title: Baseline brain activity predicts response to neuromodulatory pain treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the associations between baseline electroencephalogram (EEG)-assessed brain oscillations and subsequent response to four neuromodulatory treatments. Based on available research, we hypothesized that baseline theta oscillations would prospectively predict response to hypnotic analgesia. Analyses involving other oscillations and the other treatments (meditation, neurofeedback, and both active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation) were viewed as exploratory, given the lack of previous research examining brain oscillations as predictors of response to these other treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled study of single sessions of four neuromodulatory pain treatments and a control procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty individuals with spinal cord injury and chronic pain had their EEG recorded before each session of four active treatments (hypnosis, meditation, EEG biofeedback, transcranial direct current stimulation) and a control procedure (sham transcranial direct stimulation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As hypothesized, more presession theta power was associated with greater response to hypnotic analgesia. In exploratory analyses, we found that less baseline alpha power predicted pain reduction with meditation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the idea that different patients respond to different pain treatments and that between-person treatment response differences are related to brain states as measured by EEG. The results have implications for the possibility of enhancing pain treatment response by either 1) better patient/treatment matching or 2) influencing brain activity before treatment is initiated in order to prepare patients to respond. Research is needed to replicate and confirm the findings in additional samples of individuals with chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Leslie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Sherlin
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gianas
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hakimian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chronic Pain; Electroencephalography; Nonpharmacological Treatments; Spinal Cord Injury