title: Long-distance endosome trafficking drives fungal effector production during plant infection.
abstract: To cause plant disease, pathogenic fungi can secrete effector proteins into plant cells to suppress plant immunity and facilitate fungal infection. Most fungal pathogens infect plants using very long strand-like cells, called hyphae, that secrete effectors from their tips into host tissue. How fungi undergo long-distance cell signalling to regulate effector production during infection is not known. Here we show that long-distance retrograde motility of early endosomes (EEs) is necessary to trigger transcription of effector-encoding genes during plant infection by the pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis. We demonstrate that motor-dependent retrograde EE motility is necessary for regulation of effector production and secretion during host cell invasion. We further show that retrograde signalling involves the mitogen-activated kinase Crk1 that travels on EEs and participates in control of effector production. Fungal pathogens therefore undergo long-range signalling to orchestrate host invasion.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bielska
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: Yujiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: Natascha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: Sreedhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kilaru
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: Gero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D037102:Lectins / Q000737:chemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D057865:Plant Immunity; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014588:Ustilago / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D037102:Lectins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases