title: Thyroid abnormalities in Egyptian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A single center study from Upper Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Upper Egypt and its relationship with disease-related variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 94 children and adolescents with T1DM (Group 1) attending for regular follow-up in the diabetes clinic of Assiut Children University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt were enrolled in the study and 60 healthy subjects matching in age and sex were taken as a control (Group 2). History taking, clinical examination, measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine, anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies levels as well as HbA1c were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean TSH levels were significantly higher in (Group 1) when compared to control (P < 0.01). Six children (6.3%) were found to have subclinical hypothyroidism in Group 1 compared with two children (2.1%) in the control group (P < 0.001) two children (2.1%) were found to have clinical hypothyroidism in Group 1 compared with non in the control group. Positive levels of anti-TPOAb and anti-TgAb were found in 9 (9.5%) and 6 (6.3%) in Group 1 compared with 2 (3.3)% and 1 (1.6%) of controls respectively (P < 0.01). Cases with hypothyroidism were significantly older, had longer duration of DM, higher body mass index and higher HbA1c compared with those without hypothyroidism. TSH had significant positive correlations to age (r = 0.71, P < 0.001), diabetes duration (r = 0.770, P < 0.001), Anti-TPO level (r = 0.678, P < 0.01), HbAIc level (r = -0.644, P < 0.01) and significant negative correlation with FT4 (r = -0.576, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study reported high prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in children and in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Upper Egypt. The study recommended yearly evaluation thyroid function tests and thyroid antibodies in all children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes commencing from the onset of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
authors.forename: Kotb Abbass
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Metwalley
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdel-Rahman Abdel-Hamed
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: El-Saied
keywords: Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody and anti-thyroglobulin antibody; hypothyroidism; thyroid stimulating hormone; type I diabetes mellitus