title: Catecholamines, steroids and immune alterations in ischemic stroke and other acute diseases.
abstract: The outcome of stroke patients is not only determined by the extent and localization of the ischemic lesion, but also by stroke-associated infections. Stroke-induced immune alterations, which are related to stroke-associated infections, have been described over the last decade. Here we review the evidence that catecholamines and steroids induced by stroke result in stroke-induced immune alterations. In addition, we compare the immune alterations observed in other acute diseases such as myocardial infarction, brain trauma, and surgical trauma with the changes seen in stroke-induced immune alterations.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vogelgesang
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dressel
keywords: aging; catecholamines; immune; ischemic stroke; steroids