title: ImagePAD, a novel counting application for the Apple iPad, used to quantify axons in the mouse optic nerve.
abstract: The present article introduces a new and easy to use counting application for the Apple iPad. The application "ImagePAD" takes advantage of the advanced user interface features offered by the Apple iOS platform, simplifying the rather tedious task of quantifying features in anatomical studies. For example, the image under analysis can be easily panned and zoomed using iOS-supported multi-touch gestures without losing the spatial context of the counting task, which is extremely important for ensuring count accuracy. This application allows one to quantify up to 5 different types of objects in a single field and output the data in a tab-delimited format for subsequent analysis. We describe two examples of the use of the application: quantifying axons in the optic nerve of the C57BL/6J mouse and determining the percentage of cells labeled with NeuN or ChAT in the retinal ganglion cell layer. For the optic nerve, contiguous images at 60× magnification were taken and transferred onto an Apple iPad. Axons were counted by tapping on the touch-sensitive screen using ImagePAD. Nine optic nerves were sampled and the number of axons in the nerves ranged from 38,872 axons to 50,196 axons with an average of 44,846 axons per nerve (SD = 3980 axons).
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Center for Vision Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
authors.forename: Justin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Templeton
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
authors.forename: Felix L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Struebing
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemmon
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States. Electronic address: egeiser@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Eldon E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Geisert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005260:Female; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000166:cytology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C492380:NeuN protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase
keywords: Axon; Counting; Quantification; Retina; iPad