title: Repeated applications of cold atmospheric pressure plasma does not induce resistance in Staphylococcus aureus embedded in biofilms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing microbial resistance against antibiotics complicates the therapy of bacterial infections. Therefore new therapeutic options, particularly those causing no resistance, are of high interest. Cold atmospheric plasma is one possible option to eradicate multidrug resistant microorganisms, and so far no resistance development against physical plasma is known.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested 6-fold repeated plasma applications on a Staphylococcus aureus strain embedded in biofilm and compared the reduction of the colony forming units between the different treatment periods to asses a possible development of resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all treatment periods, the control biofilms were reduced by plasma in average by 1.7 log10 CFU, and decreased from 7.6 to 5.8 log10 (CFU/cm(2)) within 5 hours. The results demonstrated that repeated plasma doses not induce resistance or habituation against plasma applied within short time periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The repeated application of cold plasma is a promising option for the treatment of infected wounds without the risk of development of resistance against plasma.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Rutger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matthes
authors.affiliation: Department for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ojan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Assadian
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kramer
keywords: cold atmospheric pressure plasma; resistance development