title: A targetable androgen receptor-positive breast cancer subtype hidden among the triple-negative cancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subgroup of breast cancers that by definition lack expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). A diverse group of tumors, TNBC shares some morphologic and molecular features with basal-like breast cancer, a category of breast cancer defined by gene expression profiling. More likely to occur in young women and African Americans, TNBCs may exhibit aggressive behavior and are associated with poor prognosis despite their initial response to conventional chemotherapy. Because hormonal or HER2-targeted therapies are ineffective for these tumors, the main therapeutic option is systemic chemotherapy. Therefore, identification of new targets for therapy is urgently needed for this group.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review and present recent literature along with our own experience regarding the clinical and morphologic characteristics and the prevalence of androgen receptor (AR) expression in TNBC, and to discuss the potential use of AR as a therapeutic target for AR(+) TNBC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data sources are published articles from peer-reviewed journals in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AR is the most commonly expressed hormone receptor among all breast carcinomas, with a prevalence of 25% to 75% among TNBCs. Therefore, we strongly support the routine assessment of AR in TNBC, and preferably in all breast carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Damoun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Safarpour
authors.forename: Fattaneh A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Tavassoli
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011944:Receptors, Androgen