title: Clinical characteristics and surgical decision making for infants with metopic craniosynostosis in conjunction with other congenital anomalies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metopic craniosynostosis can occur in isolation or in conjunction with other congenital anomalies. The surgical decision making and outcomes between these 2 groups are analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all children evaluated in the craniofacial clinic at Seattle Children's Hospital for metopic craniosynostosis between 2004 and 2009 was performed. Physical examination and CT scan characteristics were analyzed as were the treatment decisions and surgical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2004 to 2009, 282 patients were evaluated and 100 were determined to have metopic craniosynostosis. Of these, 19 patients were found to have additional congenital anomalies. Review of these patients' CT scans revealed 13 with classic trigonencephaly, 3 with microcephaly, and 3 with narrow frontal bones, abnormal orbits, and small anterior fossa. Patients (90%) with isolated metopic craniosynostosis underwent cranial vault expansion, whereas only 63% of the complex group did so. The complex metopic group had a longer hospital stay (5 d vs 3.4 d), more intraoperative complications, and required more repeat surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with metopic craniosynostosis and additional anomalies require special consideration when deciding upon surgical intervention and should be cared for by a multidisciplinary team to address their additional needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.; and the Department of Pediatrics and Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Craig B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Birgfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.; and the Department of Pediatrics and Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Carrie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Heike
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.; and the Department of Pediatrics and Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Babette S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Saltzman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.; and the Department of Pediatrics and Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Anne V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Hing