title: Assessment of intra-aneurysmal flow modification after flow diverter stent placement with four-dimensional flow MRI: a feasibility study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flow diverter stents (FDS) have been effectively used for the endovascular treatment of sidewall intracranial aneurysms (IAs). Unlike standard endovascular treatments used to exclude directly the aneurysm bulge from the parent vessel, FDS induce reduction in the intra-aneurysmal flow and promote progressive and stable thrombosis therein. The advent of FDS has therefore increased the need for understanding of IA hemodynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We proposed the use of the most recently evolved four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI technique to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively post-FDS flow modification in 10 patients. We report intra-aneurysmal velocity measurements and the influence of metal artifacts induced by the stent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An index was defined to quantitatively measure flow changes-namely, the proportional velocity reduction ratio (PVRR)-with ranges from 34.6% to 71.1%. Furthermore, we could compare streamlines characterizing the post-stent flow patterns in five patients in whom the intra-aneurysmal velocity was beyond the visualization threshold of 7.69 cm/s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite metal artifacts and the low velocities involved, 4D flow MRI could be of interest to measure qualitatively and quantitatively flow changes in stented aneurysms. However, further enhancements are required together with further validation work before it can be considered for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Vitor Mendes
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brina
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Benedicte M A
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Delattre
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rafik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ouared
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bouillot
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gorislav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Erceg
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Karl-Olof
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lovblad
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Maria-Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Vargas
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015607:Stents
keywords: Aneurysm; Blood Flow; Flow Diverter; MRI; Stent