title: The Hybrid III upper and lower neck response in compressive loading scenarios with known human injury outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physical biomechanical surrogates are critical for testing the efficacy of injury-mitigating safety strategies. The interpretation of measured Hybrid III neck loads in test scenarios resulting in compressive loading modes would be aided by a further understanding of the correlation between the mechanical responses in the Hybrid III neck and the probability of injury in the human cervical spine. The anthropomorphic test device (ATD) peak upper and lower neck responses were measured during dynamic compressive loading conditions comparable to those of postmortem human subject (PMHS) experiments. The peak ATD response could then be compared to the PMHS injury outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Hybrid III 50th percentile ATD head and neck assembly was tested under conditions matching those of male PMHS tests conducted on an inverted drop track. This includes variation in impact plate orientation (4 sagittal plane and 2 frontal plane orientations), impact plate surface friction, and ATD initial head/neck orientation. This unique matched data with known injury outcomes were used to evaluate existing ATD neck injury criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Hybrid III ATD head and neck assembly was found to be robust and repeatable under severe loading conditions. The initial axial force response of the ATD head and neck is very comparable to PMHS experiments up to the point of PMHS cervical column buckle or material failure. An ATD lower neck peak compressive force as low as 6,290 N was associated with an unstable orthopedic cervical injury in a PMHS under equivalent impact conditions. ATD upper neck peak compressive force associated with a 5% probability of unstable cervical orthopedic injury ranged from as low as 3,708 to 3,877 N depending on the initial ATD neck angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The correlation between peak ATD compressive neck response and PMHS test outcome in the current study resulted in a relationship between axial load and injury probability consistent with the current Hybrid III injury assessment reference values. The results add to the current understanding of cervical injury probability based on ATD neck compressive loading in that it is the only known study, in addition to Mertz et al. (1978), formulated directly from ATD compressive loading scenarios with known human injury outcomes.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Van Ee
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D009333:Neck / Q000502:physiology*; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cadavers; crash dummies; impact responses; neck injury