title: Determination of frequency of the second mesiobuccal canal in the permanent maxillary first molar teeth with magnification loupes (× 3.5).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar has generated more research and clinical investigation than any root. An inability to detect and treat a second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal is a reason for endodontic failure in maxillary first molars. Modifications in the endodontic access and detection techniques, along with advancements in illumination and magnification technology, have aided in the location and treatment with the second mesiobuccal canal of maxillary first molars.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of the second mesiobuccal canal in the permanent maxillary first molars with magnification loupes (× 3.5).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 53 teeth were assessed using a moderate magnification for second mesiobuccal canal in mesiobuccal root of first permanent maxillary molars in vivo. Detection of this canal in maxillary first molars was done through a clinical access cavity preparation under magnification loupes (× 3.5). Data was analyzed using SPSS 15.0. Frequency distribution of variables was determined and the level of significance was kept at 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We were able to detect second mesiobuccal canal in 27 out of 53 (50.9%) of the permanent maxillary first molars that were studied. It was found that the males tend to have a higher proportion of second mesiobuccal canals (up to 31%) as compared to the females in whom the second mesiobuccal canals could be identified only 19% of the time. Whilst, there was no association found between age, gender and chamber obliteration with the presence of second mesiobuccal canal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, within its limitations, this study suggested that the use of magnification loupes enhanced both the detection (50.9%) and negotiation (86.8%) of the second mesiobuccal canals in the permanent maxillary first molars beyond what could be achieved with naked eye.
authors.affiliation: Dental Section, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Dental Section, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raza Khan
keywords: Mesiobuccal canal; magnification; permanent maxillary first molar