title: Citalopram Overdose: a Fatal Case.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Citalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with cardiac and neurologic toxicities as well as the potential for serotonin syndrome. In most instances, patients recover fully from toxic ingestions of SSRIs. We describe a fatal case of a citalopram overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 35-year-old woman presented to the emergency department after having witnessed seizures at home. An empty citalopram prescription bottle was located, and an intentional overdose was suspected. At the scene, she was found to be in cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity and underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including intravenous epinephrine and bicarbonate. In the emergency department, her physical exam was notable for cough and gag reflexes and movement in all extremities with increased muscle tone and tachycardia. Her initial postresuscitation ECG showed sinus rhythm with QRS 92 ms and QTc 502 ms. Her temperature was initially normal, but she rapidly became febrile to 41.8 °C shortly after admission. She was treated symptomatically and with cyproheptadine for suspected serotonin syndrome (SS) but became increasingly hemodynamically unstable over the next 6 h and then developed torsades des pointes (TdP) progressing to pulseless, wide complex tachycardia. She underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for approximately 50 min but ultimately expired. Postmortem serum analysis revealed a citalopram concentration of 7300 ng/mL (therapeutic range 9-200 ng/mL) and THC, but no other non-resuscitation drugs or substances.
  
  
  METHODS
  Citalopram overdoses often have only mild to moderate symptoms, particularly with ingestions under 600 mg in adults. However, with higher doses, severe manifestations have been described, including QTc prolongation, TdP, and seizures. Serotonin syndrome has also been described in SSRI overdose, and our patient exhibited signs consistent with SS, including increased muscle tone and autonomic dysregulation. Our patient's serum concentration suggests a massive overdose, with major clinical effects, possible SS, and death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most patients recover from citalopram overdose, high-dose ingestions can produce severe effects and fatalities may occur. In this case, it is likely that the patient's delayed presentation also contributed significantly to her death. The clinician must be aware of the potential for large ingestions of citalopram to produce life-threatening effects and monitor closely for the neurologic, cardiovascular, and other manifestations that, in rare cases, can be fatal.
authors.affiliation: University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC09 5080, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.
authors.forename: Erik P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Kraai
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Seifert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D015283:Citalopram / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D062787:Drug Overdose; D004562:Electrocardiography; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D020230:Serotonin Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D013405:Suicide
chemical_list: D015283:Citalopram; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors