title: Factors influencing poisoning symptoms: a case study of vegetable farmers exposed to mixed insecticides in Prek Balatchheng Village, Cambodia.
abstract: This study aimed to identify factors influencing poisoning symptoms among 153 mixed insecticide-exposed vegetable farmers in one Cambodian village, where 153 factory workers were selected as a comparative nonexposed group. The research instruments were questionnaires and reactive-paper test kits. The majority of vegetable farmers were male, with approximately 87% of the total participants with an average age of 34 years. The personal hygiene scores of most vegetable farmers (108; 70.8%) were moderate, and knowledge scores were at poor level (131; 85.6%). Abnormally low cholinesterase (ChE) levels were detected among 119 (77.8%) farmers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with possible poisoning symptoms. This study found that mixing an average of four to six types of insecticides (odds ratio [OR] = 4.6; P = .03) and abnormal ChE level (OR = 4.09; P = .004) was associated with central nervous system (CNS) symptoms. Age group >45 years (OR = 2.8; P = .04) and type of vegetable "other" (OR = 2.73; P = .02) were associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Type of insecticide, organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CMs) (OR = 3.2; P = .04), was associated with respiratory symptoms. It is recommended that farmers should reduce insecticide spraying times, increase their use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and undergo training on insecticide use. These combined measures should improve the insecticide-related health status of vegetable farmers in this area.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Industrial Hygiene and Safety , Burapha University , Chonburi , Thailand.
authors.forename: Anamai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thetkathuek
authors.forename: Nhean
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suybros
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Daniell
authors.forename: Parvena
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meepradit
authors.forename: Wanlop
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jaidee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002160:Cambodia; D002219:Carbamates / Q000506:poisoning; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007306:Insecticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D062025:Organophosphate Poisoning / Q000209:etiology; D011482:Protective Devices; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D007306:Insecticides; D002802:Cholinesterases
keywords: Carbamate; cholinesterase level; organophosphate; poisoning symptoms; reactivepaper test kit test kit; vegetable farmers