title: Microbial cargo: do bacteria on symbiotic propagules reinforce the microbiome of lichens?
abstract: According to recent research, bacteria contribute as recurrent associates to the lichen symbiosis. Yet, the variation of the microbiomes within species and across geographically separated populations remained largely elusive. As a quite common dispersal mode, lichens evolved vertical transmission of both fungal and algal partners in specifically designed mitotic propagules. Bacteria, if co-transmitted with these symbiotic propagules, could contribute to a geographical structure of lichen-associated microbiomes. The lung lichen was sampled from three localities in eastern Austria to analyse their associated bacterial communities by bar-coded pyrosequencing, network analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. For the first time, bacteria were documented to colonize symbiotic propagules of lichens developed for short-distance transmission of the symbionts. The propagules share the overall bacterial community structure with the thalli at class level, except for filamentous Cyanobacteria (Nostocophycideae), and with Alphaproteobacteria as predominant group. All three sampling sites share a core fraction of the microbiome. Bacterial communities of lichen thalli from the same sampling site showed higher similarity than those of distant populations. This variation and the potential co-dispersal of a microbiome fraction with structures of the host organism contribute new aspects to the 'everything is everywhere' hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Ines Aline
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Aschenbrenner
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grube
mesh_terms: D020561:Alphaproteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D001317:Austria; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008011:Lichens / Q000382:microbiology*; D064307:Microbiota; D010802:Phylogeny; D013559:Symbiosis