title: Intake of hot water-extracted apple protects against myocardial injury by inhibiting apoptosis in an ischemia/reperfusion rat model.
abstract: Intakes of apple and its products are shown to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by delaying occlusion of coronary arteries. In our previous study, we showed that apple pectin protected against myocardial injury by prohibiting apoptotic cascades in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion. Thus, we hypothesized that water-extracted apple, into which apple pectin was released from the cell wall, might exhibit the same efficacy as apple pectin. To test this hypothesis, we fed rats either cold water- (400 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) or hot water-extracted apples (HWEA; 40, 100, and 400 mg kg(-1) d(-1)). Three days later, the rats were subjected to myocardial injuries by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery (30 minutes), and subsequently, the heart (3 hours) reperfused by releasing the ligation. Only the rats that were supplemented with HWEA (400 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) showed significant reductions in infarct size, which was 28.5% smaller than that of the control group. This infarct size reduction could be partly attributed to the prevention of steps leading to apoptosis. These steps are manifested by a higher Bcl-2/Bax ratio, lower procaspase-3 conversion to caspase-3, and inhibition of DNA nick generation, which reflects the extent of apoptosis. The findings indicate that HWEA supplementation reduces myocardial injury by inhibiting apoptosis under ischemia/reperfusion conditions. In conclusion, this study suggests that apple intake, specifically boiled apple, might reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by inhibiting postocclusion steps, such as myocardial injury after artery occlusion, as well as preocclusion steps, such as atherosclerotic plaque formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Ha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: leejw@cu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jongwon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010368:Pectins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494828:Bax protein, rat; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D014867:Water; D010368:Pectins; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Apoptosis; Apple; Hot water extract; Injury; Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; Rat