title: Comparison of incidence of intravascular injections during transforaminal epidural steroid injection using different needle types.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infrequent but serious complications of transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) occur due to inadvertent intravascular injections. A few studies reported that the different needle types can influence on the occurrences of intravascular incidence in TFESI. This study prospectively evaluated whether short-bevel needle can reduce the incidences of intravascular injection of TFESI compared to long-bevel needles.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 2013 to December 2013, 239 consecutive patients were enrolled and received 249 fluoroscopically guided TFESI using the classic technique. Confirmation of intravascular spread was done initially with real time fluoroscopy and then with digital subtraction angiography method in a same patient. Injection technique for TFESI was the same for both short-bevel and long-bevel needle types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidences of intravascular injections with the long-bevel and short-bevel needles were 15.0% (21/140) and 9.2% (4/140), respectively. More than half of intravascular injections occurred simultaneously with epidural injections (8.0%, 20/249). There were no statistically significant differences between the long-bevel and the short-bevel needles in the rates of intravascular injections (P = 0.17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-bevel needles did not demonstrate any benefits in reducing the incidence of intravascular injection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Intravascular; Long-bevel; Short-bevel; Transforaminal epidural steroid injection