title: Self-powered wireless carbohydrate/oxygen sensitive biodevice based on radio signal transmission.
abstract: Here for the first time, we detail self-contained (wireless and self-powered) biodevices with wireless signal transmission. Specifically, we demonstrate the operation of self-sustained carbohydrate and oxygen sensitive biodevices, consisting of a wireless electronic unit, radio transmitter and separate sensing bioelectrodes, supplied with electrical energy from a combined multi-enzyme fuel cell generating sufficient current at required voltage to power the electronics. A carbohydrate/oxygen enzymatic fuel cell was assembled by comparing the performance of a range of different bioelectrodes followed by selection of the most suitable, stable combination. Carbohydrates (viz. lactose for the demonstration) and oxygen were also chosen as bioanalytes, being important biomarkers, to demonstrate the operation of the self-contained biosensing device, employing enzyme-modified bioelectrodes to enable the actual sensing. A wireless electronic unit, consisting of a micropotentiostat, an energy harvesting module (voltage amplifier together with a capacitor), and a radio microchip, were designed to enable the biofuel cell to be used as a power supply for managing the sensing devices and for wireless data transmission. The electronic system used required current and voltages greater than 44 µA and 0.57 V, respectively to operate; which the biofuel cell was capable of providing, when placed in a carbohydrate and oxygen containing buffer. In addition, a USB based receiver and computer software were employed for proof-of concept tests of the developed biodevices. Operation of bench-top prototypes was demonstrated in buffers containing different concentrations of the analytes, showcasing that the variation in response of both carbohydrate and oxygen biosensors could be monitored wirelessly in real-time as analyte concentrations in buffers were changed, using only an enzymatic fuel cell as a power supply.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alcalde
authors.affiliation: Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: De Lacey
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gorton
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Raoudha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kilburn
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Dónal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leech
authors.affiliation: Food Science & Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Edmond
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Magner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Diana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mate
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Peter Ó
authors.initials: PÓ
authors.lastname: Conghaile
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pita
authors.affiliation: Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pöller
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tautgirdas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruzgas
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Salaj-Kosla
authors.affiliation: Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuhmann
authors.affiliation: Novosense AB, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sebelius
authors.affiliation: Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Minling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stoica
authors.affiliation: Food Science & Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Cristoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sygmund
authors.affiliation: Novosense AB, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tilly
authors.affiliation: Novozymes A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark.
authors.forename: Miguel D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Toscano
authors.affiliation: Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeevanthi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vivekananthan
authors.affiliation: Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shleev
mesh_terms: D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002241:Carbohydrates; D010100:Oxygen; D011846:Radio Waves
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D010100:Oxygen