title: Salivary interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α in relation to periodontitis and glycemic status in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poorly-controlled glycemic status in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is suggested to play a role in the periodontal inflammatory process by aggregating the local cytokine response. Our objectives were to profile salivary interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in subjects with T2DM and to examine their relevance for the periodontal health status and glycemic control levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unstimulated whole saliva samples, together with full-mouth periodontal recordings (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP %], gingival index [GI], probing pocket depth [PPD], and clinical attachment level [CAL]), were collected from 123 subjects with T2DM. Additionally, demographic and general health parameters, including fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), were collected. Salivary IL-17 and TNF-α concentrations were analyzed using the Luminex®-xMAP™ technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with poorly-controlled T2DM (HbA1c ≥ 7) had elevated serum triglyceride (P < 0.001) concentration as well as elevated scores of BOP % (P = 0.014), PI (P = 0.048), GI (P = 0.033), and CAL (P = 0.003) in comparison to those of well-controlled T2DM (HbA1c < 7). When the subjects with detectable salivary IL-17 were categorized in tertiles, the scores of PPD and BOP%, and salivary TNF-α concentrations were significantly elevated in the highest (P = 0.007, P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively) and middle (P = 0.052, P = 0.022, and P = 0.003, respectively) tertiles compared to subjects with non-detectable salivary IL-17. The adjusted association between PPD measurements and salivary IL-17 concentrations was significant (P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poorly-controlled glycemic status relates to the severity of periodontal disease in T2DM. The association between PPD and IL-17 in saliva, however, is independent from the effect of glycemic status.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Ulvi Kahraman
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Gürsoy
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sinem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yildiz Çiftlikli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Könönen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Mervi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gürsoy
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Marmara, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Başak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Doğan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D020381:Interleukin-17; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: interleukin-17; periodontal disease; saliva; tumor necrosis factor-α; type 2 diabetes mellitus; 关键词：白细胞介素-17，牙周病，唾液，肿瘤坏死因子-α，2型糖尿病<