title: The precorneal tear film as a fluid shell: the effect of blinking and saccades on tear film distribution and dynamics.
abstract: We conducted a series of experiments to elucidate the behavior of the human precorneal tear film (PCTF) during blinking and horizontal and vertical saccades. Methodology included video-interferometry with subsequent image cross-correlation (tear film lipid layer [TFLL]) and video-microscopy (mucoaqueous subphase [MAS]). We observed that the TFLL interference pattern deteriorates rapidly with successive blinks and degrades slowly with repeated horizontal saccades during blink suppression when dark arcs of thinning appear in the fluorescein-stained PCTF. Furthermore, after full downgaze and a return to the primary position, a transient horizontal bright band appears, deep to the spreading TFLL. It may be followed by local disturbances in the interference pattern. Two horizontal dark bands form in the stained PCTF after the return saccade. PCTF disruption may occur below the lower band during blink suppression. We concluded that shearing during horizontal saccades is insufficient to disturb the tear film structure greatly. The MAS and TFLL move together as a fluid shell. The dark arcs/bands are caused by meniscus-induced thinning, imprinted onto the PCTF at the lid margin. Their stability during blink suppression suggests that the MAS has gel-like properties. The horizontal bright bands are probably due to transient corneal indentation in downgaze. In downgaze, the disturbance of the TFLL and MAS below the dark bands is possibly due to shearing across the MAS in the return phase. This could cause desiccating stress in everyday activities, such as working at a computer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. Electronic address: nyokoi@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bron
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Georgi As
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Georgiev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007368:Interferometry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: blinking; dry eye; mucin; precorneal tear film; tear film dynamics; tear film lipid layer; tear film structure