title: Biogenesis of C-glycosyl flavones and profiling of flavonoid glycosides in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).
abstract: Flavonoids in nine tissues of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and HPLC-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MSn). Thirty-eight flavonoids were identified; eleven C-glycosides and five O-glycosides were discovered for the first time in N. nucifera. Most importantly, the C-glycosyl apigenin or luteolin detected in lotus plumules proved valuable for deep elucidation of flavonoid composition in lotus tissues and for further utilization as functional tea and medicine materials. Lotus leaves possessed the significantly highest amount of flavonoids (2.06E3±0.08 mg 100 g(-1) FW) and separating and purifying the bioactive compound, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, from leaves showed great potential. In contrast, flavonoids in flower stalks, seed coats and kernels were extremely low. Simultaneously, the optimal picking time was confirmed by comparing the compound contents in five developmental phases. Finally, we proposed the putative flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in N. nucifera.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shan-Shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forest Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li-Guang
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li-Jing
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xu-Chen
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liang-Sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D047309:Flavones / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D031653:Nelumbo / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides