title: Perceptions of an 'international hospital' in Thailand by medical travel patients: cross-cultural tensions in a transnational space.
abstract: The growing trade in patients seeking health care in other countries, or medical travel, is changing the forms and experiences of health care seeking and producing changes to hospitals in terms of their design, organization and spaces. What is termed in marketing parlance in Thailand as an 'international hospital' oriented to attracting foreign patients, is a hotel-hospital hybrid that is locally produced through the inflexion of local practices to make a therapeutic space for international patients. The paper reports on work undertaken within a Thai hospital in 2012 which included observations and interviews with thirty foreign in-patients and nine informal interviews with hospital staff. Although theorized as a culturally neutral transnational 'space of connectivity', we show how cross-cultural tensions affect the experience of the hospital with implications for the organization of the hospital and notions of 'cultural competence' in care. There is no single universal experience of this space, instead, there are multiple experiences of the 'international hospital', depending on who patients are, where they are from, their expectations and relationships. Such hospitals straddle the expectations of both local patients and international clientele and present highly complex cross-cultural interactions between staff and patients but also between patients and other patients. Spatial organisation within such settings may either highlight cultural difference or help create culturally safe spaces.
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: andrea.whittaker@monash.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.affiliation: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Heng Leng
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chee
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D006739:Hospital Administration; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D057193:Medical Tourism / Q000639:trends*; D010557:Personnel Administration, Hospital; D012962:Sociology, Medical; D013785:Thailand
keywords: International hospital; Medical tourism; Medical travel; Thailand; Transnationalism