title: Incidence and Risk Factors of Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in HIV-Infected Individuals in Comparison to HIV-Uninfected Individuals: A Case-Control Study.
abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus in individuals with HIV infection attending the Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre in a teaching hospital and compare the prevalence with HIV-uninfected individuals. A case-control study was conducted among newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals and an equal number of age-group and sex-matched HIV-uninfected individuals, and nasal swabs were collected from both the samples. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected through individual interviews. Ethical aspects were respected. A total of 100 individuals participated in the study, and 22 (44%) of the 50 HIV-infected cases were colonized by S aureus, including 19 (86.4%) methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) and 3 (13.6%) methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA). Only 12 (24%) strains were isolated from 50 HIV-uninfected individuals, with 11 being MSSA and 1 being MRSA. This difference in the isolation rate was statistically significant (P = .035). The 2 most commonly encountered risk factors in both the groups appeared to be history of tuberculosis and history of surgical procedures but none being statistically significant (P = .093 and P = .996). All the strains of S aureus were sensitive to mupirocin. The study concluded that HIV-infected individuals are at a higher risk of carriage as compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. By eliminating carriage in immunocompromised individuals, infections due to S aureus can also be minimized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Microbiology at Super Religare Laboratories, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India drruchikotpal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kotpal
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Krishna Prakash
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: S
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Preena
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dewan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ravinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: HIV infected; HIV uninfected; Staphylococcus aureus; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; nasal carriage