title: Exploring the relationship between governance mechanisms in healthcare and health workforce outcomes: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this systematic review of diverse evidence was to examine the relationship between health system governance and workforce outcomes. Particular attention was paid to how governance mechanisms facilitate change in the workforce to ensure the effective use of all health providers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In accordance with standard systematic review procedures, the research team independently screened over 4300 abstracts found in database searches, website searches, and bibliographies. Searches were limited to 2001-2012, included only publications from Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States. Peer- reviewed papers and grey literature were considered. Two reviewers independently rated articles on quality and relevance and classified them into themes identified by the team. One hundred and thirteen articles that discussed both workforce and governance were retained and extracted into narrative summary tables for synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six types of governance mechanisms emerged from our analysis. Shared governance, Magnet accreditation, and professional development initiatives were all associated with improved outcomes for the health workforce (e.g., decreased turnover, increased job satisfaction, increased empowerment, etc.). Implementation of quality-focused initiatives was associated with apprehension among providers, but opportunities for provider training on these initiatives increased quality and improved work attitudes. Research on reorganization of healthcare delivery suggests that changing to team-based care is accompanied by stress and concerns about role clarity, that outcomes vary for providers in private versus public organizations, and that co-operative clinics are beneficial for physicians. Funding schemes required a supplementary search to achieve adequate depth and coverage. Those findings are reported elsewhere.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the review show that while there are governance mechanisms that consider workforce impacts, it is not to the extent one might expect given the importance of the workforce for improving patient outcomes. Furthermore, to successfully implement governance mechanisms in this domain, there are key strategies recommended to support change and achieve desired outcomes. The most important of these are: to build trust by clearly articulating the organization's goal; considering the workforce through planning, implementation, and evaluation phases; and providing strong leadership.
authors.affiliation: Alberta Health Services, 10301 Southport Lane SW, Calgary, AB T2W 1S7, Canada. stephanie.hastings@albertahealthservices.ca.
authors.forename: Stephanie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hastings
authors.forename: Gail D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mallinson
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suter
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D058996:Quality Improvement; D014481:United States