title: Analysis of curricular reform practices at Chinese medical schools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A comprehensive search of the literature published between 2001 and 2010 was performed to gain a greater understanding of curricular reform practices at Chinese medical schools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were 10,948 studies published between 2001 and 2010 that were retrieved from the database. Following preliminary screening, 76 publications from 49 different medical schools were selected. Thirty-one publications regarding clinical medicine curricular reforms were analyzed further. Of the 76 studies, 53 described curricular reforms that were instituted in theoretical courses, 22 described curricular reforms that were instituted in experimental courses, and 1 described curricular reforms that were instituted in a clinical skills training course. Of the 31 clinical medicine publications, 2 described reforms that were implemented for 3-year program medical students, 12 described reforms that were implemented for 5-year program medical students, 6 described reforms that were implemented for 7-year program medical students, and 2 described reforms that were implemented for 8-year program medical students. Currently, the majority of medical schools in China use the discipline-based curriculum model. Thirteen studies described transition to an organ-system-based curriculum model, 1 study described transition to a problem-based curriculum model, and 3 studies described transition to a clinical presentation-based curriculum model. In 7 studies educators decided to retain the discipline-based curriculum model while integrating 1 or several new courses to remedy the weaker aspects of the traditional curriculum, in 7 studies educators decided to integrate the preclinical courses with the clinical courses by using the systemic-integrating curricular system that dilutes classical disciplines and integrates material based on organ systems, and in 2 studies educators limited reforms to clinical courses only. Eight studies discussed the implementation of a formative evaluation system, 4 studies discussed faculty training, and 15 studies discussed the application of various instructional methods. Other issues that were also addressed include enhancing research, improving patient-doctor communication, developing interpersonal and teamwork skills, cultivating independent lifelong learning habits, and improving problem-solving capabilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The medical schools in our study have adopted various comprehensive curricular changes, moving from a knowledge-based to a competency-based model, and from traditional standards to international standards. Many institutions face challenges when implementing curricular reforms, such as what to integrate and how to do so, the unintended omission of important material, ensuring coordination between different organizations and departments, and the training of faculty.
authors.affiliation: a Clinical Teaching Affairs Office, Tongji Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qiaoling
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kosik
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandell
authors.forename: Shuu-Jiun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guo-Tong
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Angela P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003479:Curriculum / Q000639:trends*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration*
keywords: Chinese medical schools; clinical medicine; curricular reform; medical education