title: Drug-induced gingival overgrowth: the genetic dimension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, the etiology of drug-induced gingival overgrowth is not entirely understood but is clearly multifactorial. Phenytoin, one of the common drugs implicated in gingival enlargement, is metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9 and partly by CYP2C19. The CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genes are polymorphically expressed and most of the variants result in decreased metabolism of the respective substrates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of the CYP2C9*2 and *3 variant genotypes on phenytoin hydroxylation in subjects diagnosed with epilepsy from South India, thus establishing the genetic polymorphisms leading to its defective hydroxylation process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen epileptic subjects, age 9 to 60 years were included in the study. Among the study subjects, 8 were males and 7 were females. Genomic DNA was extracted from patients' blood using Phenol-chloroform method and genotyping was done for CYP2C9 using customized TaqMan genotyping assays on a real time thermocycler, by allelic discrimination method. The genetic polymorphisms *1, *2 and *3 on CYP2C9 were selected based on their function and respective allele frequencies in Asian subcontinent among the Asian populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CYP2C9*1*2 and CYP2C9*3/*3 were identified with equal frequency in the study population. There were seven subjects with CYP2C9*1/*2 genotype (heterozygous mutant), one subject with CYP2C9*1/*1 (wild type) and seven study subjects with CYP2C9*3/*3 (homozygous mutant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained in the present study will be helpful in the medical prescription purposes of phenytoin, and a more personalized patient approach with its administration can be advocated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Noronha Shyam Curtis
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Shri Guru Gobind Singh Educational and Welfare Society, Burhanpaur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, RKDF Dental College and Research Centre, Bhopal, India.
authors.forename: Ninad Joshirao
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Al Badar Rural Dental College and Hospital, Daryapur, Gulbarga, India.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nalla
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Vaidik Dental College and Research Centre, Daman, India.
authors.forename: Jaydeepchandra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mali
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental and Implant Surgery, Pramukh Swami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, India.
authors.forename: Anchal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prajapati
keywords: CYP2C9; Gene polymorphism; Gingival enlargement; Phenytoin; South Indians