title: Regulated cell death and inflammation: an auto-amplification loop causes organ failure.
abstract: Regulated cell death (RCD) is either immunologically silent or immunogenic. RCD in parenchymal cells may lead to the release of damage- associated molecular patterns that drive both tissue inflammation and the activation of further pathways of RCD. Following an initial event of regulated necrosis, RCD and inflammation can induce each other and drive a local auto-amplification loop that leads to exaggerated cell death and inflammation. In this Opinion article, we propose that such crosstalk between pro-inflammatory and RCD pathways has pathophysiological relevance in solid organ failure, transplantation and cancer. In our opinion, clinicians should not only prescribe immunosuppressive treatments to disrupt this circuit, but also implement the neglected therapeutic option of adding compounds that interfere with RCD.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linkermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, 10027 New York, USA.
authors.forename: Brent R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Stockwell
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krautwald
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, 80336 München, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Anders
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000276:immunology; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009336:Necrosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents