title: A new penetration test method: protection efficiency of glove and clothing materials against diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI).
abstract: Reported cases of allergic contact dermatitis caused by methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) have increased and thereby increased the need for adequate skin protection. Current standardized permeation and penetration test methods give information about efficacy of protective materials against individual components of the polyurethane systems. They do not give information of what kind of clothing materials workers should wear against splashes when handling mixed MDI-polyurethane formulations, which contain MDI, its oligomers, and polyols. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive penetration test method that can be used to select clothing that is protective enough against uncured splashes of MDI-polyurethane, still easy to use, and also, to find affordable glove materials that provide adequate protection during a short contact. The penetration of MDI through eight representative glove or clothing materials was studied with the developed test procedure. One MDI hardener and two polymeric MDI (PMDI)-polyol formulations representing different curing times were used as test substances. The materials tested included work clothing (woven) fabric, arm shields (nonwoven fabric), old T-shirt, winter gloves, and gloves of nitrile rubber, leather, vinyl (PVC), and natural rubber. A drop (50 µl) of test substance was added to the outer surface of the glove/clothing material, which had Tape Fixomull attached to the inner surface as a collection medium. After penetration times of 5 or 20min, the collecting material was removed and immediately immersed into acetonitrile containing 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazine for derivatization. The formed urea derivatives of 2,4'-MDI and 4,4'-MDI were analysed using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric and UV detection. The precision of the test method was good for the material with high penetration (work clothing fabric) of MDI, as the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 14 and 20%. For the arm shield with a low penetration (the nonwoven fabric), the precision was lower with RSDs of 35 and 50%. For two clothing materials, the penetration was high (134-577 µg cm(-2)). Low penetration (<0.5 µg cm(-2)) was shown by the arm shield and the natural rubber glove. Three glove materials showed no detectable MDI penetration (<0.002 µg cm(-2)). Two affordable glove materials (natural rubber and nitrile rubber) and one clothing material (dust proof arm shield) that can provide adequate protection during short contact with solvent free PMDI formulations were found. The new test procedure should be standardized in order to get a new international penetration standard.
authors.affiliation: 1.Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Work Environment Development, Lemminkäisenkatu 14-18 B, FI-20520 Turku, Finland maj-len.henriks-eckerman@ttl.fi.
authors.forename: Maj-Len
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Henriks-Eckerman
authors.affiliation: 2.Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Work Environment Development, Topeliuksenkatu 41 aA, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Erja
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
mesh_terms: D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000517:prevention & control; D017575:Gloves, Protective / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017953:Isocyanates; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010539:Permeability; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000592:standards*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds
chemical_list: D017953:Isocyanates; C005969:4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds
keywords: MDI; clothing; gloves; isocyanates; penetration; protective materials; sensitizer; testing