title: Lower vitamin D status in obese compared with normal-weight women despite higher vitamin D intake in early pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is associated with lower vitamin D concentrations than normal-weight. Pregnancy may affect vitamin D status, especially in obese subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare vitamin D status and intake between obese and normal-weight women during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five obese and 80 normal-weight women were recruited in the Western Sweden region (latitude 57°N). Blood samples and information on diet and sun exposure were collected in each trimester during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During summer months, 12% of normal-weight and 50% of obese women in the first trimester had serum 25(OH)D concentrations <50 nmol/L (P < 0.01). Supplement use, body fat mass, season of blood sampling, and travelling to southern latitudes were the most important determinants of vitamin D status. Obese women had higher reported dietary vitamin D intake in early pregnancy compared with normal-weight women. Usage of supplements containing vitamin D was 61% in early pregnancy and declined thereafter. Nine percent of normal-weight and 33% of obese women (P < 0.01) reported a dietary vitamin D intake according to national recommendations in the beginning of pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Half of the obese women had what could be considered as suboptimal vitamin D status in early pregnancy and lower vitamin D status compared with normal-weight women despite reporting a higher dietary vitamin D intake. A majority of the women did not reach intake of vitamin D according to dietary recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Aysha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosaeus
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Amra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osmancevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hulthén
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmäng
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: ingrid.larsson@medfak.gu.se.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012621:Seasons; D013472:Sunlight; D013548:Sweden; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: 25(OH)D; Obesity; Pregnancy; Supplement use; Vitamin D intake; Vitamin D status