title: Cost-effectiveness of surgical treatment for degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify cost-effective treatment strategies for lumbar spine degenerative diseases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of literature assisting physicians and society regarding the cost-efficiency of management of lumbar spine conditions. Limited articles on selective operative and nonoperative therapies have been published for a variety of lumbar conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Collaboration data base, University of York, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (National Health Services Economic Evaluation Database and health technology assessment), and the Tufts CEA Registry was conducted through December 16, 2013. Three specific questions were addressed for adult patients: (1) What is the evidence that surgery is cost-effective compared with nonsurgical management for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis or stenosis? (2) What is the evidence that fusion is cost-effective compared with no fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis or stenosis? and (3) What is the evidence that instrumentation is cost-effective compared with none for degenerative spondylolisthesis? The Quality of Health Economic Studies instrument was used to provide an initial basis for critical appraisal of included economic studies. Articles were further refined with individual review based on inclusion/exclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial search resulted in 122 potentially relevant citations, 115 of which were excluded at title and abstract levels and 3 at full-text reviews, leaving 5 for analysis. No non-English language text met inclusion/exclusion criteria. All studies illustrated a clinical benefit of surgical treatment as measured by quality-adjusted life year (0.11-8.05). Surgical treatments had a greater financial cost than nonoperative care ($5883-$26,035). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio calculations noted operative treatment over nonoperative treatment for spondylolisthesis ($59,487-$115,600) per quality-adjusted life year. However, cost for patients without spondylolisthesis varied greatly from nonoperative treat dominating to $77,600 per quality-adjusted life year favoring surgery. Because the articles had heterogeneous methods and patient population, conclusion differed greatly on cost assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited quality data exist on cost-effective treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal conditions, despite more recent interest related to this topic. It is important that future research efforts focus on constructing higher quality trials in this area to help determine the most cost-effective care.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors.affiliation: *Departments of Neurological and Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA †The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA ‡Spectrum Research, Inc., Tacoma, WA; and §Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Harrop
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilibrand
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Mihalovich
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dettori
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000191:economics; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome