title: A novel type of electrochemical sensor based on ferromagnetic carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles for direct determination of hemoglobin in blood samples.
abstract: An effective, fast, facile and direct electrochemical method of determination of hemoglobin (Hb) in blood sample without any sample preparation is described. The method is accomplished by using the ferromagnetic electrode modifier (carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles) and an external magnetic field. The successful voltammetric determination of hemoglobin is achieved in PBS buffer as well as in the whole blood sample. The obtained results show the excellent electroactivity of Hb. The measurements are of high sensitivity and good reproducibility. The detection limit is estimated to be 0.7 pM. The electrochemical determination data were compared with the gravimetric data obtained with a quartz crystal microbalance. The agreement between these results is very good. The changes of the electrode surface morphology before and after Hb detection are monitored by electron microscopy. The functionality of the electrochemical sensor is tested with human and rat blood samples. The concentration of hemoglobin in the blood samples determined by using voltammetric/gravimetric detection is in perfect agreement with the data obtained from typical clinical analysis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matysiak
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Mikolaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donten
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bystrzejewski
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, PL-02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ireneusz P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Grudzinski
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: anowicka@chem.uw.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nowicka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D003217:Conductometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Core–shell type ferromagnetic nanoparticles; Direct determination; Electrochemistry; Hemoglobin; Human blood; Rat blood