title: Determined about sex: sex-testing in 45 primate species using a 2Y/1X sex-typing assay.
abstract: Sex-testing using molecular genetic technique is routinely used in the fields of forensics, population genetics and conservation biology. However, none of the assay used so far allows a non-ambiguous and successful sex determination for human and non-human primate species. The most widely used method, AMELY/X, and its alternatives suffer from a set of drawbacks in humans and can rarely be used in New World primate species. Here, we designed a new sex-typing assay using a multiplexed PCR amplification of UTX and UTY-homologous loci and combined male-specific SRY locus. This method was successfully tested on 1048 samples, including 82 non-human primates from 45 Anthropoidea and Lemuriformes species and 966 human samples from 24 populations (Africans, Europeans, and South Americans). This sex-typing method is applicable across all primate species tested from Hominoidea to Indriidae, and also on various populations with different background origins; it represents a robust and cheap sex-typing assay to be used both by the anthropologist and primatologist communities.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Valérie Choesmel
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Cadamuro
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouakaze
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France; Evolutionary Biology team, Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, LMU BioCenter, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Croze
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiavinato
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tonasso
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gérard
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire AMIS-UMR5288/CNRS, Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fausser
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Morgane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gibert
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dugoujon
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), UMR5288-CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse Cedex 3, France. Electronic address: patricia.balaresque@univ-tlse3.fr.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balaresque
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011323:Primates / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D019849:Sex Determination Processes; D014960:X Chromosome; D014998:Y Chromosome
chemical_list: D004247:DNA
keywords: Multiplex PCR; Primates; SRY; Sex-typing; UTX/UTY