title: Oral neutrophil levels: a screening test for oral inflammatory load in pregnancy in a medical setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A multitude of studies suggest an association between periodontal disease and adverse birth outcomes, but the findings have been equivocal. Although the evidence is controversial, it is biologically plausible, and the key link may be inflammation. Because periodontitis is at times either active or inactive, trying to correlate the presence of pockets, for example, to adverse outcome of pregnancy might be preordained to failure or at least confusion. Alternatively, if inflammatory activity associated with periodontitis could be measured, it might be possible to correlate oral inflammatory load (OIL) to adverse pregnancy outcomes more precisely, but given the low incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, large populations must be studied. This underscores the need to use a means for assessment of OIL that is reliable, reproducible, and so simple to perform that it does not require dental expertise and can be used for large numbers of patients attending obstetrics units. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that OIL can be measured in a cohort of pregnant females presenting for obstetric care and secondarily to ensure that there was a realistic correlation to the presence of periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three pregnant females were recruited, and 15-second saline rinses were collected to measure OIL as represented by counts of oral neutrophil levels. Periodontal examinations were performed to determine the extent of the correlation between the presence of clinical markers of periodontitis, such as pockets and clinical attachment loss to the OIL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using this small cohort of patients, a test for oral inflammatory disease could be administered successfully in a non-dental setting. In addition, there was a statistically significant increase (two-fold, P < 0.05) in oral neutrophil counts found in patients with periodontitis compared with those without periodontitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rinse assay can be used as a screening tool for oral inflammation, which was also related to the presence of periodontitis, in pregnant females attending a medical clinic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huda
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doering
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tenenbaum
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Whittle
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sigal
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glogauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000145:classification; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology*; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D047928:Premature Birth; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000166:cytology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Gingivitis; immunity; inflammation; innate; leukocyte count; periodontitis; pregnancy