title: Cranial vault reconstruction with bone morphogenetic protein, calcium phosphate, acellular dermal matrix, and calcium alginate in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate experimental cranial vault reconstructions, by combining bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP-2) and different matrices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourty-nine animals were initially included (seven per group). We designed an experimental, open, prospective and comparative study, divided in seven groups: 1 - BMP-2+calcium phosphate (BT); 2 - BMP-2+acellular dermal matrix (BM); 3 - BMP-2+calcium alginate (BA); 4 - TCP; 5 - MDM; 6 - ALG; 7 - Bone autograft (BAG). A bone failure was created in left parietal bone of adult male mice. At the same procedure reconstruction was performed. After five weeks, animals were sacrificed, and reconstruction area was removed to histological analysis. After exclusion due to death or infection, thirty-eight animals were evaluated (BT=5; BM=6; BA=6; TCP=7; MDM=3; ALG=6; BAG=5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher incidence of infection has occurred in MDM group (57%, P=0.037). In cortical fusion, groups BAG, TCP, and BMP-2+TCP (BT) obtained the best scores, comparing to the others (P=0.00846). In new bone formation, groups BT, BAG, and TCP have presented the best scores (P=0.00835). When neovascularization was considered, best groups were BMP-2+MDM (BM), BMP-2+ALG (BA), TCP, and MDM (P=0.001695). BAG group was the best in bone marrow formation, followed by groups BT and TCP (P=0.008317).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone morphogenetic protein type 2 increased bone regeneration in experimental skull reconstruction, especially when combined to calcium phosphate. Such association was even comparable to bone autograft, the gold-standard treatment, in some histological criteria.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ciro Paz
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Portinho
authors.affiliation: Material Engineering Department, UFRGS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luís Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, UFRGS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thadeu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cerski
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, UFRGS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel Camara
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rivero
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery Department, UFRGS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus Vinícius Martins
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Collares
mesh_terms: D062088:Acellular Dermis; D000464:Alginates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012886:Skull / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C020243:calcium phosphate