title: Improvement of dual-leached polycaprolactone porous scaffolds by incorporating with hydroxyapatite for bone tissue regeneration.
abstract: Polycaprolactone (PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite scaffolds were prepared by combining solvent casting and salt particulate leaching with a polymer leaching technique. The hydrophilicity of the dual-leached scaffold was improved by alkaline (NaOH) treatment. Well-defined interconnected pores were detected by scanning electron microscopy. The water absorption capacity of the NaOH-treated PCL/HA dual-leached scaffold increased greatly, confirming that the hydrophilicity of the scaffold was improved by NaOH treatment. The compressive modulus of the PCL/HA dual-leached scaffold was greatly increased by the addition of HA particles. An indirect evaluation of the cytotoxicity of all PCL dual-leached scaffolds with mouse fibroblastic cells (L929) and mouse calvaria-derived pre-osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) indicated that the PCL dual-leached scaffolds are non-toxic to cells. The ability of the scaffolds to support mouse calvaria-derived pre-osteoblastic cell (MC3T3-E1) attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization was also evaluated. Although the viability of cells was lower on the PCL/HA dual-leached scaffold than on the tissue-culture polystyrene plates (TCPS) and on the other substrates at early time points, both the PCL and NaOH-treated PCL/HA dual-leached scaffolds supported the attachment of MC3T3-E1 at significantly higher levels than TCPS. During the proliferation period (days 1-3), all of the PCL dual-leached scaffolds were able to support the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 at higher levels than the TCPS; in addition, the cells grown on NaOH-treated PCL/HA dual-leached scaffolds proliferated more rapidly. The cells cultured on the surfaces of NaOH-treated PCL/HA dual-leached scaffolds had the highest rate of mineral deposition.
authors.affiliation: a The Petroleum and Petrochemical College and the Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT) , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand.
authors.forename: Napaphat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thadavirul
authors.forename: Prasit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavasant
authors.forename: Pitt
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Supaphol
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D051379:Mice; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016062:Porosity; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; D014867:Water; C016240:polycaprolactone; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D017886:Durapatite; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: PCL; dual-leached scaffold; hydroxyapatite; scaffold; solvent casting/particulate leaching method