title: A randomised controlled trial of opioid only versus combined opioid and non-steroidal anti inflammatory analgesics for pain relief in the first 48 hours after Caesarean section.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-Caesarean section pain is complex in nature, requiring a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Effective management of postoperative pain will reduce postoperative morbidity, hospital stay and cost. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness and adverse effects of a combination of non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor (Diclofenac sodium 50 mg) and opioid (Pentazocine 60 mg) to opiod only (Pentazocine 60 mg) for pain management after Caesarean section (CS) at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomised double-blind controlled study conducted at AKTH, Kano, Nigeria. A total of 166 patients scheduled to undergo either emergency or elective Caesarean section were studied. Group I received a combination of COX inhibitor and opiod while Group II received opiod only for pain management after CS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of the patients was 28.35 years (SD ± 6.426) in the group I and 26.9(SD ± 6.133) in group II. The mean parity was 3.27(SD ± 2.67) and 2.75(SD ± 2.14) while the mean gestational age at admission was 37.68(SD ± 2.69) and 38.18(SD ± 2.63) weeks in the first and second groups, respectively. Comparison of the level of pain experienced and patients satisfaction during the first 48 hours postoperatively revealed that the level of pain was statistically significantly less and patient's satisfaction significantly better in group I compared to group II (P-value 0.00001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of combined compared to single agent analgesia is safe, significantly reduced pain and improved patient satisfaction after a caesarian section (CS).
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adamou
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Jamilu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tukur
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Zakari
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Hadiza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Galadanci
keywords: Analgesia; caesarean section; pain; patient satisfaction