title: Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats slaughtered for human consumption in Central Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic zoonoses worldwide. Humans get infections with T. gondii after ingesting raw or undercooked meat or oocysts via contaminated soil, food or water; or congenitally by transplacental transmission of tachyzoites. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the seroprevalence and assess risk factors for T. gondii infection in sheep and goats slaughtered for human consumption in Central Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was carried out from September, 2011 to November, 2012 in randomly selected small ruminants (n = 628). Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) was used to detect IgG antibodies specific to T. gondii. A titer of 1: 40 or 1: 4000 or both was considered indicative of T. gondii exposure. Logistic regression was used to assess potential risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall seroprevalence of 17.68% (111/628) (95% confidence interval [CI]:14.77-20.89) was detected. Twenty percent (61/305) seroprevalence (95% CI: 15.6-624.94) in sheep was found with a reciprocal end titers of 60 in fourteen, 180 in three, 540 in two, 1620 in five, 6000 in nine, 18000 in six, 54000 in eleven and 162000 in eleven. Similarly, seroprevalence of 15.48% (50/323) (95% CI:11.71-19.89) in goats was found with a reciprocal end titers of 60 in eighteen, 180 in five, 540 in three, 1620 in seven, 6000 in four, 18,000 in four, 54,000 in five and 162,000 in four. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of T. gondii infection was significantly higher in adult sheep (adjusted Odd ratio (aOR) = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.10-3.70; P = 0.023) than in young sheep and in sheep sampled during the dry season (aOR = 4.19, 95% CI: 1.55-11.33, P = 0.005) than those sampled during wet season.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in small ruminants slaughtered for human consumption in Central Ethiopia is high. Age and season are significant predictors of seropositivity in sheep. The study highlighted the importance of meat of small ruminants as a potential source of infection for humans. Prevention of the spread of the disease through farm biosecurity measures is essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Ambo University, P,O,Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia. endrias.zewdu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Endrias Zewdu
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Gebremedhin
authors.forename: Mukarim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdurahaman
authors.forename: Tsehaye
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadush
authors.forename: Tesfaye Sisay
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tessema
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005002:Ethiopia; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005523:Food Supply; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000635:transmission; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000635:transmission; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000635:transmission; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D015415:Biomarkers