title: Role of dietary fats in modulating cardiometabolic risk during moderate weight gain: a randomized double-blind overfeeding trial (LIPOGAIN study).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether the type of dietary fat could alter cardiometabolic responses to a hypercaloric diet is unknown. In addition, subclinical cardiometabolic consequences of moderate weight gain require further study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a 7-week, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, 39 healthy, lean individuals (mean age of 27±4) consumed muffins (51% of energy [%E] from fat and 44%E refined carbohydrates) providing 750 kcal/day added to their habitual diets. All muffins had identical contents, except for type of fat; sunflower oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA diet) or palm oil rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA diet). Despite comparable weight gain in the 2 groups, total: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein:HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B:AI ratios decreased during the PUFA versus the SFA diet (-0.37±0.59 versus +0.07±0.29, -0.31±0.49 versus +0.05±0.28, and -0.07±0.11 versus +0.01±0.07, P=0.003, P=0.007, and P=0.01 for between-group differences), whereas no significant differences were observed for other cardiometabolic risk markers. In the whole group (ie, independently of fat type), body weight increased (+2.2%, P<0.001) together with increased plasma proinsulin (+21%, P=0.007), insulin (+17%, P=0.003), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, (+9%, P=0.008) fibroblast growth factor-21 (+31%, P=0.04), endothelial markers vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin (+9, +5, and +10%, respectively, P<0.01 for all), whereas nonesterified fatty acids decreased (-28%, P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excess energy from PUFA versus SFA reduces atherogenic lipoproteins. Modest weight gain in young individuals induces hyperproinsulinemia and increases biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, effects that may be partly outweighed by the lipid-lowering effects of PUFA.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01427140.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.I., F.R., U.R.) Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Falun, Sweden (D.I.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iggman
authors.affiliation: Unit for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.I., F.R., U.R.).
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosqvist
authors.affiliation: Section of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.L.).
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (J.) School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden (J.).
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arnlöv
authors.affiliation: Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.B., M.R.) Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.B., M.R.) Center for Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.B., M.R.).
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.affiliation: Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.B., M.R.) Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.B., M.R.) Center for Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.B., M.R.).
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rudling
authors.affiliation: Unit for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.I., F.R., U.R.).
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Risérus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D013548:Sweden; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D000073878:Palm Oil; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Atherosclerosis; lipids; lipoprotein; nutrition; obesity