title: Affordable inactivated poliovirus vaccine: strategies and progress.
abstract: After polio eradication is achieved, the use of live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) must be discontinued because of the inherent risk of the Sabin strains to revert to neurovirulence and reacquire greater transmissibility that could potentially result in the reestablishment of polio transmission. In 2008, the World Health Assembly mandated that the World Health Organization establish a strategy for developing more-affordable inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) options for low-income countries. In 2012, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization recommended universal IPV introduction as a risk-mitigation strategy before the phased cessation of OPV (starting with Sabin type 2) and emphasized the need for affordable IPV options. In 2013, SAGE reiterated the importance of attaining the long-term target price of IPV at approximately $0.5 per immunizing dose and encouraged accelerated efforts to develop lower-cost IPV options. This article outlines the 4-pronged approach that is being pursued to develop affordable options and provides an update on the current status and plans to make IPV affordable for developing-country use.
authors.affiliation: Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okayasu
authors.affiliation: Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roland W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.affiliation: Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hamid S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.affiliation: Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takane
authors.affiliation: Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R Bruce
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Aylward
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D060740:Disease Eradication / Q000379:methods*; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated / Q000191:economics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated
keywords: adjuvant; affordability; further attenuated poliovirus strains; inactivated poliovirus vaccine; intradermal administration; production optimization; schedule reduction