title: Chemical shift separation with controlled aliasing for hyperpolarized (13) C metabolic imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A chemical shift separation technique for hyperpolarized (13) C metabolic imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution was developed. Specifically, a fast three-dimensional pulse sequence and a reconstruction method were implemented to acquire signals from multiple (13) C species simultaneously with subsequent separation into individual images.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stack of flyback echo-planar imaging readouts and a set of multiband excitation radiofrequency pulses were designed to spatially modulate aliasing patterns of the acquired metabolite images, which translated the chemical shift separation problem into parallel imaging reconstruction problem. An eight-channel coil array was used for data acquisition and a parallel imaging method based on nonlinear inversion was developed to separate the aliased images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simultaneous acquisitions of pyruvate and lactate in a phantom study and in vivo rat experiments were performed. The results demonstrated successful separation of the metabolite distributions into individual images having high spatial resolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method demonstrated the ability to provide accelerated metabolite imaging in hyperpolarized (13) C MR using multichannel coils, tailored readout, and specialized RF pulses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.|The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.|The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA.
authors.forename: Peder E Z
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.|The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA.
authors.forename: Galen D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: General Electric Healthcare, Fremont, California, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tropp
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ohliger
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.|The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.affiliation: The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA.|Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lustig
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.|The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Vigneron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid
keywords: chemical shift separation; controlled aliasing; flyback EPI trajectory; hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging; multiband RF pulse; nonlinear inversion method