title: Estimated dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in the Polish arm of the HAPIEE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to estimate the intake of known individual polyphenols and their major dietary sources in the Polish arm of the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10,477 random sample (45-69 y) of urban population of Krakow, Poland, completed a validated 148-item food frequency questionnaire. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data with the recently developed Phenol-Explorer database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean intake of polyphenols was 1756.5 ± 695.8 mg/d (median = 1662.5 mg/d). The main polyphenol groups were flavonoids (897 mg/d) and phenolic acids (800 mg/d). A total of 347 polyphenols from 19 polyphenol subclasses were found. The individual compounds with the highest intakes were isomers of chlorogenic acid (i.e., 5-caffeoylquinic acid and 4-caffeoylquinic acid) among hydroxycinnamic acids (average intake 150 mg/d), that largely originated from coffee, and compounds belonging to the catechin chemical family (i.e., [+]-gallocatechin, [-]-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, and [-]-epicatechin) among flavanols (average intake 50 mg/d), that mostly originated from tea and cocoa products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study provides the most updated data for individual polyphenols intake in the diet of a well-established nutritional cohort. These findings will be useful to assess potential beneficial role on health of specific foods with high polyphenol content and characterize the effects of individual phenolic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: giuseppe.grosso@studium.unict.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stepaniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Topor-Mądry
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szafraniec
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pająk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011044:Poland; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D013662:Tea
keywords: Food sources; General population; Intake; Polish adults; Polyphenols