title: An early examination of access to select orphan drugs treating rare diseases in health insurance exchange plans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with rare diseases often face significant health care access challenges, particularly since the number of available treatment options for rare diseases is limited. The implementation of health insurance exchanges promises improved access to health care. However, when purchasing a plan, patients with rare diseases need to consider multiple factors, such as insurance premium, access to providers, coverage of a specific medication or treatment, tier placement of drug, and out-of-pocket costs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an early snapshot of the exchange plan landscape from the perspective of patients with select rare diseases by evaluating the degree of access to medications in a subset of exchange plans based on coverage, tier placement, associated cost sharing, and utilization management (UM) applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The selection of drugs for this analysis began by identifying rare diseases with FDA-approved treatment options using the National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases' webpage and further identification of a subset of drugs based on select criteria to ensure a varied sample, including the characteristics and prevalence of the condition. The medications were categorized based on whether alternative therapies have FDA approval for the same indication and whether there are comparators based on class or therapeutic area. The list was narrowed to 11 medications across 7 diseases, and the analysis was based on how these drugs are listed in exchange plan outpatient pharmacy benefit formularies. This analysis focused on 84 plans in 15 states with the highest expected exchange enrollment and included a variety of plan types to ensure that variability in the marketplace was represented. To best approximate plans that will have the greatest enrollment, the analysis focused on silver and bronze plan formularies because consumers in this market are expected to be sensitive to premiums. Data on drug coverage, tier placement, cost, and UM were collected from these plans beginning October 1, 2013, with the launch of the open enrollment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coverage and use of UM for selected medications vary within and across states. This study found that bronze plans were far less likely than silver plans to cover the 11 products included in this analysis. Results also showed that select drugs identified as the only FDA-approved product indicated for a certain rare disease experienced relatively robust coverage (at least 65% of plans) but often included some form of UM. However, coverage of selected rare disease therapies also is complicated by the fact that plans cover certain products under the medical benefit versus the pharmacy benefit. At the time of this analysis, transparency of medical benefit coverage for these products in exchange plans was limited.Selected medications are most likely to appear on the highest tiers of 4-tier formularies or are not covered at all. Although there are no requirements to designate certain tiers as "specialty tiers," more than 70% of plans in this study use coinsurance for the highest tiers of their formularies. Rates of coinsurance for medications on highest tiers range from 10% to 50% in silver plans and 15% to 50% in bronze plans. Among those plans utilizing copayments rather than coinsurance, ranges of copayments for these select products vary between $20 and $250 per prescription across both silver plans and bronze plans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary analysis of access to treatments for patients with select rare diseases revealed the complexities involved for patients with specific needs when selecting a plan with appropriate coverage. For patients with rare diseases, the process of identifying and selecting a plan centers on understanding if and how the plan covers a specific treatment or set of treatments. Access factors will likely vary substantially across plans, as demonstrated by the findings from this analysis. With limited treatment options and the potential for cost sharing and UM barriers, increased data transparency to assist patients in navigating formularies will be a critical step for patients to fully understand their access to needed therapies in each plan.
authors.affiliation: Avalere Health, LLC, 1350 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Ste. 900, Washington, DC 20036, USA. srobinson@avalere.com.
authors.forename: Sandy W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brantley
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liow
authors.forename: J Russell
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Teagarden
mesh_terms: D017047:Cost Sharing / Q000191:economics; D062265:Health Insurance Exchanges / Q000191:economics*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000191:economics; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics; D009965:Orphan Drug Production / Q000191:economics*; D035583:Rare Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States