title: A European model and case studies for aggregate exposure assessment of pesticides.
abstract: Exposures to plant protection products (PPPs) are assessed using risk analysis methods to protect public health. Traditionally, single sources, such as food or individual occupational sources, have been addressed. In reality, individuals can be exposed simultaneously to multiple sources. Improved regulation therefore requires the development of new tools for estimating the population distribution of exposures aggregated within an individual. A new aggregate model is described, which allows individual users to include as much, or as little, information as is available or relevant for their particular scenario. Depending on the inputs provided by the user, the outputs can range from simple deterministic values through to probabilistic analyses including characterisations of variability and uncertainty. Exposures can be calculated for multiple compounds, routes and sources of exposure. The aggregate model links to the cumulative dietary exposure model developed in parallel and is implemented in the web-based software tool MCRA. Case studies are presented to illustrate the potential of this model, with inputs drawn from existing European data sources and models. These cover exposures to UK arable spray operators, Italian vineyard spray operators, Netherlands users of a consumer spray and UK bystanders/residents. The model could also be adapted to handle non-PPP compounds.
authors.affiliation: The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), Sand Hutton, York, UK. Electronic address: marc.kennedy@fera.gsi.gov.uk.
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), Sand Hutton, York, UK.
authors.forename: C Richard
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bokkers
authors.affiliation: The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), Sand Hutton, York, UK.
authors.forename: Andy D M
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Health and Safety Executive, Chemicals Regulation Directorate, York, UK.
authors.forename: Paul Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Hamey
authors.affiliation: Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kruisselbrink
authors.affiliation: Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Waldo J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hilko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van der Voet
authors.affiliation: The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), Sand Hutton, York, UK.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Garthwaite
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacob D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: van Klaveren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005062:European Union; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006284:Health Plan Implementation; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000633:toxicity*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000592:standards; D012984:Software; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Common assessment group; Consumer exposure; Occupational exposure; Probabilistic modelling