title: In vivo antipyretic, antiemetic, in vitro membrane stabilization, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of different extracts from Spilanthes paniculata leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic, and membrane stabilization activities, and in vivo antiemetic and antipyretic potentials of ethanolic extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of Spilanthes paniculata leaves for the first time widely used in the traditional treatments in Bangladesh.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In antipyretic activity assay, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the temperature in the mice tested. At dose 400 mg/kg-body weight, the n-hexane soluble fraction showed the effect (36.7 ± 0.63°C ) as like as the standard (dose 150 mg/kg-body weight) after 5 h of administration. Extracts showed significant (P < 0.001) potential when tested for the antiemetic activity compared to the standard, metoclopramide. At dose 50 mg/kg-body weight, the standard showed 67.23% inhibition, whereas n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions showed 37.53% and 24.93% inhibition of emesis respectively at dose 400 mg/kg-body weight. In antimicrobial activity assay, the n-hexane soluble fraction (400 μg/disc) showed salient activity against the tested organisms. It exerts highest activity against Salmonella typhi (16.9 mm zone of inhibition); besides, crude, and ethyl acetate extracts showed resistance to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, and Vibrio cholera respectively. All the extracts were tested for lysis of the erythrocytes. At the concentration of 1mg/ml, ethanol extract, and n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions significantly inhibited hypotonic solution induced lysis of the human red blood cell (HRBC) (27.406 ± 3.57, 46.034 ± 3.251, and 30.72 ± 5.679% respectively); where standard drug acetylsalicylic acid (concentration 0.1 mg/ml) showed 77.276 ± 0.321% inhibition. In case of heat induced HRBC hemolysis, the plant extracts also showed significant activity (34.21 ± 4.72, 21.81 ± 3.08, and 27.62 ± 8.79% inhibition respectively). In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the n-hexane fraction showed potent (LC50 value 48.978 μg/ml) activity, whereas ethyl acetate fraction showed mild (LC50 value 216.77 μg/ml) cytotoxic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that the n-hexane extract has better effects than the other in all trials. In the context, it can be said that the leaves of S. paniculata possess remarkable pharmacological effects, and justify its folkloric use as antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiemetic agent. Therefore, further research may be suggested to find possible mode of action of the plant part.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh. mobarak.nstu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Mobarak
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh. kousikahmad88@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sayed Koushik
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ahamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh. masud_nstu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Syed Masudur Rahman
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dewan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh. mahadihassan1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Md Mahadi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh. istiaqarif@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Istiaq
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh. research_safiq@yahoo.com.|Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue-shi, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan. research_safiq@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Safiqul
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh. pharmamizan@ymail.com.
authors.forename: Md Mizanur Rahman
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Moghal
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058633:Antipyretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000187:drug effects; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000401:mortality; D002645:Chickens; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol; D006586:Hexanes; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000932:Antiemetics; D058633:Antipyretics; D003603:Cytotoxins; D006586:Hexanes; D010936:Plant Extracts; C026385:n-hexane; D000431:Ethanol; C007650:ethyl acetate