title: Elevated rates of intracerebral hemorrhage in individuals from a US clinical care HIV cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare rates of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals in a large clinical care cohort and to assess risk factors associated with ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified incident ICH in HIV-infected and uninfected control cohorts from the Partners Health Care system using ICD-9-CM codes. We constructed Cox proportional hazards models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios for HIV infection and other predictors of ICH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate of ICH was 2.29 per 1,000 person-years in HIV-infected individuals compared with 1.23 per 1,000 person-years in uninfected individuals, with an unadjusted incidence rate ratio of 1.85 (95% confidence interval 1.37-2.47, p < 0.001). In a multivariable model, HIV infection was independently associated with a higher hazard of ICH, although its effect diminished with increasing age. Female sex was associated with a lower hazard of ICH in the uninfected cohort but not in the HIV cohort. CD4 count <200 × 10(6) cells/L and anticoagulant use were predictive of ICH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection conferred an increased adjusted hazard of ICH, which was more pronounced in young patients and in women.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (F.C.C.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.B.), University of California San Francisco; the Department of Neurology (S.K.F.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; and the Division of General Medicine (W.H., S.R., J.B.M., V.A.T.), Program in Nutritional Metabolism (S.K.G., V.A.T.), and Division of Infectious Diseases (V.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. chowf@sfgh.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Felicia C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (F.C.C.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.B.), University of California San Francisco; the Department of Neurology (S.K.F.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; and the Division of General Medicine (W.H., S.R., J.B.M., V.A.T.), Program in Nutritional Metabolism (S.K.G., V.A.T.), and Division of Infectious Diseases (V.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (F.C.C.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.B.), University of California San Francisco; the Department of Neurology (S.K.F.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; and the Division of General Medicine (W.H., S.R., J.B.M., V.A.T.), Program in Nutritional Metabolism (S.K.G., V.A.T.), and Division of Infectious Diseases (V.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bacchetti
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (F.C.C.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.B.), University of California San Francisco; the Department of Neurology (S.K.F.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; and the Division of General Medicine (W.H., S.R., J.B.M., V.A.T.), Program in Nutritional Metabolism (S.K.G., V.A.T.), and Division of Infectious Diseases (V.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (F.C.C.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.B.), University of California San Francisco; the Department of Neurology (S.K.F.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; and the Division of General Medicine (W.H., S.R., J.B.M., V.A.T.), Program in Nutritional Metabolism (S.K.G., V.A.T.), and Division of Infectious Diseases (V.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Feske
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (F.C.C.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.B.), University of California San Francisco; the Department of Neurology (S.K.F.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; and the Division of General Medicine (W.H., S.R., J.B.M., V.A.T.), Program in Nutritional Metabolism (S.K.G., V.A.T.), and Division of Infectious Diseases (V.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (F.C.C.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.B.), University of California San Francisco; the Department of Neurology (S.K.F.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; and the Division of General Medicine (W.H., S.R., J.B.M., V.A.T.), Program in Nutritional Metabolism (S.K.G., V.A.T.), and Division of Infectious Diseases (V.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Grinspoon
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (F.C.C.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (P.B.), University of California San Francisco; the Department of Neurology (S.K.F.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; and the Division of General Medicine (W.H., S.R., J.B.M., V.A.T.), Program in Nutritional Metabolism (S.K.G., V.A.T.), and Division of Infectious Diseases (V.A.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Triant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States