title: Scalable combinatorial tools for health disparities research.
abstract: Despite staggering investments made in unraveling the human genome, current estimates suggest that as much as 90% of the variance in cancer and chronic diseases can be attributed to factors outside an individual's genetic endowment, particularly to environmental exposures experienced across his or her life course. New analytical approaches are clearly required as investigators turn to complicated systems theory and ecological, place-based and life-history perspectives in order to understand more clearly the relationships between social determinants, environmental exposures and health disparities. While traditional data analysis techniques remain foundational to health disparities research, they are easily overwhelmed by the ever-increasing size and heterogeneity of available data needed to illuminate latent gene x environment interactions. This has prompted the adaptation and application of scalable combinatorial methods, many from genome science research, to the study of population health. Most of these powerful tools are algorithmically sophisticated, highly automated and mathematically abstract. Their utility motivates the main theme of this paper, which is to describe real applications of innovative transdisciplinary models and analyses in an effort to help move the research community closer toward identifying the causal mechanisms and associated environmental contexts underlying health disparities. The public health exposome is used as a contemporary focus for addressing the complex nature of this subject.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. langston@eecs.utk.edu.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Langston
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA. rlevine@mmc.edu.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA. bkilbourne@mmc.edu.
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kilbourne
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. grogers3@utk.edu.
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. akershen@utk.edu.
authors.forename: Anne D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kershenbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. sbaktash@utk.edu.
authors.forename: Suzanne H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Baktash
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. stevecatlanta@aol.com.
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Coughlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. asaxton@utk.edu.
authors.forename: Arnold M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saxton
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA. vagboto@mmc.edu.
authors.forename: Vincent K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Agboto
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. dhood@cph.osu.edu.
authors.forename: Darryl B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. mlichtve@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Maureen Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Litchveld
authors.affiliation: Research Center on Health Disparities, Equity, and the Exposome, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. toyana@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Tonny J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Oyana
authors.affiliation: Research Center on Health Disparities, Equity, and the Exposome, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. pjuarez@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Matthews-Juarez
authors.affiliation: Research Center on Health Disparities, Equity, and the Exposome, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. pjuarez@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Juarez
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D012107:Research Design; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors