title: An acute flaccid paralysis surveillance-based serosurvey of poliovirus antibodies in Western Uttar Pradesh, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite intensified use of monovalent oral poliovirus type 1 vaccine and improved coverage of immunization campaigns, wild poliovirus type 1 persisted in Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar during 2006 to 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  A serosurvey was conducted among cases of acute flaccid paralysis in the 25 high-polio-incidence districts of western Uttar Pradesh. Children were recruited by age group (6-11 months, 12-24 months, and 25-69 months) from among cases reported through the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance system between November 2008 and August 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seroprevalence for type 1 wild poliovirus was >96.4% for each age group. The seroprevalence of wild poliovirus types 2 and 3 increased with age, from 36.7% to 73.4% for type 2 and from 39.0% to 74.1% for type 3. In addition to the number of type-specific vaccine doses, father's level of education, being from a Muslim family, height for age, and female sex were the socioeconomic risk factors associated with seronegativity to poliovirus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The seroprevalence and risk factors identified in this study were consistent with the epidemiology of polio, and the findings were instrumental in optimizing vaccination strategy in western Uttar Pradesh with respect to the choice of OPV types, the frequency of supplementary immunization campaigns, and the urgency to improve routine immunization services.
authors.affiliation: National Polio Surveillance Project, WHO Country Office for India, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bahl
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Global Immunization Division, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Howard E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gary
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bidyut K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: National Polio Surveillance Project, WHO Country Office for India, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Surendra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pathyarch
authors.affiliation: National Polio Surveillance Project, WHO Country Office for India, New Delhi.
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Research Center, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Jagadish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deshpande
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010243:Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D023321:Poliovirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D023321:Poliovirus Vaccines
keywords: immunization campaigns; oral polio vaccine; seroprevalence; vaccination strategy; wild poliovirus