title: Prevalence of abnormal sleep duration and excessive daytime sleepiness in pregnancy and the role of socio-demographic factors: comparing pregnant women with women in the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence of self-reported abnormal sleep duration and excessive daytime sleepiness in pregnancy among Māori (indigenous New Zealanders) and non-Māori women versus the general population, and to examine the influence of socio-demographic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported total sleep time (TST) in 24-hrs, Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores and socio-demographic information were obtained from nullipara and multipara women aged 20-46 yrs at 35-37 weeks pregnant (358 Māori and 717 non-Māori), and women in the general population (381 Māori and 577 non-Māori).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for ethnicity, age, socio-economic status, and employment status, pregnant women average 30 min less TST than women in the general population. The distribution of TST was also greater in pregnant women, who were 3 times more likely to be short sleepers (≤6 h) and 1.9 times more likely to be long sleepers (>9 h). In addition, pregnant women were 1.8 times more likely to report excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Pregnant women >30 years of age experienced greater age-related declines in TST. Identifying as Māori, being unemployed, and working at night increased the likelihood of reporting abnormal sleep duration across all women population in this study. EDS also more likely occurred among Māori women and women who worked at night.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy increases the prevalence of abnormal sleep duration and EDS, which are also higher among Māori than non-Māori women and those who do night work. Health professionals responsible for the care of pregnant women need to be well-educated about the importance of sleep and discuss sleep issues with the women they care for.
authors.affiliation: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand. Electronic address: t.l.signal@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: T Leigh
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Signal
authors.affiliation: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sarah-Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.affiliation: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Bronwyn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.affiliation: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Priston
authors.affiliation: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huthwaite
authors.affiliation: Department of Māori Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Papaarangi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Age; Employment; Ethnicity; Excessive daytime sleepiness; Long sleep; Short sleep