title: Inflammatory burden interacts with conventional cardiovascular risk factors for carotid plaque formation in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with RA have an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular (CV) diseases compared with the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of inflammatory burden in the formation of carotid plaques in patients with RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed carotid artery US to measure the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaques in 406 patients with RA and 209 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. To assess the inflammatory burden, the area under the curve (AUC) of ESR over time was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The carotid plaque frequency and mean IMT were significantly increased in patients with RA relative to controls. After adjustment for age and gender, the presence of carotid plaques in patients with RA was associated with HAQ score, tender joint count (TJC), swollen joint count (SJC), 28-joint DAS, ESR, CRP, LEF use, current corticosteroid dose and the number of conventional CV risk factors. After multivariate regression analysis, the factors significantly associated with plaque formation were TJC (P = 0.002), ESR (P = 0.002) and the number of conventional CV risk factors (P = 0.041). Among 194 RA patients with ESR AUC data, the presence of carotid plaque was independently associated with both the ESR AUC and number of conventional CV risk factors, which showed a synergistic interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cumulative inflammatory burden contributes to the development of carotid atherosclerosis through a synergistic interaction with conventional CV risk factors in patients with RA.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Junggu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Churl Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Junggu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Na Ri
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Junggu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Wan
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Junggu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Junggu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Junggu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gi Bum
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Junggu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eon Jeong
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Junggu, Daegu, Republic of Korea ymkang@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young Mo
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: atherosclerosis; inflammation; rheumatoid arthritis; risk factors; ultrasound