title: Spatially-resolved mapping of history-dependent coupled electrochemical and electronical behaviors of electroresistive NiO.
abstract: Bias-induced oxygen ion dynamics underpins a broad spectrum of electroresistive and memristive phenomena in oxide materials. Although widely studied by device-level and local voltage-current spectroscopies, the relationship between electroresistive phenomena, local electrochemical behaviors, and microstructures remains elusive. Here, the interplay between history-dependent electronic transport and electrochemical phenomena in a NiO single crystalline thin film with a number of well-defined defect types is explored on the nanometer scale using an atomic force microscopy-based technique. A variety of electrochemically-active regions were observed and spatially resolved relationship between the electronic and electrochemical phenomena was revealed. The regions with pronounced electroresistive activity were further correlated with defects identified by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Using fully coupled mechanical-electrochemical modeling, we illustrate that the spatial distribution of strain plays an important role in electrochemical and electroresistive phenomena. These studies illustrate an approach for simultaneous mapping of the electronic and ionic transport on a single defective structure level such as dislocations or interfaces, and pave the way for creating libraries of defect-specific electrochemical responses.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 113-8656.
authors.forename: Issei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Cheoncheon-dong 300, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yunseok
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6496, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jesse
authors.affiliation: The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6496, United States.
authors.forename: Evgheni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Strelcov
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6496, United States.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tselev
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, 19104-6272.
authors.forename: Ehasan Kabiri
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rahani
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, 19104-6272.
authors.forename: Vivek B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 113-8656 [2] Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chiho-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan, 464-8603 [3] Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Rokuno 2-4-1, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan, 456-8587.
authors.forename: Takahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 113-8656 [2] PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 113-8656 [2] Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Rokuno 2-4-1, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan, 456-8587 [3] WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, Japan, 980-8577.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikuhara
authors.affiliation: 1] The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6496, United States [2] Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6496, United States.
authors.forename: Sergei V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kalinin