title: Investigational parathyroid hormone receptor analogs for the treatment of osteoporosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration, acting through multiple signaling pathways, exerts an osteoanabolic effect on the skeleton that surpasses the effect of other antiosteoporotic agents. However, its efficacy is limited by the coupling effect and relatively common adverse events. Thus, the development of more sophisticated PTH receptor analogs seems imperative.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, the authors summarize the role of PTH signaling pathway in bone remodeling. The authors also summarize investigational analogs targeting this pathway, which may be potential treatments for osteoporosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  β-arrestins are multifunctional cytoplasmic molecules that are decisive for regulating intracellular PTH signaling. Recently, in preclinical studies, arrestin analogs have achieved the anabolic bone effect of PTH without an accompanying increase in bone resorption. However, it is not yet known whether these analogs have adverse effects and there are no clinical data for their efficacy to date. On the other hand, several molecules derived either from PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) molecules have been developed. Alternative routes of PTH 1 - 34 delivery (oral, transdermal), the PTH analog ostabolin and the N-terminal PTHrP analogs PTHrP 1 - 36 and abaloparatide, have recently been or are currently being tested in clinical trials and are more likely to become available for use in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine , Boston, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Stergios A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Polyzos
authors.forename: Polyzois
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Makras
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Efstathiadou
authors.forename: Athanasios D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Anastasilakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019390:Arrestins / Q000378:metabolism; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000188:drug therapy; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000494:pharmacology; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000071557:beta-Arrestins
chemical_list: D019390:Arrestins; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1; D000071557:beta-Arrestins
keywords: arrestin; osteoanabolic; osteoporosis; parathyroid hormone; parathyroid hormone-related peptide; treatment