title: Prevalence of incontinence, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children.
abstract: Externalizing disorders as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are common in children with nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) and faecal incontinence (FI). We examined the prevalence rates of ADHD, ODD and incontinence in a defined geographical area and analysed the association between externalizing disorders and subtypes of incontinence. 1,676 parents of children who were presented at the mandatory school-entry medical examination completed a questionnaire with all DSM-IV items of ADHD, ODD and six questions regarding incontinence. 50.2% were male and mean age was 5.7 years. 9.1% had at least one subtype of incontinence (8.5% had NE, 1.9% DUI and 0.8% FI). Boys were significantly more affected by incontinence overall, NE, FI and ADHD than girls. 6.4% had ADHD, 6.2% had ODD and 2.6% were affected by ADHD and ODD. 10.3% of the children with incontinence had ADHD and 10.3% ODD. Children with FI were significantly more affected by externalizing disorders (50%) than children with isolated NE (14.5%), children with DUI (9.5%) and continent children (9.5%). Children with incontinence, especially those with FI, are at much higher risk of externalizing disorders. An additional effect of children with both ADHD and ODD having higher rates of incontinence than children with only one disorder could not be found. However, these children represent a high-risk group with lower compliance to treatment and worse outcome. Therefore, screening not only for ADHD but also for ODD should be implemented for all children with incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany, justine.niemczyk@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niemczyk
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Equit
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Braun-Bither
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gontard
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D053207:Diurnal Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence