title: Adding insult to injury: childhood and adolescent risk factors for psychosis predict lower fractional anisotropy in the superior longitudinal fasciculus in healthy adults.
abstract: Although epidemiological studies provide strong support for demographic and environmental risk factors in psychotic disorders, few data examine how these risk factors relate to the putative aberrant neurodevelopment associated with illness. The present study examined how the accumulation of risk factors including low IQ, low parental socioeconomic status (SES), history of adolescent cannabis use and childhood trauma, and high levels of subclinical psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) contributed to aberrant neurodevelopmental outcomes in 112 otherwise healthy adults recruited from the community. Participants were studied with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and voxel-wise statistical analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to examine the relation between cumulative risk (CR) for psychosis and white matter (WM) integrity across the whole brain. Analyses revealed that higher CR was significantly associated with lower FA in a cluster in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). These results suggest that risk factors previously associated with psychotic disorders are associated with WM integrity even in otherwise healthy adults and may provide insight into how previously identified risk factors contribute to the structural brain abnormalities associated with psychotic illness. Prospective longitudinal studies examining the effect of risk factors on the developmental trajectory of brain WM are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. Electronic address: pderosse@lij.edu.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: DeRosse
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikuta
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA.
authors.forename: Bart D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Karlsgodt
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Szeszko
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA; Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016880:Anisotropy; D002648:Child; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D020530:Subthalamus / Q000473:pathology*; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); Psychosis; Risk factors; Superior longitudinal fasciculus