title: Prenatal exposure to PCB-153, p,p'-DDE and birth outcomes in 9000 mother-child pairs: exposure-response relationship and effect modifiers.
abstract: Low-level exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl-153 (PCB-153) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p-p'-DDE) can impair fetal growth; however, the exposure-response relationship and effect modifiers of such association are not well established. This study is an extension of an earlier European meta-analysis. Our aim was to explore exposure-response relationship between PCB-153 and p-p'-DDE and birth outcomes; to evaluate whether any no exposure-effect level and susceptible subgroups exist; and to assess the role of maternal gestational weight gain (GWG). We used a pooled dataset of 9377 mother-child pairs enrolled in 14 study populations from 11 European birth cohorts. General additive models were used to evaluate the shape of the relationships between organochlorine compounds and birth outcomes. We observed an inverse linear exposure-response relationship between prenatal exposure to PCB-153 and birth weight [decline of 194g (95% CI -314, -74) per 1μg/L increase in PCB-153]. We showed effects on birth weight over the entire exposure range, including at low levels. This reduction seems to be stronger among children of mothers who were non-Caucasian or had smoked during pregnancy. The most susceptible subgroup was girls whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. After adjusting for absolute GWG or estimated fat mass, a reduction in birth weight was still observed. This study suggests that the association between low-level exposure to PCB-153 and birth weight exists and follows an inverse linear exposure-response relationship with effects even at low levels, and that maternal smoking and ethnicity modify this association.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: mcasas@creal.cat.
authors.forename: Maribel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP)-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ferran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Basagaña
authors.affiliation: Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, Spain; Health Research Institute, Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Mikel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basterrechea
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chatzi
authors.affiliation: Inserm, Rennes, France; University of Rennes I, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chevrier
authors.affiliation: Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eggesbø
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Centro de Investigación BioMédica, University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Mariana F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Govarts
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guxens
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Grimalt
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of CA, Davis, USA.
authors.forename: Irva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hertz-Picciotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iszatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasper-Sonnenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiviranta
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
authors.affiliation: Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Lubica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palkovicova
authors.affiliation: IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ranft
authors.affiliation: Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schoeters
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Evridiki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patelarou
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, Faroese Hospital System, Faroe Islands.
authors.forename: Maria Skaalum
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Ib-salut, Area de Salut de Menorca, Menorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Maties
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torrent
authors.affiliation: Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trnovec
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Damaskini
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gunnar Vase
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, Faroese Hospital System, Faroe Islands.
authors.forename: Pál
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weihe
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nynke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weisglas-Kuperus
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wittsiepe
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vrijheid
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bonde
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C014024:2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl
keywords: Biomarkers of exposure; Birth weight; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE); Persistent organic pollutants; Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)