title: Determinants of routine immunization coverage in Bungudu, Zamfara State, Northern Nigeria, May 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunization is a cost-effective public health intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. The Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey of 2008 indicated that only 5.4% of children aged 12-23 months in Bungudu, Zamfara State were fully immunized. We conducted this study to identify the determinants of routine immunization coverage in this community.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study. We sampled 450 children aged 12-23 months. We interviewed mothers of these children using structured questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge on immunization, vaccination status of children and reasons for non-vaccination. We defined a fully immunized child as a child who had received one dose of BCG, three doses of oral polio vaccine, three doses of Diptheria-Pertusis-Tetanus vaccine and one dose of measles vaccine by 12 months of age. We performed bivariate analysis and logistic regression using Epi-info software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of mothers and children were 27 years (standard error (SE): 0.27 year) and 17 months (SE: 0.8 month) respectively. Seventy nine percent of mothers had no formal education while 84% did not possess satisfactory knowledge on immunization. Only 7.6% of children were fully immunized. Logistic regression showed that possessing satisfactory knowledge (Adjusted OR=18.4, 95% CI=3.6-94.7) and at least secondary education (Adjusted OR=3.6, 95% CI=1.2-10.6) were significantly correlated with full immunization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major determinants of immunization coverage were maternal knowledge and educational status. Raising the level of maternal knowledge and increasing maternal literacy level are essential to improve immunization coverage in this community.
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria ; Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Saheed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gidado
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nguku
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oladayo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Biya
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ndadilnasiya Endie
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Waziri
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Global Public Health Solutions, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nsubuga
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akpan
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Akin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oyemakinde
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Abdulsalami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Idris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Suleman
authors.affiliation: National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abanida
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Musa
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Kabir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sabitu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003469:Culture; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D009042:Motivation; D009549:Nigeria; D012424:Rural Population; D012494:Sampling Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Immunization; Nigeria; fully immunized child; routine immunization; routine immunization coverage