title: Surgery for posterior quadrantic cortical dysplasia. A review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posterior quadrant dysplastic lesions represent 3-15 % of multilobar cortical developmental pathologies, 3-5 % of all the indications to surgery for epilepsy resistant to medical treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to review the pertinent literature related to the presurgical clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroradiological evaluation of children affected by posterior quadrant dysplasia in order to discuss the intraoperative management and the different surgical techniques that have been proposed to treat this condition as well as factors related with postsurgical seizure outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seizures appear most commonly in infants and rapidly progress to a catastrophic course. They are mostly represented by focal seizures and spasms. Surface interictal video-EEG is characterized by background flattening and paroxysmal discharges prevalent on the affected side but not unusually extending to the controlateral hemisphere. The last occasionally shows an independent irritative activity in spite of the absence of further visible structural abnormalities. Most of the patients have visual field or visual attention deficits at diagnosis. Resective as well as disconnective surgical procedures have been proposed for the management of this condition, none of them having shown clear advantages in terms of seizure outcome and complications. Intraoperative electrocorticography (EcoG) and sensorimotor monitoring have been successfully used to improve the localization of the epileptic focus and reduce surgical complication rates. Undistincted lesion borders, independent controlateral ictal or/and interictal EEG activity, and incomplete resections/disconnections are among the main factors that have resulted to be associated with a worse seizure outcome.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit, Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Largo "A. Gemelli", 8, 00168, Rome, Italy, gianpiero.tamburrini@rm.unicatt.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tamburrini
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Albamonte
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Contaldo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Massimi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caldarelli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Rocco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome