title: Child Behavior Problems: Role of Cocaine Use, Parenting and Child Exposure to Violence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies examining the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and child behavior problems have yielded mixed results, suggesting a need to identify additional mediating and moderating influences. We hypothesized that the relation between PCE and behavior problems at kindergarten would be mediated/moderated by child exposure to violence; and that maternal warmth/sensitivity and harshness would moderate the association between violence exposure and behavior problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants consisted of 216 (116 cocaine-exposed, 100 non-cocaine exposed (NCE) mother-child dyads participating in an ongoing longitudinal study of PCE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results yielded no direct or mediated/moderated association between PCE and child behavior problems, and no significant interaction effects between PCE and parenting quality. However, higher exposure to violence in kindergarten was significantly associated with higher child behavior problems. This association was moderated by maternal warmth/sensitivity and harshness. High maternal warmth/sensitivity buffered the association between violence exposure and behavior problems while high maternal harshness exacerbated this association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the role of violence exposure in the development of behavior problems among high-risk children, and emphasizes the significance of parenting quality in buffering or exacerbating this risk among these children. Implications for prevention include targeting the potential role of maternal warmth/sensitivity as a protective influence among children exposed to violence.
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Buffalo Pamela Schuetze Buffalo State College.
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Veira
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Buffalo Pamela Schuetze Buffalo State College.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Finger
authors.affiliation: State University of New York at Buffalo Pamela Schuetze Buffalo State College.
authors.forename: Rina D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Eiden
authors.affiliation: Stephanie Godleski State University of New York at Buffalo.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Colder
keywords: behavior problems; child; cocaine exposure; community and family violence; parenting