title: Acrylamide-modified graphene for online micro-solid-phase extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography for sensitive analysis of heterocyclic amines in food samples.
abstract: Heterocyclic amines (HAs) are considered as potential mutagens and carcinogens, and are found in trace quantities (ng/g level) in food samples. Therefore, it is important to develop a selective and effective method to determine trace HAs in complex matrices. In this study, acrylamide-modified graphene (AMG) was successfully synthesised and showed good stability and permeability in aqueous and organic phases. AMG was used as an efficient adsorbent in the online micro-solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) of trace HAs. The enrichment factors of the AMG μ-SPE column were determined as 78-166 for six HAs. An online method based on AMG μ-SPE coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. The limits of detection ranged from 0.70 to 2.5 ng/L. Trace HAs in spicy salted duck, baked fish, and fried chicken samples were determined and the concentrations of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoine, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoine, and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline in these samples were 4.7-37.3, 8.1-15.4, and 43.3-109 ng/g, respectively. The recoveries for the six HAs ranged from 65.9% to 118%, and the relative standard deviation (RSDs) were less than 10.8%. The proposed online method was sensitive, reliable, and convenient for the analysis of trace HAs in food samples.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Biology and Chemistry, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi 562400, China.
authors.forename: Qianchun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. Electronic address: cesgkl@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Gongke
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. Electronic address: xiaoxhua@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000737:chemistry*; D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D009862:Online Systems; D011202:Poultry Products / Q000032:analysis; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D020106:Acrylamide; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Acrylamide-modified graphene; Food samples; Heterocyclic amines; Micro-solid-phase extraction; Online