title: Stability profiling of anti-malarial drug piperaquine phosphate and impurities by HPLC-UV, TOF-MS, ESI-MS and NMR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Piperaquine, 1,3-bis-[4-(7-chloroquinolyl-4)-piperazinyl-1]-propane, is an anti-malarial compound belonging to the 4-aminoquinolines, which has received renewed interest in treatment of drug resistant falciparum malaria in artemisinin-based combination therapy with dihydroartemisinin. The impurity profile of this drug product is paid an ever-increasing attention. However, there were few published studies of the complete characterization of related products or impurities in piperaquine phosphate bulk and forced degradation samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  The impurities in piperaquine phosphate bulk drug substance were detected by a newly developed gradient phase HPLC method and identified by TOF-MS and ESI-MS. The structures of impurities were confirmed by NMR. Forced degradation studies were also performed for the stability of piperaquine phosphate bulk drug samples and the specificity of the newly developed HPLC method. In silico toxicological predictions for these piperaquine phosphate related impurities were made by Toxtree® and Derek®.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve impurities (imp-1-12) were detected and identified, of which eight impurities (imp-1, 2, 4, 6-10) were first proposed as new related substances. Based on TOF-MS/ESI-MS and NMR analysis, the structures of imp-2, 6 and 12 were characterized by their synthesis and preparation. The possible mechanisms for the formation of impurities were also discussed. These piperaquine phosphate related impurities were predicted to have a toxicity risk by Toxtree® and Derek®.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From forced degradation and bulk samples of piperaquine phosphate, twelve compounds were detected and identified to be piperaquine phosphate related impurities. Two of the new piperaquine phosphate related substances, imp-2 and imp-6, were identified and characterized as 4-hydroxy-7-chloro-quinoline and a piperaquine oxygenate with a piperazine ring of nitrogen oxide in bulk drug and oxidation sample, respectively. The MS data of imp-1, 2, 4, 6-10 were first reported. The in-silico toxicological prediction showed a toxicity risk for piperaquine related impurities by Toxtree® and Derek®.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xuefang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, P R China. hangtj@cpu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Taijun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hang
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004355:Drug Stability; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011804:Quinolines / Q000737:chemistry*; D010879:Piperazines
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D011804:Quinolines; C034759:piperaquine; D010879:Piperazines