title: Transport characteristics of nanoscale zero-valent iron carried by three different "vehicles" in porous media.
abstract: This study investigated the transport properties of nanoscale zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) (nZVI) carried by three vehicles: water, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution, and SDS foam. Batch experiments were conducted to assess the sedimentation capability of nZVI particles in these three vehicles. Column experiments were conducted to investigate the transport properties of nZVI in porous media formed with different sizes of sand (0.25 mm to 0.5 mm, 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm, and 0.9 mm to 1.4 mm). Three main results were obtained. First, the batch experiments revealed that the stabilities of nZVI particles in SDS solution and SDS foam were improved, compared with that of nZVI particles in water. Moreover, the sedimentation of nZVI in foam was closely associated with the foam drainage volume. The nZVI content in foam was similar to that in the original foaming suspension, and the nZVI particle distribution in foam became significantly more uniform at a stirring speed of 3000 r/min. Second, the transport of nZVI was enhanced by foam compared with water and SDS solution for 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm diameter sand. For sand with diameters of 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm and 0.9 mm to 1.4 mm, the mobility of nZVI carried by SDS solution was optimal, followed by that of nZVI carried by foam and water. Thus, the mobility of nZVI in finer sand was significantly enhanced by foam, compared with that in coarse sand. In contrast, compared with the bare nZVI suspension and nZVI-laden foam, the spatial distribution of nZVI particles carried by SDS solution was significantly uniform along the column length. Third, the SDS concentration significantly influenced the migration of nZVI in porous media. The enhancement in the migration of nZVI carried by SDS solution was greater at an SDS dose of 0.25% compared with that at the other three doses (0.2%, 0.5%, and 1%) for sand with a 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm diameter. Increased SDS concentrations positively affected the transport of nZVI by foam for sand with a 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm diameter, and the SDS concentrations for enhancing the mobility of nZVI carried by SDS foam satisfied the following order: 1% > 0.5% > 0.25% > 0.2%. Thus, SDS solution and SDS foam were better vehicles than water for delivering nZVI particles to porous media for contamination remediation.
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education , Jilin University , Changchun , China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Yong S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Lu L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chuan Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Nan N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Jian S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lei
mesh_terms: D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D013535:Suspensions / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D013535:Suspensions; D014867:Water; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D007501:Iron
keywords: Nanoscale zero-valent iron; porous media; transport characteristics; vehicles