title: Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the blood of healthy people and patients with Graves' orbitopathy--a new mechanism of glucocorticoids action?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first part of this paper is related to healthy people and presents concentrations of TGFβ1 and VEGF in blood (with and without dividing data with respect to sex), their single measurement values (at 8 am), Mean Daily Concentrations (MDC), Area Under the Curves (AUC; total daily secretion), and circadian rhythm. The second part of the work is related to Graves' orbitopathy (GO). The aim of the study were: 1) to determine the physiological pattern of TGFβ1 and VEGF secretion; 2) to compare the serum TGFβ1 and VEGF circadian profile in newly diagnosed thyreotoxic patients with active GO and healthy controls (H); and 3) to estimate the influence of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy (MP) on TGFb1 and VEGF blood levels in GO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two healthy (H) subjects and 16 hyperthyroid GO patients were treated with MP (6 g/14 days) and followed up by ophthalmological assessment. Blood was collected before and after 2 weeks MP-therapy. TGFβ1 and VEGF levels were determined by the ELISA method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference was observed in the concentrations of TGFβ1 and VEGF in the blood of healthy women and men - in further analysis, a combined healthy male and female cohort was used (H). While the absence of circadian rhythms in the concentrations of TGFβ1 and VEGF allows the application of a single measurement approach, MDC and AUC measurements were found to be more precise. There were no differences in TGFβ1 MDC/AUC between GO and H. VEGF MDC/AUC in GO were higher than in H. MP-therapy increased TGFb1 MDC/AUC, thus in GO after MP, the TGFβ1 MDC/AUC were higher than in H. There were no differences in VEGF MDC/AUC during MP-therapy. MP-therapy was effective in 15/16 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. MP-therapy increases MDC and AUC of TGFβ1. The effectiveness of MP-therapy in patients with active GO may be related to its influence on TGFβ1 concentrations in blood. The results suggest the existence of a new mechanism of glucocorticoids action, consisting of an increase in the secretion of TGFβ1.2. The elevated serum VEGF in thyreotoxic patients with active GO may reflect long-standing autoimmune processes in orbital and thyroid tissues and intensified angiogenesis in the thyroid gland.
authors.affiliation: patofizjozab@sum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kajdaniuk
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Niedziołka-Zielonka
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Foltyn
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Lucyna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Siemińska
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borgiel-Marek
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Głogowska-Szeląg
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ostrowska
authors.forename: Lucjan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Drożdż
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kos-Kudła
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000097:blood*; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I