title: Industry sponsorship bias in research findings: a network meta-analysis of LDL cholesterol reduction in randomised trials of statins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the risk of industry sponsorship bias in a systematically identified set of placebo controlled and active comparator trials of statins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and network meta-analysis.
  Open label and double blind randomised controlled trials comparing one statin with another at any dose or with control (placebo, diet, or usual care) for adults with, or at risk of developing, cardiovascular disease. Only trials that lasted longer than four weeks with more than 50 participants per trial arm were included. Two investigators assessed study eligibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bibliographic databases and reference lists of relevant articles published between 1 January 1985 and 10 March 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  One investigator extracted data and another confirmed accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean absolute change from baseline concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study level outcomes from randomised trials were combined using random effects network meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 183 randomised controlled trials of statins, 103 of which were two-armed or multi-armed active comparator trials. When all of the existing randomised evidence was synthesised in network meta-analyses, there were clear differences in the LDL cholesterol lowering effects of individual statins at different doses. In general, higher doses resulted in higher reductions in baseline LDL cholesterol levels. Of a total of 146 industry sponsored trials, 64 were placebo controlled (43.8%). The corresponding number for the non-industry sponsored trials was 16 (43.2%). Of the 35 unique comparisons available in 37 non-industry sponsored trials, 31 were also available in industry sponsored trials. There were no systematic differences in magnitude between the LDL cholesterol lowering effects of individual statins observed in industry sponsored versus non-industry sponsored trials. In industry sponsored trials, the mean change from baseline LDL cholesterol level was on average 1.77 mg/dL (95% credible interval -11.12 to 7.66) lower than the change observed in non-industry sponsored trials. There was no detectable inconsistency in the evidence network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis shows that the findings obtained from industry sponsored statin trials seem similar in magnitude as those in non-industry sources. There are actual differences in the effectiveness of individual statins at various doses that explain previously observed discrepancies between industry and non-industry sponsored trials.
authors.affiliation: LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK Drug Policy Research Group, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA h.naci@lse.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naci
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ades
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D004345:Drug Industry; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors