title: Nicotine-dependence-varying effects of smoking events on momentary mood changes among adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Theories of nicotine addiction emphasize the initial role of positive reinforcement in the development of regular smoking behavior, and the role of negative reinforcement at later stages. These theories are tested here by examining the effects of amount smoked per smoking event on smoking-related mood changes, and how nicotine dependence (ND) moderates this effect. The current study examines these questions within a sample of light adolescent smokers drawn from the metropolitan Chicago area (N=151, 55.6% female, mean 17.7years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ecological momentary assessment data were collected via handheld computers, and additional variables were drawn from a traditional questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of the amount smoked per event on changes in positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) after vs. before smoking were examined, while controlling for subject-averaged amount smoked, age, gender, and day of week. ND-varying effects were examined using varying effect models to elucidate their change across levels of ND.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of the amount smoked per event was significantly associated with an increase in PA among adolescents with low-to-moderate levels of ND, and was not significant at high ND. Conversely, the effect of the amount smoked was significantly associated with a decrease in NA only for adolescents with low levels of ND.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the role of positive reinforcement in early stages of dependent smoking, but do not support the role of negative reinforcement beyond early stages of smoking. Other potential contributing factors to the relationship between smoking behavior and PA/NA change are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA. Electronic address: arielle.selya@med.und.edu.
authors.forename: Arielle S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Selya
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA. Electronic address: nupdegrove@wesleyan.edu.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Updegrove
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA. Electronic address: jrose01@selseyan.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA. Electronic address: ldierker@wesleyan.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dierker
authors.affiliation: The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy St., 5th Floor, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada. Electronic address: xianming.tan@clinepi.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Xianming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA. Electronic address: hedeker@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hedeker
authors.affiliation: The Methodology Center, 204 E. Calder Way, Suite 400, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA; Department of Statistics, 323 Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: rzli@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Runze
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA. Electronic address: robinm@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mermelstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D002641:Chicago; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Adolescents; Nicotine dependence; Smoking; Varying-coefficient model