title: Histologic evaluation of the effects of Emdogain gel on injured root apex in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the effects of Emdogain gel (EMD) on the injured open apex within periapical lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Periapical lesions were induced in rats by opening the pulp chambers of the mandibular first molars and filing the apical foramen through the distal root canal with #25 K-files to make an open apex. The teeth were exposed to the oral environment for 7 days. Then we irrigated the distal root canals and divided them into EMD-treated and propylene glycol alginate-treated groups. The rats were killed 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment and examined histochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the EMD-treated rats, more cells expressed transforming growth factor-β1 or bone morphogenetic protein-2 at 7 days after treatment, and the regeneration of cementum and bone was observed around the root apex at 14 days after treatment. Conversely, in the propylene glycol alginate-treated group, few cells expressed transforming growth factor-β1 or bone morphogenetic protein-2, and apical periodontal tissue recovery was rarely seen within the periapical lesions throughout the experiment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that EMD does not irritate injured periapical tissue and may create a favorable environment that promotes the healing of destroyed periapical tissues.
authors.affiliation: Section of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan. Electronic address: nmatsu80@college.fdcnet.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Noriyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Section of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minakami
authors.affiliation: Section of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hatakeyama
authors.affiliation: Section of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Chieko
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haruna
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morotomi
authors.affiliation: Section of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.affiliation: Section of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anan
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000032:analysis; D002452:Cell Count; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000187:drug effects; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries; D053331:Ectodysplasins / Q000032:analysis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000187:drug effects; D008963:Molar / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; C525720:Bmp2 protein, rat; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; C506018:EDA protein, human; D053331:Ectodysplasins; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C109069:enamel matrix proteins; C038550:propylene glycol alginate ester; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: BMP-2; Emdogain; TGF-β1; open-apex; wound healing