title: Evaluation of gardenia yellow using crocetin from alkaline hydrolysis based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography and high-speed countercurrent chromatography.
abstract: Gardenia yellow is globally the most valuable spice and food color. It is generally a mixture of water-soluble carotenoid glycosyl esters which consist of crocetin bis(gentiobiosyl) ester as the main component. Crocetin is a natural carotenoid dicarboxylic acid that may be a candidate drug for pharmaceutical development, however, it is either present in trace amounts or is absent in natural gardenia yellow products. We here propose that crocetin produced by alkaline hydrolysis can be used to qualitatively evaluate gardenia yellow products using an ultra high performance liquid chromatographic assay. A useful and efficient isolation technique for isolating high-purity crocetin from gardenia yellow using high-speed countercurrent chromatography is described. High-speed countercurrent chromatographic fractionation followed by an ultra high performance liquid chromatographic assay showed that trans-crocetin is easily converted to about 15% cis-crocetin (85% trans-crocetin). Crocetin in gardenia yellow was quantitatively evaluated. Our approach is based on the hydrolysis process for converting crocetin glycosyl esters to crocetin before evaluation and isolation using the ultra high performance liquid chromatographic and high-speed countercurrent chromatographic methods. The combination of hydrolysis and chromatographic methods allows evaluation of the purity and quantity of crocetin in gardenia yellow.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tanada
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: Yusai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Jun Zhe
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Todoroki
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Toshimasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyo'oka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiyama
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003377:Countercurrent Distribution; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D032062:Gardenia; D006868:Hydrolysis; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; C487773:trans-sodium crocetinate; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; C057653:gardenia yellow
keywords: Crocetin; Gardenia Yellow; High-speed countercurrent chromatography