title: Consequences of splitting whole-genome sequencing effort over multiple breeds on imputation accuracy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine the consequences of splitting sequencing effort over multiple breeds for imputation accuracy from a high-density SNP chip towards whole-genome sequence. Such information would assist for instance numerical smaller cattle breeds, but also pig and chicken breeders, who have to choose wisely how to spend their sequencing efforts over all the breeds or lines they evaluate. Sequence data from cattle breeds was used, because there are currently relatively many individuals from several breeds sequenced within the 1,000 Bull Genomes project. The advantage of whole-genome sequence data is that it carries the causal mutations, but the question is whether it is possible to impute the causal variants accurately. This study therefore focussed on imputation accuracy of variants with low minor allele frequency and breed specific variants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Imputation accuracy was assessed for chromosome 1 and 29 as the correlation between observed and imputed genotypes. For chromosome 1, the average imputation accuracy was 0.70 with a reference population of 20 Holstein, and increased to 0.83 when the reference population was increased by including 3 other dairy breeds with 20 animals each. When the same amount of animals from the Holstein breed were added the accuracy improved to 0.88, while adding the 3 other breeds to the reference population of 80 Holstein improved the average imputation accuracy marginally to 0.89. For chromosome 29, the average imputation accuracy was lower. Some variants benefitted from the inclusion of other breeds in the reference population, initially determined by the MAF of the variant in each breed, but even Holstein specific variants did gain imputation accuracy from the multi-breed reference population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that splitting sequencing effort over multiple breeds and combining the reference populations is a good strategy for imputation from high-density SNP panels towards whole-genome sequence when reference populations are small and sequencing effort is limiting. When sequencing effort is limiting and interest lays in multiple breeds or lines this provides imputation of each breed.
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700, AH, Wageningen, Netherlands. Aniek.Bouwman@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Aniek C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bouwman
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700, AH, Wageningen, Netherlands. Roel.Veerkamp@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Roel F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Veerkamp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D016678:Genome; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity