title: Direct but not indirect co-culture with osteogenically differentiated human bone marrow stromal cells increases RANKL/OPG ratio in human breast cancer cells generating bone metastases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone metastases arise in nearly 70% of patients with advanced breast cancer, but the complex metastatic process has not been completely clarified yet. RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway modifications and the crosstalk between metastatic cells and bone have been indicated as potential drivers of the process. Interactions between tumor and bone cells have been studied in vivo and in vitro, but specific effects of the direct contact between human metastatic cells and human bone cells on RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway have not been investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We directly co-cultured bone metastatic human breast cancer cells (BOKL) with osteo-differentiated human mesenchymal cells (BMSCs) from 3 different donors. BMSCs and BOKL were then enzymatically separated and FACS sorted. We found a significant increase in the RANKL/OPG ratio as compared to control, which was not observed in BOKL cultured in medium conditioned by BMSCs, neither in BOKL directly cultured with fibroblasts or medium conditioned by fibroblasts. Direct co-culture with osteo-differentiated BMSCs caused BOKL aggregation while proliferation was not affected by co-culture. To more specifically associate RANKL expression to osteogenic differentiation degree of BMSCs, we determined their osteogenic markers expression and matrix calcification relative to osteoblasts and fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, our co-culture model allowed to demonstrate for the first time that direct contact but not paracrine interactions between human metastatic breast cancer cells and bone cells has a significant effect on RANKL/OPG expression in bone metastatic cells. Furthermore, only direct contact with the bone microenvironment induced BOKL clustering without however significantly influencing their proliferation and migration.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arrigoni
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilardi
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Previdi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broggini
authors.affiliation: Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R,Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy. matteo.moretti@grupposandonato.it.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moretti
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002449:Cell Aggregation; D002450:Cell Communication; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism*; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand