title: A cross-sectional study on urogenital schistosomiasis in children; haematuria and proteinuria as diagnostic indicators in an endemic rural area of Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid and accurate diagnosis is necessary for the management of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the burden of urogenital schistosomiasis and the diagnostic efficiency of morbidity indicators of the disease in an endemic rural community of Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted. Urine samples of 487 pupils were screened microscopically for S. haematobium and tested for haematuria and proteinuria using chemical reagent strips.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence and intensity of infection were 57.1% and 45.0 eggs/10 mL urine respectively. Prevalence of infection in male (54.1%) and female (60.3%) individuals showed no significant variation (P>0.05). However, prevalence of infection was age dependent with those in age groups 3-5 and 12-14 years having the least and highest prevalence of infection respectively (P<0.05). Microhaematuria and proteinuria varied significantly with ages of the pupils with least (14.0, 40.0%) and highest (60.0, 80.0%) prevalence recorded in age groups 3-5 and 15-19 years respectively (P<0.05). Proteinuria showed higher sensitivity (80.3%) compared to microhaematuria (73.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Schistosomiasis is highly endemic in the study area and the use of microhaematuria and proteinuria for mapping the infected population prior treatment could be adopted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olajumoke
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Morenikeji
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Junaid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quazim
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Omoregie
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adesola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Roseangela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nwuba
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Chiaka
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anumudu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sunday
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adejuwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oyetunde
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Salawu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ayodele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jegede
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odaibo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine*; D012424:Rural Population; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D012574:Schools; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Nigeria; Schistosomaisis; haematuria; proteinuria