title: Antimicrobial nanocapsules: from new solvent-free process to in vitro efficiency.
abstract: Skin and mucosal infections constitute recurrent pathologies resulting from either inappropriate antiseptic procedures or a lack of efficacy of antimicrobial products. In this field, nanomaterials offer interesting antimicrobial properties (eg, long-lasting activity; intracellular and tissular penetration) as compared to conventional products. The aim of this work was to produce, by a new solvent-free process, a stable and easily freeze-dryable chlorhexidine-loaded polymeric nanocapsule (CHX-NC) suspension, and then to assess the antimicrobial properties of nanomaterials. The relevance of the process and the physicochemical properties of the CHX-NCs were examined by the assessment of encapsulation efficiency, stability of the nanomaterial suspension after 1 month of storage, and by analysis of granulometry and surface electric charge of nanocapsules. In vitro antimicrobial activities of the CHX-NCs and chlorhexidine digluconate solution were compared by measuring the inhibition diameters of two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and one fungal strain (Candida albicans) cultured onto appropriate media. Based on the findings of this study, we report a new solvent-free process for the production of nanomaterials exhibiting antimicrobial activity, suitable stability, and easily incorporable as a new ingredient in various pharmaceutical products.
authors.affiliation: University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fundamental, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Skin Barrier Function, FRIPharm, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steelandt
authors.affiliation: University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fundamental, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Skin Barrier Function, FRIPharm, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, Lyon, France ; Hospital Pharmacy, FRIPharm, Hospital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.affiliation: University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fundamental, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Skin Barrier Function, FRIPharm, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Eyad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Almouazen
authors.affiliation: University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5510/MATEIS, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: François Nr
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.affiliation: University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fundamental, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Skin Barrier Function, FRIPharm, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Laurène
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roussel
authors.affiliation: University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fundamental, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Skin Barrier Function, FRIPharm, Laboratoire de Dermatologie, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haftek
authors.affiliation: University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fundamental, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Skin Barrier Function, FRIPharm, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, Lyon, France ; Hospital Pharmacy, FRIPharm, Hospital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pirot
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004355:Drug Stability; D005612:Freeze Drying; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D053769:Nanocapsules; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: antiseptic; chlorhexidine; nanocapsules; nanomaterial; solvent-free process