title: The effects of the shape and size of the clinical target volume on the planning target volume margin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of clinical target volume (CTV) shape and size on CTV to planning target volume (PTV) margin expansion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using numerical integration methods, margins accounting for random errors and systematic errors were calculated for CTVs of different shapes and sizes. We use k(r-95) and k(s-95) to represent the coefficients, for random errors and systematic errors, respectively, that ensure that every point of the CTV receives ≥95% of the prescribed dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The part of the margin accounting for random errors depends on CTV shape and size; generally, a convex part of a CTV would have a larger margin than a concave part. However, the part of the margin accounting for systematic errors is independent of CTV shape and size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTV shape and size should be considered when generating a PTV. For a complex CTV, the margins of the various parts of the CTV are different and related to local forms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Buhong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhiyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jinluan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*