title: Quality of life in intensively treated youths  with early-onset type 1 diabetes:  a population-based survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate factors associated with self-reported generic, chronic-generic, and condition-specific quality of life (QoL) impairments in intensively treated patients with early-onset and long-duration type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 840 11- to 21-year-olds with type 1 diabetes onset before 5 years of age and at least 10 years diabetes duration completed questionnaires including the generic Revised Children's Quality of Life Questionnaire (KINDL-R), the DISABKIDS chronic-generic module (DCGM-12), and the DISABKIDS diabetes-specific module with impact and treatment scales to assess QoL. Regression analyses were conducted using sociodemographic, health-related, and diabetes-related independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strongest associations were observed between QoL scores and diabetes-specific factors, especially glycemic control and treatment satisfaction. The adjusted mean differences [regression coefficients β (standard error)] between patient groups with high risk vs. optimal glycemic control were β = -4.6 (1.1) for the KINDL-R total score, β = -8.6 (1.5) for the DCGM-12, β = -14.4 (1.9) for the diabetes impact score, and β = -21.1 (2.7) for the diabetes treatment score (all p < 0.001). The mean differences between patient groups with poor vs. very good treatment satisfaction were β = -5.9 (1.3) for the KINDL-R total score, β = -8.5 (1.7) for the DCGM-12, β = -9.4 (2.0) for the diabetes impact score, and β = -15.0 (2.9) for the diabetes treatment score (all p < 0.001). In addition, recent severe hypoglycemia and an insulin regimen without an insulin pump were negatively associated with the QoL scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good glycemic control and a high level of treatment satisfaction are associated with a positive QoL in youths with early-onset type 1 diabetes.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stahl-Pehe
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Straßburger
authors.forename: Katty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bächle
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenbauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin