title: Cognitive adaptation theory as a predictor of adjustment to emerging adulthood for youth with and without type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to determine whether resilience, defined by cognitive adaptation theory, predicted emerging adulthood outcomes among youth with and without type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Youth with (n=118) and without type 1 diabetes (n=122), who were part of a previous longitudinal study during adolescence, completed on-line questionnaires during their senior year of high school and one and two years later. They were average age 18, 53% female, and 93% white. Questionnaires assessed cognitive adaptation theory (CAT) indicators (self-esteem, mastery, optimism) and psychological, relationship, behavioral, vocational, and, for those with diabetes, diabetes outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CAT index at baseline predicted reduced psychological distress, enhanced psychological well-being, increased friend support, reduced friend conflict, the presence of romantic relationships, reduced likelihood of romantic breakups, higher GPA, higher work satisfaction, and lower work stress during the transition to emerging adulthood. Among those with diabetes, the CAT index predicted better self-care behavior and revealed a marginal relation to better glycemic control. Analyses controlled for baseline levels when appropriate. Findings were stronger one year than two years post high school graduation, and findings were stronger for those with than without diabetes. Youth with diabetes also scored lower on the CAT index than youth without diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the implications of CAT include not only psychological health but also relationship, vocational, and diabetes outcomes. Those who score lower on CAT indicators should be identified as children so that interventions designed to enhance resilience can be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Carnegie Mellon University, United States. Electronic address: vh2e@andrew.cmu.edu.
authors.forename: Vicki S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Helgeson
authors.affiliation: Rand Corporation, United States.
authors.forename: Kerry A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Siminerio
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, United States.
authors.forename: Dorothy J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, United States.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Escobar
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Cognitive adaptation theory; Diabetes; Emerging adult; Resilience