title: The impact of umbilical blood flow regulation on fetal development differs in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is well-known to influence endothelial function. Endothelial function and blood flow regulation might be different in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancy. However, the impact of umbilical blood flow regulation in gestational diabetes on fetal development is unknown so far.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective birth cohort study, we analyzed the association of the umbilical artery Doppler indices (pulsatility index, resistance index and systolic/diastolic ratio) and fetal size measures (biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length and birth weight) in 519 non-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies (controls) and 226 gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies in middle (day 160.32 ±16.29 of gestation) and late (day 268.12 ±13.04 of gestation) pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple regression analysis considering confounding factors (gestational day of ultrasound examination, offspring sex, maternal body mess index before pregnancy, maternal age at delivery, maternal body weight at delivery and maternal hypertension) showed that umbilical artery Doppler indices (pulsatility index, resistance index and systolic/diastolic ratio) were associated with fetal head circumference and femur length in middle gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy but not in non-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy. Head circumference, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference and femur length in mid gestation were smaller in fetus of gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy versus non-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy. In contrast to non-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy in late gestation, umbilical artery Doppler indices in gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy were not associated with ultrasound measures of fetal growth. Birth weight was slightly increased in gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy as compared to non-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of umbilical blood flow on fetal growth is time dependent in human gestational diabetes mellitus and non-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy. In gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy umbilical blood flow is critical for organ development in much earlier stages of pregnancy as compared to non-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy. The physiological and molecular pathways why there is a catch up growth in later times of gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy resulting in larger gestational diabetes mellitus babies at birth needs to be addressed in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical college of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: You-Peng
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yun-Peng
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Cai-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yong-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiao-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hocher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001724:Birth Weight; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*