title: [Pathologic-anatomic and morphometric examinations on the heart in feral cockatoos].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the heart of free-living psittacine birds macroscopically and morphologically, and to compare the results to findings published for psittacine birds living in captivity to obtain information on the influence of bird keeping in a human environment on the psittacine heart.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 84 wild-living cockatoos were examined, including 50 sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita), 31 galahs (Eolophus roseicapilla) and three long-billed corellas (Cacatua tenuirostris). The birds were euthanized because of a local cockatoo control program in Australia, and were examined pathologically within 8 hours of euthanasia. A macroscopic necropsy was performed, and the heart was assessed morphologically. Furthermore, a histological organ screening was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The birds demonstrated good body condition and excellent muscle condition. Except for some paleness of the heart muscle, none of the animals showed any pathological alteration of the heart or large vessels. The mean heart mass was 8.7 g for the sulphur-crested cockatoos, 5.3 g for the galahs and 8.6 g for the long-billed corellas. Independent of the species examined, a highly significant correlation was found between the heart and body masses (r = 0.91; p < 0.001), which was also confirmed as significant within the sulphur-crested cockatoo (r = 0.59; p < 0.001) and galah groups (r = 0.52; p = 0.003). This correlation can be used to calculate the expected heart mass based on the body mass, using the formula: heart mass (g) = 2.9 + 0.01 x body mass (g). In comparison to reports on Australian parakeets, the relative thickness of the heart muscle wall of the left ventricle found in this study was greater.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison to psittacine birds kept in captivity, wild-living cockatoos have good body condition and rarely suffer from macroscopically detectable diseases of the heart or large vessels. The cardiac fitness level is superior in comparison to that found in healthy appearing psittacine birds kept in captivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results can serve as a basis for the assessment of the heart in psittacine birds, because in contrast to earlier reports, the heart of healthy psittacine birds not previously exposed to any human influence could be assessed.
authors.affiliation: PD Dr. Michael Pees, Klinik für Vögel und Reptilien der Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, E-Mail: pees@vogelklinik.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pees
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeh
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Filippich
authors.forename: M-E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Krautwald-Junghanns
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001835:Body Weight; D046410:Cockatoos / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size
keywords: Heart; birds; morphometry; psittacines; wild