title: Current status of hormone therapy in patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+) advanced breast cancer.
abstract: The natural history of HR+ breast cancer tends to be different from hormone receptor-negative disease in terms of time to recurrence, site of recurrence and overall aggressiveness of the disease. The developmental strategies of hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer have led to the classes of selective estrogen receptor modulators, selective estrogen receptor downregulators, and aromatase inhibitors. These therapeutic options have improved breast cancer outcomes in the metastatic setting, thereby delaying the need for chemotherapy. However, a subset of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers do not benefit from endocrine therapy (intrinsic resistance), and all HR+ metastatic breast cancers ultimately develop resistance to hormonal therapies (acquired resistance). Considering the multiple pathways involved in the HR network, targeting other components of pathologically activated intracellular signaling in breast cancer may prove to be a new direction in clinical research. This review focuses on current and emerging treatments for HR+ metastatic breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Department, Parc Taulí Sabadell, Hospital Universitari, Parc Taulí, 1, 08208 Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: edalmau@tauli.cat.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dalmau
authors.affiliation: Hematology and Oncology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, CP 14000 México City, Mexico. Electronic address: alearmengol@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Armengol-Alonso
authors.affiliation: Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, IDIBAPS, C/Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: MMUNOZ@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Oncology Department, Parc Taulí Sabadell, Hospital Universitari, Parc Taulí, 1, 08208 Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: MSegui@tauli.cat.
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Seguí-Palmer
mesh_terms: D000077384:Anastrozole; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009570:Nitriles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014230:Triazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D014230:Triazoles; D013629:Tamoxifen; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D000077384:Anastrozole; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: Hormonal therapy; Hormone resistance; Metastatic breast cance