title: Up-regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the ligament as a contributing factor of ankylosing spondylitis: A comparative proteomic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study first utilized a standardized shotgun proteomic analysis method to determine differences in protein expression of fibroblasts in the ligament between AS patients and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proteins extracted from primarily cultured FLLs from 35 AS patients and 10 normal subjects were analyzed by automated 2D-Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Differentially expressed proteins were screened by 2-sample t-test and fold change. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins was based on the IPA. Fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins and INSR pathway-related proteins in the ligament were confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 556 differential proteins were screened in AS. Of them, 322 proteins were up-regulated and the remaining 234 proteins were down-regulated. GO and pathway analyses showed that six fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins (HADHB, ECHS1, ACSL4, ACADM, ACSL1 and HADH) were up-regulated in FLL cells, which was consistent with the results obtained from real-time PCR, Western blot and MS, while INSR pathway-related proteins (INSR, IRS1, PI3K and PKC) was low in the ligament of AS as compared with that in healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lower body fat level in AS maybe due to up-regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation-related enzymes regulated by INSR/PI3K/PKC pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common spondyloarthropathy, is an inflammatory rheumatic disease with a predilection for the axial skeleton. Clinical hallmarks of AS include sacroiliitis, uveitis, enthesitis and persistent spinal inflammation. The pathogenic mechanism of disease causation and perpetuation remains poorly understood. In this study, we primarily cultured fibroblast cells from ligament biopsies, knowing that fibroblast cells are dominant cells in the diseased ligament. One of the characteristic pathologic changes in AS is inflammation of the attachment points, including the muscle, ligament and bone or joint capsule. Inflammation of the tendon attachment point is usually non-bacterial and can lead to pain and swelling of the tendon ligament. To obtain more information, we used Shotgun proteomic analysis based on multidimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). we firstly mixed the lysates of FLL cells derived from the ligaments of 35 AS patients and 10 normal subjects, identified proteins by automated 2D-Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS method, GO and pathway analyses showed that six fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins (HADHB, ECHS1, ACSL4, ACADM, ACSL1 and HADH) were up-regulated in the ligament, which was consistent with the results obtained from real-time PCR, Western blot and MS, while INSR pathway-related proteins (INSR, IRS1, PI3K and PKC) was low in the ligament of AS as compared with that in healthy controls. We also find that AS subjects had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and BMI Z-scores compared with that in healthy controls. The results remind us that up-regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins lower the body fat content, which is a new discovery contributing to the progression of AS. This is the first report on fatty acid oxidation in AS. It was found that the body fat level was low in AS due to high fatty acid oxidation, suggesting that insulin signaling may play an important role in the metabolic switch from predominant to fatty acid metabolism that characterizes the ligament of AS. One mechanism for this transition is increased expression of genes that regulate the rate of fatty acid oxidation. This effect may be mediated by PI3K, a downstream mediator of many receptor tyrosine kinases, including the INSR. This is a newly discovered factor contributing to the progression of AS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Da-He
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Kai-Di
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Peng-Cheng
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Kang-Fu
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Quan
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Electronic address: jinshengwei69@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Sheng-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Electronic address: wz_wjg@163.com.
authors.forename: Jian-Guang
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020543:Proteome / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D040901:Proteomics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Ankylosing spondylitis; Fatty acid β-oxidation; Fibroblast-like ligament cells; IPA; Proteomics