title: Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and bladder cancer: evaluation from a gene-environment perspective in a hospital-based case-control study in the Canary Islands (Spain).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been linked to bladder cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of PAHs in bladder cancer, PAHs serum levels were measured in patients and controls from a case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 140 bladder cancer patients and 206 healthy controls were included in the study. Sixteen PAHs were analyzed from the serum of subjects by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum PAHs did not appear to be related to bladder cancer risk, although the profile of contamination by PAHs was different between patients and controls: pyrene (Pyr) was solely detected in controls and chrysene (Chry) was exclusively detected in the cases. Phenanthrene (Phe) serum levels were inversely associated with bladder cancer (OR = 0·79, 95%CI = 0·64-0·99, P = 0·030), although this effect disappeared when the allelic distribution of glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms of the population was introduced into the model (multinomial logistic regression test, P = 0·933). Smoking (OR = 3·62, 95%CI = 1·93-6·79, P<0·0001) and coffee consumption (OR = 1·73, 95%CI = 1·04-2·86, P = 0·033) were relevant risk factors for bladder cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific PAH mixtures may play a relevant role in bladder cancer, although such effect seems to be highly modulated by polymorphisms in genes encoding xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.
authors.forename: Luis D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Boada
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Henríquez-Hernández
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zumbado
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almeida-González
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: Eva E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Álvarez-León
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Valencia-Santana
authors.forename: Octavio P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Luzardo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000378:metabolism; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: Bladder cancer,; Gene-environment interaction; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,; Risk profession,