title: Ras GTPase activating protein CoIra1 is involved in infection-related morphogenesis by regulating cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways through CoRas2 in Colletotrichum orbiculare.
abstract: Colletotrichum orbiculare is the causative agent of anthracnose disease on cucurbitaceous plants. Several signaling pathways, including cAMP-PKA and mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in the infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity of C. orbiculare. However, upstream regulators of these pathways for this species remain unidentified. In this study, CoIRA1, encoding RAS GTPase activating protein, was identified by screening the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AtMT) mutant, which was defective in the pathogenesis of C. orbiculare. The coira1 disrupted mutant showed an abnormal infection-related morphogenesis and attenuated pathogenesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ira1/2 inactivates Ras1/2, which activates adenylate cyclase, leading to the synthesis of cAMP. Increase in the intracellular cAMP levels in coira1 mutants and dominant active forms of CoRAS2 introduced transformants indicated that CoIra1 regulates intracellular cAMP levels through CoRas2. Moreover, the phenotypic analysis of transformants that express dominant active form CoRAS2 in the comekk1 mutant or a dominant active form CoMEKK1 in the coras2 mutant indicated that CoRas2 regulates the MAPK CoMekk1-Cmk1 signaling pathway. The CoRas2 localization pattern in vegetative hyphae of the coira1 mutant was similar to that of the wild-type, expressing a dominant active form of RFP-CoRAS2. Moreover, we demonstrated that bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) signals between CoIra1 and CoRas2 were detected in the plasma membrane of vegetative hyphae. Therefore, it is likely that CoIra1 negatively regulates CoRas2 in vegetative hyphae. Furthermore, cytological analysis of the localization of CoIraI and CoRas2 revealed the dynamic cellular localization of the proteins that leads to proper assembly of F-actin at appressorial pore required for successful penetration peg formation through the pore. Thus, our results indicated that CoIra1 is involved in infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity by proper regulation of cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways through CoRas2.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harata
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubo
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D001681:Biological Assay; D020231:Colletotrichum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000382:microbiology; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000382:microbiology; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D025301:Hyphae / Q000502:physiology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008954:Models, Biological; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D021381:Protein Transport; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000502:physiology; D020703:ras GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D020703:ras GTPase-Activating Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP