title: Optimizing hill seeding density for high-yielding hybrid rice in a single rice cropping system in South China.
abstract: Mechanical hill direct seeding of hybrid rice could be the way to solve the problems of high seeding rates and uneven plant establishment now faced in direct seeded rice; however, it is not clear what the optimum hill seeding density should be for high-yielding hybrid rice in the single-season rice production system. Experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to determine the effects of hill seeding density (25 cm×15 cm, 25 cm×17 cm, 25 cm×19 cm, 25 cm×21 cm, and 25 cm×23 cm; three to five seeds per hill) on plant growth and grain yield of a hybrid variety, Nei2you6, in two fields with different fertility (soil fertility 1 and 2). In addition, in 2012 and 2013, comparisons among mechanical hill seeding, broadcasting, and transplanting were conducted with three hybrid varieties to evaluate the optimum seeding density. With increases in seeding spacing from 25 cm×15 cm to 25 cm×23 cm, productive tillers per hill increased by 34.2% and 50.0% in soil fertility 1 and 2. Panicles per m2 declined with increases in seeding spacing in soil fertility 1. In soil fertility 2, no difference in panicles per m2 was found at spacing ranging from 25 cm×17 cm to 25 cm×23 cm, while decreases in the area of the top three leaves and aboveground dry weight per shoot at flowering were observed. Grain yield was the maximum at 25 cm×17 cm spacing in both soil fertility fields. Our results suggest that a seeding density of 25 cm×17 cm was suitable for high-yielding hybrid rice. These results were verified through on-farm demonstration experiments, in which mechanical hill-seeded rice at this density had equal or higher grain yield than transplanted rice.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Danying
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zaiman
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Chenglin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiufu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Bhagirath Singh
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chauhan
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002678:Chimera / Q000254:growth & development*; D002681:China; D006801:Humans; D012275:Oryza / Q000254:growth & development*; D012621:Seasons; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil