title: Estimated 24-hour urine sodium excretion is correlated with blood pressure in Korean population: 2009-2011 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey.
abstract: No large-scale studies have investigated the association between salt intake and hypertension in Korean population. To investigate the relationship of blood pressure to salt consumption, we analyzed data from 19,476 participants in the 2009-2011 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES). Urinary sodium excretion over 24-hr (24HUNa) was estimated from spot urine tests using Tanaka's equation. The study subjects were stratified into hypertensive and normotensive groups. Hypertensive participants (n=6,552, 33.6%) had higher estimated 24HUNa, 150.4±38.8 mEq/day, than normotensive participants, 140.5±34.6 mEq/day (P<0.001). The association between 24HUNa and blood pressure outcomes was not affected by adjustment for other risk factors for hypertension (odds ratio 0.001; 95% confidence interval 0.001-0.003; P<0.001). Increases in 24HUNa of 100 mEq/day were associated with a 6.1±0.3/2.9±0.2 mmHg increase in systolic/diastolic blood pressure in all participants. This effect was stronger in hypertensive participants (increase of 8.1±0.5/3.4±0.3 mmHg per 100 mEq/day) and smaller in normotensive participants (2.9±0.3/1.3±0.2 mmHg). These results support recommendations for low salt intake in Korean population to prevent and control adverse blood pressure levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jieun
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9429-9602
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym Kidney Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeonghwan
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3199-635X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Seok
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7856-8083
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Salt and Health, Seoul K-Clinic, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Suhnggwon
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6904-9126
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Jun
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1185-2631
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D044466:Asian People; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000652:urine*; D059349:Urine Specimen Collection
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: Blood Pressure; Hypertension; Sodium