title: The use of flaxseed flour during pregnancy and lactation reverses lower birth weight in offspring from diabetic mothers but averts the development during lactation.
abstract: Diabetes is a complication which occurring during gestation might substantially influence the development of offspring during fetal life and postnatally. Flaxseed is a source of omega-3, that the appropriate supply during gestation and lactation are determinant for a suitable perinatal growth and development. The present study aimed to assess beneficial effects of the use of flaxseed flour during pregnancy and lactation on body development from birth to weaning of offspring from diabetic mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  twelve rats from a total of eighteen were induced to diabetes by high-fat diet during four weeks, also receiving one lower dose of streptozotocin. After confirmation of diabetes (glucose>300 mg/dL), they were mated and when pregnancy was confirmed, they were divided in 3 groups: high-fat group (HFG), high-fat flaxseed flour group (HFFFG) and control group (CG), receiving high- fat diet, high-fat diet added flaxseed flour and control diet, respectively. They were fed this way during whole gestation and lactation. The body development of offspring was measured weekly since the first day after birth until weaning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At birth, the average body mass of offspring from diabetics mothers who received only high-fat diet was 23,6% lighter than body mass of offspring from non-diabetics mothers (p<0,05), while the animals from diabetic mothers who consumed flaxseed flour during pregnancy and lactation showed the same body mass than the control group. During all experiment HFFFG group showed decreased body mass (about 20%, p<0,05)in comparison with control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment with flaxseed flour was capable of avoiding lower birth weight in offspring from diabetic mothers. However, the consumption of flaxseed flour by mothers during lactation yielded decrease offspring weight at weaning.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition. Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. andremcorreia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: André Manoel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Correia-Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition. Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. gabriela_vicente_@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gabriela  Câmara
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition. Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. keminut@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition. Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. aline_nut_uff@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Aline D'Ávila
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition. Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. julianasaraiva.anjos@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Juliana Saraiva
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: dos Anjos
authors.affiliation: Medicine School, Rio de Janeiro Federal University - Macaé Campus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. calvilenzi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kátia Calvi Lenzi
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition. Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. gilsontb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gilson Teles
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Boaventura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development*; D001724:Birth Weight; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax; D005433:Flour; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats