title: The effect of five artificial sweeteners on Caco-2, HT-29 and HEK-293 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Artificial sweeteners (AS) have been associated with tumor development (including colon cancer) in both animals and humans although evidence has been conflicting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Additional research was thus conducted by studying the effects of 5 AS on the morphology, cell proliferation and DNA in cells by utilizing Caco-2, HT-29 (colon) and HEK-293 (kidney) cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were exposed to sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharin, sucralose and acesulfame-K (0-50 mM) and aspartame (0-35 mM) over 24, 48 and 72 hours. Morphological changes were presented photographically and % cell viability was determined by using the MTT cell viability assay. Possible DNA damage (comet assay) induced by the AS (0.1, 1 and 10 mM, treated for 24, 48 and 72 hours) was studied. The appearance of "comets" was scored from no damage to severe damage (0-4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells became flatter and less well defined at higher AS concentrations (>10 mM). At concentrations >10 mM, decreased cell viability was noted with both increasing concentration and increasing incubation time for all cell lines tested. In general, HEK-293 cells seemed to be less affected then the colon cancer cells. Sucralose and sodium saccharin seemed to elicit the greatest degree of DNA fragmentation of all the sweeteners tested in all the cell lines used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morphological cell alterations, cell viability and DNA fragmentation seemed to be more in the colon cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies have to be performed to clarify mechanisms involved causing these alterations in mammalian cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand , Parktown , South Africa.
authors.forename: Armorel Diane
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: van Eyk
mesh_terms: D001218:Aspartame / Q000633:toxicity; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D020552:Comet Assay; D003494:Cyclamates / Q000633:toxicity; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012439:Saccharin / Q000633:toxicity; D013395:Sucrose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D013843:Thiazines / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003494:Cyclamates; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D013843:Thiazines; D013395:Sucrose; C026285:trichlorosucrose; D012439:Saccharin; C006362:acetosulfame; D001218:Aspartame
keywords: Artificial sweeteners; DNA fragmentation; cell morphology; cell viability; comet assay; food additives