title: Examining cultural drifts in artworks through history and development: cultural comparisons between Japanese and western landscape paintings and drawings.
abstract: Research on cultural products suggest that there are substantial cultural variations between East Asian and European landscape masterpieces and contemporary members' landscape artwork (Masuda et al., 2008c), and that these cultural differences in drawing styles emerge around the age of 8 (Senzaki et al., 2014b). However, culture is not static. To explore the dynamics of historical and ontogenetic influence on artistic expressions, we examined (1) 17-20th century Japanese and Western landscape masterpieces, and (2) cross-sectional adolescent data in landscape artworks alongside previous findings of elementary school-aged children, and undergraduates. The results showed cultural variations in artworks and masterpieces as well as substantial "cultural drifts" (Herskovits, 1948) where at certain time periods in history and in development, people's expressions deviated from culturally default patterns but occasionally returned to its previous state. The bidirectional influence of culture and implications for furthering the discipline of cultural psychology will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Culture and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nand
authors.affiliation: Culture and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay Green Bay, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Sawa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senzaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kobe University Kobe-shi, Hyogo-Ken, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishii
keywords: Canada; Japan; artworks; culture; development; history; masterpieces