title: Laboratory evaluation of molluscicidal & mosquito larvicidal activities of leaves of Solanum nigrum L.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides has created serious problem for the aquatic flora and fauna, and also resulted in appearance of pesticide resistance in vector population. This study was designed to evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of aqueous and solvent extracts of mature leaves of Solanum nigrum L., against fresh water snail Lymnaea acuminata f. rufescens (Gray) (an intermediate host of parasites causing fasciolopsiasis) and larvae of Culex vishnui group (Reuben) (vector of Japanese encephalitis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous and solvent extracts of fresh, mature, green/shed dried leaves of S. nigrum were tested against adult L. acuminata and larvae of Cx. vishnui group. The lethal concentration was determined and the appropriate lethal concentration at 24 h of benzene extract was also studied on non target organisms such as Daphnia sp, Diplonychus annulatum and Chironomus circumdatus. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out in search of active ingredient and the chemical nature of the active substance was also evaluated by infrared (IR) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a 72 h bioassay experiment with the aqueous extract, the highest mortality was recorded in 0.5 and 3 per cent extract against larvae of Cx. vishnui group and L. acuminata, respectivela. In the benzene solvent extract, the maximum mortality was recorded at a concentration of 150 ppm against L. acuminata and at 50 ppm against larvae of Cx. vishnui group with LC 50 values of 55.45 and 11.59 ppm, respectively at 72 h. The log probit analysis (95% confidence level) recorded lowest value at 72 h of exposure. Qualitative phytochemical analysis reported the presence of some biochemical compounds, such as saponin, flavonoids, steroid and tannin. Among these, the toxic compound was detected by IR analysis having Rf=0.87 (showed 66.70% and 76.70% mortality of L. acuminata and larvae of Cx. vishnui group, respectively). IR analysis provided preliminary information about the aliphatic amide nature of the active ingredient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results provide considerable scope in exploiting local indigenous plant resources for molluscicidal and mosquito larvicidal activities.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rawani
authors.forename: Anupam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India.
authors.forename: Goutam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chandra
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001554:Benzene; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000187:drug effects*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D032324:Solanum nigrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water; D001554:Benzene