title: Control of homeostatic and pathogenic balance in adipose tissue by ganglioside GM3.
abstract: Ganglioside GM3 (Siaα2-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) has been known to participate in insulin signaling by regulating the association of the insulin receptor in caveolae microdomains (lipid rafts), which is essential for the execution of the complete insulin metabolic signaling in adipocytes. Macrophage-secreted factors including proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, in adipose tissues have been known to limit the local adipogenesis and induce insulin resistance; however, the interplay between adipocytes and macrophages upon regulation of GM3 expression is not clear. GM3 was virtually absent in primary adipocytes differentiated from macrophage-depleted mesenteric stromal vesicular cells, which accompanies enhancement of insulin signaling and adipogenesis. We found that the expression of GM3 is governed by soluble factors including steady-state levels of proinflammatory cytokines secreted from resident macrophages. The direct involvement of GM3 in insulin signaling is demonstrated by the fact that embryonic fibroblasts obtained from GM3 synthase (GM3S)-deficient mice have increased insulin signaling, when compared with wild-type embryonic fibroblasts, which in turn leads to enhanced adipogeneis. In addition, GM3 expression in primary adipocytes is increased under proinflammatory conditions as well as in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, GM3S-deficient mice fed high-fat diets become obese but are resistant to the development of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammatory states. Thus, GM3 functions as a physiological regulatory factor of the balance between homeostatic and pathological states in adipocytes by modulating insulin signaling in lipid rafts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagafuku
authors.affiliation: Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd., Tokyo 135-0016, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashige
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: Saya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Primary Cell Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Primary Cell Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.affiliation: Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan jin@tohoku-pharm.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Jin-Ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Inokuchi
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005679:G(M3) Ganglioside / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012799:Sialyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005679:G(M3) Ganglioside; D007328:Insulin; D012799:Sialyltransferases; C021343:haematoside synthetase
keywords: GM3 ganglioside; adipogenesis; inflammatory cytokines; insulin resistance; macrophages