title: Identification and molecular characterization of novel and divergent HoBi-like pestiviruses from naturally infected cattle in India.
abstract: HoBi-like pestiviruses have been sporadically reported from naturally infected cattle in South America, Asia and Europe. While the closely related bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and BVDV-2 have been reported from cattle in India, the prevalence and diversity of HoBi-like viruses have not yet been studied. Here we report the genetic diversity and molecular characteristics of HoBi-like viruses, through systematic surveillance in cattle (n=1049) from 21 dairy farms across India during 2012-2013. On the basis of real-time RT-PCR, virus isolation and nucleotide sequencing results, of the 20 pestivirus positive cattle, HoBi-like viruses were identified in 19 cattle from four farms in three states and BVDV-1b in one cattle. Phylogenetic analysis of 5'-UTR and N(pro) region identified the circulation of two lineages of HoBi-like viruses in India, that were distinct to those circulating globally, highlighting the independent evolution of at least three lineages of HoBi-like viruses globally. Antigenic differences were also evident between the two Indian lineages. In addition to revealing that HoBi-like virus may be more widespread in Indian cattle than previously reported, this study shows greater genetic divergence of HoBi-like viruses indicating a need for continued pestivirus surveillance in cattle.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (formerly HSADL, IVRI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India. Electronic address: mishranir@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (formerly HSADL, IVRI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajukumar
authors.affiliation: National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (formerly HSADL, IVRI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pateriya
authors.affiliation: National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (formerly HSADL, IVRI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (formerly HSADL, IVRI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.affiliation: National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (formerly HSADL, IVRI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Behera
authors.affiliation: National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (formerly HSADL, IVRI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (formerly HSADL, IVRI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.affiliation: National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (formerly HSADL, IVRI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462021, India.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vijaykrishna
authors.affiliation: Zoetis Pharmaceutical Research Private Limited, Plot No. 16, MIDC, K.U. Bazar Post, Thane Belapur Road, Turbhe, Navi Mumbai 400705, India.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions
keywords: 5′-UTR; Antigenic characterization; Cattle; HoBi-like virus; N(pro); Phylogenetic analysis