title: DPP-4 inhibitor and PPARγ agonist restore the loss of CA1 dendritic spines in obese insulin-resistant rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD) impaired brain insulin receptor function, caused cognitive decline as well as reduced dendritic spine density. Previous studies suggested that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonist exerted the neuroprotective effects in obese insulin-resistant rats. However, the effects of these drugs on dendritic spines in obese insulin-resistant rats have not yet been investigated. In the present study, we determined the effects of DPP-4 inhibitor and PPARγ agonist on dendritic spines density of obese insulin-resistant rats caused by HFD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar Rats were divided into two groups. Animals in each group were fed with normal diet (ND) or HFD for 12 weeks. After then, rats in each group were subdivided into three subgroups to receive either vehicle or vildagliptin (3 mg/kg/day) or pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) for 3-4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the metabolic parameters and density of dendritic spines in CA1 hippocampus were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that HFD-fed rats caused peripheral insulin resistance as well as the reduction of the density of dendritic spines in CA1 hippocampus. Treatment with both DPP-4 inhibitor and PPARγ agonist in HFD-fed rats improved insulin sensitivity as well as increased the number of dendritic spines in CA1 hippocampus. Moreover, both drugs have equally improved this deterioration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that DPP-4 inhibitor and PPARγ agonist restored the reduction of dendritic spines caused by HFD, suggesting the beneficial roles of DPP-4 inhibitors and PPARγ agonists in neurodegenerative disorders.
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jirapas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sripetchwandee
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Noppamas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pipatpiboon
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wasana
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pratchayasakul
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nipon
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chattipakorn
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Electronic address: scchattipakorn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Siriporn C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chattipakorn
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D049229:Dendritic Spines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000502:physiology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077597:Vildagliptin
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009570:Nitriles; D047495:PPAR gamma; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D002784:Cholesterol; D011972:Receptor, Insulin; D000077597:Vildagliptin; D000218:Adamantane; D000077205:Pioglitazone
keywords: Dendritic spines; High-fat diet; Insulin resistance; Pioglitazone; Vildagliptin