title: The effect on emotions and brain activity by the direct/indirect lighting in the residential environment.
abstract: This study was performed to explore how direct/indirect lighting affects emotions and brain oscillations compared to the direct lighting when brightness and color temperature are controlled. Twenty-eight subjects (12 females; mean age 22.5) participated. The experimental conditions consisted of two lighting environments: direct/indirect lighting (400 lx downlight, 300 lx uplight) and direct lighting (700 lx downlight). On each trial, a luminance environment was presented for 4 min, followed by participants rated their emotional feelings of the lighting environment. EEG data were recorded during the experiment. Spectral analysis was performed for the range of delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma ranges. The participants felt cooler and more pleasant and theta oscillations on the F4, F8, T4, and TP7 electrodes were more enhanced in the direct/indirect lighting environment compared to the direct lighting environment. There was significant correlation between the "cool" rating and the theta power of the F8 electrode. The participants felt more pleasant in the direct/indirect lighting environment, indicating that space with direct/indirect lighting modulated subjective perception. Additionally, our results suggest that theta oscillatory activity can be used as a biological marker that reflects emotional status in different lighting environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Future Device R&D Department, Material & Components R&D Lab., LG Electronics INC., Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Future Device R&D Department, Material & Components R&D Lab., LG Electronics INC., Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Hyeon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jinseong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: empathy@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cool; Emotion; Indirect/direct lighting; Spaciousness; Theta activity