title: [Liver ischemic necrosis and diabetes mellitus: case report].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatic infarction is characterized by parenchyma ischemic necrosis involving at least two acinis. It is extremely uncommon due to the arterial and portal venous blood supply. We report a case of a patient not know to have diabetes who developed massive areas of ischemic infarcts of the liver after episode of acutely diabetes decompensated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 67 year-old hypertensive female who has been presenting, for the last 10 days, polydipsia, high urinary volume, visual and gait impairment, nausea and vomiting was admitted to the emergency room (ER). During the physical examination it was observed dehydration, skin discoloration, peripheral cyanosis, hypothermia, tachycardia, hypotension and mild diffuse abdominal pain. Admissional laboratory exams demonstrated total leukocytes: 16.800, Cr: 3.7, Ur: 167, Na: 133, K: 6.9, glucose: 561; arterial gasometry (O2 catheter: 2 L/min): pH: 6.93, pCO2: 12.1, pO2: 107, B.E.: -28.8, HCO3: 2.4, Sat 91.3%, lactato: 79; urinalysis: pH: 6; leukocytes: 13; density: 1015; erythrocytes: 19; protein: ++; glucose: +++; bilirubin: negative; ketonic bodies: + denote ketonemia. EKG: sharp T wave, right branch block. Patient was treated with intravenous insulin, hydration, sodium bicarbonate and ceftriaxone. After initial treatment, the laboratory exams showed Cr: 2.2, Ur: 122, Na: 162, K: 4.3, Ca: 6.4, glucose: 504, pH: 7.01, HCO3: 7.1, B.E.: -22. One day after admission the patient presented with important abdominal pain and peritoneal irritation, followed by difficulty for talking and somnolence; routine laboratory exams showed arterial gasometry: pH: 7.4, pCO2: 31, pO2: 68, BE: -4.4, HCO3: 19, SatO2: 93.5%; Ur: 95,Cr: 1.4, albumin: 2.4, Ca: 0.95, Na: 166, K:4, bilirubin: 0.5, bilirubin D/I: 0.2/0.3, Amylase: 1157, Gamma-GT: 56, AST 7.210, ALT: 2.470, SR (sedimentation rate): 15, Lipase: 84. Abdominal ultrasound was unremarkable. Patient respiratory function and conscience level worsened, requiring intubation. Despite all resuscitation efforts, she died. Necropsy showed multiple ischemic infarcts of the liver with vascular thrombosis, splenic infarcts, generalized visceral congestion and atherosclerosis of aorta and its branches. Pancreas was normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanisms of hepatic and splenic infarctions in this case were unclear. The following factors may have contributed to necrosis: vomiting and fever should be considered to induce dehydration and hypotension, which further decreased portal and hepatic arterial inflows; elevated level of catecholamine in hyperglycemic states might induce vasoconstriction effects; widespread atherosclerosis is commonly seen in diabetic and hypertensive patients. This case underlies the importance of searching for hepatic necrosis or infarction in any diabetic patient with elevated liver enzymes. Anticoagulation therapy should be instituted promptly upon recognition of vascular thromboses.
authors.affiliation: EPM, UNIFESP.
authors.forename: Ticiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paes
authors.affiliation: EPM, UNIFESP.
authors.forename: Fernanda Martins
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gazoni
authors.affiliation: EPM, UNIFESP.
authors.forename: Nathanael de Freitas
authors.initials: Nde F
authors.lastname: Pinheiro Junior
authors.affiliation: EPM, UNIFESP.
authors.forename: Hélio Penna
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: EPM, UNIFESP.
authors.forename: Renato Delascio
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: EPM, UNIFESP.
authors.forename: Valéria Pereira
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Lanzoni
authors.affiliation: EPM, UNIFESP.
authors.forename: Letícia Sandre
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Vendrame
authors.affiliation: EPM, UNIFESP.
authors.forename: Antônio Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lopes