title: A finite element analysis of the retinal hemorrhages accompanied by shaken baby syndrome/abusive head trauma.
abstract: We aimed to elucidate the mechanism of the retinal hemorrhage (RH) accompanied by shaken baby syndrome or abusive head trauma (SBS/AHT) by analyses using a computational model. We focused on a hypothesis that the vitreoretinal traction due to acceleration and deceleration caused by abusive shaking leads to retinal hemorrhage. A finite element (FE) mechanical model with simple spherical geometry was constructed. When the FE mechanical model was virtually shaken, the intensity of the stress applied to the retinal plane agreed well with the results from an analysis using a physical model made of agar gel. Impacts due to falling events induced more intensive tensile stresses, but with shorter duration, than the shake did. By applying a mathematical theory on tackiness, we propose a hypothesis that the time integration of the stress, in the unit of Pa·s, would be a good predictor of the RH accompanied by SBS/AHT. A single cycle of abusive shake amounted to 101Pa·s of time integration of inflicted stress, while a single impact event amounted to 36Pa·s. This would explain the paradoxical observation that shaking induces RH while RH due to impact events is only seen in a major event such as a fatal motor vehicle accident.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. Electronic address: yoshida-makoto@tmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. Electronic address: junpei_yamazaki@tte-net.co.jp.
authors.forename: Junpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. Electronic address: mizunuma@tmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizunuma
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D038642:Shaken Baby Syndrome / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000362:Agar
keywords: Abusive head trauma; Finite element; Retinal hemorrhage; Shaken baby syndrome; Stress