title: Enzyme-aided extraction of lycopene from high-pigment tomato cultivars by supercritical carbon dioxide.
abstract: This work reports a novel enzyme-assisted process for lycopene concentration into a freeze-dried tomato matrix and describes the results of laboratory scale lycopene supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extractions carried out with untreated (control) and enzyme-digested matrices. The combined use of food-grade commercial plant cell-wall glycosidases (Celluclast/Novozyme plus Viscozyme) allows to increase lycopene (∼153%) and lipid (∼137%) concentration in the matrix and rises substrate load onto the extraction vessel (∼46%) compared to the control. The addition of an oleaginous co-matrix (hazelnut seeds) to the tomato matrix (1:1 by weight) increases CO2 diffusion through the highly dense enzyme-treated matrix bed and provides lipids that are co-extracted increasing lycopene yield. Under the same operative conditions (50 MPa, 86 °C, 4 mL min(-1) SC-CO2 flow) extraction yield from control and Celluclast/Novozyme+Viscozyme-treated tomato matrix/co-matrix mixtures was similar, exceeding 75% after 4.5h of extraction. However, the total extracted lycopene was ∼3 times higher in enzyme-treated matrix than control.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Electronic address: marcello.lenucci@unisalento.it.
authors.forename: Marcello Salvatore
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lenucci
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Electronic address: monica.decaroli@unisalento.it.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Caroli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Electronic address: pierpaolo.marrese@unisalento.it.
authors.forename: Pier Paolo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Marrese
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Electronic address: iurlaro.andrea@libero.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iurlaro
authors.affiliation: PIERRE s.r.l., 73013 Galatina (LE), Italy. Electronic address: pierrechimica@libero.it.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rescio
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: Volker.Boehm@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.dalessandro@unisalento.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dalessandro
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Electronic address: gabriella.piro@unisalento.it.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piro
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005612:Freeze Drying; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002338:Carotenoids; D000077276:Lycopene
keywords: Carotenoids; Cell-wall hydrolases; Enzymatic digestion; Freeze-dried tomato matrix; Green chemistry; Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.); Oleoresin