title: Wear behavior of human enamel against lithium disilicate glass ceramic and type III gold.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The wear behavior of human enamel that opposes different prosthetic materials is still not clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate and compare the friction and wear behavior of human tooth enamel that opposes 2 indirect restorative materials: lithium disilicate glass ceramic and Type III gold.
  
  
  METHODS
  Friction-wear tests on human enamel (n=5) that opposes lithium disilicate glass ceramic (n=5) and Type III gold (n=5) were conducted in a ball-on-flat configuration with a reciprocating wear testing apparatus. The wear pairs were subjected to a normal load of 9.8 N, a reciprocating amplitude of approximately 200 μm, and a reciprocating frequency of approximately 1.6 Hz for up to 1100 cycles per test under distilled water lubrication. The frictional force of each cycle was recorded, and the corresponding friction coefficient for different wear pairs was calculated. After wear testing, the wear scars on the enamel specimens were examined under a scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type III gold had a significantly lower steady-state friction coefficient (P=.009) and caused less wear damage on enamel than lithium disilicate glass ceramic. Enamel that opposed lithium disilicate glass ceramic exhibited cracks, plow furrows, and surface loss, which indicated abrasive wear as the prominent wear mechanism. In comparison, the enamel wear scar that opposed Type III gold had small patches of gold smear adhered to the surface, which indicated a predominantly adhesive wear mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance were observed when human enamel was opposed by Type III gold than by lithium disilicate glass ceramic in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Professional practice fellow, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Electronic address: leeahreum@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahreum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head of Biomaterials, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head of Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lyons
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D017276:Friction; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D054327:Lubricants / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014072:Tooth Abrasion / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D057085:Tooth Wear / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D006047:Gold Alloys; C508050:IPS e.max Press; D054327:Lubricants; C493120:lithia disilicate; D014867:Water; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C023506:Glass ceramics