title: Ecohealth approach to urban waste management: exposure to environmental pollutants and health risks in Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
abstract: Poor waste management is a key driver of ill-health in urban settlements of developing countries. The current study aimed at assessing environmental and human health risks related to urban waste management in Yamoussoukro, the political capital of Côte d'Ivoire. We undertook trans-disciplinary research within an Ecohealth approach, comprised of a participatory workshop with stakeholders and mapping of exposure patterns. A total of 492 randomly selected households participated in a cross-sectional survey. Waste deposit sites were characterised and 108 wastewater samples were subjected to laboratory examinations. The physico-chemical parameters of the surface water (temperature, pH, conductivity, potential oxidise reduction, BOD5, COD, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, ammonia and total Kendal nitrogen) did not comply with World Health Organization standards of surface water quality. Questionnaire results showed that malaria was the most commonly reported disease. Diarrhoea and malaria were associated with poor sanitation. Households having dry latrines had a higher risk of diarrhoea (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-2.7) compared to latrines with septic tanks and also a higher risk for malaria (OR = 1.9, 95% (CI) 1.1-3.3). Our research showed that combining health and environmental assessments enables a deeper understanding of environmental threats and disease burdens linked to poor waste management. Further study should investigate the sanitation strategy aspects that could reduce the environmental and health risks in the study area.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minières, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire. bassirou.bonfoh@csrs.ci.
authors.forename: Parfait K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kouamé
authors.affiliation: Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minières, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire. bassirou.bonfoh@csrs.ci.
authors.forename: Kouassi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dongo
authors.affiliation: International Livestock Research Institute, 17A Nguyen Khang Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. h.nguyen@cgiar.org.
authors.forename: Hung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Viet
authors.affiliation: Sandec-Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Switzerland. christian.zurbruegg@eawag.ch.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zurbrügg
authors.affiliation: Sandec-Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Switzerland. christoph.luethi@eawag.ch.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lüthi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 4002 Basel, Switzerland. jan.hattendorf@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hattendorf
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 4002 Basel, Switzerland. juerg.utzinger@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utzinger
authors.affiliation: Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minières, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire. jbiemi@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biémi
authors.affiliation: Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Frenace. bassirou.bonfoh@csrs.ci.
authors.forename: Bassirou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonfoh
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004782:Environmental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012499:Sanitation / Q000379:methods*; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater