title: A Filtration System That Greatly Reduces Aluminum in Calcium Gluconate Injection, USP Used to Prepare Parenteral Nutrition Solutions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to reduce aluminum (Al) in Calcium Gluconate Injection, US Pharmacopeia (USP) used in the preparation of parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A flow-through filter containing an immobilized chelator that complexes Al from Calcium Gluconate Injection, USP as it flows through the filter was designed, refined by design modifications, and extensively tested. When a small-volume parenteral vial containing 100 mL of Calcium Gluconate Injection, USP is connected on the inlet side of the filter, and the outlet side is connected to an evacuated receiving vial, the filtered solution is drawn into the receiving vial. This constitutes a complete system to remove Al from Calcium Gluconate Injection, USP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extent of Al removal is flow rate dependent. At a flow rate of 1 mL/min approximately 85% of the Al was removed from calcium gluconate solution. PN solutions have been reported to deliver 15 to 23 mcg/kg/day Al to neonates. Given that Calcium Gluconate Injection, USP provides 85% of the Al in neonatal PN solutions, removal of 85% of the Al from this source was calculated to reduce Al delivered to most neonates to <5 mcg/kg/day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A point-of-use, self-contained, single-use, disposable, Al-complexing filter has been created. It was calculated to reduce Al delivered in PN solutions by 72%, resulting in daily Al delivery below the level that results in Al accumulation associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity to all but the smallest (<1 kg) infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky ; ALKYMOS Inc, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yokel
authors.affiliation: ALKYMOS Inc, Lexington, Kentucky ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Wesley R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: ALKYMOS Inc, Lexington, Kentucky ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Spilling
authors.affiliation: CreoSalus, Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Vasiliy P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Abramov
authors.affiliation: CreoSalus, Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lone
authors.affiliation: ALKYMOS Inc, Lexington, Kentucky ; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kuhn
keywords: aluminum; calcium gluconate; parenteral nutrition