title: Prediction and observation of post-admission hematoma expansion in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: Post-admission hematoma expansion in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) comprises a simultaneous major clinical problem and a possible target for medical intervention. In any case, the ability to predict and observe hematoma expansion is of great clinical importance. We review radiological concepts in predicting and observing post-admission hematoma expansion. Hematoma expansion can be observed within the first 24 h after symptom onset, but predominantly occurs in the early hours. Thus capturing markers of on-going bleeding on imaging techniques could predict hematoma expansion. The spot sign observed on computed tomography angiography is believed to represent on-going bleeding and is to date the most well investigated and reliable radiological predictor of hematoma expansion as well as functional outcome and mortality. On non-contrast CT, the presence of foci of hypoattenuation within the hematoma along with the hematoma-size is reported to be predictive of hematoma expansion and outcome. Because patients tend to arrive earlier to the hospital, a larger fraction of acute ICH-patients must be expected to undergo hematoma expansion. This renders observation and radiological follow-up investigations increasingly relevant. Transcranial duplex sonography has in recent years proven to be able to estimate hematoma volume with good precision and could be a valuable tool in bedside serial observation of acute ICH-patients. Future studies will elucidate, if better prediction and observation of post-admission hematoma expansion can help select patients, who will benefit from hemostatic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ovesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Havsteen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Sverre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christensen
keywords: X-ray computed tomography; cerebral angiography; cerebral hemorrhage; intracranial hemorrhage; transcranial ultrasonography