title: Overexpression of CD163 in vitreous and fibrovascular membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: possible involvement of periostin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether CD163, a specific marker for M2 macrophages, is involved in the formation of preretinal fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) present in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the levels of soluble (s)CD163, periostin and vascular endothelial growth factor by sandwich ELISA in vitreous samples from 74 eyes of 62 patients with PDR, 20 eyes of 18 patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and 56 eyes of 54 patients with non-diabetic ocular diseases (control group). Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine the expressions of CD68, CD163 and periostin in the surgically resected FVMs and idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERMs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of sCD163 and periostin in the vitreous were significantly higher in patients with PDR than in non-diabetic controls (p<0.0001). There was a strong correlation between the vitreous concentrations of sCD163 and periostin. The mean vitreous level of sCD163 was significantly higher in eyes with FVMs than in those without FVMs (epicentre only). The number and percentage of CD163+ macrophages were significantly higher in the FVMs than in the idiopathic ERMs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed co-localisation of CD163 and periostin in FVM cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that the overexpression of CD163 by macrophages may be involved in the development of FVMs partly through periostin production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakama
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yedi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Keijiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arita
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikusino-shi, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sassa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Izuhara
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikusino-shi, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism*; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D018630:Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative / Q000378:metabolism; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C512835:POSTN protein, human; C467484:VEGFA protein, human
keywords: Retina; Vitreous