title: Social and Psychological Predictors of Initial Cigarette Smoking Experience: A Survey in Male College Students.
abstract: Knowledge about social and psychological risk factors for initial cigarette smoking experience (ICSE) is sparse. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of ICSE and to examine the psychological and social factors related to ICSE. In a cross-sectional survey, 1,511 male college students were recruited using multistage sampling techniques from four universities located within the city of Ilam, Iran. Self-administered multiple-choice questionnaires were distributed to students from March to June 2013. Risk factors for ICSE were evaluated using logistic regression models. Participants were 22.3 ± 2.4 years of age. ICSE prevalence was 30.6%. In multivariable adjusted analysis, risk taking behavior (odds ratio [OR] = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-2.33), perceived peer smoking prevalence (OR = 2.48; 95% CI = 1.03-5.97), positive thoughts about smoking (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.02-1.10), high self-efficacy (OR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.93, 0.98]), presence in smokers' gathering (OR = 4.45; 95% CI = 2.88-6.81), comity of smokers (OR = 2.56; 95% CI = 1.66, 3.92), very hard access to cigarettes (OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.16-4.16), close friends' medium reaction toward smoking (OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.02-1.88), and sporting activity (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.56-0.98) were significantly associated with ICSE. This study identified that a combination of psychological and social variables account for up to 78% of the probability of ICSE. The most important protective factor against ICSE was physical activity, whereas the most important risk factor for ICSE was frequent gathering in the presence of smokers.
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Walieh
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Menati
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran nazarzadeh_milad@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Milad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazarzadeh
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Zeinab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bidel
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Würtz
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Rostam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menati
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Rohollah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hemati
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaghoubi
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zareimanesh
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Sabour
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akhlaghi Ardekani
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Jafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tazval
authors.affiliation: Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delpisheh
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010379:Peer Group; D015995:Prevalence; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adolescent; male; smoking; students