title: Absolute ethanol embolization of arteriovenous malformations in the periorbital region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) involving the periorbital region are technically challenging clinical entities to manage. The purpose of the present study was to present our initial experience of ethanol embolization in a series of 16 patients with auricular AVMs and assess the outcomes of this treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcatheter arterial embolization and/or direct percutaneous puncture embolization were performed in the 16 patients. Pure or diluted ethanol was manually injected. The follow-up evaluations included physical examination and angiography at 1- to 6-month intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 28 ethanol embolization sessions, the amount of ethanol used ranged from 2 to 65 mL. The obliteration of ulceration, hemorrhage, pain, infection, pulsation, and bruit in most of the patients was obtained. The reduction of redness, swelling, and warmth was achieved in all the 16 patients, with down-staging of the Schobinger status for each patient. AVMs were devascularized 100 % in 3 patients, 76-99 % in 7 patients, and 50-75 % in 6 patients, according to the angiographic findings. The most common complications were necrosis and reversible blister. No permanent visual abnormality was found in any of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethanol embolization is efficacious and safe in the treatment of AVMs in the periorbital region and has the potential to be accepted as the primary mode of therapy in the management of these lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China, sulixin1975@126.com.
authors.forename: Li-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Ren-Bing
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: De-Ming
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ming-Ming
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Xin-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009915:Orbit / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012997:Solvents; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol