title: Typhoid Fever surveillance and vaccine use - South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, 2009-2013.
abstract: Typhoid fever is a serious, systemic infection resulting in nearly 22 million cases and 216,500 deaths annually, primarily in Asia. Safe water, adequate sanitation, appropriate personal and food hygiene, and vaccination are the most effective strategies for prevention and control. In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended use of available typhoid vaccines to control endemic disease and outbreaks and strengthening of typhoid surveillance to improve disease estimates and identify high-risk populations (e.g., persons without access to potable water and adequate sanitation). This report summarizes the status of typhoid surveillance and vaccination programs in the WHO South-East Asia (SEAR) and Western Pacific regions (WPR) during 2009-2013, after the revised WHO recommendations. Data were obtained from the WHO/United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Joint Reporting Form on Immunization, a supplemental survey of surveillance and immunization program managers, and published literature. During 2009-2013, 23 (48%) of 48 countries and areas of SEAR (11) and WPR (37) collected surveillance or notifiable disease data on typhoid cases, with most surveillance activities established before 2008. Nine (19%) countries reported implementation of typhoid vaccination programs or recommended vaccine use during 2009-2013. Despite the high incidence, typhoid surveillance is weak in these two regions, and vaccination efforts have been limited. Further progress toward typhoid fever prevention and control in SEAR and WPR will require country commitment and international support for enhanced surveillance, targeted use of existing vaccines and availability of newer vaccines integrated within routine immunization programs, and integration of vaccination with safe water, sanitation, and hygiene measures.
authors.forename: Kashmira A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Date
authors.forename: Adwoa D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bentsi-Enchill
authors.forename: Kimberley K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abeysinghe
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Mintz
authors.forename: M Imran
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Sushant
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sahastrabuddhe
authors.forename: Terri B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hyde
mesh_terms: D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D010139:Pacific Islands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines