title: Profile and health-related quality of life of Ghanaian stroke survivors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke is a leading cause of mortality with a major effect on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). There are no previous studies exploring HRQoL among stroke survivors in Ghana, despite the increasing public health significance of the disease in this country. Here we describe the profile of and factors associated with HRQoL among stroke survivors in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study involving 156 stroke survivors and 156 age- and sex-matched, apparently healthy controls. A robust HRQoL questionnaire involving seven domains was used to collect data from the study participants. Clinical epidemiology data were also collected from stroke survivors on parameters such as stroke severity and risk factors. Statistical analyses were performed on the interrelationships among the study variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ages of the stroke survivors and healthy controls were 58.0 (standard deviation, 11.4) and 57.6 (standard deviation, 12.0) years, respectively. Fifty-three percent (86) of the stroke survivors had mild stroke and 35.3% (55) had moderate stroke, whereas 12.2% (19) had severe stroke. Ischemic infarction was the prevalent stroke subtype (78.1%). Hypertension was the most common risk factor (89%) among the stroke survivors, followed by diabetes (29%). HRQoL scores ranged from 57.7% (cognitive domain) to 80.0% (spirit domain) for stroke survivors, whereas HRQoL scores of the control group ranged from 65.6% (cognitive domain) to 85.2% (soul domain). For each HRQoL domain, significantly higher scores were observed for the control group compared with the stroke survivors, at P<0.05. Determinants of HRQoL of stroke survivors in multivariate analysis included age, stroke severity, poststroke duration, stroke recurrence, frequency of laughter, and negative emotions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most affected HRQoL domains are of the physical, psychoemotional, and cognitive domains. Rehabilitation of stroke patients in this region should include interventions targeted at these domains and modifying the statistical determinants of HRQoL where possible.
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana ; Centre for Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Donkor
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Mayowa O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Owolabi
authors.affiliation: Tamale Central Hospital, Tamale, Ghana.
authors.forename: Patrick O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Bampoh
authors.affiliation: Public Health Unit, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Philip K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Amoo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland ; Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland.
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aspelund
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland ; Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland.
authors.forename: Vilmundur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gudnason
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Ghana; domain; quality of life; stroke