title: Nonvisual multisensory impairment of body perception in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review of neuropsychological studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body image distortion is a central symptom of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). Even if corporeal awareness is multisensory majority of AN studies mainly investigated visual misperception. We systematically reviewed AN studies that have investigated different nonvisual sensory inputs using an integrative multisensory approach to body perception. We also discussed the findings in the light of AN neuroimaging evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and PsycINFO were searched until March, 2014. To be included in the review, studies were mainly required to: investigate a sample of patients with current or past AN and a control group and use tasks that directly elicited one or more nonvisual sensory domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen studies were included. They studied a total of 223 people with current or past AN and 273 control subjects. Overall, results show impairment in tactile and proprioceptive domains of body perception in AN patients. Interoception and multisensory integration have been poorly explored directly in AN patients. A limitation of this review is the relatively small amount of literature available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that AN patients had a multisensory impairment of body perception that goes beyond visual misperception and involves tactile and proprioceptive sensory components. Furthermore, impairment of tactile and proprioceptive components may be associated with parietal cortex alterations in AN patients. Interoception and multisensory integration have been weakly explored directly. Further research, using multisensory approaches as well as neuroimaging techniques, is needed to better define the complexity of body image distortion in AN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review suggests an altered capacity of AN patients in processing and integration of bodily signals: body parts are experienced as dissociated from their holistic and perceptive dimensions. Specifically, it is likely that not only perception but memory, and in particular sensorimotor/proprioceptive memory, probably shapes bodily experience in patients with AN.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrated Research (CIR), Area of Diagnostic Imaging, Università "Campus Bio-Medico di Roma", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Santino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaudio
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Samantha Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riva
mesh_terms: D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010465:Perception; D055698:Touch Perception