title: Hyponatraemia in elderly emergency department patients: a marker of frailty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Details on hyponatraemia in the emergency department are limited, especially regarding older patients, a population more susceptible to hyponatraemia and its effects. Our objective was to gain insight into the prevalence, aetiology, treatment and prognosis of clinically relevant hyponatraemia in elderly emergency department patients. The impact of the severity of hyponatraemia on outcome was a secondary objective.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of 1438 internal medicine patients aged &#8805; 65 years presenting to the emergency department between 1 September 2010 and 31 August 2011 was performed. Clinically relevant hyponatraemia was defined as a serum sodium level < 130 mmol÷l. The reference group had a serum sodium level of 130-145 mmol÷l. Hyponatraemia was subdivided into moderate (129-125 mmol÷l), and severe (< 125 mmol÷l).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-one elderly patients (6.3%) were hyponatraemic at presentation to the emergency department. The main causes were the use of diuretics, hypovolaemia, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (57.1%). Hyponatraemia was associated with higher admission rates (93.4 vs. 72.9%) and longer hospital stay (8 vs. 6 days) vs. the reference group. Three-month survival rate in hyponatraemic elderly patients was 74% (95% CI 64-84%) vs. 83% (95% CI 81-85%) in the reference group. Moderate hyponatraemia was associated with an increased risk of death (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4) vs. the reference group after multivariable adjustment for age and comorbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyponatraemia, a common electrolyte disturbance among elderly internal medicine patients presenting to the emergency department, was associated with higher admission rates, longer hospital stay, and higher mortality rates. In particular, moderate hyponatraemia was a marker of underlying frailty and predictive of mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima Medical Centre, Eindhoven÷Veldhoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: S H A
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Brouns
authors.forename: M K J
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Dortmans
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Jonkers
authors.forename: S L E
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lambooij
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuijper
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Haak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate