title: Rapid acquisition of helium-3 and proton three-dimensional image sets of the human lung in a single breath-hold using compressed sensing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a method for acquiring helium-3 ((3) He) and proton ((1) H) three-dimensional (3D) image sets of the human lung with isotropic spatial resolution within a 10-s breath-hold by using compressed sensing (CS) acceleration, and to assess the fidelity of undersampled images compared with fully sampled images.
  
  
  METHODS
  The undersampling scheme for CS acceleration was optimized and tested using (3) He ventilation data. Rapid 3D acquisition of both (3) He and (1) H data during one breath-hold was then implemented, based on a balanced steady-state free-precession pulse sequence, by random undersampling of k-space with reconstruction by means of minimizing the L1 norm and total variance. CS-reconstruction fidelity was evaluated quantitatively by comparing fully sampled and retrospectively undersampled image sets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Helium-3 and (1) H 3D image sets of the lung with isotropic 3.9-mm resolution were acquired during a single breath-hold in 12 s and 8 s using acceleration factors of 2 and 3, respectively. Comparison of fully sampled and retrospectively undersampled (3) He and (1) H images yielded mean absolute errors <10% and structural similarity indices >0.9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By randomly undersampling k-space and using CS reconstruction, high-quality (3) He and (1) H 3D image sets with isotropic 3.9-mm resolution can be acquired within an 8-s breath-hold.
authors.affiliation: Center for In-vivo Hyperpolarized Gas MR Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Qing
authors.affiliation: Center for In-vivo Hyperpolarized Gas MR Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Talissa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Altes
authors.affiliation: Center for In-vivo Hyperpolarized Gas MR Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Tustison
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for In-vivo Hyperpolarized Gas MR Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Jaime F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mata
authors.affiliation: Center for In-vivo Hyperpolarized Gas MR Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: G Wilson
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Center for In-vivo Hyperpolarized Gas MR Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Eduard E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.affiliation: Center for In-vivo Hyperpolarized Gas MR Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.|Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Gordon D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Cates
authors.affiliation: Center for In-vivo Hyperpolarized Gas MR Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Brookeman
authors.affiliation: Center for In-vivo Hyperpolarized Gas MR Imaging, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mugler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062485:Breath Holding; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis; D005260:Female; D006371:Helium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011522:Protons; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D006371:Helium
keywords: compressed sensing; hyperpolarized gas; pulmonary imaging