title: Effect of time of day on performance, hormonal and metabolic response during a 1000-M cycling time trial.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of time of day on performance, pacing, and hormonal and metabolic responses during a 1000-m cycling time-trial. Nine male, recreational cyclists visited the laboratory four times. During the 1st visit the participants performed an incremental test and during the 2nd visit they performed a 1000-m cycling familiarization trial. On the 3rd and 4th visits, the participants performed a 1000-m TT at either 8 am or 6 pm, in randomized, repeated-measures, crossover design. The time to complete the time trial was lower in the evening than in the morning (88.2±8.7 versus 94.7±10.9 s, respectively, p<0.05), but there was no significant different in pacing. However, oxygen uptake and aerobic mechanical power output at 600 and 1000 m tended to be higher in the evening (p<0.07 and 0.09, respectively). There was also a main effect of time of day for insulin, cortisol, and total and free testosterone concentration, which were all higher in the morning (+60%, +26%, +31% and +22%, respectively, p<0.05). The growth hormone, was twofold higher in the evening (p<0.05). The plasma glucose was ∼11% lower in the morning (p<0.05). Glucagon, norepinephrine, epinephrine and lactate were similar for the morning and evening trials (p>0.05), but the norepinephrine response to the exercise was increased in the morning (+46%, p<0.05), and it was accompanied by a 5-fold increase in the response of glucose. Muscle recruitment, as measured by electromyography, was similar between morning and evening trials (p>0.05). Our findings suggest that performance was improved in the evening, and it was accompanied by an improved hormonal and metabolic milieu.
authors.affiliation: Sports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil, and Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alan Lins
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Sports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil, and Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Paulo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lopes-Silva
authors.affiliation: Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rômulo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bertuzzi
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dulce Elena
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Casarini
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danielle Yuri
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Arita
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: David John
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Sports Science Research Group, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil, and Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriano Eduardo
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lima-Silva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004576:Electromyography; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D017440:Photoperiod; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D019344:Lactic Acid; D013739:Testosterone; D013006:Growth Hormone; D005934:Glucagon; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine