title: Molecular epidemiology of measles virus infection in Shanghai in 2000-2012: the first appearance of genotype D8.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify measles virus in Shanghai in 2012 and study the genotype trend of measles virus epidemic strains during 2000-2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nose and throat swab specimens were collected from 34 suspected measles cases in Shanghai. Measles virus was isolated using Vero-SLAM cells (African green monkey kidney cells/lymphoid signal activating factor-transfected African green monkey kidney cells). The 450 bp of C terminus of the N gene and the entire hemagglutinin gene sequence was amplified using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the seven measles strains in Shanghai with the reference strains for H1a, H1b and D8 genotypes, as well as the Chinese measles virus vaccine strain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven measles viruses strains were isolated from the 34 throat swap specimens. Six strains were genotype H1a, which is the predominant strain in China and one strain was genotype D8, which is the first imported strain since 2000. All these seven strains maintained most of the glycosylation sites except subtype H1a, which lost one glycosylation site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since 2000, measles virus strains in Shanghai are consistent with measles virus from other provinces in China with H1a being the predominant genotype. This study is also the first report of genotype D8 strain in Shanghai. All strains maintained their glycosylation sites except H1a that lost one glycosylation site. These strains could still be neutralized by the Chinese measles vaccine. We suggest that Shanghai Center for Disease Control laboratories should strengthen their approaches to monitor measles cases to prevent further spread of imported strains.
authors.affiliation: Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shuhua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhengan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chongshan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yanji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: xzgongsh@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiangzhen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: gcao@smmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guangwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008459:Measles virus / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: D8 genotype; Importation; Measles virus; Molecular epidemiology