title: Effect of certain natural products and organic solvents on quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of seed extracts of Pongamia pinnata, Pyrus pyrifolia, and Manilkara hexandra, bacterial pigment prodigiosin, and three organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, and dimethylsulfoxide), on quorum sensing (QS) in Chromobacterium violaceum (C. violaceum).
  
  
  METHODS
  C. violaceum was challenged with plant extracts prepared by microwave assisted extraction method, prodigiosin, and organic solvents. Effect of these test substances on C. violaceum growth, and quorum sensing regulated pigment (violacein) production was studied by broth dilution assay. High performance liquid chromatography was also applied to generate chromatographic fingerprint of the active extracts. Effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentration level of the antibiotic streptomycin on quorum sensing regulated pigment production was also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pongamia pinnata seed extracts and prodigiosin were found to possess anti-QS, and Manilkara hexandra and Pyrus pyrifolia seed extracts to possess QS-enhancing effect in C. violaceum. Dimethylsulfoxide was found to enhance violacein production, whereas ethanol and methanol reduced violacein production in C. violaceum. Streptomycin at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration level was able to significantly arrest QS-regulated pigment production in C. violaceum and Serratia marcescens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prodigiosin and the seed extracts used in this study could affect quorum sensing in C. violaceum to a notable extent. Results of this study also emphasize the importance of inclusion of appropriate solvent controls (negative controls) in bioassays designed for screening of antimicrobial and/or anti-QS compounds. Antipathogenic potential of low concentrations of streptomycin was also demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.
authors.forename: Vimla
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chaudhari
authors.affiliation: Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.
authors.forename: Haren
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gosai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.
authors.forename: Shreya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raval
authors.affiliation: Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India. Electronic address: vijay.kothari@nirmauni.ac.in.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kothari
keywords: Antipathogenic; HPLC; Microwave assisted extraction (MAE); Prodigiosin; Quorum sensing; Solvent; Streptomycin; Violacein