title: Neurochemical abnormalities in the brainstem of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
abstract: The brainstem has been a focus in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) research for 30 years. Physiological and animal model data show that cardiorespiratory, sleep, and arousal mechanisms are abnormal after exposure to SIDS risk factors or in infants who subsequently die from SIDS. As the brainstem houses the regulatory centres for these functions, it is the most likely site to find abnormalities. True to this hypothesis, data derived over the last 30 years shows that the brainstem of infants who died from SIDS exhibits abnormalities in a number of major neurotransmitter and receptor systems including: catecholamines, neuropeptides, acetylcholinergic, indole amines (predominantly serotonin and its receptors), amino acids (predominantly glutamate), brain derived neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF), and some cytokines. A pattern is emerging of particular brainstem nuclei being consistently affected including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), arcuate nucleus (AN) and raphe. We discuss the implications of these findings and directions that this may lead in future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Room 206, Blackburn Building, D06, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The Bosch Institute, Room 206, Blackburn Building, D06, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Electronic address: rita.machaalani@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machaalani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Room 206, Blackburn Building, D06, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The Bosch Institute, Room 206, Blackburn Building, D06, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The Childrens' Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Waters
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: Apoptosis; Brain; Growth factor; Neurotransmitter; Receptors; Sudden infant death