title: Uncertainty during pain anticipation: the adaptive value of preparatory processes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anticipatory processes prepare the organism for upcoming experiences. The aim of this study was to investigate neural responses related to anticipation and processing of painful stimuli occurring with different levels of uncertainty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five participants (13 females) took part in an electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment at separate times. A visual cue announced the occurrence of an electrical painful or nonpainful stimulus, delivered with certainty or uncertainty (50% chance), at some point during the following 15 s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first 2 s of the anticipation phase, a strong effect of uncertainty was reflected in a pronounced frontal stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) and increased fMRI activation in higher visual processing areas. In the last 2 s before stimulus delivery, we observed stimulus-specific preparatory processes indicated by a centroparietal SPN and posterior insula activation that was most pronounced for the certain pain condition. Uncertain anticipation was associated with attentional control processes. During stimulation, the results revealed that unexpected painful stimuli produced the strongest activation in the affective pain processing network and a more pronounced offset-P2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reflect that during early anticipation uncertainty is strongly associated with affective mechanisms and seems to be a more salient event compared to certain anticipation. During the last 2 s before stimulation, attentional control mechanisms are initiated related to the increased salience of uncertainty. Furthermore, stimulus-specific preparatory mechanisms during certain anticipation also shaped the response to stimulation, underlining the adaptive value of stimulus-targeted preparatory activity which is less likely when facing an uncertain event.
authors.affiliation: Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Eva-Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: Daniela M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pfabigan
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sladky
authors.forename: Arvina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grahl
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Küblböck
authors.forename: Georg S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kranz
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hummer
authors.forename: Rupert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanzenberger
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Windischberger
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lamm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003463:Cues; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D035501:Uncertainty; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: electroencephalography; event-related potentials; expectancy; functional magnetic resonance imaging; insula; neuroimaging; predictability; stimulus-preceding negativity