title: The effects of extraction method on recovery rutin from Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) is a Mediterranean specie, but in Europe and America it is cultivated for ornamental or medicinal purposes. This species is widely used for presenting activities, antiinflammatory antibacterial and antioxidant. However the therapeutic action is linked to the amount of assets of the extracted raw material. The extraction method of bioactive compounds is an important step in the manufacturing of herbal medicines, because secondary metabolites with therapeutic potential are usually found in small quantities in plant materials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Due the medical and commercial importance of C. officinalis, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the extraction method on the quality of herbal extract and optimize the extraction of rutin from C. officinalis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The extraction of rutin was performed by ultrasound and shaker and the optimized conditions were determined by response surface methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of ultrasound extraction assisted (UEA) and maceration dynamic (MD) showed that rutin yield ranged from 0.218 to 2.28% (w/w) when extract by ultrasound and 0.1-1.44% by MD. The optimal extraction condition for rutin (2.48% to UEA or 1.46% to MD) from C. officinalis by UEA or MD were a 19-22 min extraction, ethanol: water ratio of 35-40% and 0.05-0.056 mg/mL to raw material: solvent ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UEA is more efficient to extraction rutin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frederico Severino
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy Research, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edemilson Cardoso
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: da Conceição
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Para, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elane Sousa
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Para, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Otávio Carréra
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Para, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roseane Maria Ribeiro
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Costa
keywords: Factorial design; optimization of extraction; rutin