title: The impact of tibial torsion measurements on gait analysis kinematics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure and compare tibial torsion values as assessed by goniometry and three-dimensional kinematics. In addition, the impact of each one of these measurements on kinematic and kinetic results for normal gait was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three healthy and fully ambulatory patients were assessed, 11 women and 12 men, from 20 to 40 years old. Data were collected at a laboratory for the three-dimensional analysis of movement with 10 cameras and two force plates. Tibial torsion measurements were obtained using goniometry and three-dimensional kinematics based on the Plug-in Gait model. Afterwards, both procedures were compared, and the impact of each result was assessed on the kinematic and kinetic modeling of the knee and ankle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pearson's linear correlation coefficient (r=0,504) showed a moderate correlation between the three-dimensional kinematics and goniometry, and between the changes in the measurements. Regarding the processed kinematic and kinetic results for every torsion position, no significant differences were noticed among any of the studied variables (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although statistical correlation among tibial torsion angles by goniometry and three-dimensional kinematic were moderate, kinematic and kinetic analysis of the joints did not reveal any significant changes. Level of Evidence I, Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a Diagnostic Test.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Roberto Garcia
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Lucareli
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nadia Maria
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wagner De
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.affiliation: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milena Moreira Barreto
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angela Tavares
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Paes
authors.affiliation: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amancio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramalho Junior
keywords: Biomechanical phenomena; Tibia; Torsion abnormality