title: The utility of microalbuminuria measurements in pediatric burn injuries in critical care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microalbuminuria, as measured by urinary albumin-creatinine ratios (ACRs), has been shown to be a marker of systemic inflammation and an indicator of the potential severity of trauma and critical illness. Severe pediatric burns represent the best model in which to investigate the clinical utility of microalbuminuria. This study aims to ascertain whether ACR measurements have any role in predicting the severity or the intensive care requirements in the critically unwell pediatric burn population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective observational study was undertaken within a regional burn center with a dedicated 8-bed burn intensive care unit (ICU). This looked at 8 years of consecutive pediatric burns requiring intensive care support-a total of 63 patients after exclusions. Daily urinary ACR measurements were acquired from all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had greater than or equal to 1 ACR measurement out with the reference range, and only 8% (5/63) presented to the ICU with a normal ACR. The median day for the peak ACR measurement was day 4. The relative lack of mortalities (3/63) precluded adequate correlations between ACR and outcomes. Peak and mean ACR values correlate well with length of ICU stay, and the peak ACR also correlates with total length of hospital stay and severity of burn injury as measured by total body surface area burnt and number of organ systems requiring support. No significant differences were found when the patients were stratified by age. The peak ACR measurement was found to be independently predictive of the length of the ICU stay. As such, we have created a predictive model to prove that an ACR that remains less than 12 mg/mmol is predicative of an ICU stay of less than or equal to 7 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical utilities of ACR measurements are demonstrated by their correlation with the severity of injury, length of ICU stay, and requirements for multiple organ support. Albumin-creatinine ratios raised over certain thresholds highlight to the clinician the need for closer observation and the potential deterioration of patients.
authors.affiliation: St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, United Kingdom, CM1 7ET. Electronic address: asmatdin@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Asmat H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Din
authors.affiliation: St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, United Kingdom, CM1 7ET.
authors.forename: Quentin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Frew
authors.affiliation: St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, United Kingdom, CM1 7ET.
authors.forename: Sarah T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Smailes
authors.affiliation: St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, United Kingdom, CM1 7ET.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dziewulski
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002053:Burn Units; D002056:Burns / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: ACR; Burns; Intensive care; Microalbuminuria; Pediatrics; Trauma