title: Changes in the metabolic profile of pregnant ewes to an acute feed restriction in late gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect early changes in the metabolic profile of pregnant ewes subject to acute feed restriction at 130 days of gestation, and to establish indicators of risk for ovine pregnancy toxaemia (OPT) for diagnostic purposes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty Corriedale ewes with known mating dates, carrying a single fetus, were used. Ewes were maintained on meadow grasslands and at 130 days of gestation were randomly divided in two groups of 10 ewes. The control group had ad libitum access to pasture. Ewes in the restricted group were subjected to an acute feed restriction for a maximum of 144 hours (6 days), with free access to water. From the start (0 hours) until the end of feed restriction, blood samples were collected from all ewes to monitor concentrations of cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ß-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) daily, and glucose in plasma every 6 hours; urinary pH was also measured. Every 6 hours the food restricted ewes were observed to detect clinical signs of OPT e.g. apathy, grinding teeth, empty chewing movements, head leaning against the wall, tachypnea and not drinking water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In food-restricted ewes, concentrations of glucose decreased and differed from control ewes from 54 to 90 hours (p<0.001), and 96 to 102 hours (p<0.05). Concentrations of BOHB, cortisol and NEFA increased following feed restriction and differed from control ewes after 48 to 144 hours (p<0.01). Eight of the 10 restricted ewes showed clinical signs of OPT after 102-132 hours. Mean concentrations of glucose, BOHB and cortisol differed between control and restricted ewes prior to the onset of clinical signs of OPT, after 48-96 hours of feed restriction (p<0.01). Mean gestational length, and time from birth to placental expulsion was not affected by the feed restriction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that concentrations of glucose, BOHB and cortisol in plasma may provide a precocious diagnosis of subclinical OPT, using values of 1.59 (SD 0.24) mmol/L, 2.26 (SD 1.03) mmol/L and 15.09 (SD 7.75) nmol/L, respectively. The identification of a potentially harmful metabolic imbalance could lead to the improvement of treatment success.
authors.affiliation: a Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty , University of La República , Montevideo , Uruguay.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cal-Pereyra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benech
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: González-Montaña
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Acosta-Dibarrat
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martín
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: Ovine pregnancy toxaemia; cortisol; glucose; non-esterified fatty acids; sheep; ß-hydroxybuthyrate