title: Using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations to evaluate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in women using biomass combustion as main energy source.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of solid fuels for cooking and heating is likely to be the largest source of indoor air pollution on a global scale.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in women living in a rural community, where biomass combustion is used as main energy source during a working day.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed on urine samples collected in 2012, of 30 healthy women who were residents of a rural community in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Urine was collected from each woman at three time points (morning, post-lunch and evening) during a working day. The analysis of urinary 1-OHP was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Also, a health-risk assessment was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest levels of 1-OHP in this study were found in the samples taken in the evening (geometric mean ± SD; 0.36 ± 0.13 µg/g creatinine). However, no significant differences among 1-OHP concentrations in the evening and post-lunch samples (0.27 ± 0.10 µg/g creatinine; 0.58 ± 0.67 µg/L) were observed. But, the 1-OHP levels (0.17 ± 0.13 µg/g creatinine; 0.19 ± 0.21 µg/L) found in samples collected in the morning were significantly lower than the 1-OHP levels found in samples collected during post-lunch and evening time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data shown in this study demonstrated an increment in the exposure levels to PAHs in women across the shift. However, no health risk was found in this study.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , Mexico .
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruíz-Vera
authors.forename: Lucia G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Pruneda-Alvarez
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Vázquez
authors.forename: Angeles C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ochoa-Martínez
authors.forename: Sandra T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Orta-García
authors.forename: Cesar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ilizaliturri-Hernández
authors.forename: Iván N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Pérez-Maldonado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D018533:Biomass; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006361:Heating / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012423:Rural Health; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene
keywords: 1-Hydroxypyrene; biomass; biomonitoring; méxico; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; women