title: Management of severe thoracic impalement trauma against two-wheeled horse carriage: a case report and literature review.
abstract: Thoracic injuries in general are of great importance due to their high incidence and high mortality. Thoracic impalement injuries are rare but severe due to the combination of cause, effect and result. This study's primary objective is to report the case of a young man who was impaled by a two-wheeled horse carriage shaft while crashing his motorcycle in a rural zone. An EMT-B ferry was called at the crash scene and a conscious patient was found, sustaining a severe impalement injury to the left hemithorax, suspended over the floor by the axial skeleton with the carriage shaft coming across his left chest. As a secondary objective, a literature review of thoracic impalement injuries is performed. Cases of thoracic impalement injury require unique and individualized care based on injury severity and affected organs. Reported protocols for managing impalement injuries are entirely anecdotal, with no uniformity on impaled patient's approach and management. In penetrating trauma, it is essential not to remove the impaled object, so that possible vascular lesions remain buffered by the object, avoiding major bleeding and exsanguination haemorrhage. Severed impaled thoracic patients should be transferred to a specialist centre for trauma care, as these lesions typically require complex multidisciplinary treatment. High-energy thoracic impalement injuries are rare and hold a high mortality rate, due to the complexity of trauma and associated injuries such as thoracic wall and lung lesions. Modern medicine still seems limited in cases of such seriousness, not always with satisfactory results.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 181 Rua Alexander Fleming, Cidade Universitaria Prof. Zeferino Vaz, 13, 083-970 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 181 Rua Alexander Fleming, Cidade Universitaria Prof. Zeferino Vaz, 13, 083-970 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 181 Rua Alexander Fleming, Cidade Universitaria Prof. Zeferino Vaz, 13, 083-970 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biazzoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 181 Rua Alexander Fleming, Cidade Universitaria Prof. Zeferino Vaz, 13, 083-970 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bortoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 181 Rua Alexander Fleming, Cidade Universitaria Prof. Zeferino Vaz, 13, 083-970 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Fraga
keywords: Impalement; Thorax; Trauma