title: Parkinson's disease beyond 20 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A very limited number of studies report data on the clinical features of Parkinson's disease (PD) 20 years after onset and beyond.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterise PD 20 years after onset, investigating the impact of age at onset and disease duration on the clinical picture and the predictors of outcomes in patients reaching the 20-year time point.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study. All case visits of patients with a disease duration ≥20 years (N=401) were stratified by disease duration (20-22, 23-25, ≥26 years) and by age at onset (cut-off, 50 years). Patients with a disease duration of 20-22 years (N=320) were prospectively followed up for a median of 45 months (IQR 23-89) for the new occurrence of fracture, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, institutionalisation, confinement to a wheelchair or bed and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older age at onset and longer disease duration were independently associated with a higher prevalence of major motor and non-motor milestones of disease disability (no interaction observed). In the longitudinal study, the most frequent outcomes were death (N=92), confinement to a wheelchair or bed (N=67) and fracture (N=52). Mortality was associated with the gender: male, older age, dysphagia, orthostatic hypotension, postural instability, fractures and institutionalisation. Fracture was associated with postural instability. Predictors of permanent confinement to a wheelchair or bed were older age, postural instability and institutionalisation. Comorbid dementia at the 20-year examination did not predict any of the outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age at onset and disease duration are independent determinants of the clinical features of PD beyond 20 years. Non-motor symptoms depend more on age at onset rather than the disease duration itself. Non-levodopa-responsive axial symptoms are the main predictors of all relevant outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cilia
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cereda
authors.affiliation: Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klersy
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canesi
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zecchinelli
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tesei
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sacilotto
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meucci
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zini
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruffmann
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Ioannis U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Isaias
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldwurm
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pezzoli
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: PARKINSON'S DISEASE