title: Pulmonary manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are a systemic illness that may affect up to half of all patients. Among the extraintestinal manifestations of IBD, those involving the lungs are relatively rare and often overlooked. However, there is a wide array of such manifestations, spanning from airway disease to lung parenchymal disease, thromboembolic disease, pleural disease, enteric-pulmonary fistulas, pulmonary function test abnormalities, and adverse drug reactions. The spectrum of IBD manifestations in the chest is broad, and the manifestations may mimic other diseases. Although infrequent, physicians dealing with IBD must be aware of these conditions, which are sometimes life-threatening, to avoid further health impairment of the patients and to alleviate their symptoms by prompt recognition and treatment. Knowledge of these manifestations in conjunction with pertinent clinical data is essential for establishing the correct diagnosis and treatment. The treatment of IBD-related respiratory disorders depends on the specific pattern of involvement, and in most patients, steroids are required in the initial management. Corticosteroids, both systemic and aerosolized, are the mainstay therapeutic approach, while antibiotics must also be administered in the case of infectious and suppurative processes, whose sequelae sometimes require surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Xiao-Qing Ji, De-Gan Lu, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Xiao-Qing Ji, De-Gan Lu, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Li-Xia
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Xiao-Qing Ji, De-Gan Lu, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: De-Gan
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001688:Biological Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents
keywords: Crohn’s disease; Inflammatory bowel diseases; Lung diseases; Ulcerative colitis