title: Genotyping and genetic diversity of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus isolated from different sources by using ERIC-PCR from India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arcobacters are important zoonotic pathogens and are transmitted through food and water. They are implicated in causing enteritis in animals and humans. Among the Arcobacter species, a wide genetic diversity has been documented, which reflects continuous evolving nature of these pathogens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To genotype and to know the genetic diversity of Arcobacter spp. (Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus) isolated from different sources in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) was performed using genomic DNA of 49 Arcobacter isolates (27 A. butzleri and 22 A. cryaerophilus), recovered from a total of 506 samples of chicken meat, poultry skin, dairy cow milk and human stool as template and employing published primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ERIC sequence was found to be present in all the 27 A. butzleri isolates which were grouped into 18 subtypes, while it was present in 20 out of 22 A. cryaerophilus isolates which were grouped into 14 subtypes. Less variation was observed within sequences of both the Arcobacter species as revealed in dendrogram analysis. The genotyping of A. butzleri isolates showed the presence of 2-8 distinct bands (∼150 to ∼1600 bp), while A. cryaerophilus showed 1-10 distinct bands (∼120 to ∼2900 bp).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first report regarding genetic diversity of Indian Arcobacter isolates using ERIC-PCR. Close clustering between arcobacters of human and animal origin are indicative of probable zoonotic significance. So for these purposes, further explorative studies are suggested which would also help revealing the possibility of epidemiological relationships of different Arcobacter spp. as well as their public health concerns.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Veterinary Public Health , Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar, Bareilly , India.
authors.forename: Thadiyam Puram
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ramees
authors.forename: Ramswaroop Singh
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rathore
authors.forename: Prashanth Suresh
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bagalkot
authors.forename: Blessa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sailo
authors.forename: Hosakote Venkatappa
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020640:Arcobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007194:India; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Arcobacter butzleri; Arcobacter cryaerophilus; ERIC-PCR; chicken meat; dairy cow milk; genotyping; human stool; poultry skin