title: The New Epidemiology of HIV-Related Kidney Disease.
abstract: HIV-related kidney disease has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the HIV population. It is clear that the epidemiology of HIV-related kidney disease has changed dramatically since the first case reports in 1984. During these early years, the predominant etiology of kidney disease in HIV was recognized as HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), an aggressive form of kidney disease with a high rate of progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Subsequently, with the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), there was a dramatic decrease in the incidence of ESRD attributed to HIV/AIDS. Although the incidence of HIV-related ESRD has plateaued in the last 15 years, the prevalence has continued to increase because of improved survival. Available prevalence estimates do not include HIV-infected individuals with comorbid ESRD, although there is growing evidence that the epidemiology of kidney disease in the HIV-infected population has changed. This article reviews the impact of risk factors such as race, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hepatitis C virus coinfection, and the chronic use of cART on the changing epidemiology of HIV-related kidney disease. Additionally in this review, we propose potential areas of translational research that will help to further characterize HIV-related kidney disease in the 21stcentury.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sandeep K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mallipattu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA ; Renal Section, Department of Medicine, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: He
keywords: AIDS; HCV; HIV