title: Noise and exposure of personnel aboard vessels in the Royal Norwegian Navy.
abstract: Despite awareness of noise aboard vessels at sea, few studies have reported measured noise levels aboard ships. This study aimed to describe the noise levels aboard vessels in the Royal Norwegian Navy (RNoN), and to assess the noise exposure of personnel aboard RNoN vessels. In 2012/2013 noise measurements were conducted aboard 14 RNoN vessels from four different vessel classes (frigates, coastal corvettes, mine vessels, and coast guard vessels) which were included in this study. Mean and median A-weighted noise levels (L p,A) in decibel (dB(A)) were calculated for different locations in each vessel class. The noise exposure of RNoN personnel was assessed by dosimeter measurements, and with a task-based (TB) strategy. The TB strategy used means of area measured noise levels in locations and the personnel's mean reported time spent in the respective locations to estimate the exposure. Area measurements of noise during sailing with typical operating modes, showed that for all vessel classes the noise levels were high in engine rooms with median L p,A ranging from 86.4 to 105.3 dB(A). In all the other locations the vessel class with the highest noise levels (coastal corvettes) had a median L p,A ranging from 71.7 to 95.0 dB(A), while the vessel class with the lowest noise levels (coast guard vessels) had a median L p,A ranging from 41.5 to 57.8 dB(A). For all vessel classes the engineers and electricians had amongst the highest 24-hour noise exposure (L p,A,24h), both before and after adjusting for estimated use of hearing protective devices (L p,A,24h > 67.3 dB(A)). The vessel class with the highest personnel exposure levels (coastal corvettes) had L p,A,24h ranging from 76.6 to 79.3 dB(A). The vessel class with the lowest personnel exposure levels (coast guard vessels) had an L p,A,24h ranging from 47.4 to 67.3 dB(A). In general, the dosimeter measurements gave higher exposure levels than those estimated with the TB strategy. All vessel classes, except the coast guard vessels, had noise levels exceeding the RNoN standard's recommended maximum noise levels. The area measured noise levels and the personnel's exposure estimates indicate that navy personnel aboard RNoN vessels are at risk of acquiring adverse health effects from exposure to noise, and that a program to reduce the noise levels should be implemented.
authors.affiliation: 1.Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Research Group for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 21, 5009 Bergen, Norway erlend.sunde@igs.uib.no.
authors.forename: Erlend
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sunde
authors.affiliation: 1.Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Research Group for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 21, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kaja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irgens-Hansen
authors.affiliation: 1.Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Research Group for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 21, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Bente E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.affiliation: 2.Department of Acoustics, SINTEF ICT, Strindveien 4, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gjestland
authors.affiliation: 1.Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Research Group for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 21, 5009 Bergen, Norway 3.Royal Norwegian Navy Medical Services, Haakonsvern, 5886 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Vilhelm F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Koefoed
authors.affiliation: 4.Faculty of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, EC Dahls gate 2, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunnhild
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oftedal
authors.affiliation: 1.Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Research Group for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 21, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Magne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bråtveit
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D004430:Ear Protective Devices; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D009623:Noise, Occupational; D009664:Norway; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D012767:Ships; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: navy; noise; noise exposure; sailor; ship; vessel