title: Experiences of Slovene ICU physicians with end-of-life decision making: a nation-wide survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advances in intensive care medicine have enormously improved ability to successfully treat seriously ill patients. However, intensive treatment and prolongation of life is not always in the patient's best interest, and many ethical dilemmas arise in end-of-life (EOL) situations. We aimed to assess intensive care unit (ICU) physicians' experiences with EOL decision making and to compare the responses according to ICU type.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was performed in all 35 Slovene ICUs, using a questionnaire designed to assess ICU physician experiences with EOL decision making, focusing on limitations of life-sustaining treatments (LST).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We distributed 370 questionnaires (approximating the number of Slovene ICU physicians) and 267 were returned (72% response rate). The great majority of ICU physicians reported using do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders (97%), withholding LST (94%), and withdrawing antibiotics (86%) or inotropes (95%). Fewer ICU physicians reported withdrawing mechanical ventilation (52%) or extubating patients (27%). Hydration was reported to be only rarely terminated (76% of participants reported never terminating it). In addition, 63% of participants had never encountered advance directives, and 39% reported to "never" or "rarely" participating in decision making with relatives of patients. Nurses were reported to be "never" or "rarely" involved in the EOL decision making process by 84% of participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitation of LST was regularly used by Slovene ICU physicians. DNR orders and withholding of LST were the most commonly used measures. Hydration was only rarely terminated. In addition, use of advance directives was almost non-existent in practice, and the patients' relatives and nurses only infrequently participated in the decision making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, UMC Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Urh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Groselj
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Miha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orazem
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanic
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Gaj
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vidmar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grosek
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D017524:Slovenia; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013727:Terminal Care; D000078329:Workforce