title: Genes associated with succeptibility to lung adenocarcinoma among never smokers suggest the mechanism of disease.
abstract: Global statistics estimate that 15% of all cases of lung cancer in men and 53% in women are not attributable to smoking, and these data indicate that worldwide, approximately 25% of patients with lung cancer are never smokers. The etiology of lung cancer is disputed. The present study reviews the genes associated with susceptibility to lung cancer among never smokers and suggests possibilities for the involvement of metabolic syndrome. The environment appears to have changed the genes susceptible to lung cancer. Classical genes associated with lung cancer are decreasing and novel emerging genes may reflect changes in lifestyle. We provide evidence that the genes associated with susceptibility to lung cancer in never smokers are very similar to those reported in patients with metabolic syndrome, and that simply quitting smoking is not sufficient as the primary means of preventing lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan Department of Internal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan Department of Preventive Medical Center, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan iokazaki@iuhw.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medical Center, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan Department of Chest Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigemi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medical Center, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan Department of Chest Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sohara
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
keywords: genome-wide association studies; lung adenocarcinoma; metabolic syndrome; never smoker; obesity; review; second-hand smoke; smoking habit; squamous cell carcinoma; tumor-suppressor genes; xenobiotic genes