title: FPGA-based smart sensor for drought stress detection in tomato plants using novel physiological variables and discrete wavelet transform.
abstract: Soil drought represents one of the most dangerous stresses for plants. It impacts the yield and quality of crops, and if it remains undetected for a long time, the entire crop could be lost. However, for some plants a certain amount of drought stress improves specific characteristics. In such cases, a device capable of detecting and quantifying the impact of drought stress in plants is desirable. This article focuses on testing if the monitoring of physiological process through a gas exchange methodology provides enough information to detect drought stress conditions in plants. The experiment consists of using a set of smart sensors based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to monitor a group of plants under controlled drought conditions. The main objective was to use different digital signal processing techniques such as the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to explore the response of plant physiological processes to drought. Also, an index-based methodology was utilized to compensate the spatial variation inside the greenhouse. As a result, differences between treatments were determined to be independent of climate variations inside the greenhouse. Finally, after using the DWT as digital filter, results demonstrated that the proposed system is capable to reject high frequency noise and to detect drought conditions.
authors.affiliation: CA Ingeniería de Biosistemas, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Querétaro 76010, Qro., Mexico. cduarte20@alumnos.uaq.mx.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duarte-Galvan
authors.affiliation: HSPdigital-CA Telemática, DICIS, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carr. Salamanca-Valle km 3.5+1.8, Palo Blanco, Salamanca 36885, Gto, Mexico. troncoso@hspdigital.org.
authors.forename: Rene de J
authors.initials: Rde J
authors.lastname: Romero-Troncoso
authors.affiliation: CA Ingeniería de Biosistemas, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Querétaro 76010, Qro., Mexico. irineo.torres@uaq.mx.
authors.forename: Irineo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Torres-Pacheco
authors.affiliation: CA Ingeniería de Biosistemas, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Querétaro 76010, Qro., Mexico. ramon.guevara@uaq.mx.
authors.forename: Ramon G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Guevara-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: CA Ingeniería de Biosistemas, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Querétaro 76010, Qro., Mexico. aafernandez@hspdigital.org.
authors.forename: Arturo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Jaramillo
authors.affiliation: CA Ingeniería de Biosistemas, División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Querétaro 76010, Qro., Mexico. troncoso@hspdigital.org.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Contreras-Medina
authors.affiliation: División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Querétaro 76010, Qro., Mexico. roberto.carrillo@uaq.mx.
authors.forename: Roberto V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Carrillo-Serrano
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. De las Américas y Blvd. Universitario, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán 80000, Sinaloa, Mexico. jrmillan@uas.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Jesus R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Millan-Almaraz
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D055864:Droughts; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D012987:Soil; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D058067:Wavelet Analysis
chemical_list: D012987:Soil