title: Supplementation of moist and dehydrated citrus pulp in the diets of sheep artificially and naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on the parasitological parameters and performance.
abstract: The inclusion of industrial byproducts such as citrus pulp in the composition of animal diets has been widely recommended due to sustainability aspects and their high level of carbohydrates. Limonene is found in citrus pulp and has been described elsewhere as a major compound of citrus essential oils with excellent anthelmintic activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the parasitological parameters of lambs artificially infected (Experiment 1) with Haemonchus contortus and naturally infected (Experiment 2) by gastrointestinal nematodes, fed diets with dehydrated citrus pulp or silage of moist orange pulp. Both experiments had three treatments (C: control, DP: diet+dehydrated citrus pulp, and MP: diet+silage of moist orange pulp). The diets were isoproteic (11% crude protein) and the concentrate was corrected every 14 days according to animal weight. Parasitological parameters were evaluated for both experiments each 14 days (body weight, body condition; fecal egg counts-FEC, egg hatch assay-EHA, coproculture, and packed cell volume-PCV). Analysis of variance (GLM of the SAS software) was performed with repeated measures in time, and the means were compared by the Tukey test. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to detect constituents of dry or moist citrus pulp. Dehydrated citrus pulp had 0.02% essential oil (major compounds were 85.9% limonene and 7.6% valencene). Moist orange pulp contained 1.5% essential oil (major compounds were 65.5% limonene and 31.2% alpha- and gamma-terpineol). In both experiments, the weight gain among the treatments was similar (p>0.05) demonstrating that both moist and dehydrated orange pulp can be used to replace corn kernels to feed infected lambs. The supplementation with orange pulp did not decrease natural or artificial infections of gastrointestinal nematodes according to the FEC results (p>0.05). However, PCV increased from animals fed dehydrated and moist pulp in natural infection (Experiment 2, p<0.05) in comparison with the control group. In addition, the consumption of the dehydrated citrus pulp from animals infected with H. contortus (Experiment 1) caused lower hatching rates after 42 days of consumption (p<0.05), suggesting a tendency to shed fewer eggs to the environment.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Rua Heitor Penteado 56, CEP 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: E C P
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Nordi
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Rua Heitor Penteado 56, CEP 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: rldcosta@iz.sp.gov.br.
authors.forename: R L D
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Rua Heitor Penteado 56, CEP 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: C M G
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Rua Heitor Penteado 56, CEP 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: G A E
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Parren
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Rua Heitor Penteado 56, CEP 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C B
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Rua Heitor Penteado 56, CEP 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Lameirinha
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Rua Heitor Penteado 56, CEP 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Katiki
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Zootecnia Diversificada, Rua Heitor Penteado 56, CEP 13460-000, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Quirino
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Av. das Américas 29501, CEP 23020-470, Guaratiba, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gama
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Av. das Américas 29501, CEP 23020-470, Guaratiba, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Bizzo
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rod. Washington Luiz km 234, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chagas
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006188:Haemonchiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000187:drug effects; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D012820:Silage
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: Haemonchus contortus; Industrial residue; Limonene; Orange pulp; Sheep