title: Cholesterol addition aids the cryopreservation of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) spermatozoa.
abstract: The cryopreservation of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) sperm has proved challenging with little success reported. The routine application of artificial insemination with frozen semen would assist the flow of valuable genetic material nationally and internationally. The current study sought to examine the effects of cholesterol (cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin [CLC]) preloading on camel sperm cryosurvival. Ejaculates (n = 3 males; 3 ejaculates per male) were collected using an artificial vagina during the breeding season and extended in HEPES-buffered Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate (TALP) and allowed to liquefy in the presence of papain (0.1 mg/mL) before removal of the seminal plasma by centrifugation. Sperm pellets were resuspended (120 million/mL) in fresh TALP and incubated (15 minutes; 37 °C) with 0, 1.5, or 4.5 mg CLC/mL. Sperm suspensions were then centrifuged and reconstituted in INRA-96 containing 20% (v:v) egg yolk and 2.5% (v:v) methylformamide, loaded in 0.5-mL plastic straws, sealed, and cooled for 20 minutes at 4 °C. Straws were frozen over liquid nitrogen (4 cm above liquid; 15 minutes), plunged, and stored. Sperm motility, forward progressive status, and acrosomal integrity were recorded at 0 and 3 hours after thawing and compared with these same parameters before freezing. Aliquots also were stained with chlortetracycline hydrochloride to assess spontaneous sperm capacitation status before freezing and post-thaw. Pretreatment with CLC (1.5 and 4.5 mg/mL) enhanced cryosurvival. Post-thaw sperm motility was highest (P < 0.05) in 1.5 mg CLC/mL immediately after thawing (44%) and after 3 hours incubation at room temperature (34%). Highest post-thaw sperm progressive status was also achieved in the presence of 1.5 CLC. Greater proportions of spermatozoa retained acrosomal membrane integrity when cryopreserved in the presence of CLC, but there was no difference between 1.5 and 4.5 CLC. Although thawed spermatozoa underwent spontaneous capacitation during in vitro incubation, cryopreservation and CLC treatment exerted no effect. In summary, dromedary camel sperm benefit from exposure to CLC before cryopreservation; this may facilitate the routine collection and storage of sperm from this species.
authors.affiliation: Camel Reproduction Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Crichton
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia.
authors.forename: Budhan S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Pukazhenthi
authors.affiliation: Camel Reproduction Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Billah
authors.affiliation: Camel Reproduction Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Electronic address: luluskidmore@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Julian A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Skidmore
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002162:Camelus / Q000502:physiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005559:Formamides; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008297:Male; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013075:Sperm Capacitation / Q000502:physiology; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005559:Formamides; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C108732:methyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D002784:Cholesterol; C002950:methylformamide
keywords: Acrosomal integrity; CLC; Camel; Capacitation; Sperm