title: The ultraviolet A-activated photosensitizer 2-(4-aminophenyl)-7-methoxybenzothiazole suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis of keloid fibroblasts: a potential adjunctive therapy for keloids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic approach employing a photosensitizer and a specific wavelength of light, is an emerging option for treating neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases. Keloids are fibroproliferative dermal lesions characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts. Recently, PDT has been demonstrated as a potential treatment for keloids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of our newly synthesized photosensitizer 2-(4-aminophenyl)-7-methoxybenzothiazole (6d) plus ultraviolet (UV)A irradiation (6d-UVA) on proliferation and apoptosis in keloid fibroblasts (KFs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fibroblasts cultured from normal skin and keloids were treated with 6d-UVA. Relevant assays including 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination of 6d (2.0 or 5.0 μmol/L) and UVA 0.5 J/cm(2) significantly decreased the viability and proliferation of KFs but not normal fibroblasts (NFs). Cell cycle analyses showed significant G0/G1 arrest and increased sub-G1 distribution in NFs induced by UVA-activated 6d at 5.0 μmol/L (hereafter referred to as 6d-UVA). This treatment also significantly induced generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and increased expression of active caspase-3. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (aROS scavenger) reversed the increased active caspase-3 expression induced by 6d-UVA, indicating the involvement of ROS in 6d-UVA-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that 6d-UVA treatment exerts antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in KFs. We propose that 6d-UVA could be a potentially usefull ancillary method for keloid treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: H-Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: W-P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A-H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: L-Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Tien
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007627:Keloid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C000604236:2-(4-aminophenyl)-7-methoxybenzothiazole; C111133:2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents