title: Screening and characterization of RAPD markers in viscerotropic Leishmania parasites.
abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is mainly due to the Leishmania donovani complex. VL is endemic in many countries worldwide including East Africa and the Mediterranean region where the epidemiology is complex. Taxonomy of these pathogens is under controversy but there is a correlation between their genetic diversity and geographical origin. With steady increase in genome knowledge, RAPD is still a useful approach to identify and characterize novel DNA markers. Our aim was to identify and characterize polymorphic DNA markers in VL Leishmania parasites in diverse geographic regions using RAPD in order to constitute a pool of PCR targets having the potential to differentiate among the VL parasites. 100 different oligonucleotide decamers having arbitrary DNA sequences were screened for reproducible amplification and a selection of 28 was used to amplify DNA from 12 L. donovani, L. archibaldi and L. infantum strains having diverse origins. A total of 155 bands were amplified of which 60.65% appeared polymorphic. 7 out of 28 primers provided monomorphic patterns. Phenetic analysis allowed clustering the parasites according to their geographical origin. Differentially amplified bands were selected, among them 22 RAPD products were successfully cloned and sequenced. Bioinformatic analysis allowed mapping of the markers and sequences and priming sites analysis. This study was complemented with Southern-blot to confirm assignment of markers to the kDNA. The bioinformatic analysis identified 16 nuclear and 3 minicircle markers. Analysis of these markers highlighted polymorphisms at RAPD priming sites with mainly 5' end transversions, and presence of inter- and intra- taxonomic complex sequence and microsatellites variations; a bias in transitions over transversions and indels between the different sequences compared is observed, which is however less marked between L. infantum and L. donovani. The study delivers a pool of well-documented polymorphic DNA markers, to develop molecular diagnostics assays to characterize and differentiate VL causing agents.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale (LR11IPT04)/Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie Parasitaire (LR00SP04) -Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Imen
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mkada-Driss
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale (LR11IPT04)/Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie Parasitaire (LR00SP04) -Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ramzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lahmadi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale (LR11IPT04)/Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie Parasitaire (LR00SP04) -Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ahmed S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Chakroun
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale (LR11IPT04)/Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie Parasitaire (LR00SP04) -Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Chiraz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Talbi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale (LR11IPT04)/Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie Parasitaire (LR00SP04) -Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Souheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guerbouj
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale (LR11IPT04)/Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie Parasitaire (LR00SP04) -Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Driss
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Elwaleed M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Elamine
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Pesquisas em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cupolillo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Moawia M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale (LR11IPT04)/Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et d'Ecologie Parasitaire (LR00SP04) -Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ikram
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guizani
mesh_terms: D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000235:genetics*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000469:parasitology*; D058889:Molecular Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D005819:Genetic Markers