title: Antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the effluent of urban residential areas, hospitals, and a municipal wastewater treatment plant system.
abstract: In this study, we determined the abundance of 8 antibiotics (3 tetracyclines, 4 sulfonamides, and 1 trimethoprim), 12 antibiotic-resistant genes (10 tet, 2 sul), 4 antibiotic-resistant bacteria (tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and combined resistance), and class 1 integron integrase gene (intI1) in the effluent of residential areas, hospitals, and municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) systems. The concentrations of total/individual targets (antibiotics, genes, and bacteria) varied remarkably among different samples, but the hospital samples generally had a lower abundance than the residential area samples. The WWTP demonstrated removal efficiencies of 50.8% tetracyclines, 66.8% sulfonamides, 0.5 logs to 2.5 logs tet genes, and less than 1 log of sul and intI1 genes, as well as 0.5 log to 1 log removal for target bacteria. Except for the total tetracycline concentration and the proportion of tetracycline-resistant bacteria (R (2) = 0.330, P < 0.05), there was no significant correlation between antibiotics and the corresponding resistant bacteria (P > 0.05). In contrast, various relationships were identified between antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (P < 0.05). Tet (A) and tet (B) displayed noticeable relationships with both tetracycline and combined antibiotic-resistant bacteria (P < 0.01).
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Weixiao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Like
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D019426:Integrases / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000032:analysis; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000032:analysis; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000032:analysis; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D019426:Integrases; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013754:Tetracyclines; D014295:Trimethoprim; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C115006:integron integrase IntI1