title: The role of hydroxyl group acidity on the activity of silica-supported secondary amines for the self-condensation of n-butanal.
abstract: The catalytic activity of secondary amines supported on mesoporous silica for the self-condensation of n-butanal to 2-ethylhexenal can be altered significantly by controlling the Brønsted acidity of M--OH species present on the surface of the support. In this study, M--OH (M=Sn, Zr, Ti, and Al) groups were doped onto the surface of SBA-15, a mesoporous silica, prior to grafting secondary propyl amine groups on to the support surface. The catalytic activity was found to depend critically on the synthesis procedure, the nature and amount of metal species introduced and the spatial separation between the acidic sites and amine groups. DFT analysis of the reaction pathway indicates that, for weak Brønsted acid groups, such as Si--OH, the rate-limiting step is C--C bond formation, whereas for stronger Brønsted acid groups, such as Ti and Al, hydrolysis of iminium species produced upon C--C bond formation is the rate-limiting step. Theoretical analysis shows further that the apparent activation energy decreases with increasing Brønsted acidity of the M--OH groups, consistent with experimental observation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA).
authors.forename: Sankaranarayanapillai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shylesh
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Canlas
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Head-Gordon
authors.forename: Alexis T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry*; D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000588:Amines; D006878:Hydroxides; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C031356:hydroxide ion; C018475:butyraldehyde
keywords: aldol reaction; amines; mesoporous silica; organocatalysis; titanium