title: Occult hepatitis B virus infection among Mexican human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of occult hepatitis B infection (OHBI) in a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1+/ hepatitis B surface antigen negative (HBsAg)- patients from Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the presence of OHBI in 49 HIV-1+/HBsAg- patients. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was analyzed using nested PCR to amplify the Core (C) region and by real-time PCR to amplify a region of the S and X genes. The possible associations between the variables and OHBI were investigated using Pearson's χ(2) and/or Fisher's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the frequency of OHBI was 49% among the group of 49 HIV-1+/HBsAg- patients studied. The presence of OHBI was significantly associated with the HIV-1 RNA viral load [odds ratio (OR) = 8.75; P = 0.001; 95%CI: 2.26-33.79] and with HIV-antiretroviral treatment with drugs that interfere with HBV replication (lamivudine, tenofovir or emtricitabine) (OR = 0.25; P = 0.05; 95%CI: 0.08-1.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The OHBI frequency is high among 49 Mexican HIV-1+/HBsAg- patients and it was more frequent in patients with detectable HIV RNA, and less frequent in patients who are undergoing HIV-ARV treatment with drugs active against HBV.
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ma Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maldonado-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Othon
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rojas-Montes
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torres-Ibarra
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Escolano
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Rosales
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Onofre
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Ma Teresa Alvarez-Muñoz, Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez, Othon Rojas-Montes, Guillermo Vazquez-Rosales, Alejandro Gomez, Javier Torres, Rosalia Lira, Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D060085:Coinfection; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Hepatitis B surface antigen negative; Hepatitis B virus; Human immunodeficiency virus; Molecular diagnostics; Occult hepatitis B virus infection; Risk factors