title: Programmable intrathecal pumps for the management of chronic pain: recommendations for improved efficiency.
abstract: The management of chronic pain can be very challenging. Often, physicians employ intrathecal (IT) drug delivery systems as a last resort to relieve intractable pain. The system consists of an implantable pump that stores and delivers medication through a catheter to the IT space. Programmability is achieved by positioning an external devise over the implanted pump to change the mode of drug delivery. The innovations in programmable IT drug delivery systems are expanding more rapidly than ever before. Unfortunately, the rapid expansion is accompanied by a lack of prospective randomized trials examining these new options. In an effort to improve results and reduce side effects, publications by experts or expert consensus panels provide guidance for the community. The purpose of this article is to provide a summary of high interest topics in recent publications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilkes
keywords: chronic pain; implantable drug delivery; intrathecal morphine; programmable drug delivery