title: Left ventricular electrical activation during right ventricular pacing in heart failure patients with LBBB: visualization by electrocardiographic imaging and implications for cardiac resynchronization therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess effect of right ventricular pacing (RVP) on left ventricular (LV) activation in heart failure patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  LV activation during RVP is regarded as similar to LBBB; hence novel CRT algorithms may avoid RVP by adopting "fusion" pacing with intrinsic RBB-mediated conduction. However, other CRT techniques demand RV paced wavefronts for optimal resynchronization. Appropriate selection may require attention to interaction between RVP-generated wavefronts with preexisting conduction abnormalities posed by LBBB i.e. transseptal delay and LV activation. We hypothesized that LV activation during RVP would differ to LBBB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients (59±19years, 8 male, LV ejection fraction 25±10%; ischemic etiology 45%) were studied 5.4±5months after CRT implant. All had intact AV conduction with LBBB (PR interval 204±55; QRS 167±27ms) prior to CRT. None had mid-septal/outflow tract lead positions. Using non-invasive electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI), LV activation was contrasted in each patient between intrinsic conduction and RVP with minimized AV interval (i.e. committing ventricular excitation to the paced wavefront).
  
  
  RESULTS
  RVP affected LV activation variably. Transseptal time decreased in 64% of patients. More LV conduction barriers were created than resolved, slowing LV free wall activation from 67±29ms during intrinsic conduction to 104±24ms with RVP (p=0.025). The load of late-activated LV myocardium increased in 73% but decreased in 27% patients. Changes were not reflected by QRS duration. Ultimate action of RVP in any patient depended on summary effects of transseptal breakthrough and following LV activation. If both were enhanced then LV preexcitation occurred. If one was delayed but other accelerated, then the outcome of their balance determined the ultimate effect on LV depolarization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RVP may aggravate or resolve LBBB-induced conduction problems at one or more levels. Its avoidance vs integration (or timing relative to LV pacing) during CRT depends on its electrical action in any particular individual.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. Electronic address: varman@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Niraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Varma
mesh_terms: D002037:Bundle-Branch Block / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: CRT; Electrocardiographic imaging; Heart failure; LBBB; Right ventricular pacing; Ventricle