title: Development of two Barthel Index-based Supplementary Scales for patients with stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Barthel Index (BI) assesses actual performance of activities of daily living (ADL). However, comprehensive assessment of ADL functions should include two other constructs: self-perceived difficulty and ability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to develop two BI-based Supplementary Scales (BI-SS), namely, the Self-perceived Difficulty Scale and the Ability Scale, and to examine the construct validity of the BI-SS in patients with stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  The BI-SS was first developed by consultation with experts and then tested on patients to confirm the clarity and feasibility of administration. A total of 306 participants participated in the construct validity study. Construct validity was investigated using Mokken scale analysis and analyzing associations between scales. The agreement between each pair of the scales' scores was further examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Self-perceived Difficulty Scale consisted of 10 items, and the Ability Scale included 8 items (excluding both bladder and bowel control items). Items in each individual scale were unidimensional (H ≥ 0.5). The scores of the Self-perceived Difficulty and Ability Scales were highly correlated with those of the BI (rho = 0.78 and 0.90, respectively). The scores of the two BI-SS scales and BI were significantly different from each other (p<.001). These results indicate that both BI-SS scales assessed unique constructs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BI-SS had overall good construct validity in patients with stroke. The BI-SS can be used as supplementary scales for the BI to comprehensively assess patients' ADL functions in order to identify patients' difficulties in performing ADL tasks, plan intervention strategies, and assess outcomes.
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Shiung
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: I-Ping
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kai-Ping
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*