title: Ultrasound guided transarterial coil placement in the internal and external carotid artery in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess ultrasound guided transarterial coil placement (UGTACP) for occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cadaveric and in vivo study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cadaveric horses (n = 10), healthy horses (3), and 1 clinical case.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cadaveric and in vivo (healthy horses): UGTACP was performed in the caudal part of the ICA and ECA. Coil placement in the rostral part of the ICA was performed blindly and controlled by conventional radiography. No coils were placed in the rostral part of the ECA.
  
  
  METHODS
  UGTACP of the ICA was in a horse with guttural pouch mycosis of the left guttural pouch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accurate ultrasound-guided catheterization of the ICA and ECA was performed in all specimens. Ultrasound-guided coil placement was successfully performed in all cases except 1. No complications occurred in the in vivo study. The clinical case fully recovered and returned to its intended use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our study, UGTACP of the ICA and ECA caudal part is a feasible alternative to fluoroscopy. An advantage of this technique is the accuracy with which you can catheterize both ICA and ECA and the ability to identify unusual branching at the origin of the ICA. Regarding the rostral part of the ICA, angiographic catheter guidance in this region is probably more precise using fluoroscopy as it is performed blindly. In a clinical situation, combination of US and fluoroscopy guidance can result in reduction of radiation exposure time.
authors.affiliation: Alfonso X el Sabio Veterinary School, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iglesias
authors.forename: Eduardo Lloret
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bussy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D002342:Carotid Artery, External; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D009181:Mycoses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D011859:Radiography; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary