title: [Clinical and biochemical characterization of childhood urolithiasis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urolithiasis is rare in children, but the incidence has increased over the past few decades. This study aims at describing the clinical and biochemical characteristics, etiology, and treatment of urolithiasis in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of all children under 16 years of age seen at the Bordeaux University Children's Hospital with a diagnosis of urolithiasis. The diagnosis was confirmed either radiologically or clinically by the expulsion of the stone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 186 children with a diagnosis of urolithiasis between 1994 and 2012 were included. The median age at diagnosis was 7.4 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.9. The estimated annual incidence was around 5.5/100,000 children under 15 years of age in the past 5 years. The main presenting feature was nonspecific abdominal pain (71%). Metabolic calculi accounted for 48% of the patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria as the main cause. Genetic diseases accounted for 15% of cases. The proportion of infectious calculi was estimated at 33% and decreased in the past two decades. Stone fragments were sent for analysis in 86 children, and calcium oxalate was the major component (37%), followed by calcium phosphate (33%), purine (9%), and struvite (8%). At least 26% of patients experienced recurrence of stone passage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective study highlighted changes in characteristics of pediatric urolithiasis over time. Childhood-onset urolithiasis requires complete etiological work-up so that a metabolic cause with a high risk of recurrence does not go unrecognized.
authors.affiliation: Unité de néphrologie-endocrinologie, service de pédiatrie, hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Service de pédiatrie, centre hospitalier de Pau, 64000 Pau, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giraudon
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de biochimie, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, U1035, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.affiliation: Unité de néphrologie-endocrinologie, service de pédiatrie, hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Godron
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouty
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dobremez
authors.affiliation: Unité de néphrologie-endocrinologie, service de pédiatrie, hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barat
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de biochimie, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Biothérapies des maladies génétiques et cancers, U1035, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Blouin
authors.affiliation: Unité de néphrologie-endocrinologie, service de pédiatrie, hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Llanas
authors.affiliation: Unité de néphrologie-endocrinologie, service de pédiatrie, hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, CHU de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France. Electronic address: jerome.harambat@chu-bordeaux.fr.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harambat
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*