title: Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot-study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main goal of this randomized controlled single-blinded pilot study was to study whether, independent of weight loss, a Palaeolithic-type diet alters characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Next we searched for outcome variables that might become favourably influenced by a Paleolithic-type diet and may provide new insights in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the metabolic syndrome. In addition, more information on feasibility and designing an innovative dietary research program on the basis of a Palaeolithic-type diet was obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four subjects, with at least two characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, were randomized to a two weeks Palaeolithic-type diet (n = 18) or an isoenergetic healthy reference diet, based on the guidelines of the Dutch Health Council (n = 14). Thirty-two subjects completed the study. Measures were taken to keep bodyweight stable. As primary outcomes oral glucose tolerance and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome (abdominal circumference, blood pressure, glucose, lipids) were measured. Secondary outcomes were intestinal permeability, inflammation and salivary cortisol. Data were collected at baseline and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were 53.5 (SD9.7) year old men (n = 9) and women (n = 25) with mean BMI of 31.8 (SD5.7) kg/m2. The Palaeolithic-type diet resulted in lower systolic blood pressure (-9.1 mmHg; P = 0.015), diastolic blood pressure (-5.2 mmHg; P = 0.038), total cholesterol (-0.52 mmol/l; P = 0.037), triglycerides (-0.89 mmol/l; P = 0.001) and higher HDL-cholesterol (+0.15 mmol/l; P = 0.013), compared to reference. The number of characteristics of the metabolic syndrome decreased with 1.07 (P = 0.010) upon the Palaeolithic-type diet, compared to reference. Despite efforts to keep bodyweight stable, it decreased in the Palaeolithic group compared to reference (-1.32 kg; P = 0.012). However, favourable effects remained after post-hoc adjustments for this unintended weight loss. No changes were observed for intestinal permeability, inflammation and salivary cortisol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet for two weeks improved several cardiovascular risk factors compared to a healthy reference diet in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nederlands Trial Register NTR3002.
authors.affiliation: Department Nutrition and Health, Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, Driebergen, LA 3972, the Netherlands. i.boers@louisbolk.nl.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boers
authors.forename: Frits Aj
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Muskiet
authors.forename: Evert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berkelaar
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schut
authors.forename: Ria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Penders
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoenderdos
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wichers
authors.forename: Miek C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D066046:Diet, Paleolithic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides