title: Long-term outcomes in children with congenital heart disease: National Health Interview Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the extent of long-term morbidity in children with congenital heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the 1997-2011 National Health Interview Survey to study long-term outcomes in children aged 0-17 years with CHD. Parents were asked whether their child was diagnosed with CHD. We assessed for comorbidities, including autism/autism spectrum disorders; healthcare utilization, including number of emergency room visits; and daily life aspects, including number of days of school missed. These outcomes were compared between children with and without reported CHD using ORs and χ(2) statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 420 children with reported CHD and 180 048 children without CHD, with no significant between-group differences in age and sex. The odds of reporting worse health and more than 10 days of school/daycare missed in the previous year were 3 times higher for the children with CHD compared with those without CHD. Children aged 2-17 with CHD were more likely than those without CHD to have had a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (crude OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.9-11.0) or intellectual disability (crude OR, 9.1; 95% CI, 5.4-15.4). The rates of emergency room, home, and doctors' office visits were significantly higher in the children with CHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reported adverse outcomes were more prevalent in the children with CHD. Our findings, particularly those regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes, may be helpful for parents, healthcare providers, and others in assessing the specific needs of children and teenagers with CHD.
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN. Electronic address: hir2@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Hilda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Razzaghi
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oster
authors.affiliation: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Jennita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reefhuis
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology