title: Graphene surface plasmons at the near-infrared optical regime.
abstract: Graphene has been identified as an emerging horizon for a nanoscale photonic platform because the Fermi level of intrinsic graphene can be engineered to support surface plasmons (SPs). The current solid back electrical gating and chemical doping methods cannot facilitate the demonstration of graphene SPs at the near-infrared (NIR) window because of the limited shift of the Fermi level. Here, we present the evidence for the existence of graphene SPs on a tapered graphene-silicon waveguide tip at a NIR wavelength, employing a surface carrier transfer method with molybdenum trioxides. The coupling between the graphene surface plasmons and the guiding mode in silicon waveguides allows for the observation of the concentrated field of the SPs in the tip by near-field scanning optical microscopy. Thus the hot spot from the concentrated SPs in the graphene layer can be used as a key experimental signature of graphene SPs. The NIR graphene SPs opens a new perspective for optical communications, optical sensing and imaging, and optical data storage with extreme spatial confinement, broad bandwidth and high tunability.
authors.affiliation: 1] Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia [2] Centre for Micro-Photonics and CUDOS, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia [3].
authors.forename: Qiming
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1] Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia [2].
authors.forename: Xiangping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Centre for Micro-Photonics and CUDOS, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: Md Muntasir
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors.forename: Yunzhou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Jingchao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Jingying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Shanhui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China [2] Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Qiaoliang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: 1] Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia [2] Centre for Micro-Photonics and CUDOS, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gu