title: Co-ordinated brain and craniofacial development depend upon Patched1/XIAP regulation of cell survival.
abstract: Congenital brain and craniofacial defects often occur together as a consequence of their developmental dependency on common progenitor tissue interactions and signaling pathways during embryogenesis. A classic example of this is perturbation of midline embryo development, and disruption of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the pathogenesis of holoprosencephaly. However, our understanding of how Hh signaling governs cell and tissue survival remains incomplete. Patched1 (Ptch1) is a well-known receptor for Hh ligands and Ptch1 overexpression is associated with cell and tissue-specific apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that the X-linked inhibitory apoptosis protein (XIAP) associates with the C terminus of Ptch1 (Ptch1-C) in primary cilia to inhibit Ptch1-mediated cell death. Consistent with this observation, inhibition of XIAP suppresses cell proliferation, resulting in cell death and pathogenesis of an Hh loss-of-function phenotype. Thus, co-ordinated development of the brain and face is dependent in part upon XIAP mediation of Hh/Ptch1-regulated cell survival and apoptosis during embryogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA and.
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoto
authors.affiliation: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA and Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66202, USA PAT@stowers.org.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Trainor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism*; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C107521:Birc4 protein, mouse; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; C000606236:PTCH1 protein, human; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor; C000606240:Ptch1 protein, mouse; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human