title: Silver dopants for targeted and untargeted direct analysis of unsaturated lipids via infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unsaturated lipids play a crucial role in cellular processes as signaling factors, membrane building blocks or energy storage molecules. However, adequate mass spectrometry imaging of this diverse group of molecules remains challenging. In this study we implemented silver cationization for direct analysis by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) to enhance the ion abundances for olefinic lipids and facilitate peak assignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trace amounts of silver nitrate were doped into the electrospray solvent of an IR-MALDESI imaging source coupled to an Orbitrap mass analyzer. Calcifediol was examined as a model compound to demonstrate the effect of silver dopants on sensitivity and assay robustness. Dried human serum spots were subsequently analyzed to compare Ag-doped solvents with previously described solvent compositions. Mass differences as well as ion abundance ratio filters were employed to interpret results based on the characteristic isotopic pattern of silver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Olefinic lipids were readily observed as silver adducts in IR-MALDESI analyses. Silver cationization decreased the limit of detection for calcifediol by at least one order of magnitude and was not affected in complex biological matrices. The ion abundance ratio and mass difference of [M + (107) Ag(+)](+) and [M + (109) Ag(+)](+) were successfully applied to facilitate the spectral assignment of silver adducts. Overall, silver cationization increased the analyte coverage in human serum by 43% compared with a standard IR-MALDESI approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Silver cationization has been shown to enhance IR-MALDESI sensitivity and selectivity for unsaturated lipids, even when applied to complex samples. Increased compound coverage, enhanced robustness as well as the developed tools for peak assignment and mapping of isotopic patterns will clearly benefit future mass spectrometry imaging studies.
authors.affiliation: W.M. Keck Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Kenneth P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Garrard
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muddiman
mesh_terms: D000475:Alkenes / Q000737:chemistry; D059788:Dried Blood Spot Testing; D005224:Fats, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000475:Alkenes; D005224:Fats, Unsaturated; D012834:Silver