title: Characteristics of soldiers with self-harm in the israeli defense forces.
abstract: Suicide is the leading cause of soldier death in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) in peace time. Suicide attempt (SA) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are risk factors for death by suicide in civilian studies and therefore their predictive value needs to be determined in the military. All army screening, psychometric and demographic data on consecutive cases of IDF soldier self-harm during the years 2010-2011 were analyzed. The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale was used retrospectively to classify self-harm as suicidal or NSSI. The Suicide Ideation Scale and the Suicide Intent Scale were scored retrospectively by trained clinical psychologists. A total of 107 soldiers reported self-harm during the study period, comprising 70 SA and 37 with NSSI. The most prevalent diagnosis was personality disorder (n = 48). Soldiers with any mood/anxiety disorders comprised the smallest group (n = 21) and included major depression, dysthymia, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Soldiers with NSSI (n = 37) did not differ in any of the characteristics from those who attempted suicide (n = 70). Unlike the well-known female dominance in both SA and NSSI patients in other settings, males dominated this army sample in both groups. Soldiers with self-harm (both SA and NSSI) cannot be easily distinguished by any demographics or specific psychological attributes detectable at induction, and the scales used in suicide research cannot predict an attempt or NSSI. Unlike civilian samples, males dominated attempter and NSSI groups and the reason for this may be multifactorial. These retrospective findings, if replicated, indicate the need for different screening strategies at induction into the military.
authors.affiliation: a Mental Health Unit, Medical Corpses, Israeli Defense Forces.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shelef
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fruchter
authors.forename: Dror Ortasse
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: Gal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shoval
authors.forename: J John
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zalsman
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D035841:Behavioral Research; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008890:Military Psychiatry / Q000379:methods; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
keywords: NSSI; army; military; suicide; suicide attempt