title: Cardiovascular-interventional-surgery virtual training platform and its preliminary evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular interventional surgery (CIS) training has mainly been performed with fluoroscopic guidance on animals. However, this has potential drawbacks, including from the anatomical differences between animal models and the human body. The purpose of this research is to develop a virtual training platform for inexperienced trainees.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CIS virtual training platform is composed of a mechanical manipulation unit, a simulation platform and a user interface. A decoupled haptic device offers high-quality force feedback. An efficient physically based hybrid model was simulated. The CIS procedure was tested with three simulation studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Translational and rotational tests were employed to preliminarily evaluate the platform. Tests showed that accuracies improved by 50% and 32.5%. Efficient collision detection and continuous collision response allowed real-time interactions. Furthermore, three simulation studies indicated that the platform had reasonable accuracy and robustness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed simulation platform has the potential to be a good virtual training platform. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forming Technology & Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
authors.forename: Chaozheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forming Technology & Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.|National Digital Manufacturing Technology Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forming Technology & Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
authors.forename: Xianglong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
authors.forename: Maisheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forming Technology & Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
authors.forename: Lixu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gu
keywords: cardiovascular interventional surgery; force feedback; haptic device; real-time interactions