title: Infant feeding practices, dietary adequacy, and micronutrient status measures in the MAL-ED study.
abstract: The overall goal of The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) cohort study is to evaluate the roles of repeated enteric infection and poor dietary intakes on the development of malnutrition, poor cognitive development, and diminished immune response. The use of 8 distinct sites for data collection from Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia allow for an examination of these relationships across different environmental contexts. Key to testing study hypotheses is the collection of appropriate data to characterize the dietary intakes and nutritional status of study children from birth through 24 months of age. The focus of the current article is on the collection of data to describe the nature and adequacy of infant feeding, energy and nutrient intakes, and the chosen indicators to capture micronutrient status in children over time.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Caulfield
authors.affiliation: Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Ram Krishna
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chandyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.
authors.forename: Cebisa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nesamvuni
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: Milena Lima
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turab
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago.
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: icddr,b (formerly International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahfuz
authors.affiliation: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Ramya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ambikapathi
authors.affiliation: icddr,b (formerly International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Tahmeed
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007410:Intestinal Diseases; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D044342:Malnutrition; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: MAL-ED; dietary intake; infant feeding; micronutrients