title: Ixeridium calcicola (Compositae), a new limestone endemic from Taiwan, with notes on its atypical basic chromosome number, phylogenetic affinities, and a limestone refugium hypothesis.
abstract: A new species Ixeridium calcicola (Compositae) endemic to middle altitude (ca 1,000-2,000 m asl) limestone mountains of eastcentral Taiwan is described based on morphological and chromosome cytological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Ixeridium calcicola resembles Ixeridium transnokoense, endemic to upper montane and alpine ranges (2,600-3,500 m asl) of Taiwan, in the dwarf habit, but differs in the oblong to lanceolate leaf blades (vs. linear to linear-lanceolate), the presence of mucronulate teeth on the leaf margin and petiole (vs. smooth to very sparse), the dark purple lower leaf surface (vs. greenish), the capitulum with 10 to 12 florets (vs. 5 to 7) and 8 to 10 inner phyllaries (vs. 5, rarely to 7). The basic chromosome number in Ixeridium was known as X = 7. However, the new species has a basic chromosome number of X = 8, as recorded also in the closely related Ixeris. Molecular phylogenetic analyses with the expanded sampling of Ixeridium and Ixeris including both type species supported the monophyly of each of the genera and the placement of the new species in Ixeridium. The result of the phylogenetic analyses and detailed observation of the chromosome morphology revealed that X = 8 in Ixeridium calcicola is derived from centric fission in an ancestral karyomorphotype with X = 7 in Ixeridium. Ixeridium calcicola and Ixeridium transnokoense formed a Taiwan endemic lineage and their estimated divergence time was in the middle Pleistocene. Their common ancestral lineage may have experienced altitudinal distribution shifts in response to glacial-interglacial temperature fluctuation, and a lineage which had not retreated to alpine ranges in an interglacial period likely survived in a limestone refugium, where ordinary plant species did not grow, leading to allopatric speciation.
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Koh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Botanical Garden Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Wen
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Meng-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Botanical Garden Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tian-Chuan
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000494:pharmacology; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D002119:Calcium Carbonate