title: Hoarding in Children and Adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
abstract: Compared to studies in adults, there have been few studies of hoarding in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the current study, we evaluated OCD clinical features, Axis I disorders, and social reciprocity scores in 641 children and adolescents with OCD, of whom 163 (25%) had hoarding compulsions and 478 did not. We found that, as a group, youth with hoarding had an earlier age at onset and more severe lifetime OCD symptoms, poorer insight, more difficulty making decisions and completing tasks, and more overall impairment. The hoarding group also had a greater lifetime prevalence of panic disorder, specific phobia, Tourette disorder, and tics. As measured with the Social Reciprocity Scale, the hoarding group had more severe deficits in parent-rated domains of social communication, social motivation, and restricted interests and repetitive behavior. In a multivariable model, the overall social reciprocity score, age at onset of OCD symptoms, symmetry obsessions, and indecision were independently related to hoarding in these children and adolescents with OCD. These features should be considered as candidate risk factors for the development of hoarding behavior in pediatric OCD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grados
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Riddle
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: O Joseph
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Bienvenu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Fernando S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Goes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, New York.
authors.forename: Abby J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Nicole C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piacentini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pauls
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
authors.forename: S Evelyn
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Unit of Statistical Genomics, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Yin-Yao
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shugart
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Brion
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pulver
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nestadt