title: Glycemic index, glycemic load, and pulse wave reflection in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diets with a high glycemic index (GI), high glycemic load (GL), or both, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study examined the association of GI and GL in a regular diet with the peripheral augmentation index (i.e., a marker of vascular aging) in a sample of adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-sectional study. The findings presented in this manuscript are a subanalysis of the EVIDENT study whose purpose was to analyze the relationship between lifestyle and arterial aging. For the sample population, 1553 individuals aged 20-80 years were selected through random sampling from the patients of general practitioners at six health centers in Spain. GI and GL for each patient's diet were calculated from a previously validated, semi-quantitative, 137-item food frequency questionnaire. The peripheral augmentation index corrected for a heart rate of 75 bpm (PAIx75) was measured with pulse-wave application software (A-Pulse CASP). Based on a risk factor adjusted regression model, for every 5 unit increase in GI, the PAIx75 increased by 0.11 units (95% CI: 0.04-0.19). Similarly, for every increase in 10 units in GL, the PAIx75 increased by 1.13 (95% CI: 0.21-2.05). High PAIx75 values were observed in individuals with diets in the third GI tertile (i.e., the highest), and lower PAIx75 values in those with diets in the first tertile (i.e., the lowest), (93.1 vs. 87.5, respectively, p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GI and GL were directly associated with PAIx75 values in adults without cardiovascular diseases regardless of age, gender, physical activity, and other confounders.
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain. Electronic address: donrecio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Recio-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gomez-Marcos
authors.affiliation: Statistics Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Patino-Alonso
authors.affiliation: Passeig de Sant Joan Health Center, Catalan Health Center, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodrigo-De Pablo
authors.affiliation: Cuenca III Health Centre, Castilla La Mancha Health Service-SESCAM, Cuenca, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabrejas-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit of Bizkaia, Basque Health Care Service-Osakidetza, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Arietaleanizbeaskoa
authors.affiliation: Casa del Barco Health Center, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Repiso-Gento
authors.affiliation: Torre Ramona Health Center, Aragón Health Service-Salud, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Viejo
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maderuelo-Fernandez
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agudo-Conde
authors.affiliation: La Alamedilla Health Centre, Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, redIAPP, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garcia-Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: Arterial physiopathology; Glycemic index; Glycemic load