title: Infants' Transitions out of a Fussing/Crying State Are Modifiable and Are Related to Weight Status.
abstract: Currently, about 10% of infants have a weight for length greater than the 95th percentile for their age and sex, which puts them at risk for obesity as they grow. In a pilot obesity prevention study, primiparous mothers and their newborn infants were randomly assigned to a control group or a Soothe/Sleep intervention. Previously, it has been demonstrated that this intervention contributed to lower weight-for-length percentiles at 1 year; the aim of the present study was to examine infant behavior diary data collected during the intervention. Markov modeling was used to characterize infants' patterns of behavioral transitions at ages 3 and 16 weeks. Results showed that heavier mothers were more likely to follow their infants' fussing/crying episodes with a feeding. The intervention increased infants' likelihood of transitioning from a fussing/crying state to an awake/calm state. A shorter latency to feed in response to fussing/crying was associated with a higher subsequent weight status. This study provides preliminary evidence that infants' transitions out of fussing/crying are characterized by inter-individual differences, are modifiable, and are linked to weight outcomes, suggesting that they may be promising targets for early behavioral obesity interventions, and highlighting the methodology used in this study as an appropriate and innovative tool to assess the impact of such interventions.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anzman-Frasca
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Siwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: The Department of Human Development & Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rovine
authors.affiliation: The Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University.
authors.forename: Leann L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Birch