title: Innovative information visualization of electronic health record data: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the use of visualization techniques reported between 1996 and 2013 and evaluates innovative approaches to information visualization of electronic health record (EHR) data for knowledge discovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic literature search was conducted May-July 2013 using MEDLINE and Web of Knowledge, supplemented by citation searching, gray literature searching, and reference list reviews. General search terms were used to assure a comprehensive document search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Beginning with 891 articles, the number of articles was reduced by eliminating 191 duplicates. A matrix was developed for categorizing all abstracts and to assist with determining those to be excluded for review. Eighteen articles were included in the final analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several visualization techniques have been extensively researched. The most mature system is LifeLines and its applications as LifeLines2, EventFlow, and LifeFlow. Initially, research focused on records from a single patient and visualization of the complex data related to one patient. Since 2010, the techniques under investigation are for use with large numbers of patient records and events. Most are linear and allow interaction through scaling and zooming to resize. Color, density, and filter techniques are commonly used for visualization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the burgeoning increase in the amount of electronic healthcare data, the potential for knowledge discovery is significant if data are managed in innovative and effective ways. We identify challenges discovered by previous EHR visualization research, which will help researchers who seek to design and improve visualization techniques.
authors.affiliation: Duke Center for Health Informatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Vivian L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Borland
authors.affiliation: Duke Center for Health Informatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: W Ed
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D003626:Data Display; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006801:Humans; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Electronic Health Records; Health care data; Information visualization; Systematic review