title: Volume flow in arteriovenous fistulas using vector velocity ultrasound.
abstract: Volume flow in arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis was measured using the angle-independent ultrasound technique Vector Flow Imaging and compared with flow measurements using the ultrasound dilution technique during dialysis. Using an UltraView 800 ultrasound scanner (BK Medical, Herlev, Denmark) with a linear transducer, 20 arteriovenous fistulas were scanned directly on the most superficial part of the fistula just before dialysis. Vector Flow Imaging volume flow was estimated with two different approaches, using the maximum and the average flow velocities detected in the fistula. Flow was estimated to be 242 mL/min and 404 mL/min lower than the ultrasound dilution technique estimate, depending on the approach. The standard deviations of the two Vector Flow Imaging approaches were 175.9 mL/min and 164.8 mL/min compared with a standard deviation of 136.9 mL/min using the ultrasound dilution technique. The study supports that Vector Flow Imaging is applicable for volume flow measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: pdmhansen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Peter Møller
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Elec. Eng., Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jacob Bjerring
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Olesen
authors.affiliation: Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Elec. Eng., Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael Johannes
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pihl
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Theis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heerwagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mads Møller
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rix
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Vascular Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lönn
authors.affiliation: Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Elec. Eng., Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jørgen Arendt
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael Bachmann
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Arteriovenous fistula; Flow velocity estimation; Hemodialysis; Ultrasound; Ultrasound dilution technique; Vector Flow Imaging; Volume flow estimation