title: Desensitization of the Mechanoreceptors in Müller's Muscle Reduces the Increased Reflex Contraction of the Orbicularis Oculi Slow-Twitch Fibers in Blepharospasm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the mixed orbicularis oculi muscle lacks the muscle spindles required to induce reflex contraction of its slow-twitch fibers, the mechanoreceptors in Müller's muscle function as extrinsic mechanoreceptors to induce reflex contraction. We hypothesize that strong stretching of these mechanoreceptors increases reflex contraction of the orbicularis oculi slow-twitch muscle fibers, resulting in blepharospasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a 71-year-old man with right blepharospasm and bilateral aponeurosis-disinserted blepharoptosis to determine whether the patient's blepharospasm was worsened by increased trigeminal proprioceptive evocation via stretching of the mechanoreceptors in Müller's muscle owing to a 60° upward gaze and serrated eyelid closure, and whether local anesthesia of the mechanoreceptors via lidocaine administration to the upper fornix as well as surgical disinsertion of Müller's muscle from the tarsus and fixation of the disinserted aponeurosis to the tarsus decreased trigeminal proprioceptive evocation and improved patient's blepharospasm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before pharmacological desensitization, 60° upward gaze and serrated eyelid closure exacerbated the patient's blepharospasm. In contrast, these maneuvers did not worsen his blepharospasm following lidocaine administration. One year after surgical desensitization, the blepharospasm had disappeared and a 60° upward gaze did not induce blepharospasm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strong stretching of the mechanoreceptors in Müller's muscle appeared to increase reflex contraction of the orbicularis oculi slow-twitch muscle fibers, resulting in blepharospasm. In addition to botulinum neurotoxin injections into the involuntarily contracted orbicularis oculi muscle and myectomy, surgical desensitization of the mechanoreceptors in Müller's muscle may represent an additional procedure to reduce blepharospasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryokuya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ban
keywords: blepharospasm; mechanoreceptors in Müller's muscle; orbicularis oculi reflex; slow-twitch fibers; trigemino-facial reflex