title: Investigating the use of quick response codes in the gross anatomy laboratory.
abstract: The use of quick response (QR) codes within undergraduate university courses is on the rise, yet literature concerning their use in medical education is scant. This study examined student perceptions on the usefulness of QR codes as learning aids in a medical gross anatomy course, statistically analyzed whether this learning aid impacted student performance, and evaluated whether performance could be explained by the frequency of QR code usage. Question prompts and QR codes tagged on cadaveric specimens and models were available for four weeks as learning aids to medical (n = 155) and doctor of physical therapy (n = 39) students. Each QR code provided answers to posed questions in the form of embedded text or hyperlinked web pages. Students' perceptions were gathered using a formative questionnaire and practical examination scores were used to assess potential gains in student achievement. Overall, students responded positively to the use of QR codes in the gross anatomy laboratory as 89% (57/64) agreed the codes augmented their learning of anatomy. The users' most noticeable objection to using QR codes was the reluctance to bring their smartphones into the gross anatomy laboratory. A comparison between the performance of QR code users and non-users was found to be nonsignificant (P = 0.113), and no significant gains in performance (P = 0.302) were observed after the intervention. Learners welcomed the implementation of QR code technology in the gross anatomy laboratory, yet this intervention had no apparent effect on practical examination performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Courtney J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Traser
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D002102:Cadaver; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003479:Curriculum; D004210:Dissection / Q000193:education; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D007753:Laboratories; D007858:Learning; D063731:Mobile Applications; D010465:Perception; D015397:Program Evaluation; D000068997:Smartphone; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D014495:Universities
keywords: QR codes; gross anatomy education; gross anatomy laboratory; medical student performance; mobile learning; quick response codes; smartphones; technology in education; undergraduate medical education