title: Association of body mass index and waist circumference with subclinical atherosclerosis in retired NFL players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is unknown which measure of adiposity (body mass index [BMI] or waist circumference [WC]) is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in retired National Football League (NFL) players and whether this relation is attenuated after adjusting for components of the metabolic syndrome (elevated triglycerides, fasting glucose, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C]) that frequently coexist with obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coronary artery calcium (CAC) was measured in 926 retired NFL players. BMI was calculated as weight (in kilograms)/height (in meters)(2) and WC was measured in inches. Logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, race, systolic blood pressure, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglycerides, HDL-C, and fasting blood glucose were performed to evaluate whether BMI or WC was independently associated with the presence of CAC (CAC score >0).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age, BMI and WC were 54 years, 31 kg/m(2), and 40 inches, respectively. CAC was present in 61% (n = 562) of retired players. Adjusting for age, race, systolic blood pressure, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglycerides, HDL-C, and fasting blood glucose, each standard deviation increase in BMI (4.85 kg/m(2)) was significantly associated with CAC (odds ratio [OR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.50), but each standard deviation increase in WC (10.53 inches) was not significantly associated with CAC (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.96-1.45). There was a significant association for the presence of CAC for highest versus lowest quartiles of both BMI (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.13-3.28) and WC (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.05-2.92), although the trend for the presence of CAC was significant only across increasing BMI quartiles, even in models that included WC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In retired NFL players both BMI and WC were associated with CAC. Higher BMI may be associated with an increasing trend for the presence of CAC independent of WC.
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Yashashwi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pokharel
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Sukhdeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basra
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nambi
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Khurram
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Christie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.affiliation: From the Sections of Cardiovascular Research and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, MedStar Sports Medicine Research Center and MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, the Center for Prevention and Wellness Research, Baptist Health Medical Group, Miami Beach, Florida, the University of Colorado and Boone Heart Institute, Denver, the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine, and the Living Heart Foundation, Little Silver, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Salim S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Virani
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000378:metabolism; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002118:Calcium