title: Predictors of acute symptomatic seizures after intracranial hemorrhage in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of acute symptomatic seizures in infants with supratentorial intracranial hemorrhage, to identify potential risk factors, and to determine the effect of acute seizures on long-term morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children less than 24 months with intracranial hemorrhage were identified from a neurocritical care database. All patients who received seizure prophylaxis beginning at admission were included in the study. Risk factors studied were gender, etiology, location of hemorrhage, seizure(s) on presentation, and the presence of parenchymal injury. Acute clinical and electrographic seizures were identified from hospital medical records. Subsequent development of late seizures was determined based on clinical information from patients' latest follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with idiopathic neonatal intracranial hemorrhage, premature infants, and those with prior history of seizures were excluded from analysis. Seventy-two infants met inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty percent of infants had acute symptomatic seizures. The prevalence was similar regardless of whether etiology of hemorrhage was traumatic or nontraumatic. Seizures on presentation and parenchymal injury were independent risk factors of acute seizures (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). Younger children and women were also at higher risk (p < 0.05). Twenty percent had electrographic-only seizures, and those with parenchymal injury trended toward an increased risk (p < 0.1). Acute seizures were not predictive of mortality, but nearly twice as many patients with acute seizures developed late seizures when compared with those without. Electrographic seizures and parenchymal injury were also predictive of development of late seizures (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite seizure prophylaxis, infants with supratentorial intracranial hemorrhage are at high risk for acute symptomatic seizures. This is regardless of the etiology of hemorrhage. Younger patients, women, patients with parenchymal injury, and patients presenting with seizure are most likely to develop acute seizures. Although the benefits of seizure prophylaxis have not been studied in this specific population, these results suggest that it is an important component of acute care following intracranial hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: 1Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL. 2Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Tewodros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kebede
authors.forename: Nathan P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000367:Age Factors; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants