title: Coupling of OECD standardized test and immunomarkers to select the most environmentally benign ionic liquids option--towards an innovative "safety by design" approach.
abstract: This paper proposed a potential industrial accompaniment to reduce ionic liquid harmfulness by a novel combination of OECD Daphnia magna standardized test and fish immunomarkers. The combination of these two tests allowed multicriteria examination of ILs impacts in different organisms and trophic levels. The work provided new data for legislation and opened a door towards an integrative environmental evaluation due to direct implications of immune system in fish and ecosystem health. Whatever the species, each IL tested induced deleterious effects suggesting that toxic impact was especially due to IL lipophilicity properties. Nevertheless, cation moieties of ILs seemed to draw overall toxicity of ILs to significant extent as supported by lower cell mortality shown with imidazolium-based ILs compared to phosphonium-based ILs. However, the anions moieties have some additional effect, as revealed by quite dissimilar toxicity within same IL family. Concerning the more integrative biomarkers, the cationic-based ILs tested possessed also dissimilar effect on immune system of fish, especially on leucocyte distribution, lysosomal membrane integrity and phagocytosis activity. These results confirm that ILs toxicity could be influenced by design and that chemical engineering processes can integrate ecological footprint reduction strategies for successful IL utilization in the future.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, B.P. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Campus Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687 REIMS cedex, France. Electronic address: Anne.Bado-Nilles@ineris.fr.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bado-Nilles
authors.affiliation: INERIS, Pôle Substances et Procédés, B.P. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France. Electronic address: Alpha-Oumar.Diallo@ineris.fr.
authors.forename: Alpha-Oumar
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.affiliation: INERIS, Pôle Substances et Procédés, B.P. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France. Electronic address: Guy.Marlair@ineris.fr.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marlair
authors.affiliation: INERIS, Unité Expertise et essais en écotoxicologie, B.P. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France. Electronic address: Pascal.Pandard@ineris.fr.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pandard
authors.affiliation: INERIS, Unité Expertise et essais en écotoxicologie, B.P. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France. Electronic address: Laure.Chabot@ineris.fr.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chabot
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Campus Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687 REIMS cedex, France. Electronic address: Alain.Geffard@univ-reims.fr.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geffard
authors.affiliation: Université Technologique de Compiègne/ESCOM, EA 4297, Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable, Centre de Recherches de Royallieu, B.P. 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France; Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, England. Electronic address: Christophe.Len@utc.fr.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Len
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, B.P. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France. Electronic address: Jean-Marc.Porcher@ineris.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Porcher
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, B.P. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France. Electronic address: Wilfried.Sanchez@ineris.fr.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri; D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D066150:Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Acute immobilization test; Daphnia magna; Immune function; Ionic liquids; Three-spined stickleback