title: Clock face drawing test performance in children with ADHD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The utility and discriminatory pattern of the clock face drawing test in ADHD is unclear. This study therefore compared Clock Face Drawing test performance in children with ADHD and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  95 school children with ADHD and 191 other children were matched for gender ratio and age. ADHD symptoms severities were assessed using DSM-IV ADHD checklist and their intellectual functioning was assessed. The participants completed three clock-drawing tasks, and the following four functions were assessed: Contour score, Numbers score, Hands setting score, and Center score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the subscales scores of the three clock drawing tests of the ADHD group were lower than that of the control group. In ADHD children, inattention and hyperactivity/ impulsivity scores were not related to free drawn clock test scores. When pre-drawn contour test was performed, inattentiveness score was statistically associated with Number score while none of the other variables of age, gender, intellectual functioning, and hand use preference were associated with that kind of score. In pre-drawn clock, no association of ADHD symptoms with any CDT subscales found significant. In addition, more errors are observed with free drawn clock and Pre-drawn contour than pre-drawn clock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Putting Numbers and Hands setting are more sensitive measures to screen ADHD than Contour and Center drawing. Test performance, except Hands setting, may have already reached a developmental plateau. It is probable that Hand setting deficit in children with ADHD may not decrease from age 8 to 14 years. Performance of children with ADHD is associated with complexity of CDT.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Hafez Hospital, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Psychiatry, Hafez Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Neurosciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghanizadeh
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Salar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Safavi
authors.affiliation: Deakin University, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia ; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia ; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Parkville, Australia ; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berk
keywords: Assessment; Attention Deficit Disorder with; Clock Face Drawing Test; Diagnosis; Hyperactivity; Psychometrics