title: Current chemotherapeutic approaches for recurrent or refractory germ cell tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Up to 25% of patients with metastatic testicular germ cell tumour (GCT) are not cured by first line therapy and require treatment for refractory or relapsed disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted through PubMed, Medline, Cochrane and EMBASE from January 1950 to April 2014 for articles relating to trials of chemotherapy for patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumours. Relevant review papers and conference proceedings were hand searched for additional references.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A range of conventional dose chemotherapy (CDCT) regimens can provide durable remissions in 20-30% of patients at first or subsequent salvage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article reviews the evidence underlying commonly used salvage CDCT based on ifosfamide and cisplatin such as TIP, VIP and VeIP; other active combinations; and single agent salvage regimens. The treatment of growing teratoma syndrome and malignant transformation of teratoma will also be discussed. Companion articles will explore the role of high dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and novel targeted agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O׳Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Carrigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O׳Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: Peter.Grimison@lh.org.au.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grimison
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
keywords: Chemotherapy; Germ cell tumor; Salvage therapy; Testicular cancer