; preterm premature rupture of membranes