title: Psychometric evaluation, using Rasch analysis, of the WHOQOL-BREF in heroin-dependent people undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: further item validation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The brief version of World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL-BREF), a useful outcome measure for clinical decision making, has been evaluated using classical test theory (CTT) for psychometric properties on heroin-dependent patients. However, CTT has a major disadvantage of invalid summated score, and using Rasch models can overcome the shortcoming. The purpose of this study was using Rasch models to evaluate the psychometric properties of the WHOQOL-BREF for heroin-dependent patients, and the hypothesis was that each WHOQOL-BREF domain is unidimensional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty six participants (24 females, mean [SD] age = 38.07 [7.44] years, first used heroin age = 26.13 [6.32] years), with a diagnosis of opioid dependence, were recruited from a methadone maintenance treatment program. Each participant filled out the WHOQOL-BREF. Parallel analysis (PA) and Rasch rating scale models were used for statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the PA analyses, four domains of the WHOQOL-BREF were unidimensional. The Rasch analyses showed three negatively worded items (2 in Physical and 1 in Psychological) reported as misfits that may not contribute to the Physical and Psychological domains; one positively worded item in the Physical domain may be redundant. All values for the separation indices were above 2 except for the person separation index in the Physical domain (1.93). Category functioning and item independency of four WHOQOL-BREF domains were supported by the Rasch analyses, and there were 5 items showing the differential item function (DIF) for positive versus negative HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WHOQOL-BREF is a valid outcome measure for assessing general quality of life for substance abusers in terms of physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors. It can also be used as a treatment outcome measure to evaluate the effect of treatments for substance abusers. However, the three misfit negatively worded items should be used with caution because the substance abuser may not fully understand their meaning. Future research may apply cognitive interviews to determine the cognitive functioning of substance abusers and their interpretation of negatively worded items.
authors.forename: Kun-Chia
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jung-Der
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hsin-Pei
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ching-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. ccc36933@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Chung-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000523:psychology; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone