title: Risky monetary behavior in chronic back pain is associated with altered modular connectivity of the nucleus accumbens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has a well established role in reward processing. Yet, there is growing evidence showing that NAc function, and its connections to other parts of the brain, is also critically involved in the emergence of chronic back pain (CBP). Pain patients are known to perform abnormally in reward-related tasks, which suggests an intriguing link between pain, NAc connectivity, and reward behavior. In the present study, we compared performance on a gambling task (indicating willingness to risk losing money) between healthy pain-free controls (CON) and individuals with CBP. We then measured modular connectivity of each participants' NAc with resting state functional MRI to investigate how connectivity accounts for reward behavior in the presence and absence of pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found gain sensitivity was significantly higher in CBP patients. These scores were significantly correlated to connectivity within the NAc module defined by CON subjects ( which had strong connections to the frontal cortex), but not within that defined by CBP patients ( which was more strongly connected to subcortical areas). An important part of our study was based on the precedence that a range of behaviors, from simple to complex, can be predicted from brain activity during rest. Thus, to corroborate our results we compared them closely to an independent study correlating the same connectivity metric to impulsive behaviors in healthy participants. We found that our CBP patients were highly similarin connectivity to this study's highly-impulsive healthy subjects, strengthening the notion that there is an important link between the brain systems that support chronic pain and reward processing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support previous findings that chronic back pain is accompanied by altered connectivity of the NAc. This lends itself to riskier behavior in these patients, a finding which establishes a potential cognitive consequence or co-morbidity of long-term pain and provides a behavioral link to growing research showing that chronic pain is related to abnormal changes in the dopaminergic system.
authors.forename: Sara E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Alexis T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Baria
authors.forename: Marwan N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Baliki
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: Kristi M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Souraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torbey
authors.forename: Lejian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Elle L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Schnizter
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E, Superior St, 60611 Chicago, IL, USA. a-apkarian@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: A Vania
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Apkarian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001416:Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012201:Reward; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis