title: Chemical composition, antibacterial activity, and mechanism of action of the essential oil from Amomum kravanh.
abstract: Amomum kravanh is widely cultivated and used as a culinary spice. In this work, the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of A. kravanh fruits was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 34 components were identified. 1,8-Cineole (68.42%) was found to be the major component, followed by α-pinene (5.71%), α-terpinene (2.63%), and β-pinene (2.41%). The results of antibacterial tests showed that the sensitivities to the essential oil of different foodborne pathogens tested were different based on the Oxford cup method, MIC, and MBC assays, and the essential oil exhibited the best antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive bacterium, and Escherichia coli, a gram-negative bacterium. Growth in the presence of Amomum kravanh at the MIC, as measured by monitoring optical density over time, demonstrated that the essential oil was bacteriostatic after 12 h to both B. subtilis and E. coli. Observations of cell membrane permeability, cell constituent release assay, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that this essential oil may disrupt the cell wall and cell membrane permeability, leading to leakage of intracellular constituents in both B. subtilis and E. coli.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen City 041004, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wen-Rui
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen City 041004, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang-Liang
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen City 041004, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Sai-Sai
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen City 041004, People's Republic of China; College of Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen City 041004, People's Republic of China. xjg71@163.com.
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D035801:Amomum / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017365:Spices
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; C010789:beta-pinene; C018669:gamma-terpinene; C005451:alpha-pinene; D000077591:Eucalyptol