title: Chemical profile and biological activities of Veronica thymoides subsp. pseudocinerea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Turkey, Veronica species (Plantaginaceae) have been used as a diuretic and for wound healing in traditional medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the fatty acid and essential oil profiles, the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, and DNA damage effects of Veronica thymoides P.H. Davis subsp. pseudocinerea M.A. Fischer as a potential source of natural active compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  GC/MS was used to analyze essential oil and fatty acid obtained from whole plant. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the β-carotene-linoleic acid test system, DPPH-free and ABTS cation radicals scavenging, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays. The anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities were determined by Ellman and broth macrodillution methods, respectively. The effect of the methanol extract on DNA cleavage was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hexatriacontene (21.0%) was found to be the main constituent in essential oil, and linoleic acid (25.2%) and palmitic acid (20.6%) in fatty acid. Methanol extract demonstrated the best IC50 values in lipid peroxidation (49.81 ± 0.31 µg/ml) and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity (15.32 ± 0.17 µg/ml). Methanol and water extracts possessed strong ABTS cation radical scavenging activity with IC50 values 9.15 ± 0.28 and 8.90 ± 0.1  µg/ml, respectively. The acetone extract exhibited moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The highest antimicrobial activity was determined in methanol extract against Escherichia coli with 31.25 µg/ml MIC value. Inhibition of methanol extract on plasmid DNA cleavage by OH radicals was found to be 93.32% at 500 µg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methanol extract having strong antioxidant and DNA damage effects could be investigated phytochemically to find natural active compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey .
authors.forename: Abdulselam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ertas
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boga
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kizil
authors.forename: Bircan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ceken
authors.forename: Ahmet Ceyhan
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Goren
authors.forename: Nesrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hasimi
authors.forename: Serpil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: Gulacti
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Topcu
authors.forename: Ufuk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kolak
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D032264:Veronica
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Anticholinesterase; DNA damage; antimicrobial; antioxidant; essential oil; fatty acid