title: Evidence of validity for the Japanese version of the foot and ankle ability measure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) is a valid, reliable, and self-reported outcome instrument for the foot and ankle region.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide evidence for translation, cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Japanese version of the FAAM (FAAM-J).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Collegiate athletic training/sports medicine clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three collegiate athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants completed the Activities of Daily Living and Sports subscales of the FAAM-J and the Physical Functioning and Mental Health subscales of the Japanese version of the Short Form-36v2 (SF-36). Also, 19 participants (23%) whose conditions were expected to be stable completed another FAAM-J 2 to 6 days later for test-retest reliability. We analyzed the scores of those subscales for convergent and divergent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Activities of Daily Living and Sports subscales of the FAAM-J had correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.75, respectively, with the Physical Functioning section of the SF-36 for convergent validity. For divergent validity, the correlation coefficients with Mental Health of the SF-36 were 0.29 and 0.27 for each subscale, respectively. Cronbach α for internal consistency was 0.99 for the Activities of Daily Living and 0.98 for the Sports subscale. A 95% confidence interval with a single measure was ±8.1 and ±14.0 points for each subscale. The test-retest reliability measures revealed intraclass correlation coefficient values of 0.87 for the Activities of Daily Living and 0.91 for the Sports subscales with minimal detectable changes of ±6.8 and ±13.7 for the respective subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FAAM was successfully translated for a Japanese version, and the FAAM-J was adapted cross-culturally. Thus, the FAAM-J can be used as a self-reported outcome measure for Japanese-speaking individuals; however, the scores must be interpreted with caution, especially when applied to different populations and other types of injury than those included in this study.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan;
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.forename: Hidetomo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Yasuharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shinozuka
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukubayashi
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000842:Ankle; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: outcome assessments; questionnaires; self-reported outcome measures