title: Efficiencies of Internet-based digital and paper-based scientific surveys and the estimated costs and time for different-sized cohorts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relative efficiencies of five Internet-based digital and three paper-based scientific surveys and to estimate the costs for different-sized cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Invitations to participate in a survey were distributed via e-mail to employees of two university hospitals (E1 and E2) and to members of a medical association (E3), as a link placed in a special text on the municipal homepage regularly read by the administrative employees of two cities (H1 and H2), and paper-based to workers at an automobile enterprise (P1) and college (P2) and senior (P3) students. The main parameters analyzed included the numbers of invited and actual participants, and the time and cost to complete the survey. Statistical analysis was descriptive, except for the Kruskal-Wallis-H-test, which was used to compare the three recruitment methods. Cost efficiencies were compared and extrapolated to different-sized cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratios of completely answered questionnaires to distributed questionnaires were between 81.5% (E1) and 97.4% (P2). Between 6.4% (P1) and 57.0% (P2) of the invited participants completely answered the questionnaires. The costs per completely answered questionnaire were $0.57-$1.41 (E1-3), $1.70 and $0.80 for H1 and H2, respectively, and $3.36-$4.21 (P1-3). Based on our results, electronic surveys with 10, 20, 30, or 42 questions would be estimated to be most cost (and time) efficient if more than 101.6-225.9 (128.2-391.7), 139.8-229.2 (93.8-193.6), 165.8-230.6 (68.7-115.7), or 188.2-231.5 (44.4-72.7) participants were required, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study efficiency depended on the technical modalities of the survey methods and engagement of the participants. Depending on our study design, our results suggest that in similar projects that will certainly have more than two to three hundred required participants, the most efficient way of conducting a questionnaire-based survey is likely via the Internet with a digital questionnaire, specifically via a centralized e-mail.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Constantin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Uhlig
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Sarr, Germany.
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eter
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Promesberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Muenster Medical Center, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Busse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003625:Data Collection / Q000191:economics*; D003710:Demography; D034742:Electronic Mail; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010209:Paper; D011177:Postal Service; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult