title: Coffee silverskin: characterization, possible uses, and safety aspects.
abstract: The reuse of coffee silverskin (CS), the main waste product of the coffee-roasting industry, could be an alternative to its environmental disposal. However, CS could also contain undesirable compounds, such as ochratoxin A (OTA) and phytosterol oxidation products (POPs). A study on the composition of CS (caffeine, moisture, dietary fibers, carbohydrates, and polyphenol contents) was carried out, with emphasis on OTA and POPs for safety reasons. The lipid fraction showed significant amounts of linoleic acid and phytosterols (7.0 and 12.1% of lipid fraction). Noticeable levels of POPs (114.11 mg/100 g CS) were found, and the phytosterol oxidation rate varied from 27.6 to 48.1%. The OTA content was 18.7-34.4 μg/kg CS, which is about 3 times higher than the European Commission limits for coffee products. The results suggest that CS could be used as a source of cellulose and/or bioactive compounds; however, the contents of POPs and OTA might represent a risk for human safety if intended for human or livestock use.
authors.affiliation: Food Waste Innovation Centre, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna , Viale Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Tullia Gallina
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Toschi
authors.forename: Vladimiro
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cardenia
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonaga
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandrioli
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Estrada
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D040503:Coffea / Q000737:chemistry*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008055:Lipids; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014866:Waste Products; C025589:ochratoxin A
keywords: coffee silverskin; lipid content; ochratoxin A; phytosterol oxidation products; safety risk