title: The association between social stressors and home smoking rules among women with infants in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the role of social stressors on home-smoking rules (HSRs) among women with infants in the United States, with attention on the moderating role of smoking status and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data for 118 062 women with recent births in the United States who participated in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2004-2010), which is a population-based surveillance data set. We fit multinomial logistic models to predict the odds of partial or no HSRs by a cumulative index of prenatal social stressors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with those with no stressors, mothers with high levels of social stressors had 2.5 times higher odds of partial or no HSRs. Smokers in the 1-2, 3-5, and ≥ 6 stressor categories were 9.0%, 9.6%, and 10.8% more likely to have partial or no HSRs, respectively. Under the highest levels of stress (≥ 6), nonsmokers were almost as likely as smokers to have partial or no HSRs. In addition, the effects of stress on HSRs were more pronounced for nonsmoker, nondepressed mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in social stressors represented an important risk factor for partial or no HSRs and might have potential negative implications for infants.
authors.affiliation: Jarron M. Saint Onge is with the Department of Sociology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, and the Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. Tami Gurley-Calvez is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. Teresa A. Orth is with the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City. Felix A. Okah is with the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City.
authors.forename: Jarron M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Saint Onge
authors.forename: Tami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gurley-Calvez
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Orth
authors.forename: Felix A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Okah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology