title: Neuropsychological and psychological rehabilitation interventions in refractory sport-related post-concussive syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neuropsychological, physical, vestibular and oculomotor sequelae of sports-related concussion are extremely well documented. However, there is a paucity of interventions for these symptoms in refractory sports-related concussions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The intent of this article is to review the known and emerging neuropsychological and psychological rehabilitation interventions for reducing morbidity in refractory sports-related concussions (SRCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors openly acknowledge the limited amount of empirical data available for review, as did the Zurich consensus papers, but posit a mindful and ethical approach towards rehabilitation interventions in the absence of evidence-based guidelines. Further, rehabilitation interventions proven useful with similar injuries or illnesses, particularly non-sports-related mild TBI, will be reviewed for applicability. Such interventions include Cognitive-Behavioural psychotherapy, biofeedback, cranial electrical stimulation, neurofeedback and cognitive rehabilitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modified approaches for rehabilitation with young children within family and school systems are provided. Recommendations for further research are offered.
authors.affiliation: Carolina Neuropsychological Service , Raleigh, NC , USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Conder
authors.forename: Alanna Adler
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Conder
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006801:Humans; D058765:Neurofeedback; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010552:Personality Assessment; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*
keywords: Biofeedback; biopsychosocial; cognitive behavioural therapy; mild traumatic brain injury; neurofeedback; sport concussion