title: Platelet aggregation and clot formation in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest treated with induced hypothermia and dual platelet inhibition with aspirin and ticagrelor; a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a prospective observational study in cardiac arrest survivors treated with mild induced hypothermia, evaluating different platelet function tests at hypo- and normothermia. We also investigated the relation between gastric emptying and vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Comatose survivors of out of hospital cardiac arrest were included and divided into two groups, depending on whether dual platelet inhibition with peroral ticagrelor and aspirin was given or not. The first blood samples (T1) were collected 12-24 hours after reaching target temperature (33°C) and were compared to blood samples collected 12-28 hours after reaching normothermia (37°C) (T2) within each group. All samples were analysed by Sonoclot viscoelasticity, flow cytometry based VASP and with multiple electrode aggregometry, Multiplate®; adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen (COL), thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP) and arachidonic acid (ASPI). Sonoclot and Multiplate® instruments were set on in vivo temperatures. Gastric secretion from the nasogastric tube was measured to assess absorption of per orally administered antiplatelet drugs. Differences between T1 and T2 within each group were calculated using Wilcoxon matched pairs signed test. Significance levels were set at P <0.01.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 23 patients were included. In patients with dual platelet inhibition (n =14) Multiplate®-analyses showed no changes in ADP stimulated platelets. COL, TRAP and ASPI aggregations were higher at T2 compared to T1. Sonoclot-analyses showed that activated clotting time (ACT) was unchanged but both clot rate (CR) and platelet function (PF) were higher at T2 compared to T1. VASP decreased from 53 ± 28(T1) to 24 ± 22(T2), (P <0.001). The average volume of gastric secretion aspirated before T1 correlated well with VASP (T1), r =0.81 (P <0.001). In patients with no platelet inhibition, (n =9) similar changes between T1 and T2 were seen as in patients with dual platelet inhibition while VASP was unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated increased platelet aggregation and strengthened clot formation over time in out of hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia. In patients on oral dual platelet inhibition, the effect of ticagrelor was delayed, probably due to slow gastric emptying.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kander
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dankiewicz
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schött
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000502:physiology; D003128:Coma / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077486:Ticagrelor
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077486:Ticagrelor; D000241:Adenosine; D001241:Aspirin