title: Out-patient percutaneous renal biopsy among children in Northern Nigeria: a single center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The safety of percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) has been debated. The primary aim of this study was to review the procedure and secondary aim is to evaluate the safety of PRB in children in a developing nephrology unit in Northern Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal biopsies carried out in the renal unit of a teaching hospital in northern Nigeria between November 2011 and April 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. All biopsies were carried out electively and under real-time ultrasound guidance using an automatic spring-loaded biopsy gun. Risk factors for complications were analyzed using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 biopsies were carried out in 20 children with nephrotic syndrome during the period under review. Mean age was 8.3 ΁ 3.0 years. Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome was the most common indication for biopsy in 11 (55%) cases. Adequate tissue was obtained in 91.7%. Complications occurred in 2 (8.3%) cases. One required hospitalization with blood transfusion. Pre-biopsy hemoglobin concentration of <10 g/dL was found to be a significant predictor for the development of complications (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of complications between the in-patient biopsies and day case biopsies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PRB can be safely carried out as an out-patient procedure in children. Low hemologlobin concentration was the major risk factor for complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital; Department of Histopathology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Patience N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Obiagwu
authors.forename: Aliyu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdu
authors.forename: Akinfenwa T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Atanda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000473:pathology; D009549:Nigeria; D010045:Outpatients; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*