title: Characteristics of a palliative care consultation service with a focus on pain in a German university hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A minority of patients with incurable and advanced disease receive specialised palliative care. Specialised palliative care services that complement the care of difficult and complex cases ought to be integrated with services that deliver general care for most patients. A typical setting in which this integrative concept takes place is the hospital setting, where patients suffering from incurable and advanced disease are treated in many different departments. The aim of the study is to investigate the profile and spectrum of a palliative care consultation service (PCCS) at a German university hospital with special reference to pain therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analysed the PCCS documentation of three years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients were referred from non-surgical departments, 72% were inpatients, and 28% were outpatients. 98% of the patients suffered from cancer. Counselling in pain therapy was one of the key aspects of the consultation: For 76% of all consulted patients, modifications of the analgesic regimen were recommended, which involved opioids in 96%. Recommendations on breakthrough-pain medication were made for 70% of the patients; this was an opioid in most cases (68%). The most commonly used opioid was morphine. For 17% of the patients, additional diagnostic procedures were recommended. Besides pain management palliative care consultation implied a wide range of recommendations and services: In addition to organising home care infrastructure, palliative care services supported patients and their families in understanding the life-limiting diseases. They also coordinated physical therapy and social and legal advice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey clearly shows that for a consultation service to support patients with incurable or advanced disease, a multi-disciplinary approach is necessary to meet the complex requirements of a needs-adapted palliative care in inpatient or outpatient settings. Timely integration of palliative expertise may support symptom control and may give the required advice to patients, their carers, and their families.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erlenwein
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Medicine, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Almut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schlink
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petzke
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Medicine, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Friedemann
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nauck
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Medicine, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alt-Epping