title: Interpreting overall survival results when progression-free survival benefits exist in today's oncology landscape: a metastatic renal cell carcinoma case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The debate surrounding the acceptance of progression-free survival (PFS) as an intermediate endpoint to overall survival (OS) has grown in recent years, due to the challenges in demonstrating an OS benefit within clinical trials today. PFS is generally a good predictor of OS for cases where survival post-progression (SPP) is short, and less so when SPP is long. SPP depends on multiple factors, including residual effect from experimental treatment and effect from crossover or other subsequent therapies, posing unique challenges into the translation of PFS benefit into OS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The objective of this analysis was to conduct simulations investigating how increasing SPP impacts PFS translation to OS, utilizing data from the AXIS (axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma) trial. The underlying assumption was a treatment benefit in PFS (the PFS distribution parameters were chosen to be equal to median PFS in the AXIS trial) but no treatment effect on SPP, implying that PFS improvement is directly reflected in OS improvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The probability of a statistically significant difference between arms for OS decreased from 54.7% to 6.1% when median SPP was increased from one to 20 months. The probability of the hazard ratio of OS being ≥0.9 was similarly increased from 24.3% to 72.6%, even though the hazard ratio for PFS was 0.69.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that when simulated SPP is added to trial PFS data, the existing PFS benefit is diluted. Knowing that the AXIS treatment arms are well balanced with respect to post-trial treatments, we conclude that the PFS to OS benefit translation is primarily obscured by random variability largely unrelated to the true outcomes. The implications for drug development are not insignificant, as there would be a need to include more patients in studies or utilize a longer follow-up time to overcome the SPP variability issue.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yiyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bycott
authors.affiliation: OptumInsight, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Orjan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akerborg
authors.affiliation: OptumInsight, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Linus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Negrier
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Outcomes Research, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: clinical trials; endpoints; oncology; overall survival; progression-free survival; retrospective