title: Are single mothers' higher smoking rates mediated by dysfunctional coping styles?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking prevalence has been shown to be considerably higher among single mothers as compared to their married or cohabiting counterparts. This study examines whether this could be attributed to single mothers' different capability in dealing with stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on cross-sectional data of 3129 German mothers, the study explores the associations between single motherhood, coping styles and moderate and heavy smoking pattern using a regression-based 'parallel multiple mediator model'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single mothers showed higher rates of negative coping styles than partnered mothers, holding for 'self-blame/rumination' (p < 0.001), 'blaming others' (p = 0.048) and in particular for 'substance consumption' (p < 0.001). With respect to positive coping styles the findings were heterogeneous: while partnered mothers scored higher on 'active influence' (p < 0.001), single mothers showed higher values of 'positive self-verbalisation' (p < 0.001). Evidence for a mediating effect of coping styles on the relationship between single motherhood and moderate as well as heavy smoking was only found for 'substance consumption'. Moreover, single motherhood may moderate the effect of 'self-blame/rumination' on heavy smoking (p = 0.025). Against expectations, higher levels of 'active influence' were not associated with lower but with significant higher odds of moderate smoking (OR = 1.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single mothers compared to partnered mothers showed a different ability to cope with stress. However, only the coping strategy 'substance consumption' mediates the relationship between single motherhood and smoking. Exclusively in single mothers, 'self-blame/rumination' was associated with heavy smoking, indicating that they might utilize smoking as a way to come to terms with negative ruminative thoughts.
authors.affiliation: Medical Sociology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str, 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. Sperlich.Stefanie@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sperlich
authors.forename: Mercy Nyambura
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Maina
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015406:Single Parent / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*