title: Graphene-based carbon-layered electrode array technology for neural imaging and optogenetic applications.
abstract: Neural micro-electrode arrays that are transparent over a broad wavelength spectrum from ultraviolet to infrared could allow for simultaneous electrophysiology and optical imaging, as well as optogenetic modulation of the underlying brain tissue. The long-term biocompatibility and reliability of neural micro-electrodes also require their mechanical flexibility and compliance with soft tissues. Here we present a graphene-based, carbon-layered electrode array (CLEAR) device, which can be implanted on the brain surface in rodents for high-resolution neurophysiological recording. We characterize optical transparency of the device at >90% transmission over the ultraviolet to infrared spectrum and demonstrate its utility through optical interface experiments that use this broad spectrum transparency. These include optogenetic activation of focal cortical areas directly beneath electrodes, in vivo imaging of the cortical vasculature via fluorescence microscopy and 3D optical coherence tomography. This study demonstrates an array of interfacing abilities of the CLEAR device and its utility for neural applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Dong-Wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Amelia A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Schendel
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mikael
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Brodnick
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Richner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Jared P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hayat
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Atry
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Seth T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pashaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sanitta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thongpang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA [2] Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: 1] Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite; D012825:Silicon