title: Immunomodulatory effects of Stachytarpheta cayennensis leaf extract and its synergistic effect with artesunate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The leaves of Stachytarpheta cayennensis C. Rich. (Verbenaceae) have been reported to possess potent anti-inflammatory and anti-malarial activities. Due to close association between inflammatory and immune responses, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of leaves extract of S. cayennensis. The combined effects of the leaves extract and artesunate, a standard antimalarial agent with immunomodulatory effects, were also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The immunomodulatory activity of the methanol extract of the leaves of S. cayennensis (MESC) was evaluated in mice using the Delayed-Type hypersensitivity response (DTHR), primary and secondary humoral immune responses and the in vivo leucocyte mobilization tests. The immunomodulatory effect of artesunate and the combined effects of MESC and artesunate were evaluated using the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Acute toxicity and lethality test in addition to the preliminary phytochemical studies of MESC were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MESC exhibited 64.21% inhibition of DTHR at 500 mg/kg dose and evoked 139.64% of phagocytic stimulation at 100 μg/ml dose. Also MESC significantly (p < 0.05) showed dose related stimulation of humoral immunity and a highest percentage leucocyte mobilization of 10.15% at 250 mg/kg dose. Artesunate offered a non-significant (p > 0.05) percentage phagocytic stimulation (PPS) while the combined effect of artesunate and MESC exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) dose dependent PPS with highest PPS of 393.77% at 100 μg/ml. The LD50 of the MESC was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg since there were no lethality and signs of acute intoxication after 48 h observation. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids and steroids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicated that MESC possesses immunostimulatory action with significant synergistic effects with artesunate, and can therefore, offer immune boosting activities in disorders of immune suppression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria. theokuba@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Theophine C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Okoye
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Akah
authors.forename: Adaobi C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ezike
authors.forename: Philip F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Uzor
authors.forename: Uchenna E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Odoh
authors.forename: Sebastian O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Igboeme
authors.forename: Uchechi B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Onwuka
authors.forename: Sunday N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Okafor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077332:Artesunate; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D012756:Sheep; D029648:Verbenaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000077332:Artesunate