title: Hypoglycemia, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Hypoglycemia is a major problem associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes and is often a major barrier to achieving optimal glycemic control. Chronic kidney disease not only is an independent risk factor for hypoglycemia but also augments the risk of hypoglycemia that is already present in people with diabetes. This article summarizes our current knowledge of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and morbidity of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease and reviews therapeutic considerations in this situation. PubMed and MEDLINE were searched for literature published in English from January 1989 to May 2014 for diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, chronic kidney disease, and chronic renal insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mazen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alsahli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY. Electronic address: johngerich@compuserve.com.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gerich
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin