title: Graphene packed needle trap device as a novel field sampler for determination of perchloroethylene in the air of dry cleaning establishments.
abstract: In this paper we describe the application of a needle trap microextraction device packed with graphene nanoplatelets for the sampling and analysis of perchloroethylene in dry cleaning. The study was carried out in two phases. First the parameters for the sampling and analysis of perchloroethylene by NTD were evaluated and optimized in the laboratory. Then the sampler was used to determine the levels of perchloroethylene in a dry-cleaning shop. In the laboratory phase of the study the performance of the NTD packed with the proposed sorbent was examined in a variety of sampling conditions to evaluate the technique. The technique was also compared with NTDs packed with PDMS as well as SPME with Carboxen/PDMS-coated fibers. Both the NTDs and SPME performed better at lower sampling temperatures and relative humidity levels. The post-sampling storage times for a 95% recovery of the analyte were 5, 5 and 3 days for NTD-graphene, NTD-PDMS and SPME-CAR/PDMS respectively. The optimum desorption time was 3 min for NTDs packed with either graphene or PDMS and 1 min for SPME-CAR/PDMS. The limits of detection for the GC/MS detection system were 0.023 and 0.25 ng mL(-1) for NTDs packed with graphene and PDMS and 0.014 ng mL(-1) for SPME coated with CAR/PDMS. In the second stage of the study the evaluated technique was applied to the sampling and analysis of perchloroethylene in dry cleaning. In this environment the performance of the NTD-graphene as a field sampler for PCE was similar to that of the SPME-CA/PDMS, and better than the NIOSH 1003 method which had greater measurement variations. The results show that a NTD packed with carbonic graphene nanoplatelets and used as an active exhaustive sampling technique is effective for determination of VOC and HVOC occupational/environmental pollutants in air.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Electronic address: Heidari@gums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heidari
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdolrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahrami
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ghiasvand
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam Rafiei
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Emam
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Farshid Ghorbani
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Shahna
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Soltanian
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007846:Laundering; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009339:Needles; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D006108:Graphite; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene
keywords: Dry cleaning; Nano-platelets graphene; Needle trap device; Perchloroethylene