title: Subgingival bacterial recolonization after scaling and root planing in smokers with chronic periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare subgingival bacterial recolonization patterns after scaling and root planing in current smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 smokers and 15 non-smokers with chronic periodontitis received scaling and root planing in six visits lasting one hour each, over a period of 21 days. Clinical monitoring was performed at baseline and 180 days, and microbiological monitoring was performed at baseline, immediately after scaling and root planing (Day 0) and at 42, 63 and 180 days post-therapy. Subgingival plaque samples were analysed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An improvement in clinical condition was observed for smokers and non-smokers; however, non-smokers showed a greater reduction in mean clinical attachment level in intermediate sites in comparison with smokers (p < 0.05). At Day 0, there was a significant reduction in the mean counts of the three pathogens from the red complex, Eubacterium nodatum and Parvimonas micra only in non-smokers (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the proportion of host-compatible species in non-smokers and smokers from baseline to 180 days post-therapy (p < 0.05). However, a significant decrease in the pathogenic species was observed only in non-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers were more susceptible to the re-establishment of a pathogenic subgingival biofilm than non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feres
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mac
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matarazzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faveri
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018441:Biofilms; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D012534:Dental Scaling; D005051:Eubacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016745:Root Planing; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking
keywords: Chronic periodontitis; dental scaling; microbiology; smoking