title: A case of post-traumatic minimally conscious state reversed by midazolam: Clinical aspects and neurophysiological correlates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the case of a subject in a post-traumatic Minimally Conscious State (MCS) who retrieved full interaction with the environment after midazolam infusion. We studied EEG correlates of the "awakening reaction" in the different domains of frequency, time and cortical topography, along with the intrinsic connectivity within both the task-positive and the linguistic network.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG recorded before and after midazolam administration has been submitted to spectral power analysis, sLORETA analysis and intrinsic connectivity analysis within both functional networks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A critical change in the power spectrum profile was observed after midazolam: a) the power between 1 and 12 Hz decreased, reaching its maximum difference with respect to pre-infusion at about 7 Hz and b) the power between 12 and 30 Hz increased, with a maximum difference at about 15 Hz. At the same time, midazolam induced significant connectivity changes, especially for these two frequency bands, within both functional networks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We advance some hypotheses about certain aspects of the recovery from the MCS both in terms of anatomo-functional correlations and functional brain systems and we make inferences about the role that some kind of 'catatonic' symptoms might play in determining and/or maintaining this peculiar clinical state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Carboncini
authors.affiliation: PERCRO (Perceptual Robotics) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piarulli
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virgillito
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Pieranna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arrighi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andre
authors.affiliation: Auxilium Vitae, Volterra, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomaiuolo
authors.affiliation: PERCRO (Perceptual Robotics) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frisoli
authors.affiliation: PERCRO (Perceptual Robotics) Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergamasco
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonfiglio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D008874:Midazolam
keywords: Connectivity; EEG; GABAergic drugs; catatonia; disorders of consciousness; minimally conscious state; non-convulsive status epilepticus; theta rhythm