title: Assessment and modulation of resting-state neural networks after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke is a major cause of disability; however, most patients experience spontaneous partial recovery of functions in subacute to chronic phases. Poststroke loss and recovery of functions have been increasingly correlated with brain-wide alterations in the connectivity of neural networks, which is described in this review. Elucidation of the mechanisms of functional brain remodeling could reveal targets and strategies for more effective neurorehabilitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from recent resting-state functional MRI, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, and optical imaging studies in patients and animal models have demonstrated that loss of function after stroke is closely associated with disrupted connectivity in large-scale networks beyond the lesion territory. Restoration of functional connectivity in the surviving networks appears to be critical for functional recovery, and this may be promoted with specific therapeutic strategies, such as robot-assisted training and noninvasive brain stimulation. The adaptability of functional networks relies on the structural integrity of neuronal pathways, but the relationship between the two remains incompletely understood. Furthermore, disturbed neurovascular coupling after stroke can confound hemodynamically based measurements of functional connectivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of key network processes in adaptive brain plasticity can aid in the prediction of functional outcome and the development of therapeutic interventions to support and promote recovery after stroke.
authors.affiliation: aBiomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands bDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA cDepartment of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rick M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dijkhuizen
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaharchuk
authors.forename: Willem M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Otte
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D053798:Magnetocardiography; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059906:Neuroimaging; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012146:Rest; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*