title: Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral infarction: current concepts and challenges.
abstract: Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a frequent complication of acute ischemic stroke that is especially common after thrombolytic therapy. The risk of HT limits the applicability of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Here, we sought to review the rate, classification, predictors, possible mechanism, and clinical outcomes of HT, as well as existing therapeutic approaches, in order to call attention to the current challenges in the treatment of this complication.
authors.affiliation: 1 Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, 2 Cadre Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1 Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, 2 Cadre Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1 Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, 2 Cadre Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Huijie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: 1 Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, 2 Cadre Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Yingqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xing
keywords: Acute ischemic stroke; hemorrhagic transformation (HT)