title: Operator dependent choice of prostate cancer biopsy has limited impact on a gene signature analysis for the highly expressed genes IGFBP3 and F3 in prostate cancer epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Predicting the prognosis of prostate cancer disease through gene expression analysis is receiving increasing interest. In many cases, such analyses are based on formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) core needle biopsy material on which Gleason grading for diagnosis has been conducted. Since each patient typically has multiple biopsy samples, and since Gleason grading is an operator dependent procedure known to be difficult, the impact of the operator's choice of biopsy was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple biopsy samples from 43 patients were evaluated using a previously reported gene signature of IGFBP3, F3 and VGLL3 with potential prognostic value in estimating overall survival at diagnosis of prostate cancer. A four multiplex one-step qRT-PCR test kit, designed and optimized for measuring the signature in FFPE core needle biopsy samples was used. Concordance of gene expression levels between primary and secondary Gleason tumor patterns, as well as benign tissue specimens, was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gene expression levels of IGFBP3 and F3 in prostate cancer epithelial cell-containing tissue representing the primary and secondary Gleason patterns were high and consistent, while the low expressed VGLL3 showed more variation in its expression levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assessment of IGFBP3 and F3 gene expression levels in prostate cancer tissue is independent of Gleason patterns, meaning that the impact of operator's choice of biopsy is low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Chundsell Medicals AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Zhuochun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Radiology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bodin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik/Institute of Statistics, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Setia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pramana
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Yudi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pawitan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nistér
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Chundsell Medicals AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Chunde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D062005:Biopsy, Large-Core Needle / Q000379:methods*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D010977:Platelet Factor 3 / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C515497:IGFBP3 protein, human; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D014157:Transcription Factors; C555441:VGLL3 protein, human; D010977:Platelet Factor 3