title: Increasing literate and illiterate women's met need for contraception via empowerment: a quasi-experiment in rural India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Virtually all the evidence on the relationship between women's empowerment and use of contraception comes from cross-sectional studies that have emphasized macrosocial factors.This analysis tested whether literate and illiterate women are empowered by an intervention designed to provide information addressing technical and gender concerns and expand contraceptive choice, and evaluated the effects of women's decision-making power on contraceptive behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data came from a three-year quasi-experiment conducted in two comparable, yet not equivalent, rural blocks in Jharkhand, India. At the intervention block, a new contraceptive method was introduced at Ministry of Health health centers, providers were trained to offer family planning information and services which took into consideration gender power dynamics, and promotional messages and information about contraception were disseminated community-wide. Married women ages 15-49 who lived in the intervention and control blocks were sampled and interviewed before and after the intervention by a professional research firm. Data analyses included generalized linear models with interactions and covariate control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women's normative beliefs concerning wives' power in decisions regarding money earned and visits to relatives and friends vis-à-vis their husbands' power were increased by the intervention; similar was the case among illiterate, but not literate, women regarding decisions related to childbearing. Concerning met need for contraception, the change for women with relatively more power who were illiterate was greater in the intervention than in the control area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that women were empowered by outreach visits that addressed gender dynamics and that their empowerment contributed to their met need for contraception. Generalizations to other settings, however, may be limited by cultural differences.
authors.forename: Federico R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: León
authors.affiliation: Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. Rebecka.Lundgren@georgetown.edu.
authors.forename: Rebecka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: Irit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sinai
authors.forename: Ragini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jennings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003267:Contraception / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D004522:Educational Status; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011209:Power, Psychological; D012423:Rural Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult