title: Depressive symptoms, negative urgency and substance use initiation in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies show depressive symptoms are associated with substance use in adolescents, but the mechanism underlying this association is still unclear. This study investigated negative urgency - the disposition to rash action during emotional states - as a factor explaining relations between depressive symptoms and use of several substances.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 476 adolescents (mean age 14.5 years) completed self-report surveys. Regression models and products of coefficient analyses examined the overall relation of depressive symptoms to substance use and negative urgency as a statistical mediator of this association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression levels associated with increased likelihood of lifetime use of cigarettes, other forms of tobacco, marijuana, alcohol, inhalants, prescription painkillers, and any substance. Relations between depression levels and lifetime use of alcohol, inhalants, and any substance were accounted for (i.e., statistically mediated) by negative urgency. In adolescents endorsing lifetime use, depression levels associated with younger age of first use of other forms of tobacco and alcohol as well as use frequency of cigarette, alcohol, and composite frequency. Negative urgency accounted for the covariance between depression level and age of first use of alcohol, but did not for other forms of tobacco or frequency of use of any substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression levels are associated with lifetime use of a variety of substances in early adolescence and targeting this risk factor with preventive efforts may be useful in reducing risk. Negative urgency may be an important target for interventions aimed at alcohol and inhalant use.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. Electronic address: rpang@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Raina D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Layla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farrahi
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glazier
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, 3620 South McClintock Ave., SGM 501, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; University of Southern California, School of Social Work, Montgomery Ross Fisher Building, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sussman
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 240, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, 3620 South McClintock Ave., SGM 501, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Adolescents; Depressive symptoms; Lifetime substance use; Urgency