title: Adaptation of the three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS) for the Korean cultural context.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research on wisdom has suggested that wisdom is comprised of cognitive, reflective, and affective components and has developed and validated wisdom measures based on samples from Western countries. To apply the measurement to Eastern cultures, the present study revised an existing wisdom scale, the three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS, Ardelt, 2003) for the Korean cultural context.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 189 Korean heritage adults (age range 19-96) living in Los Angeles. We added a culturally specific factor of wisdom to the 3D-WS: Modesty and Unobtrusiveness (Yang, 2001), which captures an Eastern aspect of wisdom. The structure and psychometrics of the scale were tested. By latent cluster analysis, we determined acculturation subgroups and examined group differences in the means of factors in the revised wisdom scale (3D-WS-K).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three factors, Cognitive Flexibility, Viewpoint Relativism, and Empathic Modesty were found using confirmatory factor analysis. Respondents with high biculturalism were higher on Viewpoint Relativism and lower on Empathic Modesty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study discovered that a revised wisdom scale had a distinct factor structure and item content in a Korean heritage sample. We also found acculturation influences on the meaning of wisdom.
authors.affiliation: Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Seungyoun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Bob G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Knight
keywords: 3D-WS; Korean heritage adults; culture; wisdom