title: Exchange transfusion can be life-saving in severe propanil poisoning: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propanil is an important cause of herbicide poisoning in Sri Lanka, accounting for about 2% of all cases of self-poisoning. The outcome is extremely poor when the poisoning is severe and current medical care is of limited efficacy. Death usually occurs due to the severe and prolonged methaemoglobinaemia. We describe a case of severe Propanil poisoning, successfully treated by exchange transfusion at a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 17-year old Sri Lankan male (body weight--42 kg), presented to a local hospital 1 hour after self-ingestion of nearly 500 ml (4.3 g/kg) of liquid Propanil (concentration--360 g/l). On admission he had dizziness and peripheral cyanosis. He was given intravenous methylene blue (1 mg/kg) within one hour of admission, which was repeated subsequently due to minimal response. The next day morning, (18 hours after poisoning) the patient was transferred to the National Hospital of Sri Lanka (NHSL) for further management. On admission to NHSL, he was drowsy and confused, had a shallow respiratory effort and marked central and peripheral cyanosis. Respiratory rate was 20/min, with a pulse-oximetry of 77% on room air. The arterial blood gas analysis was as follows; pH--7.24, HCO3(-)--12 mmol/l, pCO2--28 mmHg, pO2--239 mmHg and O2 saturation--100%. Exchange transfusion was commenced within two hours of admission to NHSL. A dramatic improvement in oxygen saturation was observed immediately afterwards, with the saturation in pulse-oximetry rising to >95%. The level of consciousness and respiratory effort also improved. He was discharged subsequently 8 days after the initial poisoning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propanil has potential to produce severe life threatening clinical manifestations, despite categorization as a herbicide with low toxicity. In cases of severe poisoning, exchange transfusion may be life saving. Since methylene blue, intensive care and exchange transfusion facilities are also not readily available in local hospitals, which frequently encounter cases of severe Propanil poisoning, early transfer of patients to tertiary care hospitals should be considered. Exchange transfusion may be helpful even in late stages in patients with severe poisoning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. priyanga.ranasinghe@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Priyanga
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ranasinghe
authors.forename: Shani Apsara
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dilrukshi
authors.forename: Inoshi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Atukorala
authors.forename: Prasad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katulanda
authors.forename: Ariaranee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gnanathasan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005078:Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; D006540:Herbicides / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011041:Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011411:Propanil / Q000506:poisoning*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013188:Sri Lanka; D013406:Suicide, Attempted; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D011411:Propanil