title: Protein and microRNA biomarkers from lavage, urine, and serum in military personnel evaluated for dyspnea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have identified candidate protein and microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers for dyspnea by studying serum, lavage fluid, and urine from military personnel who reported serious respiratory symptoms after they were deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven soldiers with the complaint of dyspnea who enrolled in the STudy of Active Duty Military Personnel for Environmental Dust Exposure (STAMPEDE) underwent comprehensive pulmonary evaluations at the San Antonio Military Medical Center. The evaluation included fiber-optic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage. The clinical findings from the STAMPEDE subjects pointed to seven general underlying diagnoses or findings including airway hyperreactivity, asthma, low diffusivity of carbon monoxide, and abnormal cell counts. The largest category was undiagnosed. As an exploratory study, not a classification study, we profiled proteins or miRNAs in lavage fluid, serum, or urine in this group to look for any underlying molecular patterns that might lead to biomarkers. Proteins in lavage fluid and urine were identified by accurate mass tag (database-driven) proteomics methods while miRNAs were profiled by a hybridization assay applied to serum, urine, and lavage fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over seventy differentially expressed proteins were reliably identified both from lavage and from urine in forty-eight dyspnea subjects compared to fifteen controls with no known lung disorder. Six of these proteins were detected both in urine and lavage. One group of subjects was distinguished from controls by expressing a characteristic group of proteins. A related group of dyspnea subjects expressed a unique group of miRNAs that included one miRNA that was differentially overexpressed in all three fluids studied. The levels of several miRNAs also showed modest but direct associations with several standard clinical measures of lung health such as forced vital capacity or gas exchange efficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candidate proteins and miRNAs associated with the general diagnosis of dyspnea have been identified in subjects with differing medical diagnoses. Since these markers can be measured in readily obtained clinical samples, further studies are possible that test the value of these findings in more formal classification or case-control studies in much larger cohorts of subjects with specific lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, or some other well-defined lung disease.
authors.forename: Joseph N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Carrie D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Nicora
authors.forename: Karl K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Weitz
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Skabelund
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Adkins
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ji-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. Rgelinas@systemsbiology.org.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gelinas
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine*; D057285:Precision Medicine; D040901:Proteomics; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D035683:MicroRNAs