title: Effectiveness of a universal health-promoting parenting program: a randomized waitlist-controlled trial of All Children in Focus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenting programs have been highlighted as a way of supporting and empowering parents. As programs designed to promote children's health and well-being are scarce, a new health-promotion program, All Children in Focus, has been developed. The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of the program in promoting parental self-efficacy and child health and development, as well as to investigate possible moderators of these outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter randomized waitlist-controlled trial was conducted. The trial included 621 parents with children aged 3-12 years. Parents were randomized to receive the intervention directly or to join a waitlist control group. Parents completed questionnaires at baseline, 2 weeks after the intervention, and 6 months post-baseline. To evaluate potential effects of the program, as well as any moderating variables, multilevel modeling with a repeated-measures design was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents in the intervention group reported that their self-efficacy (p < .001), as well as their perceptions of children's health and development (p < .05), increased 6 months post-baseline when compared with parents in the control group. One variable was found to moderate both outcomes: parents' positive mental health. Furthermore, parents' educational level and number of children moderated parental self-efficacy, while the children's age moderated child health and development. Having a poor positive mental health, a university-level education, more than one child in the family, and older children, made the families benefit more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the first randomized controlled trial of All Children in Focus, we found that the program appears to promote both parental self-efficacy and children's health and development in a general population. Additionally, we found that families may benefit differently depending on their baseline characteristics. This contributes to an existing understanding of the advantages of offering universal parenting programs as a public health approach to strengthening families. However, further research is needed to investigate long-term effects and mediating variables, as well as the potential cost-effectiveness of the program.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN70202532. November 7th 2012.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. malin.ulfsdotter@ki.se.
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ulfsdotter
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enebrink
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindberg
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents; D012107:Research Design; D014850:Waiting Lists