title: Study of the association of adrenomedullin and basic-fibroblast growth factors with the peripheral arterial blood flow and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral vascular insufficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progressive micro-vascular vaso-degeneration is the major factor in progression of diabetic complications. Adrenomedullin (AM) and basic-Fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) are strongly correlated with angiogenesis in vascular diseases. This study aims to provide base line data regarding the vascular effects and correlation of AM, and b-FGF with the peripheral blood flow in diabetic patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD), and their effect on endothelial dysfunction markers. Ninety age- and sex matched females were enrolled in the study: 30 were controls, 30 had diabetes without complications (group II) and 30 had diabetes with PVD (group III) diagnosed by ankle/ brachial index (A/BI). Plasma levels of AM, b-FGF, intercellular adhesion molecule -1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were measured by indirect enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in plasma AM, VCAM-1and ICAM-1, while a significant decrease in plasma b-FGF in diabetic patients with PVD (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between plasma AM, b-FGF and A/BI and a negative correlation with VCAM -1 and ICAM in diabetic PVD. AM was not a predictor, while b-FG, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 could be predictors for peripheral blood flow in diabetic PVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study elucidates for the first time that AM and b-FGF are correlated and have a direct impact on the peripheral blood flow, the rise of AM in diabetic PVD may be a consecutive and compensatory vasculo-protective effect as its angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties act to relief the endothelial insult. Down expression of b-FGF may be a predisposing factor for micro-vascular derangement. It is not clear if the rise of AM and the decline of b- FGF levels may be consequences or predisposing factors for VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 elevation as these endothelial dysfunction biomarkers could reduce peripheral blood flow and vascular integrity. It is optimistic to believe that drug intervention through AM and b-FGF administration together with reversing the endothelial inflammatory process by targeting VCAM and ICAM could reduce the prevalence of diabetic vascular complications, reduce the risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular morbidity in diabetes through normalizing vascular endothelium function and peripheral blood flow.
authors.forename: Fawziah A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Alrouq
authors.forename: Abeer A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Masri
authors.forename: Laila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Al-Dokhi
authors.forename: Khalid A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Alregaiey
authors.forename: Nervana M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bayoumy
authors.forename: Faten A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Zakareia
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D001158:Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C507862:ADM protein, human; D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; C573420:ICAM1 protein, human; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D053607:Adrenomedullin