title: Structure learning and the Occam's razor principle: a new view of human function acquisition.
abstract: We often encounter pairs of variables in the world whose mutual relationship can be described by a function. After training, human responses closely correspond to these functional relationships. Here we study how humans predict unobserved segments of a function that they have been trained on and we compare how human predictions differ to those made by various function-learning models in the literature. Participants' performance was best predicted by the polynomial functions that generated the observations. Further, participants were able to explicitly report the correct generating function in most cases upon a post-experiment survey. This suggests that humans can abstract functions. To understand how they do so, we modeled human learning using an hierarchical Bayesian framework organized at two levels of abstraction: function learning and parameter learning, and used it to understand the time course of participants' learning as we surreptitiously changed the generating function over time. This Bayesian model selection framework allowed us to analyze the time course of function learning and parameter learning in relative isolation. We found that participants acquired new functions as they changed and even when parameter learning was not completely accurate, the probability that the correct function was learned remained high. Most importantly, we found that humans selected the simplest-fitting function with the highest probability and that they acquired simpler functions faster than more complex ones. Both aspects of this behavior, extent and rate of selection, present evidence that human function learning obeys the Occam's razor principle.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics Tuebingen, Germany ; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Tuebingen, Germany ; Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Devika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Narain
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen B J
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs (CNRS UMR 8248), Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mamassian
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Beers
keywords: Bayesian model selection; Occam's razor; function learning; sensorimotor learning; structure learning