title: The effect of different environmental conditions on the decision-making performance of soccer goal line officials.
abstract: Goal line officials (GLO) are exposed to extreme environmental conditions when employed to officiate in professional European soccer cup competitions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of such environments on GLO decision-making ability. Thirteen male participants were exposed to three conditions: cold (-5°C, 50% relative humidity (RH)); temperate (18°C, 50% RH); and hot (30°C, 50% RH) for 90 min per condition, with a 15 min half-time break after 45 min. Decision-making ability was assessed throughout the 90 min exposure. Core and skin temperatures were recorded throughout. Decision making was improved during exposure to the temperate condition when compared with the cold (mean difference = 12.5%; 95% CI = 1.1%, 23.9%; P = 0.031). Regression analysis indicated that as skin temperature increases so does decision-making ability. Exposure to cold conditions diminished the decision-making ability of GLO.
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Sport & Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity , University of Bedfordshire , Bedford , UK.
authors.forename: Samuel L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.forename: Alexis R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mauger
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sculthorpe
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aldous
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Adrian W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Midgley
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003657:Decision Making; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012916:Soccer; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cognitive function; cold; hypothermia; referee; thermoregulation