title: Low levels of mitochondrial DNA and symbiont diversity in the worldwide agricultural pest, the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
abstract: Trialeurodes vaporariorum, the greenhouse whitefly, is a cosmopolitan agricultural pest. Little is known about the genetic diversity of T. vaporariorum and the bacterial symbionts associated with this species. Here, we undertook a large phylogeographic study by investigating both the mitochondrial (mt) diversity and the infection status of 38 T. vaporariorum collections from 18 countries around the world. Genetic diversity of T. vaporariorum was studied by analyzing sequence data from the mt cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 genes. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogeny reconstruction delineated 2 clades characterized by limited sequence divergence: one clade comprised samples only from the Northern hemisphere whereas the other comprised samples from a broader geographical range. The presence of secondary symbionts was determined by PCR using primers specific for Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Wolbachia, and Fritschea. Most individuals examined harbored at least one secondary endosymbiont, and Arsenophonus was detected in almost all male and female individuals. Wolbachia was present at a much lower frequency, and Cardinium was detected in only a few individuals from Greece. Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, and Fritschea were not found. Additionally, we set out to further analyze Arsenophonus diversity by multilocus sequence typing analysis; however, the Arsenophonus sequences did not exhibit any polymorphism. Our results revealed remarkably low diversity in both mtDNA and symbionts in this worldwide agricultural pest, contrasting sharply with that of the ecologically similar Bemisia tabaci.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece (Kapantaidaki and Bourtzis); the Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece (Kapantaidaki, Fytrou, and Tsagkarakou); the Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland (Ovčarenko and Knott); the MTT Agrifood Research, Plant Production Research, Tietotie, H-building, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland (Ovčarenko); the Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece (Bourtzis); and the Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (Bourtzis).
authors.forename: Despoina E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kapantaidaki
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece (Kapantaidaki and Bourtzis); the Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece (Kapantaidaki, Fytrou, and Tsagkarakou); the Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland (Ovčarenko and Knott); the MTT Agrifood Research, Plant Production Research, Tietotie, H-building, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland (Ovčarenko); the Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece (Bourtzis); and the Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (Bourtzis).
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ovčarenko
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece (Kapantaidaki and Bourtzis); the Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece (Kapantaidaki, Fytrou, and Tsagkarakou); the Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland (Ovčarenko and Knott); the MTT Agrifood Research, Plant Production Research, Tietotie, H-building, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland (Ovčarenko); the Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece (Bourtzis); and the Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (Bourtzis).
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fytrou
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece (Kapantaidaki and Bourtzis); the Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece (Kapantaidaki, Fytrou, and Tsagkarakou); the Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland (Ovčarenko and Knott); the MTT Agrifood Research, Plant Production Research, Tietotie, H-building, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland (Ovčarenko); the Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece (Bourtzis); and the Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (Bourtzis).
authors.forename: K Emily
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Knott
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece (Kapantaidaki and Bourtzis); the Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece (Kapantaidaki, Fytrou, and Tsagkarakou); the Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland (Ovčarenko and Knott); the MTT Agrifood Research, Plant Production Research, Tietotie, H-building, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland (Ovčarenko); the Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece (Bourtzis); and the Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (Bourtzis).
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bourtzis
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, University of Patras, Agrinio 30100, Greece (Kapantaidaki and Bourtzis); the Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece (Kapantaidaki, Fytrou, and Tsagkarakou); the Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland (Ovčarenko and Knott); the MTT Agrifood Research, Plant Production Research, Tietotie, H-building, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland (Ovčarenko); the Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece (Bourtzis); and the Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (Bourtzis). tsagkarakou@nagref.gr.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsagkarakou
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Arsenophonus; genetic diversity; mtDNA polymorphism; symbiont communities