title: Kefir improves bone mass and microarchitecture in an ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Kefir treatment in ovariectomized (OVX) rats could significantly decrease the levels of bone turnover markers and prevent OVX-induced bone loss, deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture, and biomechanical dysfunction that may be due to increase intracellular calcium uptake through the TRPV6 calcium channel.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to an increased fracture risk. The incidence of osteoporosis increases with age and occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women due to estrogen deficiency, as the balance between bone resorption and bone formation shifts towards increased levels of bone resorption. Among various methods of prevention and treatment for osteoporosis, an increase in calcium intake is the most commonly recommended preventive measure. Kefir is a fermented milk product made with kefir grains that degrade milk proteins into various peptides with health-promoting effects, including immunomodulating-, antithrombotic-, antimicrobial-, and calcium-absorption-enhancing bioactivities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of kefir on osteoporosis prophylaxis in an ovariectomized rat model. A total of 56 16-week-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 7 experimental groups: sham (normal), OVX/Mock, OVX/1X kefir (164 mg/kg BW/day), OVX/2X kefir (328 mg/kg BW/day), OVX/4X kefir (656 mg/kg BW/day), OVX/ALN (2.5 mg/kg BW/day), and OVX/REBONE (800 mg/kg BW/day). After 12-week treatment with kefir, the bone physiology in the OVX rat model was investigated. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible transport mechanism involved in calcium absorption using the Caco-2 human cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 12-week treatment with kefir on the OVX-induced osteoporosis model reduced the levels of C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTx), bone turnover markers, and trabecular separation (Tb. Sp.). Additionally, treatment with kefir increased trabecular bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), trabecular number (Tb. N), and the biomechanical properties (hardness and modulus) of the distal femur with a dose-dependent efficacy. In addition, in in vitro assay, we found that kefir increased intracellular calcium uptake in Caco-2 cell through TRPV6 calcium channels and not through L-type voltage-operated calcium channels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective effect of kefir in the OVX rat model may occur through increasing intracellular calcium uptake through the TRPV6 calcium channel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhwa, 515, Taiwan.
authors.forename: H-L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y-T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: M-Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: T-C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: C-M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D043302:Cultured Milk Products; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010455:Peptides / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D010455:Peptides; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide