title: The use of dietary supplements to alleviate androgen deprivation therapy side effects during prostate cancer treatment.
abstract: Prostate cancer (PCa), the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of male cancer death in Western societies, is typically androgen-dependent, a characteristic that underlies the rationale of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Approximately 90% of patients initially respond to ADT strategies, however many experience side effects including hot flashes, cardiotoxicity, metabolic and musculoskeletal alterations. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the ability of dietary supplements to alleviate adverse effects arising from ADT. In particular, we focus on herbal compounds, phytoestrogens, selenium (Se), fatty acids (FA), calcium, and Vitamins D and E. Indeed, there is some evidence that calcium and Vitamin D can prevent the development of osteoporosis during ADT. On the other hand, caution should be taken with the antioxidants Se and Vitamin E until the basis underlying their respective association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and PCa tumor development has been clarified. However, many other promising supplements have not yet been subjected large-scale clinical trials making it difficult to assess their efficacy. Given the demographic trend of increased PCa diagnoses and dependence on ADT as a major therapeutic strategy, further studies are required to objectively evaluate these supplements as adjuvant for PCa patients receiving ADT.
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria. Andrea.Dueregger@student.i-med.ac.at.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dueregger
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria. Isabel-Maria.Heidegger@i-med.ac.at.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heidegger
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria. Philipp.Ofer@i-med.ac.at.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria. Bernhard.perktold@fhg-tirol.ac.at.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Perktold
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria. reinhold.ramoner@fhg-tirol.ac.at.
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramoner
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria. helmut.klocker@uki.at.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klocker
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria. iris.eder@i-med.ac.at.
authors.forename: Iris E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Eder
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy*; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D005227:Fatty Acids; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D014807:Vitamin D; D014810:Vitamin E; D012643:Selenium