title: Effects of music on cardiovascular responses in men with essential hypertension compared with healthy men based on introversion and extraversion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present research investigated the effects of two different types of music on cardiovascular responses in essential hypertensive men in comparison with healthy men based on introversion and extraversion.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirteen hypertensive men referred to Madani Heart Hospital in Tabriz completed the NEO-FFI Questionnaire and after obtaining acceptable scores were classified in four groups: introvert patients, extravert patients, introvert healthy subjects, and extravert healthy subjects (each group with 25 samples with age range 31-50). Baseline blood pressure and heart rate of each subject was recorded without any stimulus. Then subjects were exposed to slow-beat music and blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. After15 minute break, and a little cognitive task for distraction, subjects were exposed to fast-beat music and blood pressure and heart rate were recorded again.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test showed that extravert patient subjects obtained greater reduction in systolic blood pressure and heart rate after presenting slow-beat music compared with introvert patients (P= 0.035, and P= 0.033 respectively). And extravert healthy subjects obtained greater reduction in heart rate after presenting slow-beat music compared with introvert healthy subjects (P= 0.036). However, there are no significant differences between introvert and extravert groups in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate after presenting fast-beat music.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our results, introvert subjects experience negative emotions more than extravert subjects and negative emotions cause less change in blood pressure in these subjects compared with extravert subjects.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Namdar
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taban Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sabourimoghaddam
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Davoud
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ezzati
keywords: Essential Hypertension; Extraversion; Introversion; Music