title: Prevalence of gallstone disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and the risk factors in North Indian population: a case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age, female sex, and obesity are considered to be risk factors for gallstone disease. The role of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in gallstone formation is still uncertain, and data in Indians is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This is a case-control study to determine the prevalence of gallstones (GS) in patients with T2D, risk factors, and the relative risk compared with subjects without diabetes, selected from the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 450 cases with T2D of a ≥2-year duration, 377 (88.8 %) participated. Diagnosis of GS was made at ultrasonography and history of cholecystectomy for GS. Controls were selected from the general population and diabetes excluded by oral glucose tolerance test. Cases and controls were matched for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gallstones were seen in 67 (17.7 %) cases compared to 40 (5.8 %) in controls (p = 0.001). Prevalence increased with increasing age with peak in the sixth decade (23.4 % in cases and 4.4 % in controls (p = 0.001) and was higher in women (27.9 %) in cases and (7.8 %) in controls, (p = 0.001). In univariate analysis, risk factors for GS included age, female sex, BMI, multiparity, family history of GS, and high triglycerides and cholesterol with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In multivariate analysis, age, (relative risk [RR] 1.54, confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.1), female sex (RR 1.6, CI 1.0-1.9), and BMI (RR 1.5, CI 1.3-2.5) were the independent risk factors in gallstone formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with T2D had higher probability of having GS compared to the general population. Increasing age, female sex, and higher BMI were independently associated with gallstone disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190 011, India, jassi_win@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Jaswinder Singh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sodhi
authors.forename: Showkat Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zargar
authors.forename: Shafkatullah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khateeb
authors.forename: Abid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Showkat
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Javid
authors.forename: Bashir Ahmad
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Laway
authors.forename: Shaheena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parveen
authors.forename: Bashir Ahmad
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ghulam Nabi
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Yattoo
authors.forename: Altaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Ghulam Mohd
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gulzar
authors.forename: Mushtaq Ahmed
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides