title: How to detect carbapenemase producers? A literature review of phenotypic and molecular methods.
abstract: This review describes the current state-of-art of carbapenemase detection methods. Identification of carbapenemases is first based on conventional phenotypic tests including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, modified-Hodge test and carbapenemase-inhibitor culture tests. Second, molecular characterization of carbapenemase genes by PCR sequencing is essential. Third, innovative biochemical and spectrometric detection may be applied.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Rodolph Merieux Laboratory, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: dalal.hammoudi@net.usj.edu.lb.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hammoudi
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Rodolph Merieux Laboratory, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Natural Science and Public Health, College of Sustainability Sciences and Humanities, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Electronic address: carole.moubareck@usj.edu.lb.
authors.forename: C Ayoub
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moubareck
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Rodolph Merieux Laboratory, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: dolla.sarkis@usj.edu.lb.
authors.forename: D Karam
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sarkis
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D058889:Molecular Typing / Q000379:methods*; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: Carbapenemases; Detection; Molecular methods; Phenotypic methods; Screening