title: Unique functional abnormalities in youth with combined marijuana use and depression: an FMRI study.
abstract: Prior research has shown a relationship between early onset marijuana (MJ) use and depression; however, this relationship is complex and poorly understood. Here, we utilized passive music listening and fMRI to examine functional brain activation to a rewarding stimulus in 75 participants [healthy controls (HC), patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), frequent MJ users, and the combination of MDD and MJ (MDD + MJ)]. For each participant, a preferred and neutral piece of instrumental music was determined (utilizing ratings on a standardized scale), and each completed two 6-min fMRI scans of a passive music listening task. Data underwent pre-processing and 61 participants were carried forward for analysis (17 HC, 15 MDD, 15 MJ, 14 MDD + MJ). Two statistical analyses were performed using SPM8, an analysis of covariance with two factors (group × music type) and a whole brain, multiple regression analysis incorporating two predictors of interest [MJ use in past 28 days; and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score]. We identified a significant group × music type interaction. Post hoc comparisons showed that the preferred music had significantly greater activation in the MDD + MJ group in areas including the right middle and inferior frontal gyri extending into the claustrum and putamen and the anterior cingulate. No significant differences were identified in MDD, MJ, or HC groups. Multiple regression analysis showed that activation in medial frontal cortex was positively correlated with amount of MJ use, and activation in areas including the insula was negatively correlated with BDI score. Results showed modulation in brain activation during passive music listening specific to MDD, frequent MJ users. This supports the suggestion that frequent MJ use, when combined with MDD, is associated with changes in neurocircuitry involved in reward processing in ways that are absent with either frequent MJ use or MDD alone. This could help inform clinical recommendations for youth with MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wammes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Neufeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Joseph's Hospital , London, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Théberge
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Osuch
keywords: adolescent; cannabis; major depressive disorder; mental health; reward; young adult