title: Detection and measurement of surface contamination by multiple antineoplastic drugs using multiplex bead assay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contamination of workplace surfaces by antineoplastic drugs presents an exposure risk for healthcare workers. Traditional instrumental methods to detect contamination such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are sensitive and accurate but expensive. Since immunochemical methods may be cheaper and faster than instrumental methods, we wanted to explore their use for routine drug residue detection for preventing worker exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we examined the feasibility of using fluorescence covalent microbead immunosorbent assay (FCMIA) for simultaneous detection and semi-quantitative measurement of three antineoplastic drugs (5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin). The concentration ranges for the assay were 0-1000 ng/ml for 5-fluorouracil, 0-100 ng/ml for paclitaxel, and 0-2 ng/ml for doxorubicin. The surface sampling technique involved wiping a loaded surface with a swab wetted with wash buffer, extracting the swab in storage/blocking buffer, and measuring drugs in the extract using FCMIA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant cross-reactivity between these drugs at the ranges studied indicated by a lack of response in the assay to cross analytes. The limit of detection (LOD) for 5-fluorouracil on the surface studied was 0.93 ng/cm(2) with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 2.8 ng/cm(2), the LOD for paclitaxel was 0.57 ng/cm(2) with an LOQ of 2.06 ng/cm(2), and the LOD for doxorubicin was 0.0036 ng/cm(2) with an LOQ of 0.013 ng/cm(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of FCMIA with a simple sampling technique has potential for low cost simultaneous detection and semi-quantitative measurement of surface contamination from multiple antineoplastic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Research & Technology, National institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA jps3@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Jerome P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Research & Technology, National institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sammons
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Research & Technology, National institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Shirley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Research & Technology, National institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jack R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pretty
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Research & Technology, National institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: D Gayle
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: DeBord
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Research & Technology, National institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Research & Technology, National institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Snawder
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000737:chemistry; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007163:Immunosorbent Techniques; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008863:Microspheres; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004317:Doxorubicin; D017239:Paclitaxel; D005472:Fluorouracil
keywords: Antineoplastic drugs (5-fluorouracil; doxorubicin); multiplex measurement; paclitaxel; surface analysis