title: Role of metabolic syndrome and antiretroviral therapy in adiponectin levels and oxidative stress in HIV-1 infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HIV-1 infection is accompanied by severe metabolic and immune dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) utilization on the adiponectin levels and oxidative stress in patients infected with HIV-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  We allocated 285 patients into four groups: group 1: patients without MetS who were not using ART; group 2: patients without MetS using ART; group 3: patients with MetS who were not using ART; and group 4: patients with MetS using ART. Biochemical, immunologic, and oxidative stress parameters were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 4 exhibited higher lipoperoxides when compared with group 1 (P < 0.0001) and higher advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) compared with group 2 or group 1 (P < 0.0001). Group 3 also presented higher AOPP than group 2 (P < 0.05). Group 4 showed lower adiponectin levels compared with groups 1 or 2 (P < 0.0001). Similarly, group 3 presented lower adiponectin levels compared with group 2 (P < 0.05) or group 1 (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that both an increase in AOPP and a decrease in total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter/uric acid were independently associated with MetS in HIV-1 patients. Regarding immunologic markers of HIV-1 disease progression and viral replication, group 4 exhibited significantly higher CD45(+), CD3(+), and CD4(+) T cells count compared with group 2 (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-1-infected patients with MetS exhibited hypoadiponectinemia and increased oxidative stress, and these findings were not influenced by ART use. The findings of the present study allow the suggestion that MetS and inflammation might be mainly responsible for the aforementioned features. More studies are needed to verify whether drugs or food, which yield increased adiponectinemia and decreased oxidative stress, could reduce cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helena K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: Deianame@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Andréa N C
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Simão
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elaine R D
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Integrated Center of Infectious Diseases, Secretariat Health of Paraná State, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sayonara R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natalia B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Petenucci
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Free Radicals, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Free Radicals, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cecchini
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isaias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edna M V
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Reiche
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: ART; Adiponectin; HIV-1; Metabolic syndrome; Oxidative stress