title: Spectral diffusion: an algorithm for robust material decomposition of spectral CT data.
abstract: Clinical successes with dual energy CT, aggressive development of energy discriminating x-ray detectors, and novel, target-specific, nanoparticle contrast agents promise to establish spectral CT as a powerful functional imaging modality. Common to all of these applications is the need for a material decomposition algorithm which is robust in the presence of noise. Here, we develop such an algorithm which uses spectrally joint, piecewise constant kernel regression and the split Bregman method to iteratively solve for a material decomposition which is gradient sparse, quantitatively accurate, and minimally biased. We call this algorithm spectral diffusion because it integrates structural information from multiple spectral channels and their corresponding material decompositions within the framework of diffusion-like denoising algorithms (e.g. anisotropic diffusion, total variation, bilateral filtration). Using a 3D, digital bar phantom and a material sensitivity matrix calibrated for use with a polychromatic x-ray source, we quantify the limits of detectability (CNR = 5) afforded by spectral diffusion in the triple-energy material decomposition of iodine (3.1 mg mL(-1)), gold (0.9 mg mL(-1)), and gadolinium (2.9 mg mL(-1)) concentrations. We then apply spectral diffusion to the in vivo separation of these three materials in the mouse kidneys, liver, and spleen.
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Box 3302, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Darin P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Cristian T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Badea
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000032:analysis; D006046:Gold / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007455:Iodine / Q000032:analysis; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013154:Spleen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D006046:Gold; D007455:Iodine; D005682:Gadolinium