title: Update on the current recommendations and outcomes in pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome.
abstract: Pregnancy morbidity is part of the clinical spectrum of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a chronic autoimmune condition serologically characterized by the persistent positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents are the mainstay of the treatment of obstetric APS. However, there is an ongoing debate about the optimal management of women with most severe aPL-mediated obstetric complications, women not fulfilling APS criteria and those with refractory disease. Unfortunately, the literature cannot provide definite answers to these controversial issues, being flawed by many limitations. The evidence supporting the recommended therapeutic management of different aPL-related obstetrical clinical manifestations is presented, with a critical appraisal of each approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Cecilia Beatrice
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Chighizola
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerosa
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trespidi
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Giacomo
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Acaia
authors.forename: Pier Luigi
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Meroni
mesh_terms: D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome
keywords: antiphospholipid antibodies; antiphospholipid syndrome; outcomes; pregnancy morbidity; treatment