title: Integration at the round table: marine spatial planning in multi-stakeholder settings.
abstract: Marine spatial planning (MSP) is often considered as a pragmatic approach to implement an ecosystem based management in order to manage marine space in a sustainable way. This requires the involvement of multiple actors and stakeholders at various governmental and societal levels. Several factors affect how well the integrated management of marine waters will be achieved, such as different governance settings (division of power between central and local governments), economic activities (and related priorities), external drivers, spatial scales, incentives and objectives, varying approaches to legislation and political will. We compared MSP in Belgium, Norway and the US to illustrate how the integration of stakeholders and governmental levels differs among these countries along the factors mentioned above. Horizontal integration (between sectors) is successful in all three countries, achieved through the use of neutral 'round-table' meeting places for all actors. Vertical integration between government levels varies, with Belgium and Norway having achieved full integration while the US lacks integration of the legislature due to sharp disagreements among stakeholders and unsuccessful partisan leadership. Success factors include political will and leadership, process transparency and stakeholder participation, and should be considered in all MSP development processes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fluharty
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Alf Håkon
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hoel
authors.affiliation: Animal Sciences, Aquatic Environment and Quality, Bio-environmental Research, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Oostende, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hostens
authors.affiliation: Maritime Institute, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Animal Sciences, Aquatic Environment and Quality, Bio-environmental Research, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Oostende, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pecceu
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D006077:Government Agencies; D006801:Humans; D008386:Marine Biology; D009664:Norway; D014481:United States