title: Ultrasound surveillance for thyroid malignancies in survivors of childhood cancer following radiotherapy: a single institutional experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Survivors of childhood cancer (SCC) who have received radiotherapy to the head, neck, and upper thorax are at higher risk of developing subsequent thyroid malignancies. As part of the post treatment long-term follow-up protocol, the current Children's Oncology Group guideline recommends surveillance by annual palpation; however, thyroid nodules are difficult to detect by physical examinations alone, and potentially malignancy-harboring nodules may be undetected. Since thyroid ultrasound is a sensitive and noninvasive procedure, it was incorporated in our institutional follow-up protocol. The aim of this study was to examine the outcome of ultrasound screening in this high-risk population. The following describes our experience from 2007 to 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted on survivors enrolled in our follow-up program. SCC who have received direct or scattered radiation to the thyroid gland, and who were ≥10 years from the diagnosis of primary childhood cancer were considered to be at-risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-eight survivors met the inclusion criteria and were screened. Thyroid ultrasound detected thyroid nodule(s) in 46 patients (59%), 17 of which had nodule(s) between 5 and 10 mm (22%), and 15 patients had nodules ≥10 mm (19%). Fourteen patients (18%) underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Six patients (8%) underwent surgery, and 5 (6%) had confirmed papillary carcinoma. At the time of the first ultrasound, thyroid nodules of various sizes were found. However, over time, these nodules demonstrated slow growth rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporation of thyroid ultrasound into routine follow-up of high-risk SCC may aid in the detection of thyroid malignancies that are not clinically apparent. The use of ultrasound allows detailed characterization of the thyroid nodule and reliable monitoring of nodule progression. In SCC without suspicious nodule(s), it may be reasonable to perform screening ultrasounds less frequently due to the slow growth rate of thyroid nodules. However, in those with suspicious features, surgical work-up resulted in the removal of a high number of malignancies, with few unnecessary surgeries and complications.
authors.affiliation: 1 Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario, Canada .
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Shayna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zelcer
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.forename: Murad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017741:Survivors; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult