title: Cardiac autonomic nerve distribution and arrhythmia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the distribution characteristics of cardiac autonomic nerves and to explore the correlation between cardiac autonomic nerve distribution and arrhythmia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-based retrieval was performed for papers examining the distribution of cardiac autonomic nerves, using heart, autonomic nerve, sympathetic nerve, vagus nerve, nerve distribution, rhythm and atrial fibrillation as the key words.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 165 studies examining the distribution of cardiac autonomic nerve were screened, and 46 of them were eventually included.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distribution and characteristics of cardiac autonomic nerves were observed, and immunohistochemical staining was applied to determine the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholine transferase (main markers of cardiac autonomic nerve distribution). In addition, the correlation between cardiac autonomic nerve distribution and cardiac arrhythmia was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac autonomic nerves were reported to exhibit a disordered distribution in different sites, mainly at the surface of the cardiac atrium and pulmonary vein, forming a ganglia plexus. The distribution of the pulmonary vein autonomic nerve was prominent at the proximal end rather than the distal end, at the upper left rather than the lower right, at the epicardial membrane rather than the endocardial membrane, at the left atrium rather than the right atrium, and at the posterior wall rather than the anterior wall. The main markers used for cardiac autonomic nerves were tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholine transferase. Protein gene product 9.5 was used to label the immunoreactive nerve distribution, and the distribution density of autonomic nerves was determined using a computer-aided morphometric analysis system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The uneven distribution of the cardiac autonomic nerves is the leading cause of the occurrence of arrhythmia, and the cardiac autonomic nerves play an important role in the occurrence, maintenance, and symptoms of arrhythmia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
keywords: acetylcholine; acetylcholine transferase; adrenergic receptor; arrhythmia; cardiac autonomic nerve; catecholamine; muscarinic M receptor; norepinephrine; parasympathetic nerve; sympathetic nerve; tyrosine hydroxylase; vagus nerve