title: The role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonas State, Brazil.
abstract: The authors discuss in this paper the role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with different species of Leishmania in Amazonas State, Brazil. A comparative analysis was made of serum concentrations of these cytokines in the peripheral blood of 33 patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The isolates were identified as Leishmania guyanensis, L. naiffi, and L. amazonensis. Most (64%) of the patients were male ranging in age from 18 to 58 years. Protein expression profiles of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 cytokines were shown to vary significantly between infected and noninfected (control group) individuals and according to the Leishmania species. Infection caused by L. guyanensis accounted for 73% of the cases and patients with this parasite also showed higher concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 when compared to infection by L. amazonensis. Patients with infection caused by L. naiffi showed higher concentration of the cytokines analyzed when compared to uninfected patients; however, there was no statistically significant difference with the other species analyzed.
authors.affiliation: Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2.936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil ; Programa Multi-Institucional de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 60077000 Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thaís Tibery
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Espir
authors.affiliation: Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2.936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luanda de Paula
authors.initials: Lde P
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.affiliation: Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2.936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maricleide de Farias
authors.initials: Mde F
authors.lastname: Naiff
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050002 Manaus, AM, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Allyson Guimarães
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramalho-Ortigão
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), 69050002 Manaus, AM, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1107-8079
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malheiro
authors.affiliation: Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2.936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonia Maria Ramos
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007891:Leishmania / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D018334:Leishmania guyanensis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013045:Species Specificity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020381:Interleukin-17; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma