title: Effect of elevated pCO2 on metabolic responses of porcelain crab (Petrolisthes cinctipes) Larvae exposed to subsequent salinity stress.
abstract: Future climate change is predicted to alter the physical characteristics of oceans and estuaries, including pH, temperature, oxygen, and salinity. Investigating how species react to the influence of such multiple stressors is crucial for assessing how future environmental change will alter marine ecosystems. The timing of multiple stressors can also be important, since in some cases stressors arise simultaneously, while in others they occur in rapid succession. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated pCO2 on oxygen consumption by larvae of the intertidal porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes when exposed to subsequent salinity stress. Such an exposure mimics how larvae under future acidified conditions will likely experience sudden runoff events such as those that occur seasonally along portions of the west coast of the U.S. and in other temperate systems, or how larvae encounter hypersaline waters when crossing density gradients via directed swimming. We raised larvae in the laboratory under ambient and predicted future pCO2 levels (385 and 1000 µatm) for 10 days, and then moved them to seawater at ambient pCO2 but with decreased, ambient, or elevated salinity, to monitor their respiration. While larvae raised under elevated pCO2 or exposed to stressful salinity conditions alone did not exhibit higher respiration rates than larvae held in ambient conditions, larvae exposed to elevated pCO2 followed by stressful salinity conditions consumed more oxygen. These results show that even when multiple stressors act sequentially rather than simultaneously, they can retain their capacity to detrimentally affect organisms.
authors.affiliation: Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Seth H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zarate
authors.affiliation: Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edmund H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America; Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gaylord
authors.affiliation: Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America; Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jessica D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hosfelt
authors.affiliation: Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America; Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tessa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D057231:Climate Change; D003445:Crustacea / Q000378:metabolism*; D017753:Ecosystem; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen; D054712:Salinity
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen