title: First step toward near-infrared continuous glucose monitoring: in vivo evaluation of antibody coupled biomaterials.
abstract: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is crucial in diabetic care. Long-term CGM systems however require an accurate sensor as well as a suitable measuring environment. Since large intravenous sensors are not feasible, measuring inside the interstitial fluid is considered the best alternative. This option, unfortunately, has the drawback of a lag time with blood glucose values. A good strategy to circumvent this is to enhance tissue integration and enrich the peri-implant vasculature. Implants of different optically transparent biomaterials (poly(methyl-methacrylate) [PMMA] and poly(dimethylsiloxane) [PDMS]) - enabling glucose monitoring in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum - were surface-treated and subsequently implanted in goats at various implantation sites for up to 3 months. The overall in vivo biocompatibility, tissue integration, and vascularization at close proximity of the surfaces of these materials were assessed. Histological screening showed similar tissue reactions independent of the implantation site. No significant inflammation reaction was observed. Tissue integration and vascularization correlated, to some extent, with the biomaterial composition. A modification strategy, in which a vascular endothelial-cadherin antibody was coupled to the biomaterials surface through a dopamine layer, showed significantly enhanced vascularization 3 months after subcutaneous implantation. Our results suggest that the developed strategy enables the creation of tissue interactive NIR transparent packaging materials, opening the possibility of continuous glucose monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6B3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karolien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gellynck
authors.affiliation: Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Research Group, PBM, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kodeck
authors.affiliation: Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Research Group, PBM, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van De Walle
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kersemans
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Vos
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6B3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Declercq
authors.affiliation: Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Research Group, PBM, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dubruel
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vlaminck
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Group, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6B3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Ria.Cornelissen@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D023421:Models, Animal; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D009757:Nylons; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015820:Cadherins; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D009757:Nylons; C085707:poly(dimethylsiloxane)-polyamide copolymer; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate
keywords: In vivo; antibody-coupled; continuous glucose monitoring; enhanced vascularization; vascular endothelial-cadherin