title: Potential nanotechnologies and molecular targets in the quest for efficient chemotherapy in ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ovarian cancer, considered one of the most fatal gynecological cancers, goes largely undiagnosed until metastasis presents itself, usually once the patient is in the final stages and thus, too late for worthwhile therapy. Targeting this elusive disease in its early stages would improve the outcome for most patients, while the information generated thereof would increase the possibility of preventative mechanisms of therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review discusses various molecular targets as possible moieties to be incorporated in a holistic drug delivery system or the more aptly termed 'theranostic' system. These molecular targets can be used for targeting, visualizing, diagnosing, and ultimately, treating ovarian cancer in its entirety. Currently implemented nanoframeworks, such as nanomicelles and nanoliposomes, are described and the effectiveness of nanostructures in tumor targeting, treatment functions, and overcoming the drug resistance challenge is discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel nanotechnology strategies such as the development of nanoframeworks decorated with targeted ligands of a molecular nature may provide an efficient chemotherapy, especially when instituted in combination with imaging, diagnostic, and ultimately, therapeutic moieties. An imperative aspect of utilizing nanotechnology in the treatment of ovarian cancer is the flexibility of the drug delivery system and its ability to overcome standard obstacles such as: i) successfully treating the desired cells through direct targeting; ii) reducing toxicity levels of treatment by achieving direct targeting; and iii) delivery of targeted therapy using an efficient vehicle that is exceptionally degradable in response to a particular stimulus. The targeting of ovarian cancer in its early stages using imaging and diagnostic nanotechnology is an area that can be improved upon by combining therapeutic moieties with molecular biomarkers. The nanotechnology and molecular markers mentioned in this review have generally been used for either imaging or diagnostics, and have not yet been successfully implemented into bi-functional tools, which it is hoped, should eventually include a therapeutic aspect.
authors.affiliation: Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 , South Africa.
authors.forename: Khadija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rhoda
authors.forename: Yahya E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Choonara
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bijukumar
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: du Toit
authors.forename: Viness
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pillay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: molecular targets; nanotechnology; ovarian cancer; targeted therapy; theranostics