title: Evidence of an immunosuppressive effect of progesterone upon in vitro secretion of proinflammatory and prodegradative factors in a model of choriodecidual infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether progesterone (P4) is able to modulate the secretion of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after choriodecidual stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Chorioamnionitis-elicited preterm delivery is associated with an uncontrolled secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that may induce MMPs, which modify the fine immunological and structural equilibrium at the fetal-maternal interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instituto Nacional de Perinatología 'Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes', Mexico City.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve human fetal membranes at term from healthy patients were placed in a two-chamber culture system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Choriodecidual and amniotic regions were preincubated with 1.0, 0.1, or 0.01 μmol/l P4 for 24 hours; after which the choriodecidual region was costimulated with 1000 ng/ml of LPS for 24 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics were obtained for each variable. Data distribution was tested for normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnoff and Shapiro-Wilk tests. When distribution was normal, Student's t test was used to analyse for differences among groups. Mann-Whitney's U test was used when data were not normally distributed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with 1.0 μmol/l P4 significantly blunted the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10. MMP-9 was inhibited with 0.1 μmol/l P4. Mifepristone (RU486) blocked the immunosuppressive effect of P4, suggesting a P4 effect mediated by its receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results offer evidence to support the concept that P4 can protect the fetal-placental unit through a compensatory mechanism that partially limits the secretion of proinflammatory and prodegradative modulators.
authors.affiliation: Immunobiochemistry Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología 'Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes', Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pineda-Torres
authors.affiliation: Immunobiochemistry Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología 'Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes', Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flores-Espinosa
authors.affiliation: Immunobiochemistry Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología 'Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes', Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espejel-Nunez
authors.affiliation: Immunobiochemistry Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología 'Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes', Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Estrada-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: Immunobiochemistry Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología 'Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes', Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flores-Pliego
authors.affiliation: Neonatology Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología 'Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes', Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maida-Claros
authors.affiliation: Immunobiochemistry Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología 'Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes', Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zaga-Clavellina
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003656:Decidua / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000187:drug effects; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000187:drug effects; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000187:drug effects; D011374:Progesterone / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011372:Progestins / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D011372:Progestins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D011374:Progesterone; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Human fetal membranes; inflammation; intrauterine infection; lipopolysaccharide metalloproteinases; progesterone