title: Retrospective study of canine heartworm disease with caval syndrome in Grenada, West Indies.
abstract: Canine heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis is an important disease of dogs. The aim of this retrospective study was to estimate the prevalence of canine heartworm disease and evaluate cases of caval syndrome in dogs submitted for necropsy in Grenada. Out of 1617 dogs necropsied over a period of 13 years (2001-2013), 249 were found to be infected with D. immitis; giving an overall prevalence of 15.4% (95% confidence interval, 13.6% to 17.1%). There was no significant difference between male and female dogs with respect to canine heartworm infection (p = 0.3). During this period, the annual prevalence of canine heartworm disease was 22% in 2001 before slightly declining to an average of 18% in 2002-2003 and peaking at 26.8% in 2004-2005. From 2006 onwards, annual prevalence rates have steadily been decreasing; reaching the lowest (9%) in 2013. Among the 249 positive cases, 33 (13.2%) of the dogs had caval syndrome. Caval syndrome cases presented with concurrent clinical signs and were associated with cardio-pulmonary and hepatic gross lesions at necropsy. Aberrant migration of D. immitis was also noted in 2 dogs with caval syndrome. This is the first report which presents the findings of canine heartworm disease with caval syndrome in Grenada.
authors.affiliation: Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P. O. Box 7, Grenada, West Indies. Electronic address: achikweto@sgu.edu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chikweto
authors.affiliation: Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P. O. Box 7, Grenada, West Indies.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bhaiyat
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P. O. Box 7, Grenada, West Indies.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lanza-Perea
authors.affiliation: Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P. O. Box 7, Grenada, West Indies.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veytsman
authors.affiliation: Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P. O. Box 7, Grenada, West Indies.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P. O. Box 7, Grenada, West Indies.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Allie
authors.affiliation: Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, P. O. Box 7, Grenada, West Indies.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004183:Dirofilaria immitis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004184:Dirofilariasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D019425:Grenada / Q000453:epidemiology; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Canine heartworm disease; Caval syndrome; Grenada; Prevalence