title: An analysis of the short- and long-term cost-effectiveness of starting biphasic insulin aspart 30 in insulin-naïve people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of starting insulin therapy with biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral glucose-lowering drugs in Saudi Arabia, India, Indonesia, and Algeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IMS CORE Diabetes Model was used to evaluate economic outcomes associated with starting BIAsp 30, using baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes from the A(1)chieve study. Time horizons of 1 and 30 years were applied, with country-specific costs for complications, therapies, and background mortality. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) are expressed as cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) in local currencies, USD, and fractions of local GDP per capita (GDPc). Cost-effectiveness was pre-defined using the World Health Organization definition of <3.0 times GDPc. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the primary 30-year analyses, starting BIAsp 30 was associated with a projected increase in life expectancy of >1 year and was highly cost-effective, with ICERs of -0.03 (Saudi Arabia), 0.25 (India), 0.48 (India), 0.47 (Indonesia), and 0.46 (Algeria) GDPc/QALY. The relative risk of developing selected complications was reduced in all countries. Sensitivity analyses including cost of self-monitoring, treatment costs, and deterioration of glucose control with time showed the results to be robust. In a 1-year analysis, ICER per QALY gained was still cost-effective or highly cost-effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Starting BIAsp 30 in people with type 2 diabetes in the A(1)chieve study was found to be cost-effective across all country settings at 1- and 30-year time horizons, and usefully increased predicted life expectancy.
authors.affiliation: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Asrul Akmal
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shafie
authors.affiliation: Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Pharmacoeconomics Centre of KSMC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ranya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baabbad
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hammerby
authors.affiliation: Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Electronic address: philip.home@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Home
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000462:Algeria; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases; D061265:Biphasic Insulins / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007194:India; D007214:Indonesia; D061267:Insulin Aspart / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D061265:Biphasic Insulins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C557564:insulin aspart, insulin aspart protamine drug combination 30:70
keywords: A(1)chieve; Biphasic insulin aspart 30; Cost-effectiveness; Type 2 diabetes mellitus