title: Enhanced formation of aromatic amino acids increases fragrance without affecting flower longevity or pigmentation in Petunia × hybrida.
abstract: Purple Petunia × hybrida V26 plants accumulate fragrant benzenoid-phenylpropanoid molecules and anthocyanin pigments in their petals. These specialized metabolites are synthesized mainly from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine. Here, we studied the profile of secondary metabolites of petunia plants, expressing a feedback-insensitive bacterial form of 3-deoxy-di-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase enzyme (AroG*) of the shikimate pathway, as a tool to stimulate the conversion of primary to secondary metabolism via the aromatic amino acids. We focused on specialized metabolites contributing to flower showy traits. The presence of AroG* protein led to increased aromatic amino acid levels in the leaves and high phenylalanine levels in the petals. In addition, the AroG* petals accumulated significantly higher levels of fragrant benzenoid-phenylpropanoid volatiles, without affecting the flowers' lifetime. In contrast, AroG* abundance had no effect on flavonoids and anthocyanins levels. The metabolic profile of all five AroG* lines was comparable, even though two lines produced the transgene in the leaves, but not in the petals. This implies that phenylalanine produced in leaves can be transported through the stem to the flowers and serve as a precursor for formation of fragrant metabolites. Dipping cut petunia stems in labelled phenylalanine solution resulted in production of labelled fragrant volatiles in the flowers. This study emphasizes further the potential of this metabolic engineering approach to stimulate the production of specialized metabolites and enhance the quality of various plant organs. Furthermore, transformation of vegetative tissues with AroG* is sufficient for induced production of specialized metabolites in organs such as the flowers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agriculture Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel; Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Moran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: Rinat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ovadia
authors.forename: Avichai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: Einat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bar
authors.forename: Efraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lewinsohn
authors.forename: Gad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galili
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oren-Shamir
mesh_terms: D024322:Amino Acids, Aromatic / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D055432:Metabolomics; D009812:Odorants; D032306:Petunia / Q000254:growth & development*; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism; D010858:Pigmentation; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D020005:Propanols / Q000378:metabolism; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D019076:Transgenes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D024322:Amino Acids, Aromatic; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D020005:Propanols; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C439395:1-phenylpropanol; D010649:Phenylalanine
keywords: petunia; phenylalanine; phenylpropanoid volatiles; secondary metabolism