title: Whole-of-society monitoring framework for sugar, salt, and fat consumption and noncommunicable diseases in India.
abstract: India has experienced a rising prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in the past 15 years: the prevalence of diabetes has increased from 5.9% to 9.1%, hypertension from 17.2% to 29.2%, and obesity from 4% to 15%. The increase is among all socioeconomic groups and in urban and rural populations, though the quantum of change varies. A concomitant increase in per capita consumption of sugar from 22 to 55.3 g/day and total fat from 21.2 to 54 g/day was observed, with significant differences between states of high and low human development index (HDI). Per capita consumption of sugar, salt, and fat is consistently and significantly associated with overweight and obesity but variably associated with the occurrence of hypertension and diabetes. Market research shows that approximately 50-60% of total salt, sugar, and fat in Indian markets is procured by bulk purchasers, generally for manufacturing processed food items. This sector of the Indian economy is among the fastest growing, with several policy incentives. It is not clear from most of the data sets whether available information on per capita sugar, salt, and fat consumption has considered the contribution of processed and ready-to-eat food items. The unprecedented changes of rapid urbanization, mechanization, and globalization demand close monitoring of social, developmental, and economic determinants. This paper provides pieces of evidence to justify a whole-of-society (WoS) framework for monitoring the inputs, processes, and behavioral components of the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke (NPCDCS) in India.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Narendra K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.affiliation: Centre of Social Medicine & Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Rajib
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Priyanka Rani
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003132:Commerce; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
keywords: monitoring framework; multisectoral policies; noncommunicable disease; sentinel surveillance; whole-of-society