title: Autophagy and redox status in carcinoma of an unknown primary.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to investigate the role and clinical implications of autophagy and reactive oxygen species-related proteins in carcinoma of an unknown primary (CUP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue microarray was constructed for a total of 77 CUP cases. Immunohistochemical stains conducted were as follows: autophagy-related beclin-1, LC3A, LC3B, and p62; redox-related catalase, thioredoxin reductase, glutathione S-transferase π, thioredoxin-interacting protein, and manganese superoxide dismutase. Immunohistochemical results were then related to their clinicopathologic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The degree of LC3A expression showed a difference according to histologic subtype. In undifferentiated carcinoma, LC3A had the highest expression and adenocarcinoma had the lowest expression (P = 0.021). According to clinical subtype, there was a significant difference between LC3A and glutathione S-transferase π in expression. LC3A had the highest expression in single-organ types and the lowest in intermediate and carcinomatosis types (P = 0.003). Glutathione S-transferase π showed the highest expression in nodal-type tumors and the lowest in carcinomatosis types (P = 0.010). In univariate analysis, shorter overall survival was related to tumor glutathione S-transferase π negativity (P = 0.030).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different expression levels of the autophagy and reactive oxygen species-related proteins, LC3A and glutathione S-transferase π, were observed according to histologic and/or clinical subtype of carcinoma of an unknown primary.
authors.forename: Ji-Ye
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Do Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Woo Hee
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Ja Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Koo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D001343:Autophagy; D000071186:Beclin-1; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002374:Catalase / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009382:Neoplasms, Unknown Primary / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; C502070:MAP1LC3B protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; C486715:TXNIP protein, human; C577219:CAT protein, human; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi