title: The association of age of toilet training and dysfunctional voiding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether age of toilet training is associated with dysfunctional voiding in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared patients referred to the urologic clinics for voiding dysfunction with age-matched controls without urinary complaints. Characteristics including age and reason for toilet training, method of training, and encopresis or constipation were compared between both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initiation of toilet training prior to 24 months and later than 36 months of age were associated with dysfunctional voiding. However, dysfunctional voiding due to late toilet training was also associated with constipation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dysfunctional voiding may be due to delayed emptying of the bowel and bladder by children. The symptoms of dysfunctional voiding are more common when toilet training early, as immature children may be less likely to empty in a timely manner, or when training late due to (or in association with) constipation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Steve J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gorbachinsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: L Spencer
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Krane
keywords: constipation; voiding dysfunction