title: Phasic contractions of the mouse vagina and cervix at different phases of the estrus cycle and during late pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pacemaker mechanisms activating phasic contractions of vaginal and cervical smooth muscle remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate properties of pacemaking in vaginal and cervical tissues by determining whether: 1) functional pacemaking is dependent on the phase of the estrus cycle or pregnancy; 2) pacemaking involves Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) -dependent intracellular Ca2+ stores; and 3) c-Kit and/or vimentin immunoreactive ICs have a role in pacemaking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaginal and cervical contractions were measured in vitro, as was the distribution of c-Kit and vimentin positive interstitial cells (ICs). Cervical smooth muscle was spontaneously active in estrus and metestrus but quiescent during proestrus and diestrus. Vaginal smooth muscle was normally quiescent but exhibited phasic contractions in the presence of oxytocin or the K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride. Spontaneous contractions in the cervix and TEA-induced phasic contractions in the vagina persisted in the presence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a blocker of the SERCA that refills intracellular SR Ca2+ stores, but were inhibited in low Ca2+ solution or in the presence of nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type Ca2+channels. ICs were found in small numbers in the mouse cervix but not in the vagina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical smooth muscle strips taken from mice in estrus, metestrus or late pregnancy were generally spontaneously active. Vaginal smooth muscle strips were normally quiescent but could be induced to exhibit phasic contractions independent on phase of the estrus cycle or late pregnancy. Spontaneous cervical or TEA-induced vaginal phasic contractions were not mediated by ICs or intracellular Ca2+ stores. Given that vaginal smooth muscle is normally quiescent then it is likely that increases in hormones such as oxytocin, as might occur through sexual stimulation, enhance the effectiveness of such pacemaking until phasic contractile activity emerges.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Fernanda S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Gravina
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Dirk F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: van Helden
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Ramatis B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jobling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000502:physiology*; D030762:Estrous Cycle; D005260:Female; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000378:metabolism; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D014590:Uterine Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D014621:Vagina / Q000502:physiology*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D014746:Vimentin; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases; D002118:Calcium; C000543:cyclopiazonic acid