title: XPO1/CRM1-selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) reduce tumor spreading and improve overall survival in preclinical models of prostate cancer (PCa).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exportin 1 (XPO1), also called chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1), is the sole exportin mediating transport of many multiple tumor suppressor proteins out of the nucleus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To verify the hypothesis that XPO1 inhibition affects prostate cancer (PCa) metastatic potential, orally available, potent and selective, SINE compounds, Selinexor (KPT- 330) and KPT-251, were tested in preclinical models known to generate bone lesions and systemic tumor spread.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, Selinexor reduced both secretion of proteases and ability to migrate and invade of PCa cells. SINEs impaired secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-osteolytic cytokines and reduced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells. In the intra-prostatic growth model, Selinexor reduced DU145 tumor growth by 41% and 61% at the doses of 4 mg/Kg qd/5 days and 10 mg/Kg q2dx3 weeks, respectively, as well as the incidence of macroscopic visceral metastases. In a systemic metastasis model, following intracardiac injection of PCb2 cells, 80% (8/10) of controls, 10% (1/10) Selinexor- and 20% (2/10) KPT-251-treated animals developed radiographic evidence of lytic bone lesions. Similarly, after intra-tibial injection, the lytic areas were higher in controls than in Selinexor and KPT-251 groups. Analogously, the serum levels of osteoclast markers (mTRAP and type I collagen fragment, CTX), were significantly higher in controls than in Selinexor- and KPT-251-treated animals. Importantly, overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly higher in Selinexor- and KPT-251-treated animals when compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective blockade of XPO1-dependent nuclear export represents a completely novel approach for the treatment of advanced and metastatic PCa.
authors.forename: Giovanni Luca
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gravina
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tortoreto
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Addis
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Cesare
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Yosef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Landesman
authors.forename: Dilara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCauley
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kauffman
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shacham
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zaffaroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy. claudio.festuccia@univaq.it.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Festuccia
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006834:Hydrazines; D028884:Karyopherins; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014230:Triazoles; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein; C585161:selinexor