title: Modulation of spinal shape with growth following implantation of a novel surgical implant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  First, to determine whether scoliosis development could be limited or reversed by growth when a novel modular hinged implant was fixed to the convexity of a scoliosis created by contralateral rib and laminar tethering and unilateral rib resection in a sheep model. Second, to assess the effect and performance of the implant in normal non-tethered sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 5 weeks, 20 Scottish Blackface lambs underwent surgery to create a right sided scoliosis by (i) tethering the left lamina of T5-L1 and the left lower six ribs and (ii) resecting a segment of their right lower six ribs [1, 2]. Twelve weeks later, through an antero-lateral thoracotomy, a mobile bi-planar hinged implant was inserted onto the right side of the spine of eight animals (group 1). For comparison, 12 sheep were tethered only but had no implant insertion (group 2). In addition, seven had no tethering but were implanted (group 3) and normal growth patterns were observed in five that had no surgery (group 4). Curve progression was assessed by plain radiography and CT over a 1-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before implant insertion the trial animals had a scoliosis of 35º ± 16º and a lordosis of 44º ± 20º (n = 8, mean ± SD). Surgery immediately reduced these values to 25º ± 14º, p < 0.01 and 35º ± 18º, p < 0.001, with scoliosis continuing to decrease during the next three months. Spinal flexibility was retained. In the un-tethered sheep, a scoliosis of 10º ± 6º was created on the opposite side to the implant (p < 0.05) with no significant change in alignment in the sagittal plane (1º ± 6º). The implant did not cause any adverse effect on growth or affect neurological function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the un-tethered animals the effect of the implant was to create a scoliotic deformity and in the tethered to improve deformity while maintaining spinal motion. We believe that the results are promising and that devices of similar construct may be of use in children with scoliosis, potentially changing current methods of clinical care.
authors.affiliation: The Galway Clinic, Doughiska, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vettorato
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schöffmann
authors.forename: R Eddie
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Clutton
authors.forename: Tim S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: J N Alastair
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018450:Disease Progression; D004867:Equipment Design; D008141:Lordosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011859:Radiography; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012756:Sheep; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*