title: Skeletal developmental patterns in the acromial process and distal clavicle as observed by MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an MRI timeline of normal skeletal developmental patterns in the acromial process and distal clavicle in children up to 18 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of all shoulder MRIs obtained at our institution between January 2003 and March 2012, in children up to age 18, was performed. When available, radiographs and CT scans for these children were also reviewed. The following variables of the distal acromion and clavicle, with attention to morphology and MRI signal, were assessed: (1) Chondro-osseous junction and (2) Development and fusion of the secondary ossification centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight children with 116 MR studies were identified from the data search. Of these, 13 patients were excluded and the final cohort included 85 children with 102 MRI studies. Forty-one of these patients also had shoulder radiographs. The cartilaginous precursors of the distal clavicle and acromion conformed to the final shape of these structures. The chondro-osseous interphases became progressively more lobulated and notched in the distal acromion and clavicle respectively. Appearance and fusion of the secondary ossification centers was significantly earlier in our study than previously reported. Acromial secondary ossification centers began forming at age 10 and clavicular ones, while uncommon, began forming at age 11. Fusion of acromial primary and secondary ossification centers began at age 14 and was generally complete after age 16.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on MR imaging the development and fusion of the acromion and distal clavicle in children occur earlier than previously reported. They follow a sequential pattern and can serve as a blueprint for evaluating imaging studies of pediatric shoulders.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA, pratik.p.kothary@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pratik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kothary
authors.forename: Zehava Sadka
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000174:Acromion / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002968:Clavicle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity