title: Management of postoperative pseudomeningoceles: an international survey study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pseudomeningoceles are common complications after posterior fossa and intradural spinal surgery and are often asymptomatic. Management guidelines are lacking, and anecdotally, we have encountered radically different suggested treatments varying from observation to immediate surgical intervention. The goal of this study was to determine the prevailing opinions among neurosurgeons on the management of this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurosurgeons from around the world were invited via an International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (ISPN) and Neurosurgery ListServ e-blast to participate in a 33-question survey on the management of pseudomeningoceles, presented as simulated scenarios after posterior fossa and spinal intradural surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred forty-one responses were obtained. Pseudomeningoceles after posterior fossa tumor resection, in the absence of hydrocephalus, were typically managed nonoperatively for 7 to 14 days before re-exploration. Only 0.5 % of the surgeons would offer upfront repair of the pseudomeningocele. In the presence of hydrocephalus, 48 % of the neurosurgeons intervene initially with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion and would change therapy if the lesion did not resolve in 2 to 4 days. Ninety percent of the surgeons manage spinal pseudomeningoceles nonoperatively for 7-14 days before re-exploration is considered. The most common steps taken to prevent pseudomeningoceles are watertight closure, tissue glues, and duroplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present zeitgeist suggests that, in the absence of hydrocephalus, initial observation is appropriate for cranial and spinal pseudomeningoceles. Operative revision should be reserved for failure of conservative treatment. If hydrocephalus is present, consideration should be made for CSF diversion. This study may serve as a guideline regarding acceptable management.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, albert.d.tu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tamburrini
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steinbok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D015192:Infratentorial Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors