title: Neighborhood socioeconomic status and food environment: a 20-year longitudinal latent class analysis among CARDIA participants.
abstract: Cross-sectional studies suggest that neighborhood socioeconomic (SES) disadvantage is associated with obesogenic food environments. Yet, it is unknown how exposure to neighborhood SES patterning through adulthood corresponds to food environments that also change over time. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to classify participants in the U.S.-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study [n=5,114 at baseline 1985-1986 to 2005-2006] according to their longitudinal neighborhood SES residency patterns (upward, downward, stable high and stable low). For most classes of residents, the availability of fast food and non-fast food restaurants and supermarkets and convenience stores increased (p<0.001). Yet, socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhood residents had fewer fast food and non-fast food restaurants, more convenience stores, and the same number of supermarkets in their neighborhoods than the advantaged residents. In addition to targeting the pervasive fast food restaurant and convenient store retail growth, improving neighborhood restaurant options for disadvantaged residents may reduce food environment disparities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; Carolina Population Center, 137 East Franklin St. Campus Box 8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
authors.forename: Katie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
authors.forename: Annie Green
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boone-Heinonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; Carolina Population Center, 137 East Franklin St. Campus Box 8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; UNC Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Evenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Catarina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kiefe
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Cora E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; Carolina Population Center, 137 East Franklin St. Campus Box 8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gordon-Larsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Environment; Geographic information systems; Longitudinal study; Neighborhood food availability; Neighborhood socioeconomics