title: Evaluation of pediatric ATD biofidelity as compared to child volunteers in low-speed far-side oblique and lateral impacts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury and mortality for children. Mitigation of these injuries requires biofidelic anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) to design and evaluate automotive safety systems. Effective countermeasures exist for frontal and near-side impacts but are limited for far-side impacts. Consequently, far-side impacts represent increased injury and mortality rates compared to frontal impacts. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biofidelity of the Hybrid III and Q-series pediatric ATDs in low-speed far-side impacts, with and without shoulder belt pretightening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Low-speed (2 g) far-side oblique (60°) and lateral (90°) sled tests were conducted using the Hybrid III and Q-series 6- and 10-year-old ATDs. ATDs were restrained by a lap and shoulder belt equipped with a precrash belt pretightener. Photoreflective targets were attached to the head, spine, shoulders, and sternum. ATDs were exposed to 8 low-speed sled tests: 2 oblique nontightened, 2 oblique pretightened, 2 lateral nontightened, 2 lateral pretightened. ATDs were compared with previously collected 9- to 11-year-old (n=10) volunteer data and newly collected 6- to 8-year-old volunteer data (n=7) tested with similar methods. Kinematic data were collected from a 3D target tracking system. Metrics of comparison included excursion, seat belt and seat pan reaction loads, belt-to-torso angle, and shoulder belt slip-out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ATDs exhibited increased lateral excursion of the head top, C4, and T1 as well as increased downward excursion of the head top compared to the volunteers. Volunteers exhibited greater forward excursion than the ATDs in oblique nontightened impacts. These kinematics correspond to increased shoulder belt slip-out for the ATDs in oblique tests (ATDs=90%; volunteers=36%). Contrarily, similar shoulder belt slip-out was observed between ATDs and volunteers in lateral impacts (ATDs=80%; volunteers=78%). In pretightened impacts, the ATDs exhibited reduced lateral excursion and torso roll-out angle compared to the volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, the ATDs overestimated lateral excursion in both impact directions, while underestimating forward excursion of the head and neck in oblique impacts compared to the pediatric volunteers. This was primarily due to pendulum-like lateral bending of the entire ATD torso compared to translation of the thorax relative to the abdomen prior to the lateral bending of the upper torso in the volunteers, likely due to the multisegmented spinal column in the volunteers. Additionally, the effect of belt pretightening on occupant kinematics was greater for the ATDs than the volunteers.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seacrist
authors.forename: Caitlin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Locey
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Dakota L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Sriram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Maltese
authors.forename: Kristy B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Arbogast
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012622:Seat Belts; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology; D013249:Sternum / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing
keywords: ATD; biofidelity; far-side impacts; human volunteers; kinematics; pediatrics