title: LMNA-associated myopathies: the Italian experience in a large cohort of patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to conduct a comparative study in a large cohort of myopathic patients carrying LMNA gene mutations to evaluate clinical and molecular features associated with different phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study of 78 myopathic patients with LMNA mutation and 30 familial cases with LMNA mutation without muscle involvement. We analyzed features characterizing the various forms of LMNA-related myopathy through correlation statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 78 patients, 37 (47%) had limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B (LGMD1B), 18 (23%) congenital muscular dystrophy (MDCL), 17 (22%) autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2 (EDMD2), and 6 (8%) an atypical myopathy. The myopathic phenotypes shared a similar cardiac impairment. Cardioverter defibrillator or pacemaker was implanted in 41 (53%) myopathic patients compared to 7 (23%) familial cases without muscle involvement (p = 0.005). Heart transplantation was performed in 8 (10.3%) myopathic patients and in none of the familial cases. Ten (12.8%) myopathic patients died; there were no deaths among the familial cases (p = 0.032). Missense mutations were found in 14 patients (82%) with EDMD2 and 14 patients (78%) with MDCL compared to 17 patients (45%) with LGMD1B and 4 (67%) atypical patients. Frameshift mutations were detected in 17 (45%) LGMD1B compared to 3 (18%) EDMD2, 1 (6%) MDCL, and 2 (33%) with atypical myopathy (p = 0.021). Furthermore, frameshift mutations were found in 30 of 73 patients (41%) with heart involvement compared to 4 of 35 (11%) without heart involvement (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provided new insights in LMNA-related myopathies, whose natural history appears to be dominated by cardiac involvement and related complications.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy. lorenzo.maggi@istituto-besta.it.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pini
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pane
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vercelli
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: D'Ambrosio
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Travaglini
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Greta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brenna
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Dimos
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kapetis
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarlato
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pegoraro
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toscano
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernasconi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Colleoni
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lattanzi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bertini
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mercuri
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siciliano
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodolico
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mongini
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Politano
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Previtali
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carboni
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mantegazza
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology IV (L. Maggi, G.B., D.K., P.B., L.C., R.M., L. Morandi), Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., L.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Child Neurology Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna; Department of Paediatric Neurology (S. Sivo, M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G.R., G.S.), Section of Neurology, University of Pisa; Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini (L.V., T.M.), University of Torino; Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics (P.D., L.P.), Second Naples University; Arrhythmia Unit and Electrophysiology Laboratories (S. Sala), Institute of Experimental Neurology (Inspe) and Department of Neurology (M.S., S.C.P.) and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics (M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (M.F.), Milan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology (M.F., S.B.), Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele, Milan; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padova, Padua; Department of Neurosciences (A.T., C.R.), University of Messina; National Research Council of Italy (G.L.), Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna and Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology IOR, Bologna; and Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine (N.C.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morandi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D034904:Lamin Type A / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D049288:Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D020389:Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C494847:LMNA protein, human; D034904:Lamin Type A