title: Risk factors to incidental leptospirosis and its role on the reproduction of ewes and goats of Espírito Santo state, Brazil.
abstract: Ovine and caprine stockbreeding have been gaining attention in developing countries as an attractive investment. On these animals, infectious diseases of the reproductive tract, such as leptospirosis, can compromise the production leading to economic losses. The present study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with incidental leptospirosis and its influence on the reproductive parameters of ewes and goats of Espírito Santo state, Brazil. A total of 737 animals distributed on 24 herds/flocks were studied, and an overall prevalence of 10.9% seroreactive animals was observed. Serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae was the most frequent in goats (97.0%) as well as in ewes (78.3%). Regarding risk factors related to leptospirosis, the presence of waterholes and the semi-intensive breeding system were the most important associated to seroreactivity. Besides, there was an observed association between seroreactivity and reproductive failures (P < 0.05). Moreover, seroreactive ewes (relative risk (RR) = 1.3) and goats (RR = 1.9) presented more chances to have abortions than seronegative animals. Furthermore, seroreactive ewes presented 11.6 more chances of having premature births when compared to the seronegative ones. It can be concluded that Leptospira infection, mainly those caused incidental strains (such as Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup), is a significant factor to reduce the productivity of small ruminants' herds/flocks in the studied region, and environmental measures must be considered on control programs.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, Estrada Cachoeiro x Alegre, km 47, Rive, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil, pri.cortizo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cortizo
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Patrícia Rosário
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: do Rodrigues
authors.forename: Braulio Pego
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lilenbaum
authors.forename: Bruno Borges
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Deminicis
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D007919:Leptospira; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012756:Sheep; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires