title: The effect of using isomaltulose (Palatinose™) to modulate the glycaemic properties of breakfast on the cognitive performance of children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although previous research has associated the glycaemic load (GL) of a meal with cognitive functioning, typically the macro-nutrient composition of the meals has differed, raising a question as to whether the response was to GL or to the energy, nutrients or particular foods consumed. Therefore, the present study contrasted two breakfasts that offered identical levels of energy and macro-nutrients, although they differed in GL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a repeated-measures, double-blind design, 75 children aged 5-11 years, from socially deprived backgrounds, attended a school breakfast club and on two occasions, at least a week apart, they consumed a meal sweetened with either isomaltulose (Palatinose™) (GL 31.6) or glucose (GL 59.8). Immediate and delayed verbal memory, spatial memory, sustained attention, reaction times, speed of information processing and mood were assessed 1 and 3 h after eating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nature of the meals did not influence any measure of cognition or mood after an hour; however, after 3 h, children's memory and mood improved after the lower-GL breakfast. If children had eaten the lower-GL meal on the second day of testing, they were able to process information faster and had better spatial memory later in the morning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Towards the end of a morning in school, having consumed a lower-GL breakfast resulted in better mood and aspects of cognitive functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benton
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D062408:Breakfast; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007534:Isomaltose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012574:Schools
chemical_list: D007534:Isomaltose; C008189:isomaltulose