title: Mixtures of environmentally relevant endocrine disrupting chemicals affect mammary gland development in female and male rats.
abstract: Estrogenic chemicals are able to alter mammary gland development in female rodents, but little is known on the effects of anti-androgens and mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with dissimilar modes of action. Pregnant rat dams were exposed during gestation and lactation to mixtures of environmentally relevant EDCs with estrogenic, anti-androgenic or dissimilar modes of action (TotalMix) of 100-, 200- or 450-fold high end human intake estimates. Mammary glands of prepubertal and adult female and male offspring were examined. Oestrogens increased mammary outgrowth in prepubertal females and the mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-3, which may be a potential biomarker for increased outgrowth. Mixtures of EDCs gave rise to ductal hyperplasia in adult males. Adult female mammary glands of the TotalMix group showed morphological changes possibly reflecting increased prolactin levels. In conclusion both estrogenic and anti-androgenic chemicals given during foetal life and lactation affected mammary glands in the offspring.
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1). Electronic address: kaman@food.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Karen Riiber
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Mandrup
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1).
authors.forename: Hanna Katarina Lilith
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1). Electronic address: jubo@food.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boberg
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1).
authors.forename: Anne Stilling
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1).
authors.forename: Mette Sidsel
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1).
authors.forename: Jennifer Solgaard
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1).
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vinggaard
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark(1).
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hass
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004967:Estrogens; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011388:Prolactin; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3
keywords: Anti-androgens; Endocrine disruption; Histology; Mammary gland; Mix; Mmp; Oestrogens; Whole mount