title: Pedagogical cues encourage toddlers' transmission of recently demonstrated functions to unfamiliar adults.
abstract: Young children use pedagogical cues as a signal that others' actions are social or cultural conventions. Here we show that children selectively transmit (enact in a new social situation) causal functions demonstrated pedagogically, even when they have learned and can produce alternative functions as well. Two-year-olds saw two novel toys, each with two functions. One experimenter demonstrated one function using pedagogical cues (eye contact and child-directed speech) and a second experimenter demonstrated the alternative function using intentional actions towards the object, but without pedagogical cues. Children imitated both functions at equal rates initially, indicating equal causal learning from both types of demonstration. However, they were significantly more likely to enact the pedagogical function for a new adult not present during the initial demonstrations. These results indicate that pedagogical cues influence children's transmission of information, perhaps playing a role in the dissemination of cultural conventions from a young age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development, Cornell University, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vredenburgh
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development, Cornell University, USA.
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kushnir
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development, Cornell University, USA.
authors.forename: Marianella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casasola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003210:Concept Formation / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D033182:Intention; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012919:Social Behavior; D013663:Teaching