title: Hybrid palliation for critical systemic outflow obstruction: neither rapid stage 1 Norwood nor comprehensive stage 2 mitigate consequences of early risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hybrid palliation with branch pulmonary artery banding (bPAB) has become increasingly common in the early management of patients with critical left ventricular outflow obstruction. Optimal subsequent surgical palliation remains undefined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing initial bPAB for single ventricle physiology with systemic outflow obstruction (2001-2013, n = 37). Patients were stratified by subsequent surgical palliation: stage 1 Norwood (St1N, n = 14), comprehensive stage 2 (CompSt2, n = 11), and none (n = 12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  bPAB was performed at a median of 4 days and 2.7-kg, post-bPAB mortality was increased in patients with aortic atresia (odds ratio [OR] = 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9-15.8) or birth weight <2 kg (OR = 13.8, 95% CI = 1.4-136.4). Palliation strategy did not affect transplant-free survival through second-stage palliation (St1N: 71.4%, CompSt2: 72.7%, P = .9). Among CompSt2 patients, there was a trend toward poorer survival with aortic atresia (0% vs 80%, P = .09); birth weight <2.5 kg was associated with decreased survival (0% vs 89.0%, P = .01). A trend toward lower survival with low birth weight was evident among St1N patients (<2 kg, OR = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.01-1.9, P = .09). CompSt2 mortality occurred on postoperative days 0 and 1. Mortality following St1N occurred at a median of 38.5 days (range = 23.5-104.5). Among survivors of stage 2 palliation, Fontan completion was performed in the same number of patients in each group (St1N: 6/8, 75%, CompSt2: 6/8, 75%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both St1N and CompSt2 are viable options for subsequent palliation following initial hybrid procedure. Transplant-free survival and eventual Fontan candidacy are similar between groups. Delaying surgical palliation with the CompSt2 did not mitigate the impact of early risk factors such as low birth weight and aortic atresia.
authors.affiliation: Nemours Cardiac Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, and Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pa. Electronic address: rdavies@nemours.org.
authors.forename: Ryan R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Nemours Cardiac Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, and Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Radtke
authors.affiliation: Nemours Cardiac Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, and Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Majeed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.affiliation: Nemours Cardiac Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, and Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Jeanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Baffa
authors.affiliation: Nemours Cardiac Center, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Woodford
authors.affiliation: Nemours Cardiac Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Nemours/A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, and Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pizarro
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D001724:Birth Weight; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D058327:Norwood Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010166:Palliative Care; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*