title: Sonographic findings in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) has been endemic in Turkey since 2002. Some radiologic findings are considered common by clinicians and radiologists. In this regard, we aimed to assess the sonographic findings in patents with CCHF in a pilot study to obtain basic knowledge for planning further controlled studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational descriptive study was planned. Patients with a CCHF diagnosis monitored by the infectious diseases department of a tertiary care hospital were included. Sonographic examinations were conducted by 2 radiologists for each patient, and the findings were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients with CCHF were included. Hepatomegaly (40%), splenomegaly (28%), paraceliac lymphadenopathy (48%), gallbladder wall thickening (36%), increased echogenicity in the renal parenchyma (40%), and fluid/effusion in the perihepatic, perisplenic, pleural, and hepatorenal recesses of the subhepatic space (Morison pouch) as well as between the intestinal loops (52%) were the primary findings. A decrease in the gallbladder wall thickening and limited resorption of intraperitoneal and pleural effusion were noted during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatosplenomegaly, paraceliac lymphadenopathy, and gallbladder wall thickening as well as intraperitoneal and pleural effusion were the primary findings in CCHF, and they became prominent on the third day of the disease in some patients. The relationship between sonographic findings and disease severity will be investigated in an upcoming study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Z.K.T.); and Departments of Radiology (H.Y., M.K., P.K.) and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (C.B., G.C., C.A.H., S.K., A.P.D.), Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. drztufan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zeliha Kocak
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Tufan
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Z.K.T.); and Departments of Radiology (H.Y., M.K., P.K.) and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (C.B., G.C., C.A.H., S.K., A.P.D.), Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yigit
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Z.K.T.); and Departments of Radiology (H.Y., M.K., P.K.) and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (C.B., G.C., C.A.H., S.K., A.P.D.), Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kacar
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Z.K.T.); and Departments of Radiology (H.Y., M.K., P.K.) and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (C.B., G.C., C.A.H., S.K., A.P.D.), Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bulut
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Z.K.T.); and Departments of Radiology (H.Y., M.K., P.K.) and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (C.B., G.C., C.A.H., S.K., A.P.D.), Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulbin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canpolat
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Z.K.T.); and Departments of Radiology (H.Y., M.K., P.K.) and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (C.B., G.C., C.A.H., S.K., A.P.D.), Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cigdem Ataman
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hatipoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Z.K.T.); and Departments of Radiology (H.Y., M.K., P.K.) and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (C.B., G.C., C.A.H., S.K., A.P.D.), Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinikli
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Z.K.T.); and Departments of Radiology (H.Y., M.K., P.K.) and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (C.B., G.C., C.A.H., S.K., A.P.D.), Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kosar
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey (Z.K.T.); and Departments of Radiology (H.Y., M.K., P.K.) and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (C.B., G.C., C.A.H., S.K., A.P.D.), Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali Pekcan
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Demiroz
mesh_terms: D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006479:Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006529:Hepatomegaly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008206:Lymphatic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013163:Splenomegaly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; gastrointestinal ultrasound; imaging; sonography; viral hemorrhagic fever