title: Nurses' working time use - how value adding it is?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate registered nurses' (RN) and licensed practical nurses' (LPN) working time use in adult inpatient units.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is only scarce information about value-adding patient care. Nursing care can be divided into three major categories: value-adding care (direct care, indirect care, patient documentation), necessary activities (indirect work, unit-related work) and non-value-adding work (personal time, miscellaneous work).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional quantitative work sampling study. Total of 11,029 nursing activities were collected from two Finnish tertiary hospitals using registered nurses' (n = 66) and licensed practical nurses' (n = 12) self-reporting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly three-quarters of nurses' work was value-adding care (71%). The working time division was almost identical for necessary activities and non-value-adding work. Registered nurses spent more time carrying out unit-related work, while licensed practical nurses' spent more time on direct care. Nurses' working time use was divided nearly identically in somatic units but there were differences when compared with psychiatric units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses' work seemed to concentrate on value-adding care. The results of working time use studies can be used when developing nursing work for more value-adding care for the patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Antinaho
authors.affiliation: Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kivinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Hannele
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Turunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Partanen
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004282:Documentation; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D065102:Licensed Practical Nurses / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009726:Nurses / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D017132:Workplace
keywords: inpatients; nurses; self-report; tertiary hospital; value-adding