title: Excessive weight gain during full breast-feeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast-feeding is considered to offer optimal nutrition for healthy infant growth and development. Observational studies have linked breast-feeding to reduced obesity. CASE OBSERVATION: We observed an infant who was born macrosomic (4.56 kg) and showed excessive weight gain markedly exceeding the 97th percentile of weight during full breast-feeding. At the age of 4 months, the weight was greater than 11 kg. Clinical evaluation did not reveal any underlying pathology. After the introduction of complementary feeding and hence reduction of the breast milk intake, the excessive weight gain was attenuated and the slope of the percentile curve paralleled upper percentiles. Since this pattern suggested full breast-feeding as the driver of excessive weight gain, we analyzed the human milk composition at the infant age of 1 year and compared the results with published data on composition at this stage of lactation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The milk contents of lactose, fat, fatty acids, polar lipids, carnitine species, and insulin were similar to the reference data. The adiponectin content was increased. The most remarkable alteration was a high milk protein content (mean 1.25 g/dl, reference 0.8 g/dl).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A very high protein supply in infancy has been previously shown to increase plasma concentrations of the growth factors insulin and IGF-1, weight gain, and later obesity. We speculate that interindividual variations in human milk adiponectin and protein contents may contribute to modulation of the growth of fully breast-fed infants and in this case may have contributed to excessive weight gain during full breast-feeding. This hypothesis merits being tested in future cohort studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grunewald
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hellmuth
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demmelmair
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000032:analysis; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002657:Child Development; D018450:Disease Progression; D005192:Family Health; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007225:Infant Food; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D035781:Siblings; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin