title: Childhood behaviour problems predict crime and violence in late adolescence: Brazilian and British birth cohort studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most children live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), many of which have high levels of violence. Research in high-income countries (HICs) shows that childhood behaviour problems are important precursors of crime and violence. Evidence is lacking on whether this is also true in LMICs. This study examines prevalence rates and associations between conduct problems and hyperactivity and crime and violence in Brazil and Britain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparison was made of birth cohorts in Brazil and Britain, including measures of behaviour problems based on parental report at age 11, and self-reports of crime at age 18 (N = 3,618 Brazil; N = 4,103 Britain). Confounders were measured in the perinatal period and at age 11 in questionnaires completed by the mother and, in Brazil, searches of police records regarding parental crime.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conduct problems, hyperactivity and violent crime were more prevalent in Brazil than in Britain, but nonviolent crime was more prevalent in Britain. Sex differences in prevalence rates were larger where behaviours were less common: larger for conduct problems, hyperactivity, and violent crime in Britain, and larger for nonviolent crime in Brazil. Conduct problems and hyperactivity predicted nonviolent and violent crime similarly in both countries; the effects were partly explained by perinatal health factors and childhood family environments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conduct problems and hyperactivity are similar precursors of crime and violence across different social settings. Early crime and violence prevention programmes could target these behavioural difficulties and associated risks in LMICs as well as in HICs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK, jm335@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Ana M B
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickman
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.forename: Erika Alejandra Giraldo
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matijasevich
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anselmi
authors.forename: Maria Cecília F
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Assunção
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Cesar G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Victora
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*