title: A comparative in vivo ultrasonometric evaluation of normal and delayed fracture healing in sheep tibiae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare normal and delayed bone healing by measuring ultrasound conduction velocity across the bone callus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model of transverse linear and 5 mm resection osteotomies of sheep tibiae was used. Fourteen sheep were operated on and were divided into two groups of seven according to osteotomy type. The procedure was performed on the right tibiae and the intact left tibiae were used as controls. The transverse and axial ultrasound velocities were measured at 30-day intervals for 90 days, after which the animals were killed and both the right and left tibiae were resected for in vitro biomechanical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the transverse and axial ultrasound velocities progressively increased, but the increase was smaller for the delayed union that resulted from the resection osteotomy. The mechanical resistance was higher for the normally healed tibiae that resulted from a linear osteotomy; this result closely correlated with the ultrasound velocity results. Significant differences were found for the comparisons between the intact and operated tibiae in both groups and between the groups for both the transverse and axial ultrasound velocities, but the differences were greater for the latter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in vivo transverse and axial ultrasound velocities provide highly precise information about the healing state of both linear and resection diaphyseal osteotomies, but the axial ultrasound velocity most likely has greater discriminatory power. This method has the potential for clinical application in humans.
authors.affiliation: Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Department of Biomechanics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.affiliation: Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Department of Biomechanics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cláudio Henrique
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Barbieri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D011859:Radiography; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012756:Sheep; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography