title: Safety of immunization during pregnancy: a review of the evidence of selected inactivated and live attenuated vaccines.
abstract: Vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are responsible for significant maternal, neonatal, and young infant morbidity and mortality. While there is emerging scientific evidence, as well as theoretical considerations, indicating that certain vaccines are safe for pregnant women and fetuses, policy formulation is challenging because of perceived potential risks to the fetus. This report presents an overview of available evidence on pregnant women vaccination safety monitoring in pregnant women, from both published literature and ongoing surveillance programs. Safety data were reviewed for vaccines against diseases which increase morbidity in pregnant women, their fetus or infant as well as vaccines which are used in mass vaccination campaigns against diseases. They include inactivated seasonal and pandemic influenza, mono- and combined meningococcal polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines, tetanus toxoid and acellular pertussis combination vaccines, as well as monovalent or combined rubella, oral poliomyelitis virus and yellow fever vaccines. No evidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes has been identified from immunization of pregnant women with these vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Paul Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany. Electronic address: kelbr@pei.de.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keller-Stanislawski
authors.affiliation: Seattle Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, 4800 Sand Point Way N.E., R5441, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Electronic address: janet.englund@seattlechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Englund
authors.affiliation: Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: gkang@cmcvellore.ac.in.
authors.forename: Gagandeep
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Electronic address: Punam.Mangtani@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Punam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mangtani
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, PATH, Street: 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; National Institute for Health and Welfare THL, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: kneuzil@path.org.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neuzil
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare THL, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: Hanna.Nohynek@thl.fi.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nohynek
authors.affiliation: Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, A/L 6502A, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada. Electronic address: rpless2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pless
authors.affiliation: World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: lambachp@who.int.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lambach
authors.affiliation: World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: zuberp@who.int.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zuber
mesh_terms: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Inactivated vaccine; Live-attenuated vaccine; Maternal vaccination; Vaccine safety