title: Primary immunodeficiency in infection-prone children in southern Sweden: occurrence, clinical characteristics and immunological findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders mainly characterized by increased susceptibility to infections. The aims of this study were to estimate the occurrence rate of PID in the paediatric (age ≤ 18 years) population of southern Sweden (approx. 265,000 children) and to describe their demographic, clinical and immunological characteristics. During a period of 4 years, in four paediatric speciality clinics in Skåne County in southern Sweden, children being seen for infections and fulfilling specific criteria were evaluated according to a predefined examination schedule. The initial analysis consisted of complete blood counts with analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations (T, B, NK cells), measurement of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgG subclasses), and assessment of the complement system (classical, alternative and lectin pathways). In addition, results of these immunological analyses in other children from the same area and time period were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 259 children (53.6% males) met the criteria and were included. The most common infection was recurrent otitis media. Immunological analyses results for about two thirds of the patients were outside age-related reference intervals. Further examination in this latter group identified 15 children with PID (9 males); 7 (2.7%) had genetically defined PID, representing 4 different diagnoses, and another 8 (3.1%) had a clinically defined PID - common variable immunodeficiency. No additional PID patient was identified from the evaluation of laboratory results in children not included in the study. The median age at diagnosis was 3.5 years (range 1-12 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence rate of PID was about 4 new cases per year in this population. Several different PID diagnoses were found, and the application of specified criteria to identify PID patients was useful. In children who are prone to infection, the use of a predefined set of immunological laboratory analyses at their first examination was beneficial for early identification of patients with PID.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brodszki
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: Lillemor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skattum
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Truedsson
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D003165:Complement System Proteins