title: Preemptive clinical pharmacogenetics implementation: current programs in five US medical centers.
abstract: Although the field of pharmacogenetics has existed for decades, practioners have been slow to implement pharmacogenetic testing in clinical care. Numerous publications describe the barriers to clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics. Recently, several freely available resources have been developed to help address these barriers. In this review, we discuss current programs that use preemptive genotyping to optimize the pharmacotherapy of patients. Array-based preemptive testing includes a large number of relevant pharmacogenes that impact multiple high-risk drugs. Using a preemptive approach allows genotyping results to be available prior to any prescribing decision so that genomic variation may be considered as an inherent patient characteristic in the planning of therapy. This review describes the common elements among programs that have implemented preemptive genotyping and highlights key processes for implementation, including clinical decision support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and.
authors.forename: Henry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Dunnenberger
authors.forename: Kristine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Crews
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Kelly E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Caudle
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Broeckel
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hunkler
authors.forename: Teri E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Mary V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Relling
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004501:Education, Medical; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D061214:Patient Safety; D018579:Patient Selection; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010641:Phenotype; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
keywords: clinical decision support; individualized medicine; personalized medicine; pharmacogenomics; precision medicine; prediction in pharmacology