title: Huddling reduces evaporative water loss in torpid Natterer's bats, Myotis nattereri.
abstract: Periodic arousals during hibernation consume most of the winter energy budget for hibernating mammals. Evaporative water loss (EWL) is thought to affect the frequency of arousals and thus energy balance, and might have dramatic implications for over-winter survival and fitness. We hypothesized that huddling affects EWL and energy expenditure in torpid mammals. We tested this hypothesis using bats as a model and predicted that, during torpor, EWL and energy expenditure of huddling individuals would be lower than in individuals that are not in a huddle. We measured EWL and metabolic rate of torpid Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817) huddling in groups or roosting individually. Evaporative water loss in huddling individual bats was almost 30% lower than in solitary animals (P=0.03), even after correcting for the effects of metabolic rate. Our results suggest that conservation of water is a substantial benefit underlying huddling by bats during hibernation. Ultimately, huddling could reduce the total cost of hibernation by reducing the number of expensive periodic arousals from torpor caused by the need to supplement water.
authors.affiliation: Nicolaus Copernicus University, Department of Animal Physiology, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Boratyński
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Craig K R
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.affiliation: Nicolaus Copernicus University, Department of Animal Physiology, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jefimow
authors.affiliation: Nicolaus Copernicus University, Department of Animal Physiology, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland. Electronic address: mwojc@umk.pl.
authors.forename: Michał S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wojciechowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000502:physiology*; D006605:Hibernation / Q000502:physiology*; D006813:Humidity; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D013696:Temperature; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Chiroptera; Evaporative water loss; Hibernation; Huddling; Metabolism; Torpor