title: In vivo photoacoustic and fluorescence cystography using clinically relevant dual modal indocyanine green.
abstract: Conventional X-ray-based cystography uses radio-opaque materials, but this method uses harmful ionizing radiation and is not sensitive. In this study, we demonstrate nonionizing and noninvasive photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence (FL) cystography using clinically relevant indocyanine green (ICG) in vivo. After transurethral injection of ICG into rats through a catheter, their bladders were photoacoustically and fluorescently visualized. A deeply positioned bladder below the skin surface (i.e., ~1.5-5 mm) was clearly visible in the PA and FL image using a laser pulse energy of less than 2 mJ/cm2 (1/15 of the safety limit). Then, the in vivo imaging results were validated through in situ studies. Our results suggest that dual modal cystography can provide a nonionizing and noninvasive imaging tool for bladder mapping.
authors.affiliation: School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370, Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea. sjpark2686@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sungjo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea. hybridjs@postech.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeesu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea. msjeon@postech.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Mansik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370, Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea. jwsong@ee.knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jaewon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Departments of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea. chulhong@postech.edu.
authors.forename: Chulhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005453:Fluorescence; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D014056:Tomography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green