title: Printed and flexible biosensor for antioxidants using interdigitated ink-jetted electrodes and gravure-deposited active layer.
abstract: Printing techniques have been extensively used in the fabrication of organic electronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes and display backplanes. These techniques, in particular inkjet printing, are being employed for the localized dispensing of solutions containing biological molecules and cells, leading to the fabrication of bio-functional microarrays and biosensors. Here, we report the fabrication of an all-printed and flexible biosensor for antioxidants. Gold (Au) interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) with sub-100 µm features were directly inkjet-printed on plastic substrates using a nanoparticle-based ink. Conductivities as high as 5×10(6) S/m (12% of bulk Au) were attained after sintering was conducted at plastic-compatible 200 °C for 6 h. The enzyme Tyrosinase (Tyr) was used in the active layer of the biosensors, being innovatively deposited by large-area rotogravure printing. A tailor-made ink was studied, and the residual activity of the enzyme was 85% after additives incorporation, and 15.5% after gravure printing. Au IDEs were coated with gravure films of the Tyr-containing ink, and the biosensor was encapsulated with a cellulose acetate dip-coating film to avoid dissolution. The biosensor impedance magnitude increases linearly with the concentration of a model antioxidant, allowing for the construction of a calibration curve. Control experiments demonstrated the molecular recognition characteristic inferred by the enzyme. We found that the biosensor sensitivity and the limit of detection were, respectively, 5.68 Ω/µm and 200 µM. In conclusion, a disposable, light-weight, all-printed and flexible biosensor for antioxidants was successfully fabricated using fast and large-area printing techniques. This opens the door for the fabrication of technological products using roll-to-roll processes.
authors.affiliation: EECS - Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA; IFSC - Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: pavinatto@ifsc.usp.br.
authors.forename: Felippe J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pavinatto
authors.affiliation: DEFIS - Physics Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos W A
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Paschoal
authors.affiliation: EECS - Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Arias
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011327:Printing
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C005062:acetylcellulose; D006046:Gold; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: Antioxidants; Biosensor; Gravure-printing; Inkjet-printing; Interdigitated-electrodes; Plastic electronics