title: A higher salt intake leads to a lower rate of adequate blood pressure control.
abstract: The relationship between salt intake and adequate blood pressure control is not well investigated in Korea populations, especially in patients with cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study enrolled 19,083 subjects who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2009-2011. The amount of salt intake was estimated using the Tanaka equations based on spot urine samples. Comparing patients with and without cardiovascular disease, systolic blood pressure (129.1±18.1 mmHg vs. 120.0±18.1 mmHg, P<0.001) and the amount of urinary sodium excretion (149.4±37.5 mM/day vs. 144.1±36.2 mM/day, P<0.001) were higher in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Among patients with cardiovascular disease, the high blood pressure group showed an increased amount of urinary sodium excretion compared to the normal blood pressure group (155.5±38.2 vs. 146.6±36.9 mM/day, P<0.001). The odds ratio (OR) of high blood pressure was higher (OR, 1.825; 95% CI, 1.187-2.807; P-for-trend 0.003, highest quartile of urinary sodium excretion vs. lowest quartile) in patients with cardiovascular disease. A higher amount of urinary sodium excretion was associated with a lower rate of adequate blood pressure control in Korean population, especially with cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeonghwan
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3199-635X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hajeong
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1873-1587
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Clinic, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
authors.forename: Kiwon
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2885-0053
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hwan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8737-0084
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Salt and Health, Seoul K-Clinic, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Suhnggwon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jieun
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9429-9602
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; KNHANES; Sodium