title: Efficacy of a radiation absorbing shield in reducing dose to the interventionalist during peripheral endovascular procedures: a single centre pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective pilot study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of using a radiation absorbing shield to reduce operator dose from scatter during lower limb endovascular procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A commercially available bismuth shield system (RADPAD) was used. Sixty consecutive patients undergoing lower limb angioplasty were included. Thirty procedures were performed without the RADPAD (control group) and thirty with the RADPAD (study group). Two separate methods were used to measure dose to a single operator. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) badges were used to measure hand, eye, and unshielded body dose. A direct dosimeter with digital readout was also used to measure eye and unshielded body dose. To allow for variation between control and study groups, dose per unit time was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLD results demonstrated a significant reduction in median body dose per unit time for the study group compared with controls (p = 0.001), corresponding to a mean dose reduction rate of 65 %. Median eye and hand dose per unit time were also reduced in the study group compared with control group, however, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.081 for eye, p = 0.628 for hand). Direct dosimeter readings also showed statistically significant reduction in median unshielded body dose rate for the study group compared with controls (p = 0.037). Eye dose rate was reduced for the study group but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.142).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial results are encouraging. Use of the shield resulted in a statistically significant reduction in unshielded dose to the operator's body. Measured dose to the eye and hand of operator were also reduced but did not reach statistical significance in this pilot study.
authors.affiliation: Imaging and Interventional Radiology Department, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Rd, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thakorlal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ganai
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Gavagan
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Given
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry