title: Effects of acute exercise on markers of inflammation in pediatric chronic kidney disease: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are chronically exposed to high levels of inflammation, placing them at an increased risk of secondary health complications. Regular exercise may represent an effective therapy to reduce inflammation. The aims of this pilot study were to determine the effects of acute exercise on inflammation and immune cell counts in CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine children and adolescents (4 males) with CKD stages III-V performed a graded exercise test to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Following a 10-min break, participants cycled for 20 min at 50 % of VO2peak. Blood samples were collected before and after the exercise period for the determination of complete blood counts, natural killer cells (NK(bright), NK(dim)) and circulating progenitor cell (CPC) counts, as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete blood counts and NK(dim) cell and CPC counts were unchanged with exercise. Following exercise, NK(bright) cell counts increased (7.4 ± 4.3 vs. 12.2 ± 8.3 × 10(6) cells/L; p = 0.02), while trends were observed for an increase in IL-6 (2.1 ± 2.2 vs. 2.7 ± 2.6 pg/mL; p = 0.08), decrease in TNF-α (4.5 ± 1.2 vs. 4.2 ± 1.0 pg/mL; p = 0.08) and an increase in the IL-6:TNF-α ratio (0.6 ± 0.7 vs. 0.8 ± 0.8; p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that acute exercise may create an anti-inflammatory environment in children and adolescents with CKD stages III-V.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, HSC 3A50, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1, kelau@mcmaster.ca.
authors.forename: Keith K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Obeid
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Breithaupt
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Belostotsky
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Thanh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Timmons
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D002648:Child; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha