title: Alcohol consumption among Arabs in Israel: a qualitative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Israeli society is a unique setting in which the Arabs are exposed to western alcohol consumption norms while living in Arab communities where alcohol consumption is not accepted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize Arab Muslim, Druze and Christian alcohol consumption behaviors and contingencies while being exposed to western style alcohol consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a phenomenological qualitative study interviewing six focus groups and 13 individual Arab Muslims, Christians and Druze. Themes and categories were identified using qualitative methodology analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two concurrent contingencies exist for Arab Muslim men: on the one hand they describe pressure to drink because of social norms, and on the other hand they are reprehended for drinking, because of the religious interdiction. Therefore, they hide their drinking in secluded places. In addition, participants reported more heavy drinking among Muslim Men. Arab Christians reported drinking openly especially among men. Women do not drink and are looked down upon if they drink. Drinking may be viewed as a stage in life that a Muslim boy or young man goes through, he is expected to grow out of this stage and stop drinking while becoming religious. Conclusions/importance: Due to Muslim laws prohibiting alcohol consumption, alcohol consumption is not high, however it does exist especially among young men and when they drink they tend to drink heavily, more than the Arab Christians. Therefore, there is a need for interventions targeting younger Muslim men, to establish moderate drinking behaviors, if they chose to drink.
authors.affiliation: 1School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Orna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baron-Epel
authors.forename: Shiran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bord
authors.forename: Wafa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zarecki
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiftan
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gesser-Edelsburg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology*; D018912:Arabs; D002835:Christianity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012737:Sex Factors; D066262:Social Norms; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Arab; Israel; Muslim; alcohol; gender; social pressure