title: Distance to School is Associated with Sedentary Time in Children: Findings from the URBAN Study.
abstract: Sedentary behavior is associated with overweight and obesity in children, and distance to school has been negatively associated with active commuting to school. It is not known how distance to school relates to sedentary behavior in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between distance to school and children's sedentary behavior during weekdays at times where children interact with the neighborhood environment. Children (5-13 years, n = 295) who participated in the understanding relationships between activity and neighborhoods study (2008-2010) across four New Zealand cities wore a hip-mounted accelerometer for 7 days. Minutes spent sedentary (accelerometer count <100 min(-1)) were derived for the school travel periods (0800-0859 and 1500-1559) and after school discretionary time (1600-1759). Shortest street network distance to school was calculated from residential addresses using geographical information systems and parsed into tertiles for analysis. Children completed a daily travel log including mode of transport to and from school, which was dichotomized into active (walking and cycling) and passive (motorized) modes. Children living in the second tertile of distance from school were the least sedentary during the school traveling periods (42 ± 10%, mean ± true between-child SD) compared to those living in the first or third distance tertiles (47 ± 10 and 49 ± 10%, respectively); the differences were clear and likely substantial (90% confidence limits ± 6%). Children who traveled by motorized transport were more sedentary for each of the distance tertiles (50 versus 44%, 46 versus 39%, and 54 versus 27% for first, second, and third tertiles, respectively; 90% confidence limits ± 7%). In the period of 1600-1759, girls in the third distance tertile were the most sedentary. The combined effects of 1-2 km distance from school and active commuting to school contributed to least sedentary time in children.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Erica A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hinckson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Will
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Melody
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Badland
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE) and Whariki Research Centre, Massey University , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mavoa
authors.affiliation: Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation (SHORE) and Whariki Research Centre, Massey University , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Witten
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kearns
keywords: New Zealand; accelerometer; commuting; neighborhood; physical activity; sedentary behavior