title: Unsupervised online classifier in sleep scoring for sleep deprivation studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate an unsupervised adaptive algorithm for real-time detection of sleep and wake states in rodents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a Bayesian classifier that automatically extracts electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) features and categorizes non-overlapping 5-s epochs into one of the three major sleep and wake states without any human supervision. This sleep-scoring algorithm is coupled online with a new device to perform selective paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory settings for chronic polygraphic sleep recordings and selective PSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adult Sprague-Dawley rats instrumented for chronic polysomnographic recordings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by comparison with the score obtained by a human expert reader. Online detection of PS is then validated with a PSD protocol with duration of 72 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our algorithm gave a high concordance with human scoring with an average κ coefficient > 70%. Notably, the specificity to detect PS reached 92%. Selective PSD using real-time detection of PS strongly reduced PS amounts, leaving only brief PS bouts necessary for the detection of PS in EEG and EMG signals (4.7 ± 0.7% over 72 h, versus 8.9 ± 0.5% in baseline), and was followed by a significant PS rebound (23.3 ± 3.3% over 150 minutes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our fully unsupervised data-driven algorithm overcomes some limitations of the other automated methods such as the selection of representative descriptors or threshold settings. When used online and coupled with our sleep deprivation device, it represents a better option for selective PSD than other methods like the tedious gentle handling or the platform method.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Lyon, France.|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Paul-Antoine
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Libourel
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Lyon, France.|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lyon, France.|Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Lyon, France.|Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corneyllie
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Lyon, France.|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lyon, France.|Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Pierre-Hervé
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Luppi
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Lyon, France.|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lyon, France.|Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chouvet
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Lyon, France.|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lyon, France.|Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gervasoni
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: automatic scoring; paradoxical sleep deprivation; sleep staging; unsupervised algorithm