title: Effects of energy drinks on soft tissue healing.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an energy drink (ED) on soft tissue wound healing in the rat model. Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. A full-thickness paravertebral linear incision wound model was created. The experimental group (EG) received an ED (Red Bull), and the control group (CG) received water. Red Bull (3.57 mL/kg/d) was administered to the rats by the oral gavage method on the day before the skin incision and continued for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed (n = 6 in each group) on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day of the study. Sections were obtained from excised linear wound healing site and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome for morphological analysis. To assess angiogenesis on the sections, immunohistochemical studies were carried out using vascular endothelial growth factor antibody and alpha smooth muscle actin Ab-1. The breaking strength of the wound healing site was measured in Newtons using a tensiometer. Morphological analysis showed that collagen deposition in the wound areas was statistically higher in the EG compared with that of the CG at both the third and seventh days (P < 0.05). Re-epithelialization on healing sites in the EG was statistically higher than in the CG on the seventh day (P < 0.05). The results of the immunohistochemical studies indicated that the numbers of new blood vessels in the wound healing sites of the EG were significantly higher at the 7th and 14th days when compared with the CG (P < 0.05). The breaking strength of the wound healing sites was also significantly higher on the 7th and 14th days in the EG (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate that ED accelerates soft tissue wound healing and that its effect may be due to increased collagen deposition, re-epithelialization, and new blood vessel formation in the wound.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu; †Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Bolu; and ‡Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tek
authors.forename: Orcun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Toptas
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Akkas
authors.forename: Hakki Oguz
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Kazancioglu
authors.forename: Tulin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Firat
authors.forename: Seref
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ezirganli
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozan
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003094:Collagen / Q000032:analysis; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D061215:Energy Drinks; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D062326:Re-Epithelialization / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat; D003094:Collagen