title: Designing effective vaccines for colorectal cancer.
abstract: Achieving long-term control of colorectal cancers with therapeutic vaccines that generate potent anti-tumor T cell and antibody responses has been a goal for more than two decades. To date, clinical trials of these vaccines have demonstrated induction of immune responses, but clinical benefit has been limited. Improved vector delivery systems with enhanced immunostimulatory properties, decreased immunogenicity against vector and improved antigen presentation are some of the key features of modern tumor vaccines. Furthermore, an improved understanding of the various immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment and regional lymph nodes, coupled with a burgeoning ability to impair inhibitory immune synapses, highlights a growing opportunity to induce beneficial antigen-specific responses against tumor. The combination of improved antigenic delivery systems, coupled with therapeutic immune activation, represents state-of-the-art colorectal vaccine design concepts with the goal of augmenting immune responses against tumor and improving clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: UCSD Moores Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Immunotherapy Program, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0987, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Sandip P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osada
authors.forename: H Kim
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lyerly
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D010455:Peptides
keywords: T cell; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; dendritic cell; immune infiltrate; immunotherapy; mCRC; tumor microenvironment; tumor vaccine; vaccine