title: Can Porphyromonas gingivalis be a novel aetiology for recurrent miscarriage?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection and recurrent miscarriage.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case control study included women with early pregnancy failure admitted for surgical evacuation of retained products of conception. Cases (group 1) included 50 women with unexplained recurrent early miscarriage whereas the control group (group 2) consisted of 50 women with no such history. The evacuated products of conception, subgingival plaques, cervicovaginal secretions and saliva of all participants were examined to detect P. gingivalis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using a polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of P. gingivalis DNA in the chorionic villous tissue samples of group 1 was significantly higher than in group 2 (8 [16%] vs. 1 [2%], respectively; p = 0.036, odds ratio [OR]: 9.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-76.9). The prevalence of P. gingivalis DNA was significantly higher in cervicovaginal secretions of group 1 than in group 2 (9 [18%] vs. 1 [2%], respectively; p = 0.02, OR: 10.8, 95% CI: 1.3-88.5). On the contrary, P. gingivalis DNA could not be detected in subgingival plaques and saliva samples of either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study found an association between P. gingivalis infection of the female genital tract and the occurrence of recurrent miscarriage.
authors.affiliation: * Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Ain-Shams Faculty of Medicine , Cairo , Egypt.
authors.forename: Moustafa I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdelhafeez
authors.forename: Mohamed I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ellaithy
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.forename: Adel S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Hesham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eldakrory
authors.forename: Nagwa I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Elhadad
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000382:microbiology*; D000328:Adult; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015193:Chorionic Villi Sampling; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D010519:Periodontium / Q000382:microbiology; D010920:Placenta / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology; D014626:Vaginal Smears
keywords: Bacteroides gingivalis; Habitual abortion; Periodontal disease; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Recurrent abortion; Recurrent miscarriage