title: A next-generation tissue microarray (ngTMA) protocol for biomarker studies.
abstract: Biomarker research relies on tissue microarrays (TMA). TMAs are produced by repeated transfer of small tissue cores from a 'donor' block into a 'recipient' block and then used for a variety of biomarker applications. The construction of conventional TMAs is labor intensive, imprecise, and time-consuming. Here, a protocol using next-generation Tissue Microarrays (ngTMA) is outlined. ngTMA is based on TMA planning and design, digital pathology, and automated tissue microarraying. The protocol is illustrated using an example of 134 metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Histological, statistical and logistical aspects are considered, such as the tissue type, specific histological regions, and cell types for inclusion in the TMA, the number of tissue spots, sample size, statistical analysis, and number of TMA copies. Histological slides for each patient are scanned and uploaded onto a web-based digital platform. There, they are viewed and annotated (marked) using a 0.6-2.0 mm diameter tool, multiple times using various colors to distinguish tissue areas. Donor blocks and 12 'recipient' blocks are loaded into the instrument. Digital slides are retrieved and matched to donor block images. Repeated arraying of annotated regions is automatically performed resulting in an ngTMA. In this example, six ngTMAs are planned containing six different tissue types/histological zones. Two copies of the ngTMAs are desired. Three to four slides for each patient are scanned; 3 scan runs are necessary and performed overnight. All slides are annotated; different colors are used to represent the different tissues/zones, namely tumor center, invasion front, tumor/stroma, lymph node metastases, liver metastases, and normal tissue. 17 annotations/case are made; time for annotation is 2-3 min/case. 12 ngTMAs are produced containing 4,556 spots. Arraying time is 15-20 hr. Due to its precision, flexibility and speed, ngTMA is a powerful tool to further improve the quality of TMAs used in clinical and translational research.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Bern; inti.zlobec@pathology.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Inti
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zlobec
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Bern.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Bern.
authors.forename: Aurel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perren
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Bern.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lugli
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor