title: Development of land use regression models for elemental, organic carbon, PAH, and hopanes/steranes in 10 ESCAPE/TRANSPHORM European study areas.
abstract: Land use regression (LUR) models have been used to model concentrations of mainly traffic-related air pollutants (nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) mass or absorbance). Few LUR models are published of PM composition, whereas the interest in health effects related to particle composition is increasing. The aim of our study was to evaluate LUR models of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), hopanes/steranes, and elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC) content of PM2.5. In 10 European study areas, PAH, hopanes/steranes, and EC/OC concentrations were measured at 16-40 sites per study area. LUR models for each study area were developed on the basis of annual average concentrations and predictor variables including traffic, population, industry, natural land obtained from geographic information systems. The highest median model explained variance (R(2)) was found for EC - 84%. The median R(2) was 51% for OC, 67% for benzo[a]pyrene, and 38% for sum of hopanes/steranes, with large variability between study areas. Traffic predictors were included in most models. Population and natural land were included frequently as additional predictors. The moderate to high explained variance of LUR models and the overall moderate correlation with PM2.5 model predictions support the application of especially the OC and PAH models in epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jedynska
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eeftens
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cyrys
authors.forename: Menno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keuken
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ampe
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beelen
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cesaroni
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forastiere
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cirach
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Hoogh
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Nazelle
authors.forename: Wenche
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nystad
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Declercq
authors.forename: Kirsten T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dimakopoulou
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lanki
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meliefste
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yli-Tuomi
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raaschou-Nielsen
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.forename: Ingeborg M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kooter
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D005060:Europe; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D011156:Population Density; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014315:Triterpenes; C025206:hopane; D002244:Carbon