title: Th1 cytokine-based immunotherapy for cancer.
abstract: Cytokine-based immunotherapy is executed by harnessing cytokines to activate the immune system to suppress tumors. Th1-type cytokines including IL-1, IL-2, IL-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are potent stimulators of Th1 differentiation and Th1-based antitumor response. Many preclinical studies demonstrated the antitumor effects of Th1 cytokines but their clinical efficacy is limited. Multiple factors influence the efficacy of immunotherapy for tumors. For instance immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment can produce inhibitory cytokines which suppress antitumor immune response. Most studies on cytokine immunotherapy focused on how to boost Th1 response; many studies combined cytokine-based therapy with other treatments to reverse immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. In addition, cytokines have pleiotropic functions and some cytokines show paradoxical activities under different settings. Better understanding the physiological and pathological functions of cytokines helps clinicians to design Th1-based cancer therapy in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom. hongmei.xu@path.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hong-Mei
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018899:CpG Islands; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D016207:Cytokines; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007376:Interleukin-2; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D018664:Interleukin-12; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor