title: Accommodative esotropia who needs spectacles for good ocular alignment after refractive shift below +2.00 diopters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with refractive accommodative esotropia (RAE) whose refractive errors were gradually reduced to below +2.00 diopters (D) during follow-up but use of spectacles was still required for maintenance of good ocular alignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of patients diagnosed with RAE from 1995 to 2011. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to their ocular alignment at the last visit. Inclusion criteria were hyperopia ≥+2.00 D detected with cycloplegic refraction at the initial visit, which then became mild hyperopia (<+2.00 D) or myopia during follow-up, with more than 5 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 92 patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-six patients showed persistent esotropia (≥10 prism diopters [PD]) without spectacles (group A) and 66 patients showed good ocular alignment (<10 PD) without spectacles (group B) at the last visit. No statistically significant differences in the spherical equivalent of the refractive errors at the initial and last visit were observed between the two groups. A significantly lower number of positive responses on the Lang I stereotest was observed in group A (n = 1, 3.8%) compared to group B (n = 22, 33.3%) (p = 0.003). There were increasing trends toward group A with worsening stereoacuity measured by the Stereo Fly Stereotest between the two groups (p = 0.016, linear by linear association). The results of the Lang I test, Stereo Fly Stereotest, and duration between the onset of esotropia and prescribing spectacles showed a significant association with the discontinuation of spectacles in the univariate logistic analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stereoacuity showed more significant associations than refractive errors in RAE with refractive error <+2.00 D but still required spectacles for maintenance of good ocular alignment. The prompt treatment of accommodative esotropia at the onset of esotropia is important for the discontinuation of spectacles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Won Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Myung Mi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004948:Esotropia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Esotropia; Eyeglasses; Hyperopia