title: Cryptic species of hairworm parasites revealed by molecular data and crowdsourcing of specimen collections.
abstract: Recognizing cryptic species promotes a better understanding of biodiversity, systematics, evolutionary biology, and biogeography. When cryptic species are disease-causing organisms, such as parasites, their correct recognition has important implications for the study of epidemiology, disease ecology, and host-parasite relationships. Freshwater nematomorphs (Nematomorpha: Gordiida) or hairworms, are an enigmatic yet fascinating group of parasites that are known to manipulate host behavior to aid transition from the parasitic phase, within terrestrial insects, to the free-living aquatic stage. Hairworm taxonomy has been hampered by a paucity of informative diagnostic characters and it has long been suspected that this group contains numerous cryptic species. Study of single hairworm species over large geographical areas has been difficult due to extremely rare encounters and unreliable methods of collecting adult worms. Here we report that by using crowdsourcing, citizen scientists have collected and submitted samples of Gordius cf. robustus from throughout its range in North America making its genetic study possible. Combined with our own collections, we examined samples from 28 localities within the USA; despite the collection of numerous hairworms from Canada and Mexico, G. cf. robustus were not collected outside of the contiguous United States. Mitochondrial CO1 genetic distances revealed that specimens grouped into 8 clades separated by 8-24.3%. In addition, molecular evidence from mitochondrial (CO1 and cytB) and nuclear (partial 28S, ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) DNA suggests that these 8 clades are distinct species and that this group of species is paraphyletic, since the North American species G. attoni and the European species G. aquaticus and G. balticus group among the G. robustus lineages. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between genetic (CO1) and geographic distance between the 8 Gordius species. This study demonstrates the value of involving the general public in biodiversity studies and highlights the feasibility of using the mitochondrial CO1 gene as a taxonomic marker for genetic barcoding and species identification within the phylum Nematomorpha.
authors.affiliation: Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, 163 Castetter Hall, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. Electronic address: bhanelt@unm.edu.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanelt
authors.affiliation: Zoological Museum and Institute, Biocenter Grindel, Matrin-Luther-King-Platz 3, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: andreas.schmidt-rhaesa@uni-hamburg.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Rhaesa
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Electronic address: bolek@okstate.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bolek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D063045:Crowdsourcing; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods; D006376:Helminths / Q000145:classification*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010271:Parasites / Q000145:classification; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
keywords: Citizen science; Cryptic species; Gordiida; Molecular phylogeny; Nematomorpha; Parasite