title: Immunotherapy: a potential adjunctive treatment for fungal infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Invasive and mucosal candidiasis are associated with major morbidity in patients with inappropriate host defence mechanisms. This review focuses on recent studies elucidating the immune response against candidiasis and possible immunotherapeutic approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The last year has seen substantial advances in understanding antifungal immunity. The role of pattern recognition receptors and the Th1 and Th17 immune pathways has been further elucidated. The first genome-wide studies have identified new risk factors for candidaemia. Trials of adjuvant immunotherapy for fungal infections have provided directions for the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the fungal pathogenesis and the induction of protective antifungal adaptive immunity has advanced the development of immunotherapeutic strategies and vaccines against invasive and mucosal candidiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart-Jan
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kullberg
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van de Veerdonk
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058387:Candidemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000935:Antifungal Agents