title: Sugar demand of ripening grape berries leads to recycling of surplus phloem water via the xylem.
abstract: We tested the common assumption that fleshy fruits become dependent on phloem water supply because xylem inflow declines at the onset of ripening. Using two distinct grape genotypes exposed to drought stress, we found that a sink-driven rise in phloem inflow at the beginning of ripening was sufficient to reverse drought-induced berry shrinkage. Rewatering accelerated berry growth and sugar accumulation concurrently with leaf photosynthetic recovery. Interrupting phloem flow through the peduncle prevented the increase in berry growth after rewatering, but interrupting xylem flow did not. Nevertheless, xylem flow in ripening berries, but not berry size, remained responsive to root or shoot pressurization. A mass balance analysis on ripening berries sampled in the field suggested that phloem water inflow may exceed growth and transpiration water demands. Collecting apoplastic sap from ripening berries showed that osmotic pressure increased at distinct rates in berry vacuoles and apoplast. Our results indicate that the decrease in xylem inflow at the onset of ripening may be a consequence of the sink-driven increase in phloem inflow. We propose a conceptual model in which surplus phloem water bypasses the fruit cells and partly evaporates from the berry surface and partly moves apoplastically to the xylem for outflow.
authors.affiliation: Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Pradeep M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.forename: Bhaskar R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bondada
mesh_terms: D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000502:physiology; D003681:Dehydration / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D052585:Phloem / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000502:physiology; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000502:physiology; D027843:Vitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D052584:Xylem / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D014867:Water
keywords: Vitis; apoplast; fruit ripening; sugar accumulation