title: Carotenoids of biotechnological importance.
abstract: Carotenoids are natural pigments with antioxidative functions that protect against oxidative stress. They are essential for humans and must be supplied through the diet. Carotenoids are the precursors for the visual pigment rhodopsin, and lutein and zeaxanthin must be accumulated in the yellow eye spot to protect the retina from excess light and ultraviolet damage. There is a global market for carotenoids as food colorants, animal feed, and nutraceuticals. Some carotenoids are chemically synthesized, whereas others are from natural sources. Microbial mass production systems of industrial interest for carotenoids are in use, and new ones are being developed by metabolic pathway engineering of bacteria, fungi, and plants. Several examples will be highlighted in this chapter.
authors.affiliation: Biosynthesis Group, Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany, sandmann@bio.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandmann
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism; D007218:Industrial Microbiology / Q000379:methods; D008027:Light; D014975:Lutein / Q000737:chemistry; D060847:Metabolic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000737:chemistry; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000737:chemistry; D065146:Zeaxanthins / Q000737:chemistry; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C005948:astaxanthine; D012243:Rhodopsin; D014975:Lutein