title: Emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases: a review of key characteristics, risk factors, and the policy and innovation environment.
abstract: In global health, critical challenges have arisen from infectious diseases, including the emergence and reemergence of old and new infectious diseases. Emergence and reemergence are accelerated by rapid human development, including numerous changes in demographics, populations, and the environment. This has also led to zoonoses in the changing human-animal ecosystem, which are impacted by a growing globalized society where pathogens do not recognize geopolitical borders. Within this context, neglected tropical infectious diseases have historically lacked adequate attention in international public health efforts, leading to insufficient prevention and treatment options. This subset of 17 infectious tropical diseases disproportionately impacts the world's poorest, represents a significant and underappreciated global disease burden, and is a major barrier to development efforts to alleviate poverty and improve human health. Neglected tropical diseases that are also categorized as emerging or reemerging infectious diseases are an even more serious threat and have not been adequately examined or discussed in terms of their unique risk characteristics. This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts. Through this examination, we hope to raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA Division of Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA tmackey@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Tim K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Joint Doctoral Program in Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, and San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cuomo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA Internal Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hafen
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA Pediatrics Department, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004777:Environment; D014943:Global Health; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014330:Tropical Medicine; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology