title: A biological stone from a medieval cemetery in Poland.
abstract: A review of the literature shows that origination of biological stones as well as their pathogenesis mostly depend on the environmental factors. As a result, the structural spectrum of such calculi and their chemical composition are highly diversified. It is well known that biological stones are formed mostly in the digestive and urinary tracts. However, it has been demonstrated that this kind of stony structure can be also, though rarely, found in circulatory and reproductive systems, skin, mucosa, and tear ducts. Although in palaeopathology, the list of biological stones is enriched by stony tumours and/or discharges, it is very difficult to uncover the small size deposits in excavation material. In the literature such findings, originating from different countries and centuries, are few. The described stone was found among the bones of an adult individual in the medieval cemetery of Gdańsk (Poland). The SEM, X-ray spectrometer and chemical evaluation revealed that it was a bladder calculus.
authors.affiliation: Professor retired, Marusarzówny, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Judyta J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gładykowska-Rzeczycka
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nowakowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002137:Calculi / Q000266:history* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055699:Cemeteries / Q000266:history*; D004602:Elements; D005260:Female; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004602:Elements