title: Intraprocedural guidance: which imaging technique ranks highest and which one is complementary for closing paravalvular leaks?
abstract: Echocardiographic guidance is critical for procedural success of paravalvular leak closure. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and particularly three-dimensional echocardiography represent the gold standards. Fusion imaging provides real-time integration of three-dimensional echocardiography and X-ray fluoroscopy and can further facilitate spatial orientation, wire placement and device deployment. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is a secondary approach possibly beneficial in selected cases.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiology, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates ; 2 Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology Division, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bartel
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiology, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates ; 2 Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology Division, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
keywords: Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE); fusion imaging; intracardiac echo