title: Changes in the location of the human mandibular foramen as a function of growth and vertical facial type.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A previous cross-sectional investigation showed that the mandibular foramen location depends on the age and the vertical facial pattern of growing individuals. The aim of the present longitudinal study was to explain how these factors influence the distance between the foramen and the occlusal plane. It is known that a certain distance is necessary for a successful inferior alveolar nerve block in clinical dentistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  This distance, as well as another four cephalometric variables, were measured on both pre-treatment and 10-year post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs collected from 50 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment. The changes between these two sets of measurements were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multiple regression analysis was performed using the pre-treatment age, the pre-treatment inter-maxillary angle, the rotation of the occlusal plane and the change in mandibular ramus height as independent variables and the change of foramen-occlusal plane distance as a dependent variable. The independent variables under investigation were found to account for more than half of the variability of the foramen-occlusal plane distance (r = 0.732; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In very young individuals the mandibular foramen is located approximately at the level of the occlusal plane. With age it moves upwards relative to the occlusal plane and more so for those individuals with a low anterior facial height (short-face vertical facial type). These observations are, at least, partially explained by the differential growth of the various elements of the maxillo-mandibular complex and the change of the inclination of the occlusal plane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Epars
authors.forename: Anestis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mavropoulos
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiliaridis
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000294:innervation; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: anesthesia; facial morphology; inferior alveolar nerve block; lateral cephalometric radiograph; occlusal plane