title: Effect of a Mediterranean Diet Intervention on Dietary Glycemic Load and Dietary Glycemic Index: The PREDIMED Study.
abstract: Objective. To compare the one year effect of two dietary interventions with MeDiet on GL and GI in the PREDIMED trial. Methods. Participants were older subjects at high risk for cardiovascular disease. This analysis included 2866 nondiabetic subjects. Diet was assessed with a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The GI of each FFQ item was assigned by a 5-step methodology using the International Tables of GI and GL Values. Generalized linear models were fitted to assess the relationship between the intervention group and dietary GL and GI at one year of follow-up, using control group as reference. Results. Multivariate-adjusted models showed an inverse association between GL and MeDiet + extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) group: β = -8.52 (95% CI: -10.83 to -6.20) and MeDiet + Nuts group: β = -10.34 (95% CI: -12.69 to -8.00), when comparing with control group. Regarding GI, β = -0.93 (95% CI: -1.38 to -0.49) for MeDiet + EVOO, β = -1.06 (95% CI: -1.51 to -0.62) for MeDiet + Nuts when comparing with control group. Conclusion. Dietary intervention with MeDiet supplemented with EVOO or nuts lowers dietary GL and GI.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Luis Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain ; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de la Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana Isabel
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rejón
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Luis Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain ; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de la Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Itandehui
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4419-5690
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Castro-Quezada
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Luis Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain ; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruano-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de la Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ruiz-López
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Luis Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain ; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Villegas
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona, 31080 Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Estefanía
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de la Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Reyes
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6405-9480
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Artacho
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Human Nutrition Department, School of Medicine, University Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenc 21, Reus, 43201 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2700-7459
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Medica (IMIM), Institut de Recerca del Hospital del Mar, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: María Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Covas
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corella
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gómez-Gracia
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Department of Family Medicine, Primary Care Division of Sevilla, San Pablo Health Center, Damasco s/n, 41007 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lapetra
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Internal Medicine Service, Hospital of Bellvitge, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pintó
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Txagorritxu, Jose Achotegui s/n, Vitoria, 01009 Alava, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arós
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands and Hospital Son Espases, Carretera de Valldemossa 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain ; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Andrea Doria 55, 07014 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiol
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa María
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lamuela-Raventós
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Group of Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Avenida Padre García Tejero 4, 41012 Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Medica (IMIM), Institut de Recerca del Hospital del Mar, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona, 31080 Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Luis Pasteur s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain ; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Edificio D 1 º Planta, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra-Majem