title: Mammography and osteoporosis screening--clinical risk factors and their association with digital X-ray radiogrammetry bone mineral density.
abstract: The aim of this study was to study the association between digital X-ray radiogrammetry (DXR) T-score and clinical risk factors for osteoporosis. Women were recruited 2 d per wk at a single mammography screening center between year 2010 and 2012. Included women answered a questionnaire about risk factors for osteoporosis, and a radiograph of the nondominant hand was obtained for DXR analysis. Univariate associations between DXR T-score and risk factors were examined. A generalized linear regression model was fitted to independent variables with univariate associations at p<0.05. The multivariable model was reduced through manual backward elimination, with p>0.1 as the exclusion criterion. Seventy-six percent of the women chose to participate in the study (n=8810). The difference in number of daily mammograms performed on study vs nonstudy days was not significant. All univariate associations between DXR T-score and potential risk factors were highly significant. The multivariable model included height, weight, age, right-handedness, menopause before age 45, alcohol consumption, cortisone treatment, rheumatic disease, and age×smoking status. The coefficient of determination of the model was 0.37. The association between risk factors for osteoporosis and DXR T-score is similar to previously reported associations with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: michael.wilczek@ki.se.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wilczek
authors.affiliation: R&D Center Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Sectra AB, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kälvesten
authors.affiliation: Sectra AB, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Algulin
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Torkel B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Brismar
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Bone mineral density; digital X-ray radiogrammetry; mammography; osteoporosis; screening