title: The joint structure of major depression, anxiety disorders, and trait negative affect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dimensional models of psychopathology demonstrate that two correlated factors of fear and distress account for the covariation among depressive and anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, these models tend to exclude variables relevant to psychopathology, such as temperament traits. This study examined the joint structure of DSM-IV-based major depression and anxiety disorders along with trait negative affect in a representative sample of adult individuals residing in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 3,728 individuals who were administered sections D (phobic, anxiety and panic disorders) and E (depressive disorders) of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 2.1 and a validated version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Data were analyzed using correlational and structural equation modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime prevalence ranged from 2.4% for panic disorder to 23.2% for major depression. Most target variables were moderately correlated. A two-factor model specifying correlated fear and distress factors was retained and confirmed for models including only diagnostic variables and diagnostic variables along with trait negative affect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides support for characterization of internalizing psychopathology and trait negative affect in terms of correlated dimensions of distress and fear. These results have potential implications for psychiatric taxonomy and for understanding the relationship between temperament and psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hudson W de
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.affiliation: Florida State University, Tellahasse, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jair J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mari
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miguel R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jorge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011599:Psychopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult