title: Near-infrared imaging of adoptive immune cell therapy in breast cancer model using cell membrane labeling.
abstract: The overall objective of this study is to non-invasively image and assess tumor targeting and retention of directly labeled T-lymphocytes following their adoptive transfer in mice. T-lymphocytes obtained from draining lymph nodes of 4T1 (murine breast cancer cell) sensitized BALB/C mice were activated in-vitro with Bryostatin/Ionomycin for 18 hours, and were grown in the presence of Interleukin-2 for 6 days. T-lymphocytes were then directly labeled with 1,1-dioctadecyltetramethyl indotricarbocyanine Iodide (DiR), a lipophilic near infrared fluorescent dye that labels the cell membrane. Assays for viability, proliferation, and function of labeled T-lymphocytes showed that they were unaffected by DiR labeling. The DiR labeled cells were injected via tail vein in mice bearing 4T1 tumors in the flank. In some cases labeled 4T1 specific T-lymphocytes were injected a week before 4T1 tumor cell implantation. Multi-spectral in vivo fluorescence imaging was done to subtract the autofluorescence and isolate the near infrared signal carried by the T-lymphocytes. In recipient mice with established 4T1 tumors, labeled 4T1 specific T-lymphocytes showed marked tumor retention, which peaked 6 days post infusion and persisted at the tumor site for up to 3 weeks. When 4T1 tumor cells were implanted 1-week post-infusion of labeled T-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes responded to the immunologic challenge and accumulated at the site of 4T1 cell implantation within two hours and the signal persisted for 2 more weeks. Tumor accumulation of labeled 4T1 specific T-lymphocytes was absent in mice bearing Meth A sarcoma tumors. When lysate of 4T1 specific labeled T-lymphocytes was injected into 4T1 tumor bearing mice the near infrared signal was not detected at the tumor site. In conclusion, our validated results confirm that the near infrared signal detected at the tumor site represents the DiR labeled 4T1 specific viable T-lymphocytes and their response to immunologic challenge can be imaged in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Fatma M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Youniss
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gobalakrishnan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundaresan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Collin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gajanan K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Dewkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Purnima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jose
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Harry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Bear
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zweit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000737:chemistry*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D058948:Cell Tracking; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; D007376:Interleukin-2; C024286:3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine; D015759:Ionomycin; D007371:Interferon-gamma