title: Physical activity and cancer survivorship.
abstract: There has been an increase in the cancer survivor population in the United States over the past several decades primarily due to improvements in early detection of first malignancies and effective treatment modalities. A wealth of evidence has demonstrated that regular physical activity is associated with a lower risk of death, all-cause mortality, cancer recurrence, and several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, common comorbid conditions in people who have survived cancer. Physical activity also is a central component of weight management.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review summarizes the current physical activity recommendations and the evidence linking physical activity to improvements in weight management, physiological effects, and psychological health outcomes for cancer survivors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The available literature suggests physical activity is safe and is positively associated with weight management, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, quality of life, fatigue, and other psychosocial factors in cancer survivors. Yet relationships related to specific cancer diagnoses, treatments, and underlying cardiometabolic mechanisms associated with survival have not been thoroughly examined in randomized controlled trials. Furthermore, factors that influence adherence to physical activity behaviors must be identified to develop effective exercise programs. The use of objective measures of physical activity and the standardization of reporting outcome measures within intervention trials are needed to complement this effort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare providers should consider individual differences among cancer survivors and tailor physical activity programs to meet the individual needs of the patient to assist in the adoption and maintenance of a physically active lifestyle.
authors.affiliation: Canyon Ranch Center for Prevention and Health Promotion, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona davidogarcia@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Canyon Ranch Center for Prevention and Health Promotion, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D015444:Exercise; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D009043:Motor Activity; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012008:Recurrence; D017741:Survivors
keywords: cancer; exercise; neoplasms; obesity; survival