title: Combination external beam radiotherapy and intraluminal brachytherapy for non-radical treatment of oesophageal carcinoma in patients not suitable for surgery or chemoradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This single-centre retrospective study evaluated combination external beam radiotherapy and high dose rate brachytherapy for patients in whom radical treatment was appropriate but comorbidity or frailty excluded this as an option.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 59 patients were selected for a combined approach and treated between October 2000 and October 2011; 68% were male. The median age was 77 years (range 53-88 years); 66% had adenocarcinoma, 31% squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour stage: I: 20%, II: 43%, III: 32% and IV: 3%. External beam radiotherapy doses of either 27 Gy/six fractions or 30 Gy/10 fractions were delivered, followed by high dose rate brachytherapy at doses of either 10 or 15 Gy utilising an iridium 192 source at 1 cm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median overall survival of all treated patients was 12.3 months; 1, 2 and 3 year survival rates were 51, 19 and 7%, respectively. Patients with stage I disease had a median survival of 16 months compared with 10 months for patients with stage III disease (P = 0.036). The pretreatment dysphagia score was associated with survival (P = 0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows the value of a purely radiation-based approach in a selected population. Treatment is deliverable with excellent compliance and the median survival compares favourably with unselected patients treated palliatively in our institution.
authors.affiliation: Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Middlesex, UK. Electronic address: markharrison@nhs.net.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glynne-Jones
authors.affiliation: Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha-ray
authors.affiliation: Kings College London, The Strand Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoskin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
keywords: HDR brachytherapy; hypofractionated radiotherapy; oesophagus; survival