title: Comparison of transposition techniques to reduce gap associated with high ulnar nerve lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine in a cadaveric model which of 3 anterior transposition techniques allows for maximum gap reduction for high ulnar nerve lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six fresh-frozen human adult upper extremity cadaveric transhumeral specimens were used. We anchored the ulnar nerve to bone 10 cm proximal and distal to the medial epicondyle along its exact course while keeping the elbow in 30° flexion as the baseline measurement. We then used a thick suture to mimic and measure the exact course of the nerve between the pins in varying elbow positions. The nerve was then transposed first subcutaneously, then intramuscularly, and then submuscularly while taking exact measurements of the distance the nerve had to travel in varying degrees of elbow flexion for each transposition method. We performed comparative analysis to analyze gap reduction with respect to transposition method and elbow position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transposing the ulnar nerve reduced the repair gap required to cross the elbow regardless of transposition technique. When comparing individual techniques, however, the greatest gap reduction was achieved by intramuscular, followed by submuscular and finally subcutaneous transposition. A maximum gap reduction of 25 mm (average, 23 mm) was achieved using intramuscular transposition with the elbow in 90° flexion. Subcutaneous transposition actually increased the repair gap when the elbow was in an extended position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An intramuscular transposition with the elbow in 90° flexion provided the best gap reduction. However, post-neurorrhaphy mobilization may compromise repair site integrity and vascularity if elbow flexion is required to achieve a primary repair, and these factors should be considered carefully when planning treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides guidance on techniques to reduce nerve gap for primary repair of the ulnar nerve at the elbow using transposition and elbow flexion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Imran K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Bracey
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC. Electronic address: zli@wakehealth.edu.
authors.forename: Zhongyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001858:Bone Nails; D002102:Cadaver; D004550:Elbow / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: High ulnar nerve injury; elbow position; nerve gap; nerve repair; nerve transposition