title: Multiple hydroxyphenethyl glucosinolate isomers and their tandem mass spectrometric distinction in a geographically structured polymorphism in the crucifer Barbarea vulgaris.
abstract: Two distinct glucosinolate (GSL) chemotypes (P and G-types) of Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae) were known from southern Scandinavia, but whether the types were consistent in a wider geographic area was not known. Populations (26) from Eastern and Central Europe were analyzed for GSLs in order to investigate whether the two types were consistent in this area. Most (21) could be attributed to one of the previously described GSL profile types, the P-type (13 populations) and the G-type (8 populations), based on differences in the stereochemistry of 2-hydroxylation, presence or absence of phenolic glucobarbarin derivatives, and qualitative differences in indole GSL decoration (tested for a subset of 8+6 populations only). The distinction agreed with previous molecular genetic analysis of the same individuals. Geographically, the P-type typically occurred in Eastern Europe while the G-type mainly occurred in Central Europe. Of the remaining five populations, minor deviations were observed in some individuals from two populations genetically assigned to the G-type, and a hybrid population from Finland contained an additional dihydroxyphenethyl GSL isomer attributed to a combinatorial effect of P-type and G-type genes. Major exceptions to the typical GSL profiles were observed in two populations: (1) A G-type population from Slovenia deviated by a high frequency of a known variant in glucobarbarin biosynthesis ('NAS form') co-occurring with usual G-type individuals. (2) A population from Caucasus exhibited a highly deviating GSL profile dominated by p-hydroxyphenethyl GSL that was insignificant in other accessions, as well as two GSLs investigated by NMR, m-hydroxyphenethylGSL and a partially identified m,p disubstituted hydroxy-methoxy derivative of phenethylGSL. Tandem HPLC-MS of seven NMR-identified desulfoGSLs was carried out and interpreted for increased certainty in peak identification and as a tool for partial structure elucidation. The distinct, geographically separated chemotypes and rare variants are discussed in relation to future taxonomic revision and the genetics and ecology of GSLs in B. vulgaris.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: nia@plen.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agerbirk
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carl Erik
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heimes
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Stina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thure P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Hauser
mesh_terms: D031216:Barbarea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007536:Isomerism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D005961:Glucosinolates
keywords: Allopatric differentiation; Biosynthesis; Caucasus; Eastern Europe; Hybridization; Ice age; NMR; Novel glucosinolate; Para-activation; Polymorphism; Tandem MS