title: Mycobacterium bovis in Burkina Faso: epidemiologic and genetic links between human and cattle isolates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In sub-Saharan Africa, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a potential hazard for animals and humans health. The goal of this study was to improve our understanding of bTB epidemiology in Burkina Faso and especially Mycobacterium bovis transmission within and between the bovine and human populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty six M. bovis strains were isolated from 101 cattle carcasses with suspected bTB lesions during routine meat inspections at the Bobo Dioulasso and Ouagadougou slaughterhouses. In addition, 7 M. bovis strains were isolated from 576 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Spoligotyping, RDAf1 deletion and MIRU-VNTR typing were used for strains genotyping. The isolation of M. bovis strains was confirmed by spoligotyping and 12 spoligotype signatures were detected. Together, the spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR data allowed grouping the 33 M. bovis isolates in seven clusters including isolates exclusively from cattle (5) or humans (1) or from both (1). Moreover, these data (genetic analyses and phenetic tree) showed that the M. bovis isolates belonged to the African 1 (Af1) clonal complex (81.8%) and the putative African 5 (Af5) clonal complex (18.2%), in agreement with the results of RDAf1 deletion typing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first detailed molecular characterization of M. bovis strains from humans and cattle in Burkina Faso. The distribution of the two Af1 and putative Af5 clonal complexes is comparable to what has been reported in neighbouring countries. Furthermore, the strain genetic profiles suggest that M. bovis circulates across the borders and that the Burkina Faso strains originate from different countries, but have a country-specific evolution. The genetic characterization suggests that, currently, M. bovis transmission occurs mainly between cattle, occasionally between cattle and humans and potentially between humans. This study emphasizes the bTB risk in cattle but also in humans and the difficulty to set up proper disease control strategies in Burkina Faso.
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Montpellier Universités 1 et 2, Montpellier, France; Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Adama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanou
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Zekiba
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tarnagda
authors.affiliation: Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kanyala
authors.affiliation: Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Dezemon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zingué
authors.affiliation: Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Moumini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nouctara
authors.affiliation: Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Zakaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ganamé
authors.affiliation: Programme National Tuberculose, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Adjima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Combary
authors.affiliation: Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hien
authors.affiliation: Programme National Tuberculose, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Mathurin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dembele
authors.affiliation: Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Antoinette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kabore
authors.affiliation: Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meda
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U 1058, Infection by HIV and by Agents with Mucocutaneous Tropism: From Pathogenesis to Prevention, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van de Perre
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U 1058, Infection by HIV and by Agents with Mucocutaneous Tropism: From Pathogenesis to Prevention, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Dorine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neveu
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Montpellier Universités 1 et 2, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Anne Laure
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bañuls
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U 1058, Infection by HIV and by Agents with Mucocutaneous Tropism: From Pathogenesis to Prevention, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Godreuil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002050:Burkina Faso; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000235:genetics*