title: Normalization of the levels of inflammatory molecules in Mycobacterium smegmatis-infected U937 cells by fibrate pretreatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) is a respiratory tract disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. M. tuberculosis exploits immune privilege to grow and divide in pleural macrophages. Fibrates are associated with the immune response and control lipid metabolism through glycolysis with β-oxidation of fatty acids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we investigated the effect of fibrate pretreatment on the immune response during M. smegmatis infection in U937 cells, a human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cell line. The protein expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), an inflammatory marker, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), a toll like receptor adaptor molecule, in the infected group increased at 1 and 6 h after M. smegmatis infection of U937 cells. Acetyl coenzyme A acetyl transferase-1 (ACAT-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), TNF-α, and MyD88 decreased in U937 cells treated with fibrates at 12 and 24 h after treatment. More than a 24 h pretreatment with fibrate resulted in similar expression levels of ACAT-1 and PPAR-α between infected vehicle control and infected groups which were pretreated with fibrate for 24 h. However, upon exposure to M. smegmatis, the cellular expression of the TNF-α and MyD88 in the infected groups pretreated with fibrate for 24 h decreased significantly compared to that in the infected vehicle group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that fibrate pretreatment normalized the levels of inflammatory molecules in Mycobacterium smegmatis-infected U937 cells. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings on pathophysiology and immune defense mechanism of U937 by fibrates during M. tuberculosis infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 336-795, Republic of Korea. sungjo@hoseo.edu.
authors.forename: Sung-Jo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 336-795, Republic of Korea. jlhthanks@naver.com.
authors.forename: Minho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: The Animal Genomics and Breeding Center, Han-Kyong National University, Anseong, 336-795, Republic of Korea. kiduk.song@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ki Duk
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: The Animal Genomics and Breeding Center, Han-Kyong National University, Anseong, 336-795, Republic of Korea. breedlee@empas.com.
authors.forename: Hak-Kyo
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Mansu-ri 482, Gangoe-myeon, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-954, Cheongwon-gun,Republic of Korea. scientist1@empal.com.
authors.forename: Sungweon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryoo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743, Republic of Korea. thhur92@catholic.ac.kr.|NP512, Hall of Cardinal Jin-Suk Cheong, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea. thhur92@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tae-Hwe
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Heo
mesh_terms: D000101:Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D058607:Fibric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D009164:Mycobacterium Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D020102:Mycobacterium smegmatis; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000378:metabolism; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D058607:Fibric Acids; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D047493:PPAR alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C506639:ACAT1 protein, human; D000101:Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase