title: Acute toxicity study of zerumbone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier on BALB/c mice model.
abstract: Zerumbone- (ZER-) loaded nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC) (ZER-NLC) prepared for its antileukemia effect in vitro was evaluated for its toxicological effects by observing changes in the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, and brain tissues, serum biochemical parameters, total haemogram, and bone marrow stem cells. The acute toxicity study for ZER-NLC was conducted by orally treating BALB/c mice with a single dose with either water, olive oil, ZER, NLC, or ZER-NLC for 14 days. The animals were observed for clinical and behavioral abnormalities, toxicological symptoms, feed consumption, and gross appearance. The liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen, and brain tissues were assessed histologically. Total haemogram was counted by hemocytometry and microhematocrit reader. Bone marrow examination in terms of cellular morphology was done by Wright staining with bone marrow smear. Furthermore, serum biochemical parameters were determined spectrophotometrically. Grossly all treated mice, their investigated tissues, serum biochemical parameters, total haemogram, and bone marrow were normal. At oral doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg ZER-NLC there was no sign of toxicity or mortality in BALB/c mice. This study suggests that the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of ZER-NLC is higher than 200 mg/kg, thus, safe by oral administration.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, Iraq.
authors.forename: Heshu Sulaiman
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rasedee
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, Iraq.
authors.forename: Hemn Hassan
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.affiliation: DigiCare Behavioral Research, Casa Grande, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Max Stanley
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chartrand
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Namvar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Swee Keong
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4736-0674
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yeap
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nozlena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdul Samad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Reena Joys
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Andas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nabilah
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8709-4227
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muhammad Nadzri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Theebaa
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0393-8606
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anasamy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kuan Beng
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chee Wun
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: How
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D008055:Lipids / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D023421:Models, Animal; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C403304:zerumbone