title: Psycho-Trauma, Psychosocial Adjustment, and Symptomatic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Internally Displaced Persons in Kaduna, Northwestern Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In April 2011, a post election violent conflict in Northern Nigeria led to resettlement of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in a camp in Kaduna, the worst affected state. We set out to determine prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among IDPs. We also determined types of psycho-trauma experienced by the IDPs and their psychosocial adjustment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional systematic random sampling was used to select 258 adults IDPs. We used Harvard trauma questionnaire to diagnose "symptomatic PTSD," composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI) for diagnosis of depression, and communal trauma event inventory to determine exposure to psycho-trauma. We assessed social adjustment using social provision scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors of PTSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 258 IDPs, 109 (42.2%) had a diagnosis of PTSD, 204 (79.1%) had poor living conditions, and only 12 (4.7%) had poor social provision. The most frequent psycho-traumas were destruction of personal property (96.1%), been evacuated from their town (96%) and witnessing violence (88%). More than half (58%) of IDPs had experienced 11-15 of the 19 traumatic events. Independent predictors of PTSD among respondents were having a CIDI diagnosis of depression (adjusted odds ratios 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.7-7.5; p = 0.001) and witnessing death of a family member (3.7, 1.2-11.5; p = 0.0259).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that exposure to psycho-trauma among IDPs in Kaduna led to post conflict PTSD. Death of a family member and co-morbid depression were independent predictors of PTSD among IDPs. Though their living condition was poor, the IDPs had good psychosocial adjustment. We recommended a structured psychosocial intervention among the IDP targeted at improving living condition and dealing with the psychological consequences of psycho-trauma.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital , Kaduna , Nigeria ; Department of Psychiatry, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Taiwo Lateef
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.affiliation: Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agunbiade
authors.affiliation: Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ike
authors.affiliation: Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: William N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Ebiti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oluwatosin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Adekeye
keywords: depression; internally displaced persons; post traumatic stress disorder; psycho-trauma; psychosocial adjustment