title: The biobehavioral Women's Health CoOp in Pretoria, South Africa: study protocol for a cluster-randomized design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  South Africa has 6.4 million adults over the age of 15 living with HIV. Gender inequality issues continue to drive the HIV epidemic in South Africa, where Black African women bear the greatest HIV burden. Limited access to services; little capacity to negotiate sex and condom use; and other legal, social, and economic inequities make women highly vulnerable to HIV infection. Behavioral interventions have been shown to decrease risk behaviors, but they have been less successful in reducing HIV incidence. Conversely, biomedical prevention strategies have proven to be successful in reducing HIV incidence, but require behavioral interventions to increase uptake and adherence. Consequently, there is a need for integrated approaches that combine biomedical and behavioral interventions. Effective combination prevention efforts should comprise biomedical, behavioral, and structural programming proven in randomized trials that focuses on the driving forces and key populations at higher risk of HIV infection and transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, geographically clustered randomized field experiment is enrolling participants into two arms: a control arm that receives standard HIV testing and referral for treatment; and an intervention arm that receives an evidence-based, woman-focused behavioral intervention that emphasizes risk reduction and retention, the Women's Health CoOp. We divided the city of Pretoria into 14 mutually exclusive geographic zones and randomized these zones into either the control arm or the intervention arm. Outreach workers are recruiting drug-using women from each zone. At baseline, eligible participants complete a questionnaire and biological testing for HIV, recent drug use, and pregnancy. Follow-up interviews are completed at 6 and 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biobehavioral intervention in this study merges an efficacious behavioral HIV prevention intervention for women with biomedical prevention through HIV treatment as prevention using a Seek, Test, Treat and Retain strategy. This combination biobehavioral intervention is designed to (1) improve the quality of life and reduce HIV infectiousness among women who are HIV positive, and (2) reduce HIV risk behaviors among women regardless of their HIV status. If efficacious, this intervention could help control the HIV epidemic in South Africa.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Trial registration no: NCT01497405.
authors.affiliation: RTI International, 3040 E, Cornwallis Road, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA. wmw@rti.org.
authors.forename: Wendee M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Wechsberg
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Zule
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ndirangu
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Nathaniel F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Rodman
authors.forename: Irene A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van der Horst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D021841:Safe Sex; D013019:South Africa; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D035862:Vulnerable Populations; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult