title: High glucose forces a positive feedback loop connecting Akt kinase and FoxO1 transcription factor to activate mTORC1 kinase for mesangial cell hypertrophy and matrix protein expression.
abstract: High glucose-induced Akt acts as a signaling hub for mesangial cell hypertrophy and matrix expansion, which are recognized as cardinal signatures for the development of diabetic nephropathy. How mesangial cells sustain the activated state of Akt is not clearly understood. Here we show Akt-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor FoxO1 by high glucose. Phosphorylation-deficient, constitutively active FoxO1 inhibited the high glucose-induced phosphorylation of Akt to suppress the phosphorylation/inactivation of PRAS40 and mTORC1 activity. In contrast, dominant negative FoxO1 increased the phosphorylation of Akt, resulting in increased mTORC1 activity similar to high glucose treatment. Notably, FoxO1 regulates high glucose-induced protein synthesis, hypertrophy, and expression of fibronectin and PAI-1. High glucose paves the way for complications of diabetic nephropathy through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We considered whether the FoxO1 target antioxidant enzyme catalase contributes to sustained activation of Akt. High glucose-inactivated FoxO1 decreases the expression of catalase to increase the production of ROS. Moreover, we show that catalase blocks high glucose-stimulated Akt phosphorylation to attenuate the inactivation of FoxO1 and PRAS40, resulting in the inhibition of mTORC1 and mesangial cell hypertrophy and fibronectin and PAI-1 expression. Finally, using kidney cortices from type 1 diabetic OVE26 mice, we show that increased FoxO1 phosphorylation is associated with decreased catalase expression and increased fibronectin and PAI-1 expression. Together, our results provide the first evidence for the presence of a positive feedback loop for the sustained activation of Akt involving inactivated FoxO1 and a decrease in catalase expression, leading to increased ROS and mesangial cell hypertrophy and matrix protein expression.
authors.affiliation: the Departments of Medicine and.
authors.forename: Falguni
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229 From the Veterans Affairs Research and Geriatric Research and.
authors.forename: Nandini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghosh-Choudhury
authors.affiliation: the Departments of Medicine and.
authors.forename: Nirmalya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: the Departments of Medicine and.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bera
authors.affiliation: the Departments of Medicine and.
authors.forename: Meenalakshmi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mariappan
authors.affiliation: the Departments of Medicine and From the Veterans Affairs Research and Geriatric Research and.
authors.forename: Balakuntalam S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kasinath
authors.affiliation: the Departments of Medicine and From the Veterans Affairs Research and Geriatric Research and Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229 and choudhuryg@uthscsa.edu.
authors.forename: Goutam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghosh Choudhury
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002374:Catalase; D005353:Fibronectins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D005947:Glucose; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C516104:Akt1s1 protein, rat; C074639:Foxo1 protein, rat; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1
keywords: Antioxidant; Cell Signaling; Diabetes; Extracellular Matrix; Glucose