title: Indirect comparison of lixisenatide versus neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin as add-on to metformin and sulphonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is currently a lack of evidence from direct comparisons of treatment outcomes with lixisenatide versus neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH)-insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with suboptimal glycaemic control with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). Hence, the current analysis indirectly compared available evidence on the risk of hypoglycaemia and weight change between lixisenatide and NPH-insulin based on randomized controlled trial (RCT) data with exenatide, insulin glargine and placebo as common references.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane database and clinical registries identified English- and German-language articles published from January 1980 to October 2012 reporting data from RCTs. Only publications of trials that reported outcomes from 24 to 30 weeks comparing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists or basal insulin versus another antidiabetic agent or placebo were included. Hypoglycaemia, patients at glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) target and discontinuations due to adverse events (AEs) were treated as binary variables, with risk ratios and odds ratios (ORs) calculated. HbA1c and body weight were treated as continuous variables with difference in mean change from baseline (MD) calculated. Meta-analyses were performed with random effects models and indirect comparisons were performed according to Bucher's method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven RCTs (n=3,301 patients) comparing the efficacy and safety of lixisenatide, exenatide, insulin glargine and NPH-insulin with different antidiabetic treatments in adult patients with T2DM were included in the final analysis. In the adjusted indirect comparison, there was a significant difference in symptomatic hypoglycaemia (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = [0.17, 0.85]) and in confirmed hypoglycaemia (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = [0.22, 0.96]) favouring lixisenatide over NPH-insulin and comparable changes in HbA1c from baseline (MD = 0.07%; 95% CI = [-0.26%, 0.41%]). In contrast to NPH-insulin, there was a significant reduction in body weight with lixisenatide (MD = -3.62 kg; 95% CI = [-5.86 kg, -1.38 kg]) at study completion. The number of discontinuations due to AEs numerically favoured NPH-insulin over lixisenatide (OR = 2.64; 95% CI = [0.25, 27.96]), with a broad confidence interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lixisenatide treatment was associated with a lower risk of hypoglycaemia and a greater weight loss compared with NPH-insulin. Glycaemic control with lixisenatide treatment was comparable with NPH-insulin. These data suggest that lixisenatide is a beneficial treatment option for T2DM patients with inadequate glycaemic control on OADs, and is associated with reduced risk of hypoglycaemia and weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Sanofi, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.affiliation: Sanofi, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Maeva
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Germe
authors.affiliation: Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Karlheinz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Theobald
authors.affiliation: St. Elisabeth-Krankenhaus, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Cardiology and General Medicine, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lehmacher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; D008687:Metformin; D010455:Peptides; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C479460:lixisenatide; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor
keywords: adjusted indirect comparison; basal insulin; hypoglycaemia; lixisenatide; type 2 diabetes; weight change