title: Epidermal growth factor upregulates serotonin transporter and its association with visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in visceral hypersensitivity and its effect on the serotonin transporter (SERT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat model for visceral hypersensitivity was established by intra-colonic infusion of 0.5% acetic acid in 10-d-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The visceral sensitivity was assessed by observing the abdominal withdrawal reflex and recording electromyographic activity of the external oblique muscle in response to colorectal distension. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the EGF levels in plasma and colonic tissues. SERT mRNA expression was detected by real-time PCR while protein level was determined by Western blot. The correlation between EGF and SERT levels in colon tissues was analyzed by Pearson's correlation analysis. SERT function was examined by tritiated serotonin (5-HT) uptake experiments. Rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were used to examine the EGF regulatory effect on SERT expression and function via the EGF receptor (EGFR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  EGF levels were significantly lower in the rats with visceral hypersensitivity as measured in plasma (2.639 ± 0.107 ng/mL vs 4.066 ± 0.573 ng/mL, P < 0.01) and in colonic tissue (3.244 ± 0.135 ng/100 mg vs 3.582 ± 0.197 ng/100 mg colon tissue, P < 0.01) compared with controls. Moreover, the EGF levels were positively correlated with SERT levels (r = 0.820, P < 0.01). EGF displayed dose- and time-dependent increased SERT gene expressions in IEC-6 cells. An EGFR kinase inhibitor inhibited the effect of EGF on SERT gene upregulation. SERT activity was enhanced following treatment with EGF (592.908 ± 31.515 fmol/min per milligram vs 316.789 ± 85.652 fmol/min per milligram protein, P < 0.05) and blocked by the EGFR kinase inhibitor in IEC-6 cells (590.274 ± 25.954 fmol/min per milligram vs 367.834 ± 120.307 fmol/min per milligram protein, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decrease in EGF levels may contribute to the formation of visceral hypersensitivity through downregulation of SERT-mediated 5-HT uptake into enterocytes.
authors.affiliation: Xiu-Fang Cui, Wei-Mei Zhou, Yan Yang, Jun Zhou, Xue-Liang Li, Lin Lin, Hong-Jie Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiu-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Xiu-Fang Cui, Wei-Mei Zhou, Yan Yang, Jun Zhou, Xue-Liang Li, Lin Lin, Hong-Jie Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Mei
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Xiu-Fang Cui, Wei-Mei Zhou, Yan Yang, Jun Zhou, Xue-Liang Li, Lin Lin, Hong-Jie Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Xiu-Fang Cui, Wei-Mei Zhou, Yan Yang, Jun Zhou, Xue-Liang Li, Lin Lin, Hong-Jie Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Xiu-Fang Cui, Wei-Mei Zhou, Yan Yang, Jun Zhou, Xue-Liang Li, Lin Lin, Hong-Jie Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Liang
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Xiu-Fang Cui, Wei-Mei Zhou, Yan Yang, Jun Zhou, Xue-Liang Li, Lin Lin, Hong-Jie Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Xiu-Fang Cui, Wei-Mei Zhou, Yan Yang, Jun Zhou, Xue-Liang Li, Lin Lin, Hong-Jie Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Jie
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D059265:Visceral Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493232:Slc6a4 protein, rat; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; C483803:Egfr protein, rat; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Epidermal growth factor; Intestinal epithelial cells; Irritable bowel syndrome; Rat models; Rat small intestinal epithelial cells; Serotonin transporter; Visceral hypersensitivity