title: Sugar glues for broken neurons.
abstract: Proteoglycans (PGs) regulate diverse functions in the central nervous system (CNS) by interacting with a number of growth factors, matrix proteins, and cell surface molecules. Heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are two major glycosaminoglycans present in the PGs of the CNS. The functionality of these PGs is to a large extent dictated by the fine sulfation patterns present on their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. In the past 15 years, there has been a significant expansion in our knowledge on the role of HS and CS chains in various neurological processes, such as neuronal growth, regeneration, plasticity, and pathfinding. However, defining the relation between distinct sulfation patterns of the GAGs and their functionality has thus far been difficult. With the emergence of novel tools for the synthesis of defined GAG structures, and techniques for their characterization, we are now in a better position to explore the structure-function relation of GAGs in the context of their sulfation patterns. In this review, we discuss the importance of GAGs on CNS development, injury, and disorders with an emphasis on their sulfation patterns. Finally, we outline several GAG-based therapeutic strategies to exploit GAG chains for ameliorating various CNS disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112 UT , USA
authors.forename: Vimal P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Swarup
authors.forename: Caitlin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Mencio
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hlady
authors.forename: Balagurunathan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuberan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity
chemical_list: D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D006497:Heparan Sulfate