title: The current landscape of treatment options for venous thromboembolism: a focus on novel oral anticoagulants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous thromboembolism (VTE), comprising deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. Anticoagulant therapy is recommended for at least 3 months in patients with acute VTE to prevent recurrence. Conventional anticoagulants are associated with inherent limitations including route of administration, required monitoring and dose adjustments, potential for food-drug and drug-drug interactions, unpredictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and possible severe adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  This manuscript reviews the pharmacology of the novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), and analyzes the differences in phase 3 clinical trial designs, outcomes, and specific patient populations investigated for the treatment of acute and prevention of secondary VTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed in PubMed using the key words dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, and venous thromboembolism in PubMed. The search included all years, English language, and peer-reviewed articles relating to phase 3 clinical trials, subanalyses, and meta-analyses of these NOACs for the treatment of acute VTE and secondary prevention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NOACs have demonstrated comparable efficacy and comparable or superior safety in large, randomized clinical trials in the treatment and prevention of VTE compared with conventional therapy. New oral anticoagulants, including the direct thrombin (dabigatran etexilate) and direct factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban), have advantages over conventional agents such as oral administration at fixed doses, predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, minimal potential for food-drug and drug-drug interactions, and lack of required monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NOACs offer additional oral anticoagulation treatment options for patients with VTE.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada.
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: Meryl H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gersh
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D035703:Therapies, Investigational / Q000379:methods*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants
keywords: Deep vein thrombosis; Direct factor Xa inhibitor; Direct thrombin inhibitor; New oral anticoagulants; Pulmonary embolism; Venous thromboembolism