title: Cancer: evolution within a lifetime.
abstract: Subclonal cancer populations change spatially and temporally during the disease course. Studies are revealing branched evolutionary cancer growth with low-frequency driver events present in subpopulations of cells, providing escape mechanisms for targeted therapeutic approaches. Despite such complexity, evidence is emerging for parallel evolution of subclones, mediated through distinct somatic events converging on the same gene, signal transduction pathway, or protein complex in different subclones within the same tumor. Tumors may follow gradualist paths (microevolution) as well as major shifts in evolutionary trajectories (macroevolution). Although macroevolution has been subject to considerable controversy in post-Darwinian evolutionary theory, we review evidence that such nongradual, saltatory leaps, driven through chromosomal rearrangements or genome doubling, may be particularly relevant to tumor evolution. Adapting cancer care to the challenges imposed by tumor micro- and macroevolution and developing deeper insight into parallel evolutionary events may prove central to improving outcome and reducing drug development costs.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom WC2A 3LY; email: charles.swanton@cancer.org.uk.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerlinger
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McGranahan
authors.forename: Sally M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dewhurst
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Burrell
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Swanton
mesh_terms: D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: cancer evolution; drug resistance; genome instability; intratumor heterogeneity; precision medicine