title: Use of a novel fragmentation map to identify the substrate for ventricular tachycardia in postinfarction cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substrate ablation is commonly performed in patients with postinfarction cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia (VT). Recognition of fragmented and late potentials during sinus rhythm is a tedious process subject to operator fatigue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the value of automated analysis to quantify electrogram fragmentation and to determine the relationship of fragmented regions to the VT isthmus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed left ventricular (LV) mapping was performed in 2 groups: (1) 14 patients with previous myocardial infarction and tolerated VT and (2) 14 controls with structurally normal hearts. In patients with VT, mid-isthmus sites were identified using entrainment mapping. Sinus rhythm endocardial LV electrograms underwent time- and frequency-domain analysis and were displayed as fragmentation or frequency maps. The region of fractionated electrograms and their relation to the VT isthmus sites were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cutoffs for abnormal electrogram fragmentation were ventricular fractionation index ≥ 7 and fast Fourier transform ratio ≥ 14%, respectively. In the time domain, LV surface area with fractionated electrograms was significantly smaller than the total scar surface area (27.3% ± 7.1% vs 42.1% ± 12.3%, P <.001), yet contained 100% of VT isthmus sites. In the frequency domain, areas of abnormal fractionation occupied 9.7% ± 6.9% of total LV surface area and included only 60% of the VT isthmus sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Automated electrogram fractionation analysis represents an objective tool to rapidly quantify electrogram fragmentation and guide substrate-based ablation of VT. Empiric ablation of these regions may be a new strategy for substrate-guided VT ablation.
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology Section, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: Bieito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology Section, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jauregui
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Francis E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Marchlinski
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California. Electronic address: egerstenfeld@medicine.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Gerstenfeld
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013318:Stroke Volume; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Ablation; Cardiomyopathy; Fourier transform; Fragmentation; Mapping; Ventricular tachycardia