title: Utilization of rye as energy source affects bacterial translocation, intestinal viscosity, microbiota composition, and bone mineralization in broiler chickens.
abstract: Two independent trials were conducted to evaluate the utilization of rye as energy source on bacterial translocation (BT), intestinal viscosity, gut integrity, gut microbiota composition, and bone mineralization, when compared with a traditional cereal (corn) in broiler chickens. In each experiment, day-of-hatch, broiler chickens were randomly assigned to either a corn or a rye diet (n = 20 chickens/group). At 10 d of age, in both experiments, 12 chickens/group were randomly selected, and given an oral gavage dose of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d). After 2.5 h of oral gavage, blood samples were collected to determine the passage of FITC-d. The liver was collected from each bird to evaluate BT. Duodenum, ileum, and cecum gut sections were collected to evaluate intestinal viscosity and to enumerate gut microbiota. Tibias were collected for observation of bone parameters. Broilers fed with rye showed increased (p < 0.05) intestinal viscosity, BT, and serum FITC-d. Bacterial enumeration revealed that chickens fed with rye had increased the number of total lactic acid bacteria in all three sections of the gastrointestinal tract evaluated when compared to chickens fed with corn. Chickens fed with rye also had significantly higher coliforms in duodenum and ileum, whereas the total number of anaerobes increased only in duodenum. A significant reduction in bone strength and bone mineralization was observed in chickens fed with rye when compared with corn fed chickens. In conclusion, rye evoked mucosal damage in chickens that alter the intestinal viscosity, increased leakage through the intestinal tract, and altered the microbiota composition as well as bone mineralization. Studies to evaluate dietary inclusion of selected DFM candidates that produce exogenous enzymes in rye fed chickens are currently being evaluated.
authors.affiliation: The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science and The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tellez
authors.affiliation: The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science and The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Juan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Latorre
authors.affiliation: The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science and The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Vivek A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Kuttappan
authors.affiliation: Southern Plains Area Home, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, College Station TX, USA.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kogut
authors.affiliation: The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science and The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolfenden
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, México.
authors.forename: Xochitl
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Velasco
authors.affiliation: The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science and The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Billy M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hargis
authors.affiliation: The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science and The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Walter G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Bottje
authors.affiliation: The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science and The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bielke
authors.affiliation: The John Kirkpatrick Skeeles Poultry Health Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science and The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Olivia B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Faulkner
keywords: bacterial translocation; bone mineralization; chickens; intestinal viscosity; rye