title: Combining organophosphate-treated wall linings and long-lasting insecticidal nets fails to provide additional control over long-lasting insecticidal nets alone against multiple insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae in Côte d'Ivoire: an experimental hut trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insecticide-treated wall lining (ITWL) is a new concept in malaria vector control. Some Anopheles gambiae populations in West Africa have developed resistance to all the main classes of insecticides. It needs to be demonstrated whether vector control can be improved or resistance managed when non-pyrethroid ITWL is used alone or together with long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) against multiple insecticide-resistant vector populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experimental hut trials were carried out as proofs of concept to evaluate pirimiphos methyl (p-methyl)-treated plastic wall lining (WL) and net wall hangings (NWH) used alone and in combination with LLINs against multiple insecticide-resistant An. gambiae in Tiassalé, Côte d'Ivoire. Comparison was made to commercial deltamethrin WL and genotypes for kdr and ace-1R resistance were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kdr and ace-1R allele frequencies were 0.83 and 0.44, respectively. Anopheles gambiae surviving discriminating concentrations of deltamethrin and p-methyl in WHO resistance tests were 57 and 96%, respectively. Mortality of free-flying An. gambiae in huts with p-methyl WL and NWH (66 and 50%, respectively) was higher than with pyrethroid WL (32%; P<0.001). Mortality with LLIN was 63%. Mortality with the combination of LLIN plus p-methyl NWH (61%) or LLIN plus p-methyl WL (73%) did not significantly improve upon the LLIN alone or p-methyl WL or NWH alone. Mosquitoes bearing the ace-1R were more likely to survive exposure to p-methyl WL and NWH. Selection of heterozygote and homozygote ace-1R or kdr genotypes was not less likely after exposure to combined LLIN and p-methyl treatments than to single p-methyl treatment. Blood-feeding rates were lower in huts with the pyrethroid LLIN (19%) than with p-methyl WL (72%) or NWH (76%); only LLIN contributed to personal protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining p-methyl WL or NWH with LLINs provided no improvement in An. gambiae control or personal protection over LLIN alone in southern Côte d'Ivoire; neither did the combination manage resistance. Additional resistance mechanisms to kdr and ace-1R probably contributed to the survival of pyrethroid and organophophate-resistant mosquitoes. The study demonstrates the challenge that malaria control programmes will face if resistance to multiple insecticides continues to spread.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. corine.ngufor@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ngufor
authors.forename: Mouhamadou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chouaïbou
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tchicaya
authors.forename: Benard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Loukou
authors.forename: Nestor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kesse
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: N'Guessan
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koudou
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D007306:Insecticides; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010755:Organophosphates; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010755:Organophosphates; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; C014153:pirimiphos methyl