title: Influence of S₃ electrical stimulation on gastrointestinal dysfunction after spinal cord injury in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation to sacral spinal nerve 3 (S₃ stimulation) on gastrointestinal dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six rabbits were taken as normal controls to record their gastrointestinal multipoint biological discharge, colon pressure and rectoanal inhibitory reflex. Electrodes were implanted into S₃ in another 18 rabbits. Then the model of SCI was conducted following Fehling's method: the rabbit S₃ was clamped to induce transverse injury, which was claimed by both somatosensory evoked potential and motion evoked potential. Two hours after SCI, S₃ stimulation was conducted. The 18 rabbits were subdivided into 3 groups to respectively record their gastrointestinal electric activities (n=6), colon pressure (n=6), and rectum pressure (n=6). Firstly the wave frequency was fixed at 15 Hz and pulse width at 400 μs and three stimulus intensities (6 V, 8 V, 10 V) were tested. Then the voltage was fixed at 6 V and the pulse width changed from 200 μs, 400 μs to 600 μs. The response was recorded and analyzed. The condition of defecation was also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After SCI, the mainly demonstrated change was dyskinesia of the single haustrum and distal colon. The rectoanal inhibitory reflex almost disappeared. S₃ stimulation partly recovered the intestinal movement after denervation, promoting defecation. The proper stimulus parameters were 15 Hz, 400 μs, 6 V, 10 s with 20 s intervals and 10 min with 10 min intervals, total 2 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S₃ stimulation is able to restore the intestinal movement after denervation (especially single haustrum and distal colon), which promotes defecation.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China.
authors.forename: Chunhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Shuangying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011817:Rabbits; D012447:Sacrum / Q000294:innervation*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*