title: Pre-pulse inhibition and antisaccade performance indicate impaired attention modulation of cognitive inhibition in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a number of physical anomalies and neuropsychological deficits including impairments in executive and sensorimotor function. It is estimated that 25% of children with 22q11DS will develop schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders later in life. Evidence of genetic transmission of information processing deficits in schizophrenia suggests performance in 22q11DS individuals will enhance understanding of the neurobiological and genetic substrates associated with information processing. In this report, we examine information processing in 22q11DS using measures of startle eyeblink modification and antisaccade inhibition to explore similarities with schizophrenia and associations with neurocognitive performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Startle modification (passive and active tasks; 120- and 480-ms pre-pulse intervals) and antisaccade inhibition were measured in 25 individuals with genetically confirmed 22q11DS and 30 healthy control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with 22q11DS exhibited increased antisaccade error as well as some evidence (trend-level effect) of impaired sensorimotor gating during the active condition, suggesting a dysfunction in controlled attentional processing, rather than a pre-attentive dysfunction using this paradigm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from the present study show similarities with previous studies in clinical populations associated with 22q11DS such as schizophrenia that may indicate shared dysfunction of inhibition pathways in these groups.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia.
authors.forename: Kathryn Louise
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebbekah Josephine
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Callaghan, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Callaghan, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica Lauren
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Melville
authors.affiliation: Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schall
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia.
authors.forename: Carmel Maree
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Loughland
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thienel
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Callaghan, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia.
authors.forename: Linda Elisabet
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Campbell
keywords: Antisaccade; Neurocognition; PPF; PPI; Startle modification