title: Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is an update of the review on "Lidocaine for pain relief in burn injured patients" first published in Issue 3, 2007, and first updated in 2012. Pain is a major issue for people with many different types of wounds, in particular those people with burn injuries. Prompt, aggressive use of opioid analgesics such as morphine has been suggested as critical to avert the cycle of pain and anxiety, but adverse effects are encountered. It has been proposed that newer agents such as lidocaine could be effective in reducing pain and alleviating the escalating opioid dosage requirements in people with burn injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and effectiveness of intravenous lidocaine as a means of pain relief versus no therapy, placebo, other drugs, or a combination of these therapies in people with burn injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this third update, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 11, 2013), and Ovid MEDLINE, MEDLINE in Process and Ovid EMBASE (up to December 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs), published and unpublished, which assessed the efficacy of intravenous lidocaine in varying doses as a single-agent therapy with no therapy, placebo, other analgesics (such as opioids), lidocaine plus another drug, or a combination of these therapies as a means of pain relief in people with burn injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently abstracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the studies identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this 2014 update, we found no new studies. The one small randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial found in 2012, which included only 45 participants and compared intravenous lidocaine against placebo as a means of pain relief in people with burns still remains central to this review. We assessed this study as being at a high risk of bias due to its small size (fewer than 50 participants per treatment arm). Subjective pain ratings, as measured by the verbal rating scale, increased during procedures for both treatment arms; however, the increase was less in the lidocaine treatment group. There were no significant clinical or statistical differences regarding the effects of lidocaine and placebo on opioid requests and consumption, anxiety or level of satisfaction during a wound care procedure, but the small included study provided insufficient data to draw any conclusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As current clinical evidence is based on only one RCT as well as case series and reports, intravenous lidocaine must be considered a pharmacological agent under investigation in burns care, the effectiveness of which is yet to be determined with further well-designed and conducted clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Epworth Hospital, 89 Bridge Rd, Richmond, Australia, 3121.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wasiak
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mahar
authors.forename: Siobhan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: McGuinness
authors.forename: Anneliese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spinks
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Danilla
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.forename: Hannah B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine