title: Women's intentions to self-collect samples for human papillomavirus testing in an organized cervical cancer screening program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mounting evidence affirms HPV testing as an effective cervical cancer screening tool, and many organized screening programs are considering adopting it as primary testing. HPV self-collection has comparable sensitivity to clinician collected specimens and is considered a feasible option in hard-to-reach women. We explored women's intentions to HPV self-collect for cervical cancer screening from a cohort participating in a Canadian randomized controlled cervical cancer screening trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 25-65 were invited to complete an online survey assessing intentions to be screened with HPV testing instead of the Pap smear. The survey was based in the Theory of Planned Behaviour and questions were included to assess women's intentions to self-collect for HPV. Demographic characteristics of women who intended to self-collect were compared with those who did not. Demographic and scale variables achieving a p-value <0.1 in the univariate and bivariate analyses were included in the stepwise logistic regression model. The final model was created to predict factors associated with women's intentions to self-collect an HPV specimen for cervical cancer. Odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals to identify variables associated with a woman's intention to self-collect for cervical cancer screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall survey response rate was 63.8% (981/1538) with 447 (45.6%) reporting they intended to self-collect, versus 534 (54.4%) reporting they did not. In the univariate analysis, women with more than high school education were more likely to self-collect. Women who intended to receive HPV testing versus the Pap smear were 1.94 times as likely to be in favour of self-collection and those who intended to self-collect had significantly higher attitudinal scores towards HPV self-collection. The adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval from the multivariate analysis demonstrated attitude towards self-collection was the only significant variable predicting a woman's intention to self-collect (OR 1.25; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.29).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary predictor of a woman's intention to HPV self-collect for cervical cancer screening was her attitude towards the procedure. From a program planning perspective, these results indicate that education and awareness may be significant contributing factors to improving acceptance of self-collection and subsequently, improving screening attendance rates.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Cancer Agency, 711-750 West Broadway, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1H6, Canada. laurie.smith@bccancer.bc.ca.
authors.forename: Laurie W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Fareeza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khurshed
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van Niekerk
authors.forename: Mel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krajden
authors.forename: Sandra B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Coldman
authors.forename: Eduardo L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Gina S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ogilvie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D003625:Data Collection; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D065006:Papanicolaou Test / Q000379:methods; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012648:Self Care; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods*; D016387:Women's Health