title: [Causes and remediations of retrograde intrarenal surgery failure in renal calculi treatment].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find the causes of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) failure in renal calculi treatment and evaluate the efficacy and morbidity of remedial measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the patients with renal stone who had undergone RIRS in the last two years were reviewed and the failure cases screened out according to operating records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the 132 patients, 19 RIRS procedures failed. The causes of failure included ureteral (42.1%), intrarenal (36.8%), stone (10.5%) and operating reason (5.3%).The caculi of 11 patients were cleaned by remedial percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), seven patients had secondary RIRS one week later, and only one patient left the renal stone for observation and dietary regulation. Sixteen patients were stone-free after remedial treatment and the complications included ureteral perforation in one case and high fever in 4 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main causes of RIRS failure are ureteral incompatibility and intrarenal disadvantageous anatomy. PCNL and secondary RIRS are the effective remedial measure after RIRS failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Wei-guo
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Jian-xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D008096:Lithotripsy; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D017211:Treatment Failure