title: Potential occupant injury reduction in the U.S. vehicle fleet for lane departure warning-equipped vehicles in single-vehicle crashes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Single-vehicle collisions involve only 10 percent of all occupants in crashes in the United States, yet these same crashes account for 31 percent of all fatalities. Along with other vehicle safety advancements, lane departure warning (LDW) systems are being introduced to mitigate the harmful effects of single-vehicle collisions. The objective of this study is to quantify the number of crashes and seriously injured drivers that could have been prevented in the United States in 2012 had all vehicles been equipped with LDW.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to estimate the potential injury reduction benefits of LDW in the vehicle fleet, a comprehensive crash and injury simulation model was developed. The model's basis was 481 single-vehicle collisions extracted from the NASS-CDS for year 2012. Each crash was simulated in 2 conditions: (1) as it occurred and (2) as if the driver had an LDW system. By comparing the simulated vehicle's off-road trajectory before and after LDW, the reduction in the probability of a crash was determined. The probability of a seriously injured occupant (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Score [MAIS] 3+) given a crash was computed using injury risk curves with departure velocity and seat belt use as predictors. Each crash was simulated between 18 and 216 times to account for variable driver reaction, road, and vehicle conditions. Finally, the probability of a crash and seriously injured driver was summed over all simulations to determine the benefit of LDW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A majority of roads where departure crashes occurred had 2 lanes and were undivided. As a result, 58 percent of crashes had no shoulder. LDW will not be as effective on roads with no shoulder as on roads with large shoulders. LDW could potentially prevent 28.9 percent of all road departure crashes caused by the driver drifting out of his or her lane, resulting in a 24.3 percent reduction in the number of seriously injured drivers. The results of this study show that LDW, if widely adopted, could significantly mitigate a harmful crash type. Larger shoulder width and the presence of lane markings, determined by manual examination of scene photographs, increased the effectiveness of LDW. This result suggests that highway systems should be modified to maximize LDW effectiveness by expanding shoulders and regularly painting lane lines.
authors.affiliation: a Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia.
authors.forename: Kristofer
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.forename: Thomas I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Rini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sherony
authors.forename: Hampton C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gabler
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000592:standards*; D011336:Probability; D011482:Protective Devices; D012622:Seat Belts; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: active safety; lane departure warning; safety benefits; simulation