title: Forkhead box O1 and muscle RING finger 1 protein expression in atrophic and hypertrophic denervated mouse skeletal muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors and E3 ubiquitin ligases such as Muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) are believed to participate in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. The function of FoxO transcription factors is regulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation. In the present study FoxO1 protein expression, phosphorylation and acetylation as well as MuRF1 protein expression, were examined in atrophic and hypertrophic denervated skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein expression, phosphorylation and acetylation were studied semi-quantitatively using Western blots. Muscles studied were 6-days denervated mouse hind-limb muscles (anterior tibial as well as pooled gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, all atrophic), 6-days denervated mouse hemidiaphragm muscles (hypertrophic) and innervated control muscles. Total muscle homogenates were used as well as separated nuclear and cytosolic fractions of innervated and 6-days denervated anterior tibial and hemidiaphragm muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of FoxO1 and MuRF1 proteins increased 0.3-3.7-fold in all 6-days denervated muscles studied, atrophic as well as hypertrophic. Phosphorylation of FoxO1 at S256 increased about 0.8-1-fold after denervation in pooled gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and in hemidiaphragm but not in unfractionated anterior tibial muscle. A small (0.2-fold) but statistically significant increase in FoxO1 phosphorylation was, however, observed in cytosolic fractions of denervated anterior tibial muscle. A statistically significant increase in FoxO1 acetylation (0.8-fold) was observed only in denervated anterior tibial muscle. Increases in total FoxO1 and in phosphorylated FoxO1 were only seen in cytosolic fractions of denervated atrophic anterior tibial muscle whereas in denervated hypertrophic hemidiaphragm both total FoxO1 and phosphorylated FoxO1 increased in cytosolic as well as in nuclear fractions. MuRF1 protein expression increased in cytosolic as well as in nuclear fractions of both denervated atrophic anterior tibial muscle and denervated hypertrophic hemidiaphragm muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased expression of FoxO1 and MuRF1 in denervated muscles (atrophic as well as hypertrophic) suggests that these proteins participate in the tissue remodelling occurring after denervation. The effect of denervation on the level of phosphorylated and acetylated FoxO1 differed in the muscles studied and may be related to differences in fiber type composition of the muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar SE-391 82, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann-Kristin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Fjällström
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar SE-391 82, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Evertsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar SE-391 82, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Norrby
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar SE-391 82, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tågerud
keywords: Acetylation; Atrophy; Cytosolic fraction; Denervation; Forkhead box O; Hypertrophy; MuRF1; Nuclear fraction; Phosphorylation; Skeletal muscle