title: Inadequate fruit and vegetable intake in people with psychosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with poor dietary intake (less than four servings of fruit and vegetables daily) in a large nationally representative sample of adults with psychotic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 1286 adults aged 18-64 years who took part in the second Australian national survey of psychosis. Dietary information was obtained using a standardised questionnaire; all participants provided fasting blood samples. Variables that may be related to diet and nutritional intake were investigated; these included demographics, physical health outcomes, physical activity, substance use, symptom severity and financial difficulty. Dietary status was explored by sex, age and body mass index using univariate analyses, while a multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of low nutritional intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 74% of participants ate less than four servings of fruit and vegetables daily. This was associated with a lower body mass index (p<0.05), lower levels of physical activity (p<0.05), sedentary behaviour (p<0.05), substance use (p<0.001), more negative symptoms (p<0.05), eating less frequently (p<0.001), consuming whole fat milk compared to low fat milk (p<0.05), adding salt to food (p<0.05) and financial difficulty (p<0.05). Male sex and younger age (18-34 years) were also associated with lower fruit and vegetable intake (p<0.001). A multivariate regression analysis showed that current smoking (p<0.001) and alcohol (p<0.01) and cannabis abuse (p<0.05) were risk factors for lower fruit and vegetable intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that poor diet in people with psychosis, as reflected by less than four servings of fruit and vegetables daily, is accompanied by other unhealthy behaviours, which has important implications for the development of effective interventions. Importantly, current smoking is a significant predictor of dietary inadequacy.
authors.affiliation: The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia lisa.hahn@student.adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health Services, South Australia, Australia Northern Sector, Adelaide Metro Mental Health Directorate, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Cherrie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Galletly
authors.affiliation: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.affiliation: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackinnon
authors.affiliation: Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre and Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.affiliation: St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waterreus
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: Vera A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diet; metabolic syndrome; obesity; psychosis; substance use