title: T-pattern analysis for the study of temporal structure of animal and human behavior: a comprehensive review.
abstract: A basic tenet in the realm of modern behavioral sciences is that behavior consists of patterns in time. For this reason, investigations of behavior deal with sequences that are not easily perceivable by the unaided observer. This problem calls for improved means of detection, data handling and analysis. This review focuses on the analysis of the temporal structure of behavior carried out by means of a multivariate approach known as T-pattern analysis. Using this technique, recurring sequences of behavioral events, usually hard to detect, can be unveiled and carefully described. T-pattern analysis has been successfully applied in the study of various aspects of human or animal behavior such as behavioral modifications in neuro-psychiatric diseases, route-tracing stereotypy in mice, interaction between human subjects and animal or artificial agents, hormonal-behavioral interactions, patterns of behavior associated with emesis and, in our laboratories, exploration and anxiety-related behaviors in rodents. After describing the theory and concepts of T-pattern analysis, this review will focus on the application of the analysis to the study of the temporal characteristics of behavior in different species from rodents to human beings. This work could represent a useful background for researchers who intend to employ such a refined multivariate approach to the study of behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: maurizio.casarrubea@unipa.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casarrubea
authors.affiliation: Human Behavior Laboratory, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Electronic address: gjonsson@hi.is.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: fabiana.faulisi@unipa.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faulisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: filippina.sorbera@unipa.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sorbera
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: digiovannig@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Giovanni
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: arcangelo.benigno@unipa.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benigno
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Human Physiology Section "Giuseppe Pagano", Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.crescimanno@unipa.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crescimanno
authors.affiliation: Human Behavior Laboratory, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Electronic address: msm@hi.is.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Magnusson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D035841:Behavioral Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Behavioral disorder; Behavioral sequences; Multivariate analysis; Social interaction; T-pattern analysis