title: Convergence insufficiency associated with migraine: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The appearance of convergence insufficiency in migraineurs suggests a possible link between migraine and convergence insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant patients reporting to our neuro-ophthalmology clinic complained of symptoms consistent with convergence insufficiency and had a history of migraine. Patients underwent thorough neuro-ophthalmic evaluations including history, physical exam, and cranial imaging. Four illustrative cases are presented in this report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Convergence insufficiency may develop after migraine. In some cases, it may be a persistent cause of reduced visual functioning. In patients with persistent asthenopia, orthoptic therapy has proven successful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of migraine should be sought in patients complaining of reading difficulties secondary to new onset convergence insufficiency. Furthermore, migraineurs should be asked about whether they suffer asthenopia. Finally, a larger scale, prospective study should be considered to further explore a possible link between migraine and convergence insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: From Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland and.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Singman
authors.affiliation: Family Eye Group, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Noelle S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Matta
authors.affiliation: Family Eye Group, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Silbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D003290:Convergence, Ocular; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: asthenopia; convergence insufficiency; migraine