title: Factors associated with tuberculosis among patients attending a treatment centre in Zaria, North-west Nigeria, 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis remains a global public health problem. In 2011, tuberculosis incidence was 133 per 100,000 in Nigeria. In Nigeria, little is known about the factors associated with tuberculosis, especially in the northern part and only few studies have characterized the Mycobacterium species that cause tuberculosis infection in humans. This study determined factors associated with tuberculosis and identified Mycobacterium species causing human tuberculosis in North-West, Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a hospital based case control study between April and July 2010 in Zaria. Cases were newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients >15 years while controls were patients >15 years attending the hospital for other reasons but were negative for tuber-culosis. We used a structured questionnaire to obtain information on demographics, knowledge of transmission of tuberculosis, and exposure to some factors. We preformed descriptive, bivariate and backward elimination logistic regression. Sputa from cases were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on genomic regions of difference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ages of the cases and controls were 36, standard deviation (SD) 9.0 and 36, SD 9.7 respectively. Only 10 (9.8%) and nine (8.8%) of cases and controls respectively had a good knowledge of the transmission of tuberculosis. Contact with a tuberculosis patient (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 12.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.2-28.8), consumption of unpasteurized milk (AOR 6.4, CI 2.4-17.2), keeping pets (AOR 5.6, CI 2.3-13.7), associating closely with cattle (AOR 5.6, CI 1.3-6.8), and overcrowding (AOR 4.8, CI 1.8-13.1) were significantly associated with tuberculosis. Of the 102 sputa analyzed, 91 (89%) were M. tuberculosis, 8 (7.8%) were M africanum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified possible opportunities for intervention to limit the spread of tuberculosis. We recommend that the Nigeria tuberculosis control program consider some of these factors as a way to mitigate the spread of tuberculosis in Nigeria.
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ndadilnasiya Endie
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Waziri
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Simeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cadmus
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nguku
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Medical Statistics and Environmental Health, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olufunmilayo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fawole
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olajide Adewale
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Owolodun
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Hyelshilni
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waziri
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Luka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oladayo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Biya
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Saheed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gidado
authors.affiliation: Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Badung
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Peterside
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumbish
authors.affiliation: Global Public Health Solutions, Decatur GA, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nsubuga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology; D003441:Crowding; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D061352:Pasteurization; D012307:Risk Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission
keywords: Tuberculosis; adjusted odds ratio; mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; polymerase chain reaction