title: Changes in the bacterial microbiota in gut, blood, and lungs following acute LPS instillation into mice lungs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous reports have shown that the gastrointestinal (GI) bacterial microbiota can have profound effects on the lungs, which has been described as the "gut-lung axis". However, whether a "lung-gut" axis exists wherein acute lung inflammation perturbs the gut and blood microbiota is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult C57/Bl6 mice were exposed to one dose of LPS or PBS instillation (n=3 for each group) directly into lungs. Bacterial microbiota of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood, and cecum were determined using 454 pyrotag sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at 4 through 168 hours post-instillation. We then investigated the effects of oral neomycin and streptomycin (n=8) on the microbiota at 4 and 24 hours post LPS instillation versus control treatment (n=5 at baseline and 4 hours, n=7 at 24 hours).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 24 hours post LPS instillation, the total bacterial count was significantly increased in the cecum (P<0.05); whereas the total bacterial count in blood was increased at 4, 48, and 72 hours (P<0.05). Antibiotic treatment reduced the total bacteria in blood but not in the cecum. The increase in total bacteria in the blood correlated with Phyllobacteriaceae OTU 40 and was significantly reduced in the blood for both antibiotic groups (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS instillation in lungs leads to acute changes in the bacterial microbiota in the blood and cecum, which can be modulated with antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Heart + Lung Innovation Centre at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.affiliation: Heart + Lung Innovation Centre at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuruta
authors.affiliation: Heart + Lung Innovation Centre at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Shun-Wei Julia
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Heart + Lung Innovation Centre at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Yeni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Heart + Lung Innovation Centre at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Departments of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: S F Paul
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Man
authors.affiliation: Heart + Lung Innovation Centre at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.affiliation: Heart + Lung Innovation Centre at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Departments of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Don D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sin
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects*; D009355:Neomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D059127:Phyllobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044967:Serum / Q000382:microbiology; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009355:Neomycin; D013307:Streptomycin