title: The conceptualisation and measurement of DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: the development of the IGD-20 Test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last decade, there has been growing concern about 'gaming addiction' and its widely documented detrimental impacts on a minority of individuals that play excessively. The latest (fifth) edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) included nine criteria for the potential diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and noted that it was a condition that warranted further empirical study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable standardised psychometrically robust tool in addition to providing empirically supported cut-off points.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 1003 gamers (85.2% males; mean age 26 years) from 57 different countries were recruited via online gaming forums. Validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), criterion-related validity, and concurrent validity. Latent profile analysis was also carried to distinguish disordered gamers from non-disordered gamers. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed to determine an empirical cut-off for the test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CFA confirmed the viability of IGD-20 Test with a six-factor structure (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict and relapse) for the assessment of IGD according to the nine criteria from DSM-5. The IGD-20 Test proved to be valid and reliable. According to the latent profile analysis, 5.3% of the total participants were classed as disordered gamers. Additionally, an optimal empirical cut-off of 71 points (out of 100) seemed to be adequate according to the sensitivity and specificity analyses carried.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings support the viability of the IGD-20 Test as an adequate standardised psychometrically robust tool for assessing internet gaming disorder. Consequently, the new instrument represents the first step towards unification and consensus in the field of gaming studies.
authors.affiliation: Nottingham Trent University, Psychology Division, Nottingham, United Kingdom; International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Halley M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pontes
authors.affiliation: Departament of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Orsolya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Király
authors.affiliation: Departament of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zsolt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Demetrovics
authors.affiliation: Nottingham Trent University, Psychology Division, Nottingham, United Kingdom; International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018910:Video Games; D055815:Young Adult