title: High-throughput multiplex HLA genotyping by next-generation sequencing using multi-locus individual tagging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unambiguous human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is important in transplant matching and disease association studies. High-resolution HLA typing that is not restricted to the peptide-binding region can decrease HLA allele ambiguities. Cost and technology constraints have hampered high-throughput and efficient high resolution unambiguous HLA typing. We have developed a method for HLA genotyping that preserves the very high-resolution that can be obtained by next-generation sequencing (NGS) but also achieves substantially increased efficiency. Unambiguous HLA-A, B, C and DRB1 genotypes can be determined for 96 individuals in a single run of the Illumina MiSeq.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-range amplification of full-length HLA genes from four loci was performed in separate polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using primers and PCR conditions that were optimized to reduce co-amplification of other HLA loci. Amplicons from the four HLA loci of each individual were then pooled and subjected to enzymatic library generation. All four loci of an individual were then tagged with one unique index combination. This multi-locus individual tagging (MIT) method combined with NGS enabled the four loci of 96 individuals to be analyzed in a single 500 cycle sequencing paired-end run of the Illumina-MiSeq. The MIT-NGS method generated sequence reads from the four loci were then discriminated using commercially available NGS HLA typing software. Comparison of the MIT-NGS with Sanger sequence-based HLA typing methods showed that all the ambiguities and discordances between the two methods were due to the accuracy of the MIT-NGS method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MIT-NGS method enabled accurate, robust and cost effective simultaneous analyses of four HLA loci per sample and produced 6 or 8-digit high-resolution unambiguous phased HLA typing data from 96 individuals in a single NGS run.
authors.forename: Philip K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Ehrenberg
authors.forename: Aviva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geretz
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Apps
authors.forename: Victoria R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Polonis
authors.forename: Merlin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: Jerome H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Nelson L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: U, S, Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA. rthomas@hivresearch.org.
authors.forename: Rasmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000379:methods; D015234:HLA-A Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D015235:HLA-B Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D015236:HLA-C Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains / Q000235:genetics*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D015234:HLA-A Antigens; D015235:HLA-B Antigens; D015236:HLA-C Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains