title: Physalis angulata induces in vitro differentiation of murine bone marrow cells into macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The bone marrow is a hematopoietic tissue that, in the presence of cytokines and growth factors, generates all of the circulating blood cells. These cells are important for protecting the organism against pathogens and for establishing an effective immune response. Previous studies have shown immunomodulatory effects of different products isolated from plant extracts. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of aqueous Physalis angulata (AEPa) extract on the differentiation of bone marrow cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased cellular area, higher spreading ability and several cytoplasmatic projections were observed in the treated cells, using optical microscopy, suggesting cell differentiation. Furthermore, AEPa did not promote the proliferation of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, however promotes increased the number of macrophages in the culture. The ultrastructural analysis by Transmission Electron Microscopy of treated cells showed spreading ability, high number of cytoplasmatic projections and increase of autophagic vacuoles. Moreover, a high level of LC3b expression by treated cells was detected by flow cytometry, suggesting an autophagic process. Cell surface expression of F4/80 and CD11b also indicated that AEPa may stimulate differentiation of bone marrow cells mainly into macrophages. In addition, AEPa did not differentiate cells into dendritic cells, as assessed by CD11c analysis. Furthermore, no cytotoxic effects were observed in the cells treated with AEPa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrate that AEPa promotes the differentiation of bone marrow cells, particularly into macrophages and may hold promise as an immunomodulating agent.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia e Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, 01, Bairro Guamá, 660975-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil. bj9611@gmail.com.|Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. bj9611@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bruno José Martins
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. anarodrigues@iec.pa.gov.br.|Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde, Belém, Pará, Brazil. anarodrigues@iec.pa.gov.br.
authors.forename: Ana Paula D
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia e Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, 01, Bairro Guamá, 660975-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil. luishsf@gmail.com.|Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. luishsf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luis Henrique S
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia e Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, 01, Bairro Guamá, 660975-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil. amandahage@gmail.com.|Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. amandahage@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amanda Anastácia P
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hage
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, 01, Bairro Guamá, 660975-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil. jlmn@ufpa.br.
authors.forename: Jose Luiz M
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Do Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia e Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, 01, Bairro Guamá, 660975-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil. edilene@ufpa.br.|Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. edilene@ufpa.br.
authors.forename: Edilene O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D032321:Physalis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011419:Propidium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D015415:Biomarkers; D039481:CD11b Antigen; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011419:Propidium