title: Stable-isotope probing and metagenomics reveal predation by protozoa drives E. coli removal in slow sand filters.
abstract: Stable-isotope probing and metagenomics were applied to study samples taken from laboratory-scale slow sand filters 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after challenging with (13)C-labelled Escherichia coli to determine the mechanisms and organisms responsible for coliform removal. Before spiking, the filters had been continuously operated for 7 weeks using water from the River Kelvin, Glasgow as their influent source. Direct counts and quantitative PCR assays revealed a clear predator-prey response between protozoa and E. coli. The importance of top-down trophic-interactions was confirmed by metagenomic analysis, identifying several protozoan and viral species connected to E. coli attrition, with protozoan grazing responsible for the majority of the removal. In addition to top-down mechanisms, indirect mechanisms, such as algal reactive oxygen species-induced lysis, and mutualistic interactions between algae and fungi, were also associated with coliform removal. The findings significantly further our understanding of the processes and trophic interactions underpinning E. coli removal. This study provides an example for similar studies, and the opportunity to better understand, manage and enhance E. coli removal by allowing the creation of more complex trophic interaction models.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah-Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Haig
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Rosalinda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Amore
authors.affiliation: Microbial Ecophysiology Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: 1] School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK [2] Microbial Ecophysiology Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quince
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D005374:Filtration; D056186:Metagenomics; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes