title: A new improved method for assessing brain deformation after decompressive craniectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a surgical intervention used following traumatic brain injury to prevent or alleviate raised intracranial pressure. However the clinical effectiveness of the intervention remains in doubt. The location of the craniectomy (unilateral or bifrontal) might be expected to change the brain deformation associated with the operation and hence the clinical outcome. As existing methods for assessing brain deformation have several limitations, we sought to develop and validate a new improved method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomography (CT) scans were taken from 27 patients who underwent DC (17 bifrontal patients and 10 unilateral patients). Pre-operative and post-operative images were processed and registered to determine the change in brain position associated with the operation. The maximum deformation in the herniated brain, the change in volume and estimates of the craniectomy area were determined from the images. Statistical comparison was made using the Pearson's correlation coefficient r and a Welch's two-tailed T-test, with statistical significance reported at the 5% level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a reasonable correlation between the volume increase and the maximum brain displacement (r = 0.64), a low correlation between the volume increase and the craniectomy area (r = 0.30) and no correlation between the maximum displacement and the craniectomy area (r = -0.01). The maximum deformation was significantly lower (P  = 0.023) in the bifrontal patients (mean = 22.5 mm) compared with the unilateral patients (mean = 29.8 mm). Herniation volume was significantly lower (P = 0.023) in bifrontal (mean = 50.0 ml) than unilateral patients (mean = 107.3 ml). Craniectomy area was not significantly different for the two craniectomy locations (P = 0.29).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A method has been developed to quantify changes in brain deformation due to decompressive craniectomy from CT images and allow comparison between different craniectomy locations. Measured displacement is a reasonable way to characterise volume changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tim L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Angelos G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kolias
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael P F
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D056424:Decompressive Craniectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D020343:Hypertensive Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D009929:Organ Size; D011184:Postoperative Period; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed