title: Misdiagnosis as an ethical and scientific challenge.
abstract: DIFFICULTIES OF BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS: An astonishingly high rate of misdiagnosis between vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and minimally conscious state has been detected. This raises the issue of the adequacy of the consciousness' assessment in patients with disorders of consciousness. The behavioral assessment of consciousness could be not able to detect covert awareness, which is increasingly identified by the instrumental assessment. ANCILLARY METHODS: Neurotechnology, particularly neuroimaging, provides relevant data concerning the neurological underlying condition of patients with DOCs, but the instrumental approach has still to assess some technical issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  A correct diagnosis of a DOC is not only an instrumental issue, but also an ethically relevant demand to the scientific community. Finally, an integration between behavioral and instrumental assessments seems to be the most adequate strategy in order to decrease the rate of misdiagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: michele.farisco@crb.uu.se.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farisco
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petrini
mesh_terms: D026688:Bioethical Issues; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000941:ethics*; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans