title: Effects of corn gluten feed inclusion at graded levels in a corn-soybean diet on the ileal and fecal digestibility of growing pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to determine the effect of the inclusion of corn gluten feed (CGF) on the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids and the apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy in growing pigs. The study was performed using 16 barrows (weight, 45.3 ± 4.5 kg) that were fitted with a T cannula at the terminal ileum. There were four treatments: a corn-soybean diet without CGF and three corn-soybean diets containing increasing levels of CGF (65, 130, and 195 g/kg). Data were analyzed according to a randomized complete block design, four blocks with four pigs each (one pig per treatment). The trend of the response (linear or quadratic) was determined using orthogonal contrasts, and when a linear effect was determined, a linear equation was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the inclusion up to 195 g/kg of CGF in the corn-soybean diet did not diminish the ileal digestibility (apparent and standardized) of protein and amino acids (P > 0.05), except that of phenylalanine, cystine, and proline. A linear decrease (P < 0.05) per gram of CGF added to the diet in the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of phenylalanine (0.011 and 0.015 percentage units, respectively), cystine (0.048 and 0.043 percentage units, respectively), and proline (0.045 and 0.047 percentage units, respectively) was noted. Similarly, ileal digestibility of dry matter and energy were adversely affected (reduced by 0.028 and 0.025 percentage units, respectively, per gram of CGF increment in the diet). A significant (P < 0.05) linear reduction in total tract digestibility with increase in CGF amount in the diet was observed for energy (0.027 percentage units), dry matter (0.027 percentage units), crude protein (0.020 percentage units), and neutral detergent fiber (0.041 percentage units) per gram of CGF added to the diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CGF did not affect the ileal digestibility of protein and most amino acids but reduced the ileal and total tract digestibility of energy.
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigación en Fisiología Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 1, Carretera a Colón, Ajuchitlán Colón, Querétaro 76280, México.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mariscal Landín
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias s/n Juriquilla 76000, Querétaro, Querétaro, México.
authors.forename: Tércia Cesária
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Reis de Souza
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigación en Fisiología Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 1, Carretera a Colón, Ajuchitlán Colón, Querétaro 76280, México.
authors.forename: Ericka Ramírez
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
keywords: Amino acids; Corn gluten feed; Energy; Ileal digestibility; Pigs; Total tract digestibility