title: Consideration of forgiveness to enhance the health status of older male prisoners confronting spiritual, social, or emotional vulnerability.
abstract: Participants in this study included 261 men, aged 45 and older, residing within state-managed correctional facilities in Oklahoma. Path analysis was used to examine an integrated mediation model. Spiritual ambivalence, loneliness, and depressive affect had direct negative associations with forgiveness, controlling for age, race, education, and type of crime. Forgiveness also maintained a direct positive association with perceived health status, whereas depressive affect maintained a direct negative association with perceived health status. In addition, a significant indirect effect of depressive affect on perceived health through forgiveness emerged. Overall, the model explained 38% of the variance in forgiveness and 23% in perceived health. Greater spiritual ambivalence, loneliness, and depressive affect diminish forgiveness among older male prisoners, yet higher levels of forgiveness, are associated with greater perceived health.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA alex.bishop@okstate.edu.
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Bradley University, Peoria, IL, USA.
authors.forename: G Kevin
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Merten
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D061347:Forgiveness; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009825:Oklahoma; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D029181:Spirituality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: forgiveness; health status; prisoners; psychosocial; socioemotional