title: Validation of housekeeping genes in the brains of rats submitted to chronic intermittent hypoxia, a sleep apnea model.
abstract: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome characterized by intermittent nocturnal hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, hypercapnia and respiratory effort, and it has been associated with several complications, such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Quantitative real-time PCR has been performed in previous OSA-related studies; however, these studies were not validated using proper reference genes. We have examined the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), which is an experimental model mainly of cardiovascular consequences of OSA, on reference genes, including beta-actin, beta-2-microglobulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and eukaryotic 18S rRNA, in different areas of the brain. All stability analyses were performed using the geNorm, Normfinder and BestKeeper software programs. With exception of the 18S rRNA, all of the evaluated genes were shown to be stable following CIH exposure. However, gene stability rankings were dependent on the area of the brain that was analyzed and varied according to the software that was used. This study demonstrated that CIH affects various brain structures differently. With the exception of the 18S rRNA, all of the tested genes are suitable for use as housekeeping genes in expression analyses.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Silva
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Julian
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato Watanabe
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Cini
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tufik
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-Baixada Santista), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jair Ribeiro
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chagas
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D020043:Genes, Essential; D024581:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012984:Software; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D024581:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating); D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase; D010100:Oxygen