title: Growth factor-eluting cochlear implant electrode: impact on residual auditory function, insertional trauma, and fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A cochlear implant (CI) is an artificial hearing device that can replace a damaged cochlea. The present study examined the use of growth factor-eluting gelatin hydrogel coatings on the electrodes to minimize inner ear trauma during electrode insertion. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and/or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were chosen as the agents to be administered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Silicone CI electrode analogs were prepared and coated with gelatin hydrogels. Adsorption/release profile of the hydrogel was measured using (125)I-radiolabeled IGF. Hydrogel-coated electrodes were absorbed with IGF1, HGF, IGF1 plus HGF, or saline (control) and implanted into the basal turns of guinea pig cochleae (n = 5). Auditory sensitivity was determined pre-operatively, immediately after, and 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-operatively by using auditory brainstem response (ABR; 4-16 kHz). In addition, histological analysis was performed and auditory hair cell (HC) survival, spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) densities, and fibrous tissue thickness were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to non-coated arrays, hydrogel-coated electrodes adsorbed significantly greater amounts of IGF1 and continuously released it for 48 h. Residual hearing measured by ABR thresholds after surgery were elevated by 50-70 dB in all of the electrode-implanted animals, and was maximal immediately after operation. Thresholds were less elevated after hydrogel treatment, and the hearing protection improved when IGF1 or HGF was applied. Histopathologically, hair cell survival, spiral ganglion cell survival, and fibrous tissue thickness were not different between the experimental groups. No serious adverse events were observed during the 4-week observation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide the first evidence that hydrogel-coated, growth factor-releasing CI electrodes could attenuate insertional trauma and promote recovery from it, suggesting that this combination might be a new drug delivery strategy not only in cochlear implantation but also in treating clinical conditions characterized by inner ear damage.
authors.forename: Yayoi S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsubouchi
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.forename: Juichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D004566:Electrodes; D005355:Fibrosis; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D018072:Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer / Q000166:cytology; D006309:Hearing; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I