title: To what extent do financial strain and labour force status explain social class inequalities in self-rated health? Analysis of 20 countries in the European Social Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nordic countries do not have the smallest health inequalities despite egalitarian social policies. A possible explanation for this is that drivers of class differences in health such as financial strain and labour force status remain socially patterned in Nordic countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our analyses used data for working age (25-59) men (n = 48,249) and women (n = 52,654) for 20 countries from five rounds (2002-2010) of the European Social Survey. The outcome was self-rated health in 5 categories. Stratified by gender we used fixed effects linear regression models and marginal standardisation to instigate how countries varied in the degree to which class inequalities were attenuated by financial strain and labour force status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Before adjustment, Nordic countries had large inequalities in self-rated health relative to other European countries. For example the regression coefficient for the difference in health between working class and professional men living in Norway was 0.34 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.42), while the comparable figure for Spain was 0.15 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.22). Adjusting for financial strain and labour force status led to attenuation of health inequalities in all countries. However, unlike some countries such as Spain, where after adjustment the regression coefficient for working class men was only 0.02 (95% CI -0.05 to 0.10), health inequalities persisted after adjustment for Nordic countries. For Norway the adjusted coefficient was 0.17 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.25). Results for women and men were similar. However, in comparison to men, class inequalities tended to be stronger for women and more persistent after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjusting for financial security and labour force status attenuates a high proportion of health inequalities in some counties, particularly Southern European countries, but attenuation in Nordic countries was modest and did not improve their relative position.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benzeval
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Popham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004651:Employment; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D057566:Self Report; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors