title: Complications of intravitreal injections in patients with diabetes.
abstract: Intravitreal injections for the treatment of retinal disorders and intraocular infection have become a common ophthalmic procedure, and injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents or steroids are frequently performed for the treatment of diabetic macular edema or other diabetic vascular pathology. Diabetic patients may be at higher risk of adverse events than non-diabetic individuals given frequent systemic co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular and renal disease, susceptibility to infection, and unique ocular pathology that includes fibrovascular proliferation. Fortunately, many associated complications, including endophthalmitis, are related to the injection procedure and can therefore be circumvented by careful attention to injection techniques. This review highlights the safety profile of intravitreal injections in patients with diabetes. Although diabetic patients may theoretically be at higher risk than non-diabetic patients for complications, a comprehensive review of the literature does not demonstrate substantial increased risk of intravitreal injections in patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston, Massachusetts , USA and.
authors.forename: Hasanain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shikari
authors.forename: Paolo S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; C495058:pegaptanib; D000068258:Bevacizumab
keywords: Aflibercept; bevacizumab; complications; diabetes; diabetic macula edema; diabetic retinopathy; intravitreal injections; ranibizumab