title: Bhaktapur, Nepal: the MAL-ED birth cohort study in Nepal.
abstract: The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) cohort study site in Nepal is located in the Bhaktapur municipality, 15 km east of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. Bhaktapur, an ancient city famous for its traditional temples and buildings, is included on UNESCO's World Heritage List and is a major tourist attraction in Nepal. Nepal is a land-locked country located in South Asia between China and India with an area of 147 181 km(2), ranging from sea-level plains to Mount Everest, the world's highest peak. The total population as of the 2011 census was 26.6 million, with an average annual population growth rate of 1.4. Nepal is one of the world's least developed countries and is ranked 157 of 186 in the 2013 Human Development Report; one-third of the Nepali population lives below the poverty line. The current under-5 mortality rate is 54 per 1000 live births, the infant mortality rate is 46 per 1000 live births, and the neonatal mortality rate is 33 per 1000 live births. Vaccine coverage for all Expanded Program on Immunization vaccines is >80%. Among children, the most common diseases contributing to significant morbidity and mortality are acute respiratory infection and dehydration from severe diarrhea. In this article, we report on the geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic features of the Bhaktapur MAL-ED site and describe the data that informed our cohort recruitment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, Tribuhvan University.
authors.forename: Prakash Sunder
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Sanjaya Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Ladaporn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bodhidatta
authors.affiliation: University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed/Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Binob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, Tribuhvan University.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, Tribuhvan University.
authors.forename: Ram Krishna
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chandyo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine, Tribuhvan University.
authors.forename: Manjeswori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ulak
authors.affiliation: Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003967:Diarrhea; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: MAL-ED; Nepal; child development; enteric infection; malnutrition