title: Indoor environmental exposures and exacerbation of asthma: an update to the 2000 review by the Institute of Medicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has found relationships between specific indoor environmental exposures and exacerbation of asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review we provide an updated summary of knowledge from the scientific literature on indoor exposures and exacerbation of asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peer-reviewed articles published from 2000 to 2013 on indoor exposures and exacerbation of asthma were identified through PubMed, from reference lists, and from authors' files. Articles that focused on modifiable indoor exposures in relation to frequency or severity of exacerbation of asthma were selected for review. Research findings were reviewed and summarized with consideration of the strength of the evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine eligible articles were included. Major changed conclusions include a causal relationship with exacerbation for indoor dampness or dampness-related agents (in children); associations with exacerbation for dampness or dampness-related agents (in adults), endotoxin, and environmental tobacco smoke (in preschool children); and limited or suggestive evidence for association with exacerbation for indoor culturable Penicillium or total fungi, nitrogen dioxide, rodents (nonoccupational), feather/down pillows (protective relative to synthetic bedding), and (regardless of specific sensitization) dust mite, cockroach, dog, and dampness-related agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review, incorporating evidence reported since 2000, increases the strength of evidence linking many indoor factors to the exacerbation of asthma. Conclusions should be considered provisional until all available evidence is examined more thoroughly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple indoor exposures, especially dampness-related agents, merit increased attention to prevent exacerbation of asthma, possibly even in nonsensitized individuals. Additional research to establish causality and evaluate interventions is needed for these and other indoor exposures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Watcharoot
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kanchongkittiphon
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mendell
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaffin
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Phipatanakul
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens