title: Exogenous bacterial osteomyelitis in 52 dogs: a retrospective study of etiology and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile (2000-2013).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most clinical cases of osteomyelitis in dogs involve infectious agents, especially bacteria and fungi. The characterization of these microorganisms may aid in the prevention and treatment of disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively microbiological cultures and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile of isolates from 52 cases of bacterial osteomyelitis in long bones of dogs over 2000-2013. In 78% of the cases injuries were caused by a motor vehicle accident, but there were a few cases of dog bites (17%) and ascending infection due to pododermatitis (5%).
  
  
  METHODS
  The isolated microorganisms were identified based on conventional phenotypic methods. In vitro disk diffusion test was performed using 30 different antimicrobials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The isolates were obtained from femur (28%), humerus (16%), tibia (31%), and radius/ulna (25%). Among 52 cases, culture was positive in 88% of cases. Thirteen genus of different species of microorganisms were isolated. The most common microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli followed by Streptococcus spp., enteric bacteria, Corynebacterium sp. and anaerobic bacteria. In 42% of cases cultures were mixed. The most effective drugs against isolated bacteria were amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium (79%) followed by ceftriaxone (69%). High-resistance rates were documented against azithromycin (80%), penicillin (59%), and clindamycin (59%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study highlights diverse etiologic agents in cases of infectious bacterial osteomyelitis, with predominance of Staphylococcus genus, and reinforces the importance of obtaining cultures and susceptibility profiles given the high rates of antimicrobial resistance.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Botucatu , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: E G M
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rahal
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Paes
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Listoni
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Vassalo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001938:Brazil; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D004285:Dogs; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: antimicrobial sensitivity; canine; dog; etiology; osteomylitis