title: Superwarfarin poisoning and its management.
abstract: Difenacoum is a long-acting superwarfarin-type anticoagulant that exerts its effect through inhibiting vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase. Inhibition of this enzyme leads to reduced bioavailability of the metabolically active form of vitamin K resulting in decreased production of vitamin K-dependent proteins including coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X. A 45-year-old woman with psychiatric illness presented with haematuria. Laboratory test results indicated she had been exposed to a vitamin K antagonist which was subsequently identified as difenacoum. She was initially treated with phytomenadione, red cell suspension and octaplex. She was discharged on 30 mg phytomenadione daily but monitoring of vitamin K markers indicated that compliance was poor, and 152 days post-admission she presented with haemoptysis. Difenacoum and other superwarfarin rodenticides are freely available for purchase by the public. Cases such as this continue to raise issues about their availability and regulation.
authors.affiliation: Nutristasis Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: David John
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Card
authors.affiliation: Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Nutristasis Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Krutika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deuchande
authors.affiliation: Nutristasis Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Dominic Jon
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Harrington
mesh_terms: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins / Q000506:poisoning*; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D012378:Rodenticides; C025667:prothrombin complex concentrates; D010837:Vitamin K 1; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; C012903:difenacoum