title: Risk factors for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinic-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are uncommon, and little is known about their risk factors and association with other cancers. We evaluated whether the following risk factors known to be associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are also associated with PNETs: smoking, alcohol use, family history of PNET, and other cancers, and personal history of diabetes as potential risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with PNETs seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 2000 and 2011 were compared with controls seen for a general medical evaluation. Patients and controls completed the same questionnaires. After excluding insulinoma and high-grade PNETs, 355 cases were evaluated, and 309 were matched to 602 controls (2:1) on age, sex, and region of residence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Personal smoking history was not associated with PNETs. Alcohol use was less common among cases (54% vs 67%, P < 0.001). Cases were more likely to report a family member with sarcoma (P = 0.02), PNET (P = 0.02), gallbladder cancer (P = 0.02), ovarian cancer (P = 0.04), and gastric cancer (P = 0.01). There was no association with other cancers in family members. Diabetes was more commonly reported by cases than controls (19% vs 11%, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the exception of diabetes, risk factors that are associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are not risk factors for PNETs.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ; †Division of Medical Oncology; and ‡Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Thorvardur R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Halfdanarson
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bamlet
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: McWilliams
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hobday
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: Kari G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.forename: Gloria M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009386:Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary / Q000453:epidemiology; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires