title: Optimising enteral nutrition in growth restricted extremely preterm neonates--a difficult proposition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimising enteral nutrition of extremely preterm neonates (EP: Gestation <28 weeks) with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has always been difficult considering their higher risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), and frequency of feed intolerance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the nutritional outcomes in EP neonates with IUGR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on demographic characteristics, feeding details (e.g. type of milk, postnatal age at start), and outcomes to discharge or death were collected from the medical notes for all EP neonates, who survived first 72 h of life, between January 2009 and December 2010. A standardised feeding protocol was followed during the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  38/220 (17.3%) EP neonates admitted during the study period had IUGR. The mean (IQR) age at start of minimal enteral nutrition [7 (5-10) versus 5 (4-8) days, p = 0.005), and nutritional (1 ml/2 hourly) feeds [12 (8-15) versus 9 (7-13) days, p = 0.034] was significantly delayed in IUGR compared to non-IUGR neonates. IUGR neonates reached full enteral feeds (150 ml/kg/day) at a significantly late median (IQR) postnatal age [32 (21-40) versus 24 (17-31) days, p = 0.009), taking longer time to achieve this milestone [20 (15-34) versus 16 (12-4) days, p = 0.008). The incidence of postnatal growth restriction was significantly higher in IUGR versus non-IUGR (73% versus 45%, p = 0.003) neonates. The incidence of ≥ Stage II NEC was low [18/220 (8.1%)] to make valid statistical comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optimising enteral nutrition in growth restricted extremely preterm neonates is difficult using the current strategies for enteral nutrition.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neonatal Paediatrics , KEM Hospital for Women , Perth , Australia .
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: b Women and Infants Research Foundation, KEM Hospital for Women , Perth , Australia .|c School of Women's and Infant's Health, KEM Hospital for Women , Perth , Australia , and.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.affiliation: b Women and Infants Research Foundation, KEM Hospital for Women , Perth , Australia .|c School of Women's and Infant's Health, KEM Hospital for Women , Perth , Australia , and.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neonatal Paediatrics , KEM Hospital for Women , Perth , Australia .|d Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patole
mesh_terms: D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Feeding; growth restriction; intrauterine; necrotising enterocolitis; neonates; preterm