title: The multiligament quality of life questionnaire: development and evaluation of test-retest reliability and validity in patients with multiligament knee injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Existing knee joint-specific outcome questionnaires lack content pertinent to patients with multiligament knee injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and test the reliability and validity of a novel disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for patients with multiligament knee injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in this study included patients with multiligament knee injuries and clinician experts. Inclusion criteria were (1) patients with multiligament knee injury (age, 18-60 years), (2) ≥6 months after injury, and (3) operative or nonoperative treatment. Exclusion criteria were (1) preexisting osteoarthritis or inflammatory arthritis and (2) intracerebral/spinal cord injury. In phase I of the study, 85 eligible patients were mailed a questionnaire composed of 132 items from 11 existing knee questionnaires. Items were rated with regard to importance and frequency on a 5-point Likert scale. Criteria for inclusion in the first draft of the Multiligament Quality of Life (MLQOL) questionnaire included mean importance rating ≥3.5 and frequency <30% for the response "never experienced." In phase II, patient focus groups and expert interviews were conducted until no further new content was generated for the MLQOL, and in phase III, 99 eligible patients across 2 centers were mailed a preliminary MLQOL questionnaire along with the Tegner activity scale, Short Form (SF)-36, and anchor questions. Interitem and item-to-total correlations were used to perform item reduction to generate a final MLQOL instrument, which was tested for internal consistency (Cronbach alpha), test-retest reliability (interclass correlation coefficient [ICC]), and construct validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of phase III, a final MLQOL instrument was developed that was composed of 4 domains (physical impairments [PI], emotional impairments [EI], activity limitations [AL], and societal involvement [SI]) with 52 items in total. The MLQOL had adequate content validity, as none of the domains had any floor or ceiling effects. The Cronbach alpha was .94 (PI), .93 (EI), .94 (AL), and .91 (SI); ICC values were .89 (PI), .86 (EI), .91 (AL), and .88 (SI). Seven of 8 a priori hypotheses were satisfied, indicating good construct validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MLQOL instrument is a novel disease-specific quality of life tool that has demonstrated excellent content validity, reliability, and construct validity.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Program, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada jchahal@utosm.com.
authors.forename: Jaskarndip
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chahal
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Program, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jaglal
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Pan Am Clinic, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Aileen M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: disease specific; knee dislocation; measurement; multiligament knee injury; patient-reported outcome measure (PROM); quality of life