title: Lidocaine increases the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 following mechanical ventilation in healthy mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical ventilation (MV) induces an inflammatory response that may result in (acute) lung injury. Lidocaine, an amide local anesthetic, has anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo, possibly due to an attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and reduction of neutrophils influx. We hypothesized an attenuation of MV-induced inflammatory response with intravenously administered lidocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lidocaine (Lido) (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg/h) was intravenously administered during 4 h of MV with a tidal volume of 8 ml/kg, positive end expiratory pressure 1,5 cmH2O and FiO2 0.4. We used one ventilated control (CON) group receiving vehicle. After MV, mice were euthanized, and lungs and blood were immediately harvested, and cytokine levels and ICAM-1 levels were measured in plasma and lung homogenates. Pulmonary neutrophils influx was determined in LEDER-stained slices of lungs. Anesthetic need was determined by painful hind paw stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lidocaine-treated animals (Lido 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg/h) showed higher interleukin (IL)-10 plasma levels compared to control animals. Lidocaine treatment with 8 mg/kg/h (Lido 8) resulted in higher IL-10 in lung homogenates. No differences were observed in pro-inflammatory cytokines, ICAM-1, and pulmonary influx between the different ventilated groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenously administered lidocaine increases levels of plasma IL-10 with infusion from 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg/h and pulmonary levels of IL-10 with 8 mg/kg/h in a murine mechanical ventilation model. Intravenously administered lidocaine appears to reduce anesthetic need in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Der Wal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaneker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Berkum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kox
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Der Laak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Der Hoeven
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vissers
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Scheffer
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; C556062:IL10 protein, mouse; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D016753:Interleukin-10; D008012:Lidocaine