title: Differential expression of endogenous plant cell wall degrading enzyme genes in the stick insect (Phasmatodea) midgut.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) are an exclusively leaf-feeding order of insects with no record of omnivory, unlike other "herbivorous" Polyneoptera. They represent an ideal system for investigating the adaptations necessary for obligate folivory, including plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). However, their physiology and internal anatomy is poorly understood, with limited genomic resources available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We de novo assembled transcriptomes for the anterior and posterior midguts of six diverse Phasmatodea species, with RNA-Seq on one exemplar species, Peruphasma schultei. The latter's assembly yielded >100,000 transcripts, with over 4000 transcripts uniquely or more highly expressed in specific midgut sections. Two to three dozen PCWDE encoding gene families, including cellulases and pectinases, were differentially expressed in the anterior midgut. These genes were also found in genomic DNA from phasmid brain tissue, suggesting endogenous production. Sequence alignments revealed catalytic sites on most PCWDE transcripts. While most phasmid PCWDE genes showed homology with those of other insects, the pectinases were homologous to bacterial genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a large and diverse PCWDE repertoire endogenous to the phasmids. If these expressed genes are translated into active enzymes, then phasmids can theoretically break plant cell walls into their monomer components independently of microbial symbionts. The differential gene expression between the two midgut sections provides the first molecular hints as to their function in living phasmids. Our work expands the resources available for industrial applications of animal-derived PCWDEs, and facilitates evolutionary analysis of lower Polyneopteran digestive enzymes, including the pectinases whose origin in Phasmatodea may have been a horizontal transfer event from bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. mshelomi@ice.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Matan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shelomi
authors.forename: W Cameron
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Jasper
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atallah
authors.forename: Lynn S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kimsey
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000201:enzymology*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007313:Insecta / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D059828:Plant Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger