title: A randomized controlled trial to improve outcomes utilizing various warming techniques during cesarean birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of various warming methods during cesarean birth (CB) on maternal core body temperature, maternal hypothermia, and other maternal and neonatal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-arm randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perinatal unit in a large community hospital in the mid-Atlantic United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred twenty-six (226) pregnant women undergoing planned CB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women were randomly assigned to one of three groups (usual care, warmed fluids, or warmed underbody pad). Warming treatments began preoperatively and continued for 2 hours postoperatively. Study nurses measured outcomes at defined intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both warming techniques affected maternal temperatures and the incidence of hypothermia. The warmed fluids group had significantly higher temperatures in the operating room, whereas the warmed underbody pad group had significantly higher temperatures in the recovery room. Although none of the other outcomes was statistically different among groups, the findings have implications for practice. Apgar scores were proportionately lower in the usual care group, and maternal request for additional warming was proportionately higher in the usual care group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds information on ways to maintain maternal normothermia during surgery. By understanding maternal hypothermia during CB, nurses can use best practice to obtain optimal maternal and neonatal outcomes.
authors.forename: Lisa Groff
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: Melody
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: Katie G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Regan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001034:Apgar Score; D001513:Beds; D001831:Body Temperature; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods; D011181:Postnatal Care / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D017694:Rewarming / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
keywords: cesarean birth; hypothermia; prevention