title: Group interaction in problem-based learning tutorials: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review aimed at identifying studies on group interaction in problem-based learning (PBL) and elucidate methods used, factors affecting group interaction and the relationship between interaction and student's learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and HighWire were searched (January 1999 to June 2013) using a combination of pre-specified search terms. The search words were also used in searching nine journals in dental and medical education. Also edited research books on PBL were searched. Both qualitative and descriptive studies of group interaction were selected and critically appraised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Finally, 42 of 10,606 papers were included (35 journal articles and seven from research books). The materials used in assessing group interaction varied depending on the methodology design. Forty-three percent of the studies used video recording to evaluate group interaction. Other studies used indirect approaches such as focus groups, interviews and questionnaires. Factors affecting group interactions were students' and tutors' perceptions, tutor's subject-matter expertise, training students, tutor's group dynamics. There was no conclusive evidence about the impact of interaction in PBL on learning. Most studies were from medicine (64%), and 35 papers were published in the last 10 years. The majority of studies were conducted in Europe, North America and Asia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is a progressive increase in publications on PBL group interaction during the last 10 years, there are knowledge gaps and deficiencies in this area and most studies are lacking solid theoretical basis and are descriptive. There is a deficiency in the literature in this area from dentistry and other allied health disciplines.
authors.affiliation: Curriculum Development and Research Unit, Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Azer
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Psychology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Azer
mesh_terms: D004497:Education, Dental / Q000379:methods; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods
keywords: deep learning; factors affecting group interaction; impact on learning; measurements; problem-based learning; students' interaction; tutor's roles; tutorials