title: Acarbose treatment affects the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and the gut content of bifidobacteria in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of acarbose add-on therapy on gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines were investigated in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five DM patients were randomly allocated to two groups: 59 to Group A who received antidiabetic treatment that included acarbose 150 mg/day, and 36 to Group B who received similar treatment to Group A but without acarbose. Forty-five healthy volunteers were selected as a control group. Serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA, and the contents of 16S rDNA of gut bacteria were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. General linear analysis for repeated measurements was used to analyze trend differences between the two diabetic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 4 weeks of antidiabetic treatment, the gut contents of Bifidobacterium longum and Enterococcus faecalis were significantly increased in both diabetes groups. The increase of Bifidobacterium longum (P = 0.004) and the decrease of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (P < 0.001) and prothrombin activator inhibitor-1 (P = 0.003) were more significant in Group A. Decreases of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and LPS were more significant in patients whose HbA1c decrease was ≥1%, but there were no significant differences in the changes of other cytokines and gut bacteria between patients with HbA1c <7% and ≥7%. Pearson correlation analysis showed that changes of Enterococcus faecalis were negatively correlated with LPS, while multiple linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation of Bifidobacterium longum with acarbose treatment and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acarbose treatment can increase the content of gut Bifidobacterium longum in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and decrease some inflammatory cytokines independently of its antihyperglycemic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Benli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Yongjuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sunli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Center for Clinical Diagnosis, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Center for Clinical Diagnosis, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Hematology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Xiuxiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D020909:Acarbose / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D002681:China; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D020909:Acarbose
keywords: acarbose; diabetes mellitus type 2; gut microbiota; inflammatory cytokines; 关键词：阿卡波糖，2型糖尿病，肠道菌群，炎症因子