title: Glycemic load, glycemic index, bread and incidence of overweight/obesity in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate prospectively the relationship between white, or whole grain bread, and glycemic index, or glycemic load from diet and weight change in a Mediterranean cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed-up 9 267 Spanish university graduates for a mean period of 5 years. Dietary habits at baseline were assessed using a semi-quantitative 136-item food-frequency questionnaire. Average yearly weight change was evaluated according to quintiles of baseline glycemic index, glycemic load, and categories of bread consumption. We also assessed the association between bread consumption, glycemic index, or glycemic load, and the incidence of overweight/obesity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  White bread and whole-grain bread were not associated with higher weight gain. No association between glycemic index, glycemic load and weight change was found.White bread consumption was directly associated with a higher risk of becoming overweight/obese (adjusted OR (≥2 portions/day) versus (≤1 portion/week): 1.40; 95% CI: 1.08-1.81; p for trend: 0.008). However, no statistically significant association was observed between whole-grain bread, glycemic index or glycemic load and overweight/obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of white bread (≥2 portions/day) showed a significant direct association with the risk of becoming overweight/obese.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de la Fuente-Arrillaga
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martinez-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zazpe
authors.forename: Zenaida
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Ruiz
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benito-Corchon
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. mbes@unav.es.
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bes-Rastrollo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001835:Body Weight; D001939:Bread / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D002523:Edible Grain; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose