title: Through knee amputation: technique modifications and surgical outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knee disarticulations (KD) are most commonly employed following trauma or tumor resection but represent less than 2% of all lower extremity amputations performed in the United States annually. KDs provide enhanced proprioception, a long lever arm, preservation of adductor muscle insertion, decreased metabolic cost of ambulation, and an end weight-bearing stump. The role for KDs in the setting of arterial insufficiency or overwhelming infection is less clear. The purpose of this study is to describe technique modifications and report surgical outcomes following KDs at a high-volume Limb Salvage Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of medical records for all patients who underwent a through-knee amputation performed by the senior author (C.E.A.) between 2004 and 2012 was completed. Medical records were reviewed to collect demographic, operative, and postoperative information for each of the patients identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2004 and 2012, 46 through-knee amputations for 41 patients were performed. The mean patient age was 68 and indications for surgery included infection (56%), arterial thrombosis (35%), and trauma (9%). Postoperative complications included superficial cellulitis (13%), soft tissue infection (4%), and flap ischemia (4%) necessitating one case of surgical debridement (4%) and four trans-femoral amputations (9%). 9 (22%) patients went on to ambulate. Postoperative ambulation was greatest in the traumatic cohort and for patients less than 50 years of age, P<0.05. Alternatively, diabetes mellitus and infection reduced the likelihood of postoperative ambulation, P<0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knee disarticulations are a safe and effective alternative to other lower extremity amputations when clinically feasible. For patient unlikely to ambulate, a through-knee amputation maximizes ease of transfers, promotes mobility by providing a counterbalance, and eliminates the potential for knee flexion contracture with subsequent skin breakdown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Albino
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Nascott/Hanger Clinic, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Crone
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Attinger
keywords: Amputation; Disarticulation; Extremity