title: Visualization and correction of automated segmentation, tracking and lineaging from 5-D stem cell image sequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neural stem cells are motile and proliferative cells that undergo mitosis, dividing to produce daughter cells and ultimately generating differentiated neurons and glia. Understanding the mechanisms controlling neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation will play a key role in the emerging fields of regenerative medicine and cancer therapeutics. Stem cell studies in vitro from 2-D image data are well established. Visualizing and analyzing large three dimensional images of intact tissue is a challenging task. It becomes more difficult as the dimensionality of the image data increases to include time and additional fluorescence channels. There is a pressing need for 5-D image analysis and visualization tools to study cellular dynamics in the intact niche and to quantify the role that environmental factors play in determining cell fate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present an application that integrates visualization and quantitative analysis of 5-D (x,y,z,t,channel) and large montage confocal fluorescence microscopy images. The image sequences show stem cells together with blood vessels, enabling quantification of the dynamic behaviors of stem cells in relation to their vascular niche, with applications in developmental and cancer biology. Our application automatically segments, tracks, and lineages the image sequence data and then allows the user to view and edit the results of automated algorithms in a stereoscopic 3-D window while simultaneously viewing the stem cell lineage tree in a 2-D window. Using the GPU to store and render the image sequence data enables a hybrid computational approach. An inference-based approach utilizing user-provided edits to automatically correct related mistakes executes interactively on the system CPU while the GPU handles 3-D visualization tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By exploiting commodity computer gaming hardware, we have developed an application that can be run in the laboratory to facilitate rapid iteration through biological experiments. We combine unsupervised image analysis algorithms with an interactive visualization of the results. Our validation interface allows for each data set to be corrected to 100% accuracy, ensuring that downstream data analysis is accurate and verifiable. Our tool is the first to combine all of these aspects, leveraging the synergies obtained by utilizing validation information from stereo visualization to improve the low level image processing tasks.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wait
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bjornsson
authors.forename: Erzsebet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kokovay
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goderie
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, 19104 Philadelphia, USA. acohen@coe.drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D003196:Computer Graphics; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D012984:Software