title: Minimising methodological biases to improve the accuracy of partitioning soil respiration using natural abundance 13C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microbial degradation of soil organic matter (heterotrophic respiration) is a key determinant of net ecosystem exchange of carbon, but it is difficult to measure because the CO2 efflux from the soil surface is derived not only from heterotrophic respiration, but also from plant root and rhizosphere respiration (autotrophic). Partitioning total CO2 efflux can be achieved using the different natural abundance stable isotope ratios (δ(13)C) of root and soil CO2. Successful partitioning requires very accurate measurements of total soil efflux δ(13)CO2 and the δ(13)CO2 of the autotrophic and heterotrophic sources, which typically differ by just 2-8‰.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Scottish moorland and grass mesocosm studies we systematically tested some of the most commonly used techniques in order to identify and minimise methodological errors. Typical partitioning methods are to sample the total soil-surface CO2 efflux using a chamber, then to sample CO2 from incubated soil-free roots and root-free soil. We investigated the effect of collar depth on chamber measurements of surface efflux δ(13)CO2 and the effect of incubation time on estimates of end-member δ(13)CO2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) a 5 cm increase in collar depth affects the measurement of surface efflux δ(13)CO2 by -1.5‰ and there are fundamental inconsistencies between modelled and measured biases; (2) the heterotrophic δ(13)CO2 changes by up to -4‰ within minutes of sampling; we recommend using regression to estimate the in situ δ(13)CO2 values; (3) autotrophic δ(13)CO2 measurements are reliable if root CO2 is sampled within an hour of excavation; (4) correction factors should be used to account for instrument drift of up to 3‰ and concentration-dependent non-linearity of CRDS (cavity ringdown spectroscopy) analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methodological biases can lead to large inaccuracies in partitioning estimates. The utility of stable isotope partitioning of soil CO2 efflux will be enhanced by consensus on the optimum measurement protocols and by minimising disturbance, particularly during chamber measurements.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UL, UK; Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
authors.forename: Helen S K
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Snell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Midwood
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D017753:Ecosystem; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D012606:Scotland; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D012987:Soil; D002245:Carbon Dioxide