title: Patient and surgical factors associated with postoperative urinary retention after lumbar spine surgery.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the rate of postoperative urinary retention (POUR) in a series of patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery, (2) compare length of hospital stay between patients who developed POUR and patients who did not, and (3) identify the patient and surgical factors associated with the development of POUR.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although POUR is a common complication in many surgical subspecialties, sparse literature is present regarding development of POUR after posterior lumbar surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was conducted of all posterior lumbar surgery cases performed at single institute from July 2008 to July 2012. Data collected included demographic variables (age, sex, body mass index), length of stay, comorbid medical conditions, and surgical data. The Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction was used to compare length of hospital stay between patients who developed POUR and patients who did not. A multivariate logistic regression model was created using all patient and surgical factors and systematically pruned of variables not improving overall predictive power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 647 patients (291 decompression, 356 decompression and fusion) were included in the study. Of 647 patients, 36 had urinary retention after lumbar spine surgery (5.6%). Patients who developed POUR had a longer length of stay than patients who did not develop POUR (3.94 d vs. 2.34 d; P=0.005). Male sex, benign prostatic hyperplasia, age, diabetes, and depression were significantly associated with development of POUR (odds ratio=3.05, 9.82, 1.04, 3.32, and 2.51, respectively). Smoking was inversely associated with the development of POUR (odds ratio=0.45).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of developing POUR after posterior lumbar spine surgery is approximately 5%. Male sex, benign prostatic hyperplasia, age, diabetes, and depression were significantly associated with the POUR group. Patients who developed POUR had a greater length of hospital stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopaedics, William Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI †Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; and ‡Department of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Sapan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Shyam A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maltenfort
authors.forename: David Greg
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.forename: Todd J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rihn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult