title: Radiolucent inflammatory implant periapical lesions: a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the terminology, etiopathogenesis, and treatment of radiolucent inflammatory implant periapical lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search for relevant articles published in the English literature in the PubMed database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial contamination of the apical portion of the implant either from a preexisting dental periapical infection or from a periapical lesion of endodontic origin of an adjacent tooth is the probable causative factor. Aseptic bone necrosis owing to overheating of the bone during preparation of osteotomies, or compression of the bone at the apex of the implant owing to excessive tightening, may also play a role. The histopathological features are of a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate on a background of granulation tissue consistent with either a granuloma or an abscess as may be found at the apex of a nonvital tooth. Treatment consists of immediate and aggressive surgical debridement, chemical detoxification of the apical portion of the exposed implant surface, and systemic antibiotics with or without a bone regenerative procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A radiolucent inflammatory implant periapical lesion is analogous to either a granuloma or an abscess as may be found at the apex of a nonvital tooth.
authors.affiliation: *Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa. †Lecturer, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa. ‡Registrar, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa. §Periodontist, Private Practice, Grayston Medical Mews, Sandown, South Africa. ‖Professor, Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. ¶Honorary Professor, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Liviu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feller
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jadwat
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lager
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemmer
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D010483:Periapical Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants