title: Maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy is not associated with gestational diabetes mellitus development or pregnancy outcomes in Korean pregnant women in a prospective study.
abstract: The association between vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester and GDM development remains controversial in various ethnicities. We prospectively assessed whether pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency during early pregnancy had an increased likelihood of GDM development or poor fetal growth or pregnancy outcomes compared to those with sufficient vitamin D levels. Serum 25-OH-D measurements and fetal ultrasonograms were carried out at 12-14, 20-22, and 32-34 wk in 523 pregnant women. Each woman was screened for GDM at 24-28 wk. There were no differences in serum 25-OH-D levels at 12-14 wk or 22-24 wk of pregnancy between GDM and non-GDM women after adjusting for maternal age, BMI at prepregnancy, BMI at first visit, BMI at GDM screening, gestational age at sampling, previous history of GDM, vitamin D intake, and seasonal variation in sampling. The risk of GDM, insulin resistance, and impaired β-cell function had no association with serum 25-OH-D levels in crude or adjusted logistic regression analysis. GDM was not associated with maternal serum 25-OH-D deficiency during the first trimester or fetal growth during the first and second trimesters. Pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage, Apgar 1, Apgar 5 and birth weight were independent of maternal serum 25-OH-D levels during the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy. In conclusion, neither GDM prevalence nor fetal growth during pregnancy is associated with vitamin D deficiency at the first trimester in Korean women. Pregnancy outcomes are also independent of maternal vitamin D status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food & Nutrition, Hoseo University.
authors.forename: Sunmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyun-Koo
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Hyun-Mee
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: You Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Si Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bo Kyung
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: So-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Chang-Hoon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Sung-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D011446:Prospective Studies; D056910:Republic of Korea; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D