title: Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Malus domestica leaves.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the composition and content of phenolic compounds in the ethanol extracts of apple leaves and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these extracts. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically, as well as the total flavonoid content in the ethanol extracts of apple leaves and the antioxidant activity of these extracts, by the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The highest amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids as well as the highest antioxidant activity was determined in the ethanol extracts obtained from the apple leaves of the cv. Aldas. The analysis by the HPLC method revealed that phloridzin was a predominant component in the ethanol extracts of the apple leaves of all cultivars investigated. The following quercetin glycosides were identified and quantified in the ethanol extracts of apple leaves: hyperoside, isoquercitrin, avicularin, rutin, and quercitrin. Quercitrin was the major compound among quercetin glycosides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Street 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Mindaugas
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3650-4510
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liaudanskas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Street 30, Babtai, 54333 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Pranas
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viškelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Street 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Raimondas
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2121-9883
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raudonis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Street 30, Babtai, 54333 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Darius
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6112-9663
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kviklys
authors.affiliation: Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Street 30, Babtai, 54333 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Norbertas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uselis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių Street 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Valdimaras
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1910-964X
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Janulis
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010851:Picrates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012431:Rutin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C016527:isoquercitrin; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; C012526:quercitrin; C041388:avicularin; D012431:Rutin; C021304:hyperoside; D011794:Quercetin; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl