title: Protective Effects of Berberine on Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion on Oligodendrocyte Cell Line (OLN-93).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glial cells of central nervous system, are highly vulnerable to ischemic-induced excitotoxic insult, a phenomenon in which calcium overload triggers cell death. Berberine is an alkaloid extracted from medicinal herbs as Coptidis Rhizoma with several pharmacological effects like inhibition of neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effects of berberine (0.5-4 μM) and glutamate receptors antagonists (MK-801 [10 μM] and NBQX [30 μM]) on OLN-93 cell line (a permanent immature rat oligodendrocyte) during (30, 60, 240 min) oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/24 h reperfusion. The cells were cultured in 12-well plates. The cells were exposed to glucose-free medium and hypoxia in a small anaerobic chamber. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay. The intracellular calcium levels also were evaluated by Ca(2+)-sensitive indicator Fura-2/AM in presence or absence of berberine (2 μM) during 30 min chemical OGD by NaN3 (20 mM). Student's t-test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Berberine, MK-801and NBQX significantly increased oligodendrocyte viability in all 3 time-scheduled oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion. Berberine at 2 μM produced peak of protection, and increased cell viability to 83%, 77%, and 79% during 30, 60, 240 min ischemic experiments, respectively (P < 0.001). Berberine significantly attenuated intracellular Ca(2+) rise induced by chemical ischemia, and this effect of berberine was significantly stronger than MK-801 and NBQX (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that berberine protected OLN-93 oligodendrocyte against ischemic induced excitotoxic injury. Attenuation of intracellular Ca(2+) overload by berberine may be the key mechanism that saved OLN-93 from excitotoxicity damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadjafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Soltan-Ahmad
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rahbar-Roshandel
keywords: Berberine; OLN-93 cell line; calcium; excitotoxicity; oxygen-glucose deprivation