title: Rapid and sensitive determination of clenbuterol in porcine muscle and swine urine using a fluorescent probe.
abstract: The feed additive Clenbuterol hydrochloric acid (CLB) is non-fluorescent, thus it is difficult to quantify through direct fluorescent method. Palmatine (PAL) can react with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) to form stable complexes as a fluorescent probe. Significant quenching of the fluorescence intensity of the CB[7]-PAL complex was observed with the addition of CLB. Based on the significant quenching of the supramolecular complex fluorescence intensity, a novel spectrofluorimetric method with high convenience, selectivity and sensitivity was developed for the determination of CLB. The fluorescence quenching values (ΔF) showed good linear relationship with CLB concentrations from 0.011 μg mL(-1) to 4.2 μg mL(-1) with a detection limit 0.004 μg mL(-1). In this research, an ultrasound treatment replaced the former time-consuming shake method to form stable complexes. The proposed spectrofluorimetric method had been successfully applied to the determination of CLB in porcine muscle and swine urine with good precision and accuracy. The competing reaction and the supramolecular interaction mechanisms between the CLB and PAL as they fight for occupancy of the CB[7] cavity were studied using spectrofluorimetry, (1)H NMR, and molecular modeling calculations. Interestingly, results indicate that two stable CB[7]-CLB complexes were formed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China. Electronic address: jaikesi@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Criminal Technology Department, Shanxi Province Linfen City Public Security Bureau, Linfen 041000, PR China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Analytical and Testing Center, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041000, PR China.
authors.forename: Chenxuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Analytical and Testing Center, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041000, PR China.
authors.forename: Wenying
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Analytical and Testing Center, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041000, PR China.
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Analytical and Testing Center, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041000, PR China.
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
authors.forename: Guojun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002976:Clenbuterol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine / Q000652:urine*; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds; D000099246:Cucurbit(n)urils
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds; D002976:Clenbuterol; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007093:Imidazoles; C456276:cucurbit(7)uril; D047028:Macrocyclic Compounds; D000099246:Cucurbit(n)urils; C005413:palmatine
keywords: Clenbuterol; Cucurbit[7]uril; Fluorescent probe; Palmatine