title: Psychobiological stress response to a simulated school shooting in police officers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Police work is one of the most demanding professions with various sources of high occupational stress. Among the most demanding tasks are amok situations, such as school shootings. Hardly anything is known about endocrine and cardiovascular markers in safety professionals during emergency situations in real life and how this relates to stress perception and management. This study will therefore explore police officers' stress responses to a reality-based school shooting simulation assessing neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and psychological stress markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 50 police officers (39.5 ± 8.7 yrs, 9 women) participating in a basic or refresher amok training session for the German uniformed and criminal police were recruited. Saliva samples were collected shortly before the simulation task (school shooting), immediately after, 20 and 45 min after finishing the task for the assessment of cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA), as markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system, respectively. Heart rate (variability) was assessed continuously. Officers rated their actual mood right before and 10 min after the simulation. Subjective experience of task stressfulness was assessed minutes after finishing the simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the simulated school shooting did not result in changes of mood, tiredness, or calmness but higher restlessness was experienced during the basic training, which was also experienced as more controllable. Female officers reported to experience more strain and anxiety. Cortisol showed highest levels at the beginning of the training and steadily decreasing values thereafter. In contrast, sAA increased substantially right after the simulation with officers on the front position showing most pronounced changes. Cardiovascular reactivity was highest in officers acting on the side positions while advancing to find the suspect. Furthermore higher self-efficacy as well as, by trend, controllability and relevance of results correlated with cardiovascular measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autonomic but not endocrine stress markers increased to a simulated school shooting, which were further related to the subjective experience of the simulation. Our results provide a more in-depth picture of stress responses in such situations, which will in the long run raise the possibility to refine training programs, design more effective stress-management strategies for these critical incidents, and improve performance but also coping with work-related stress.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Biopsychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. Electronic address: jana.strahler@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strahler
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Police Science, Rothenburg/O.L., Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ziegert
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016495:Police; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012574:Schools; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Alpha-amylase; Amok; Cortisol; Heart rate; Police; Stress