title: Predictors of Traditional and Cyber-Bullying Victimization: A Longitudinal Study of Australian Secondary School Students.
abstract: The purpose of the present article is to compare the individual, peer, family, and school risk and protective factors for both traditional and cyber-bullying victimization. This article draws on data from 673 students from Victoria, Australia, to examine Grade 7 (aged 12-13 years) predictors of traditional and cyber-bullying victimization in Grade 9 (aged 14-15 years). Participants completed a modified version of the Communities That Care youth survey. There were few similarities and important differences in the predictors of traditional and cyber-bullying victimization. For Grade 9 cyber-bullying victimization, in the fully adjusted model, having been a victim of traditional bullying in Grade 7 and emotional control in Grade 7 were predictors. For Grade 9 traditional bullying victimization, predictors were Grade 7 traditional bullying victimization, association with antisocial peers, and family conflict, with family attachment and emotional control marginally statistically significant. The use of evidence-based bullying prevention programs is supported to reduce experiences of both traditional and cyber-bullying victimization, as is the implementation of programs to assist students to regulate their emotions effectively. In addition, traditional bullying victimization may be reduced by addressing association with antisocial friends, family conflict, and bonding to families.
authors.affiliation: Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia The University of Melbourne & Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia sheryl.hemphill@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hemphill
authors.affiliation: Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tollit
authors.affiliation: Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotevski
authors.affiliation: Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Heerde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D001315:Australia; D058445:Bullying / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: adolescents; bullying; cyber-bullying; longitudinal study; predictors