title: Transcutaneous PCO2 Measurement at Low Temperature for Reliable and Continuous Free Flap Monitoring: Experimental and Clinical Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurement of transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) and transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure (TcPCO2) has been used for free flap monitoring. Because these values are obtained with sensor probes heated to 44°C, there is potential for low-temperature burns on skin flaps. We measured TcPO2 and TcPCO2 at 37°C in both animals and humans to determine the feasibility and safety of the procedure as a postoperative flap monitoring method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve epigastric island flaps were elevated in rabbits, and TcPO2 and TcPCO2 were measured at 37°C before and after ligation of the pedicles. In addition, TcPO2 and TcPCO2 at 37°C were measured in healthy men. Subsequently, the method was applied to postoperative monitoring of free flaps in 49 clinical cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TcPO2 and TcPCO2 values were significantly affected by the experimental flap elevation. A rapid increase in TcPCO2 was observed with both arterial and venous occlusion. In the healthy men, TcPO2 and TcPCO2 were measurable at all skin surface sites. In the clinical cases of free flap transfer, TcPO2 values remained very low for at least 72 hours. TcPCO2 values ranged from 40 to 70 mm Hg for 72 hours in more than 80% of cases. In 2 cases, TcPCO2 values increased to more than 90 mm Hg, and exploration surgery was performed. These compromised flaps were saved by reanastomosis of the veins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous monitoring of TcPCO2 at 37°C can provide objective information and alert doctors and nurses to the need for checking the free flap.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamano
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakanishi