title: Coffee consumption is inversely associated with depressive status in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Depression has been reported to be more prevalent among diabetic patients than non-diabetic individuals. Although depression and diabetes are causally and bi-directionally related, the influence of food intake frequency on depressive symptoms in diabetic patients has not been fully evaluated. This cross-sectional study analyzed data obtained from 89 patients with type 2 diabetes who completed self-administered questionnaires regarding food intake frequency, diabetic variables, physical activity and depressive states. The prevalence of a "definite" depressive state was 16.9%. The duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c levels, diabetic microvascular complications and physical activity levels were similar between depressed and non-depressed patients. Daily intakes of total lipids, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid energy ratios were significantly lower, and the carbohydrate energy ratio was significantly higher in depressed than in non-depressed patients. Coffee consumption was inversely associated with depressive symptoms, but no significant association was found between tea or green tea consumption and depressive symptoms. The logistic regression analysis showed that coffee consumption was an independent predictor of non-depressed status in diabetic patients. This might be due to biologically active compounds containing in coffee other than caffeine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omagari
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakaki
authors.affiliation: Dietary Cure Unit, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, 1-11-54 Fukahori, Nagasaki 851-0301, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.affiliation: Dietary Cure Unit, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, 1-11-54 Fukahori, Nagasaki 851-0301, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiogama
authors.affiliation: Dietary Cure Unit, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, 1-11-54 Fukahori, Nagasaki 851-0301, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iwanaga
authors.affiliation: Dietary Cure Unit, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, 1-11-54 Fukahori, Nagasaki 851-0301, Japan.
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishimoto
authors.affiliation: Dietary Cure Unit, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, 1-11-54 Fukahori, Nagasaki 851-0301, Japan.
authors.forename: Asami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masuzumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan.
authors.forename: Miku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawase
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, 1-11-54 Fukahori, Nagasaki 851-0301, Japan.
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshitake
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, 1-11-54 Fukahori, Nagasaki 851-0301, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyahara
keywords: coffee consumption; depression; diabetes mellitus; food intake