title: (RS)-glucoraphanin purified from Tuscan black kale and bioactivated with myrosinase enzyme protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: Ischemic stroke is the result of a transient or permanent reduction in cerebral blood flow caused by the occlusion of a cerebral artery via an embolus or local thrombosis. Restoration of blood supply to ischemic tissues can cause additional damage known as reperfusion injury that can be more damaging than the initial ischemia. This study was aimed to examine the possible neuroprotective role of (RS)-glucoraphanin, bioactivated with myrosinase enzyme (bioactive RS-GRA), in an experimental rat model of brain ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). RS-GRA is a thiosaccharidic compound found in Brassicaceae, notably in Tuscan black kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala sabellica). The mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of bioactive RS-GRA on inflammatory and apoptotic responses, induced by carotid artery occlusion in rats, was carefully examined. Cerebral I/R was induced by the clamping of carotid artery for 1h, followed by 40 min of reperfusion through the release of clamp. Our results have clearly shown that administration of bioactive RS-GRA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min after ischemia, significantly reduces proinflammatory parameters, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), nuclear factor (NF)-kB traslocation as well as the triggering of the apoptotic pathway (TUNEL and Caspase 3 expression). Taken together our data have shown that bioactive RS-GRA possesses beneficial neuroprotective effects in counteracting the brain damage associated to I/R. Therefore, bioactive RS-GRA, could be a useful treatment in the cerebral ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giacoppo
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galuppo
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN), Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iori
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN), Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Gina Rosalinda
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: De Nicola
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Placido
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bramanti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy. Electronic address: emazzon.irccs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007096:Imidoesters / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010091:Oximes; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013454:Sulfoxides
chemical_list: D005961:Glucosinolates; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007096:Imidoesters; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D010091:Oximes; D013454:Sulfoxides; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C022739:thioglucosidase; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; C119494:glucoraphanin
keywords: Apoptosis; Bioactive (R(S))-glucoraphanin; Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion; Inflammation; Oxidative stress