title: Risk factors associated with hypogonadism in β-thalassemia major patients: predictors for a frequent complication of a rare disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  β-Thalassemia major (BTM) is a rare disease that challenges clinicians because of the high prevalence of complications despite progress in the development of new therapeutic methods. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and hematological parameters associated with hypogonadism, the most frequent iron overload-related complication found in Romanian patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with BTM were evaluated in the Endocrinology Department of Elias Hospital between February 2004 and December 2013. Only patients who provided written informed consent were included in the study. A complete physical and hormonal evaluation was performed on all patients, and data regarding treatment of the hematological disease were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the evaluable patients, 85 were included in the study (median age, 21[10] years; range, 13-36 years). We found that 30.6% of the study participants (26 of 85) had normal gonadal status, 54.1% (46 of 85) had early forms of hypogonadism (delayed or arrested puberty), and 15.3% (n = 13) developed hypogonadism after complete sexual maturation. Patients with any form of hypogonadism were older (median age 22 vs 16.5 years, P = 0.047), had significantly lower average hemoglobin levels (P = 0.003), and had higher levels of serum ferritin (P = 0.006) versus patients without hypogonadism. Patients with delayed puberty were associated with increased average serum ferritin levels (P = 0.007), decreased hemoglobin levels (P = 0.001), and increased age at initiation of iron chelation therapy (P < 0.01). We found no significant differences between patients with early forms of hypogonadism and those with hypogonadism after complete sexual maturation, with respect to the analyzed parameters. Patients with adult hypogonadism were significantly older (median age 26 vs 16.5 years, P = 0.007) and tended to have higher serum ferritin levels (P = 0.056) compared with patients without hypogonadism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that hypogonadism is highly prevalent among Romanian patients with BTM, its presence being associated with higher iron overload and lower hemoglobin values. The late start of iron chelation therapy was particularly associated with pubertal abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Endocrinology Department, Elias Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albu
authors.forename: Carmen Gabriela
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Barbu
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Antonie
authors.forename: Florentina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vladareanu
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fica
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015913:Chelation Therapy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000209:etiology*; D007501:Iron / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011628:Puberty, Delayed / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012383:Romania / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron