title: Toxicities of 48 pharmaceuticals and their freshwater and marine environmental assessment in northwestern France.
abstract: A risk assessment for freshwater and marine ecosystems is presented for 48 pharmaceutical compounds, belonging to 16 therapeutic classes, and prescribed in northwestern France. Ecotoxicity data were obtained on two freshwater organisms, i.e., crustacean Daphnia magna and the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and on two marine organisms, i.e., the crustacean Artemia salina and the diatom Skeletonema marinoi. Measured environmental concentrations (MEC), in the Orne River and sea off Merville-Franceville in the Basse-Normandie region, were compared to the predicted environmental concentrations (PEC). Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC) were derived from acute data for each compound. Then, a risk assessment for each compound and the mixture was performed by calculating risk quotients (RQ as PEC or MEC/PNEC ratio). Results showed that no immediate acute toxicities were expected even if some compounds displayed strong toxicities at very low concentrations. Antibiotics, antidepressants, and antifungals would deserve attention because of their high or median ecological risk suspected on marine and freshwater ecosystems. Marine ecosystems would be more sensitive to pharmaceutical residues.
authors.affiliation: UMR BOREA (Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), CNRS-7208/MNHN/UPMC/IRD-207/UCBN, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen Cedex, France. laetitia-minguez@hotmail.fr.|CERMN, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, UPRES EA4258 - FR CNRS INC3M - SF 4206 ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Bd Becquerel, 14032, Caen Cedex, France. laetitia-minguez@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minguez
authors.affiliation: EPOC (Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'Environnement (LPTC), 351 crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pedelucq
authors.affiliation: UMR BOREA (Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), CNRS-7208/MNHN/UPMC/IRD-207/UCBN, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen Cedex, France.|CERMN, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, UPRES EA4258 - FR CNRS INC3M - SF 4206 ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Bd Becquerel, 14032, Caen Cedex, France.|Laboratoire Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers (ECOSYM), Université de Montpellier 2, UMR 5119, 34095, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farcy
authors.affiliation: CERMN, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, UPRES EA4258 - FR CNRS INC3M - SF 4206 ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Bd Becquerel, 14032, Caen Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ballandonne
authors.affiliation: EPOC (Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux), UMR 5805 CNRS, Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'Environnement (LPTC), 351 crs de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Budzinski
authors.affiliation: CERMN, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, UPRES EA4258 - FR CNRS INC3M - SF 4206 ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Bd Becquerel, 14032, Caen Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Pierre
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Halm-Lemeille
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005602:France; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Aquatic environment; Ecotoxicity; Fate; MEC; PEC; Pharmaceuticals; Risk