title: Spatial pattern analysis for water quality in free-surface constructed wetland.
abstract: Free-surface constructed wetlands are known as a low-energy green technique to highly decrease a wide range of pollutants in wastewater and stormwater before discharge into natural water. In this study, two spatial analyses, principal factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis (HACA), were employed to interpret the effect of wetland on the water quality variables (WQVs) and to classify the wetland into groups with similar characteristics. Eleven WQVs were collected at the 17 sampling stations twice a month for 13 months. All sampling stations were classified by HACA into three clusters, with high, moderate, and low pollution areas. To improve the water quality, the performance of Cluster-III (micropool) is more significant than Cluster-I and Cluster-II. Implications of this study include potential savings of time and cost for long-term data monitoring purposes in the free-constructed wetland.
authors.affiliation: River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail: reza564@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohammadpour
authors.affiliation: River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail: reza564@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Syafiq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaharuddin
authors.affiliation: River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail: reza564@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chun Kiat
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail: reza564@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nor Azazi
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia E-mail: reza564@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aminuddin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ab Ghani