title: Pressure adaptation is linked to thermal adaptation in salt-saturated marine habitats.
abstract: The present study provides a deeper view of protein functionality as a function of temperature, salt and pressure in deep-sea habitats. A set of eight different enzymes from five distinct deep-sea (3040-4908 m depth), moderately warm (14.0-16.5°C) biotopes, characterized by a wide range of salinities (39-348 practical salinity units), were investigated for this purpose. An enzyme from a 'superficial' marine hydrothermal habitat (65°C) was isolated and characterized for comparative purposes. We report here the first experimental evidence suggesting that in salt-saturated deep-sea habitats, the adaptation to high pressure is linked to high thermal resistance (P value = 0.0036). Salinity might therefore increase the temperature window for enzyme activity, and possibly microbial growth, in deep-sea habitats. As an example, Lake Medee, the largest hypersaline deep-sea anoxic lake of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, where the water temperature is never higher than 16°C, was shown to contain halopiezophilic-like enzymes that are most active at 70°C and with denaturing temperatures of 71.4°C. The determination of the crystal structures of five proteins revealed unknown molecular mechanisms involved in protein adaptation to poly-extremes as well as distinct active site architectures and substrate preferences relative to other structurally characterized enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alcaide
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Stogios
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Lafraya
authors.forename: Anatoli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tchigvintsev
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flick
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bargiela
authors.forename: Tatyana N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Chernikova
authors.forename: Oleg N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Reva
authors.forename: Tran
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Leggewie
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katzke
authors.forename: Violetta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: La Cono
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matesanz
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jebbar
authors.forename: Karl-Erich
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: Michail M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yakimov
authors.forename: Alexander F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Yakunin
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Golyshin
authors.forename: Olga V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Golyshina
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savchenko
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrer
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000201:enzymology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D060106:Lakes; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D054712:Salinity; D012492:Salts; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D012492:Salts