title: How do Australian maternity and early childhood health services identify and respond to the settlement experience and social context of refugee background families?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Refugees have poor mental, social and physical health related to experiences of trauma and stresses associated with settlement, however little is known about how refugee families experience maternity and early childhood services. The aim of this study was to explore the responsiveness of health services to the social and mental health of Afghan women and men at the time of having a baby.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participatory methods including community engagement and consultation with the Afghan community and service providers in Melbourne, Australia. Bicultural researchers conducted interviews with Afghan women and men who had recently had a baby. Interviews and focus groups were also conducted with health professionals working in the region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty interviews were conducted with Afghan women and men who had recently had a baby. Thirty-four health professionals participated in an interview or focus group.Afghan women and men reported significant social hardship during the period before and after having a baby in Australia, but were rarely asked about their social health by maternity and early childhood services.Most health professionals recognised that knowledge and understanding of their client's migration history and social circumstances was relevant to the provision of high quality care. However, inquiring about refugee background, and responding to non-clinical needs of refugee families was challenging for many health professionals. Factors that made it more difficult for health professionals to engage with Afghan families in pregnancy included limited understanding of the context of migration, dependency of many Afghan women on their husband for interpreting, short appointments, and the high likelihood of seeing different health professionals at each antenatal visit. Community-based maternal and child health nurses had more scope to work with interpreters, and build relationships with families, providing a stronger foundation for identifying and responding to complex social circumstances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are significant challenges in providing comprehensive, high quality primary health care for Afghan families accessing Australian maternity and early childhood services. The limited capacity of public maternity services to identify families of refugee background and provide tailored service responses are contributing to inequitable maternal and child health outcomes for families of refugee background.
authors.affiliation: Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. jane.yelland@mcri.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yelland
authors.forename: Elisha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: Sayed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wahidi
authors.forename: Fatema
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fouladi
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szwarc
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duell-Piening
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chesters
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan / Q000208:ethnology; D001315:Australia; D002662:Child Health Services; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006282:Health Personnel; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D008880:Midwifery; D024802:Nurse's Role; D010819:Physician's Role; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012036:Refugees; D012924:Social Conditions; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014175:Translating; D055815:Young Adult