title: Oral Astaxanthin Supplementation Prevents Peritoneal Fibrosis in Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preventing peritoneal damage during peritoneal dialysis is critical. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an important role in peritoneal damage; however, few studies have investigated this. We aimed to determine the effects of oral astaxanthin (AST) supplementation in a peritoneal fibrosis (PF) rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: Control 1 (fed a normal diet without stimulation), Control 2 (fed an AST-supplemented diet without stimulation), Group 1 (fed a normal diet with 8% chlorhexidine gluconate [CG] stimulation for 3 weeks), Group 2 (fed a 0.06% AST-supplemented diet with CG stimulation), and Group 3 (fed a 0.06% AST-supplemented diet that was initiated 4 weeks before CG stimulation). Peritoneal fibrosis, vascular proliferation, and fibrosis-related factor expression were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peritoneal thickness was significantly suppressed by AST supplementation. Astaxanthin diminished the number of CD68-, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)-positive cells. Type 3 collagen, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and MCP-1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1. Increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Snail mRNA expression, vascular density, and the number of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive cells were also decreased in Group 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Astaxanthin suppressed PF development through the inhibition of inflammation and oxidation in PF rats. It appears that the anti-oxidative agent AST may be useful for the prevention of peritoneal damage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Chieko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Reo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Io
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horikoshi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan yasu@juntendo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomino
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D056627:Peritoneal Fibrosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; C491766:Ccl2 protein, rat; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D024061:Collagen Type III; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D024341:Xanthophylls; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; C005948:astaxanthine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine
keywords: Anti-inflammation; anti-oxidant; astax-anthin; peritoneal fibrosis