title: Cigarette Smoking and Depressive Symptoms Among Hispanic/Latino Adults: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present study, we investigated associations among cigarette smoking, smoking cessation treatment, and depressive symptoms in Hispanic/Latino adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The multisite prospective population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) enrolled a cohort of Hispanic/Latino adults (aged 18-74) from diverse backgrounds (n = 16,412) in 4U.S. communities (Chicago, San Diego, Miami, and Bronx). Households were selected using a stratified 2-stage probability sampling design and door-to-door recruitment, and sampling weights calibrated to the 2010U.S. Population Census. Hispanic/Latino individuals of Dominican, Central American, South American, Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican background were considered. Cigarette smoking, smoking cessation treatment, and depressive symptoms were measured by self-report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that current smokers had greater odds for significant depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥ 10) than never smokers in all Hispanic background groups [odds ratio (OR) > 1.5]. Depressed persons were not more likely to receive prescribed smoking cessation medications from a doctor (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.98-2.08), take over-the-counter medications (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.75-1.66), or receive psychotherapy (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.57-1.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, these findings suggest that the positive association between smoking status and depressive symptoms is present in all examined Hispanic/Latino background groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas School of Public Health, Dallas, TX; frank.bandiera@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Bandiera
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL;
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Arguelles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL;
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gellman
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;
authors.forename: Sheila F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Castañeda
authors.affiliation: Yeshiva University, New York, NY;
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnhart
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Evanston, IL;
authors.forename: Elena L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Navas-Nacher
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Talavera
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL;
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schneiderman
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002489:Central America / Q000208:ethnology; D003462:Cuba / Q000208:ethnology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004293:Dominican Republic / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000208:ethnology; D012107:Research Design; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013020:South America / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology