title: Assessment of olfactory threshold in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiotherapy is a common treatment modality for patients with head and neck malignancies. As the nose lies within the field of radiotherapy of the head and neck, the olfactory fibers and olfactory receptors may be affected by radiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in olfactory threshold in patients with head and neck malignancies who have received radiation to the head and neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  The olfactory threshold of patients with head and neck malignancies was assessed prospectively before radiation therapy and serially for up to 6 months after radiotherapy using sniff bottles. In vivo dosimetry was performed using 82 LiF (MCP) chips and a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one patients were recruited before radiotherapy was commenced. Seven patients did not return for evaluation after radiation. Fifty-four patients were available for follow-up assessment (28 women, 26 men; age, 22-86 years; median, 49 years). Total radiation dose was 50.1 Gy (range, 30-66 Gy). Mean olfactory threshold scores were found to deteriorate significantly at various timepoints after radiotherapy (11.7 before radiotherapy versus 4.0 at Month 6, general linear model, P<0.0001). With in vivo dosimetry, we found that the median measured dose to the olfactory area was 334 µC. We also identified a cutoff point according to the dose to the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory threshold was significantly decreased 2-6 weeks after initiation of therapy, with cumulative local radiation >135 µC (Mann-Whitney U test, P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deterioration in olfactory threshold scores was found at 6 months after initiation of radiation therapy. Provided that these results are reproducible, an evaluation of olfactory functioning in patients with head and neck malignancies using in vivo dosimetry may be useful for determining the optimal dose for patients treated with conformal radiotherapy techniques while avoiding the side effects of radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mir Mohammad
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Jalali
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hooshang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerami
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran.
authors.forename: Manizheh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jafari
keywords: Olfactory perception; Radiotherapy; Thermoluminescent dosimetry