title: Independent associations of sodium intake with measures of body size and predictive body fatness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Observational studies highlight a possible relationship between sodium intake and obesity. This investigation explores the cross-sectional relationships between sodium intake and measures of body size and fatness (body mass index [BMI], weight, waist circumference, predictive body fatness).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were performed using data from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-10 with two 24-h dietary recalls and measures of body size and fatness (n = 4,613). Regression analyses assessed the relationships of sodium (1,000 mg/day) with outcomes, adjusting for caloric intake. Analyses are presented overall and by sex; data were weighted to be representative of the non-institutionalized US adult population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive associations between sodium intake and measures of body size and predictive body fatness were observed, and the magnitude of association was larger in women than in men. For each 1,000 mg/day higher sodium intake, BMI was 1.03 kg/m(2) higher; weight was 2.75 kg higher; waist circumference was 2.15 cm higher; and predictive body fatness was 1.18% higher after adjustment for energy intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal analyses examining associations between sodium intake and measures of body size and body fatness are needed.
authors.affiliation: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention & Tobacco Control, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Stella S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Firestone
authors.forename: Jeannette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Beasley
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary