title: Design of a microscopic electrical impedance tomography system for 3D continuous non-destructive monitoring of tissue culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-destructive continuous monitoring of regenerative tissue is required throughout the entire period of in vitro tissue culture. Microscopic electrical impedance tomography (micro-EIT) has the potential to monitor the physiological state of tissues by forming three-dimensional images of impedance changes in a non-destructive and label-free manner. We developed a new micro-EIT system and report on simulation and experimental results of its macroscopic model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose a new micro-EIT system design using a cuboid sample container with separate current-driving and voltage sensing electrodes. The top is open for sample manipulations. We used nine gold-coated solid electrodes on each of two opposing sides of the container to produce multiple linearly independent internal current density distributions. The 360 voltage sensing electrodes were placed on the other sides and base to measure induced voltages. Instead of using an inverse solver with the least squares method, we used a projected image reconstruction algorithm based on a logarithm formulation to produce projected images. We intended to improve the quality and spatial resolution of the images by increasing the number of voltage measurements subject to a few injected current patterns. We evaluated the performance of the micro-EIT system with a macroscopic physical phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The signal-to-noise ratio of the developed micro-EIT system was 66 dB. Crosstalk was in the range of -110.8 to -90.04 dB. Three-dimensional images with consistent quality were reconstructed from physical phantom data over the entire domain. From numerical and experimental results, we estimate that at least 20 × 40 electrodes with 120 μm spacing are required to monitor the complex shape of ingrowth neotissue inside a scaffold with 300 μm pore.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental results showed that the new micro-EIT system with a reduced set of injection current patterns and a large number of voltage sensing electrodes can be potentially used for tissue culture monitoring. Numerical simulations demonstrated that the spatial resolution could be improved to the scale required for tissue culture monitoring. Future challenges include manufacturing a bioreactor-compatible container with a dense array of electrodes and a larger number of measurement channels that are sensitive to the reduced voltage gradients expected at a smaller scale.
authors.forename: Eun Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wi
authors.forename: Alistair Lee
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McEwan
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.forename: Harsh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sohal
authors.forename: Eung Je
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Jin Keun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Impedance Imaging Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 46-701 Yongin, Korea. tioh@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tong In
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D014054:Tomography / Q000379:methods*