title: The role of the microbiota in inflammation, carcinogenesis, and cancer therapy.
abstract: Commensal microorganisms colonize barrier surfaces of all multicellular organisms, including those of humans. For more than 500 million years, commensal microorganisms and their hosts have coevolved and adapted to each other. As a result, the commensal microbiota affects many immune and nonimmune functions of their hosts, and de facto the two together comprise one metaorganism. The commensal microbiota communicates with the host via biologically active molecules. Recently, it has been reported that microbial imbalance may play a critical role in the development of multiple diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune conditions, and increased susceptibility to infection. In this review, we focus on the role of the commensal microbiota in the development, progression, and immune evasion of cancer, as well as some modulatory effects on the treatment of cancer. In particular, we discuss the mechanisms of microbiota-mediated regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses to tumors, and the consequences on cancer progression and whether tumors subsequently become resistant or susceptible to different anticancer therapeutic regiments.
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Amiran
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dzutsev
authors.forename: Romina S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Goldszmid
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viaud
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zitvogel
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trinchieri
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D054892:Metagenome / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D064307:Microbiota / Q000276:immunology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000276:immunology; D019139:Tumor Escape
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Cancer; Cancer Therapy; Cancerogenesis; Inflammation; Microbiota