title: The role of small RNAs in wide hybridisation and allopolyploidisation between Brassica rapa and Brassica nigra.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An allopolyploid formation consists of the two processes of hybridisation and chromosome doubling. Hybridisation makes a different genome combined in the same cell, and genome "shock" and instability occur during this process, whereas chromosome doubling results in doubling and reconstructing the genome dosage. Recent studies have demonstrated that small RNAs, play an important role in maintaining the genome reconstruction and stability. However, to date, little is known regarding the role of small RNAs during the process of wide hybridisation and chromosome doubling, which is essential to elucidate the mechanism of polyploidisation. Therefore, the genetic and DNA methylation alterations and changes in the siRNA and miRNA were assessed during the formation of an allodiploid and its allotetraploid between Brassica rapa and Brassica nigra in the present study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phenotypic analysis exhibited that the allotetraploid had high heterosis compared with their parents and the allodiploid. The methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) analysis indicated that the proportion of changes in the methylation pattern of the allodiploid was significantly higher than that found in the allotetraploid, while the DNA methylation ratio was higher in the parents than the allodiploid and allotetraploid. The small RNAs results showed that the expression levels of miRNAs increased in the allodiploid and allotetraploid compared with the parents, and the expression levels of siRNAs increased and decreased compared with the parents B. rapa and B. nigra, respectively. Moreover, the percentages of miRNAs increased with an increase in the polyploidy levels, but the percentages of siRNAs and DNA methylation alterations decreased with an increase in the polyploidy levels. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of the target genes were negatively corrected with the expressed miRNAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed that siRNAs and DNA methylation play an important role in maintaining the genome stability in the formation of an allotetraploid. The miRNAs regulate gene expression and induce the phenotype variation, which may play an important role in the occurrence of heterosis in the allotetraploid. The findings of this study may provide new information for elucidating that the allotetraploids have a growth advantage over the parents and the allodiploids.
authors.forename: Muhammad Awais
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ghani
authors.forename: Junxing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Linli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Muhammad Ammar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Liwen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Ningning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D029741:Brassica rapa / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D011123:Polyploidy; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D018749:RNA, Plant; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering