title: Cortisol levels in former preterm children at school age are predicted by neonatal procedural pain-related stress.
abstract: Early life stress can alter hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis function. Differences in cortisol levels have been found in preterm infants exposed to substantial procedural stress during neonatal intensive care, compared to infants born full-term, but only a few studies investigated whether altered programming of the HPA axis persists past toddler age. Further, there is a dearth of knowledge of what may contribute to these changes in cortisol. This prospective cohort study examined the cortisol profiles in response to the stress of cognitive assessment, as well as the diurnal rhythm of cortisol, in children (n=129) born at varying levels of prematurity (24-32 weeks gestation) and at full-term (38-41 weeks gestation), at age 7 years. Further, we investigated the relationships among cortisol levels and neonatal procedural pain-related stress (controlling for multiple medical confounders), concurrent maternal factors (parenting stress, depressive and anxiety symptoms) and children's behavioral problems. For each aim we investigate acute cortisol response profiles to a cognitive challenge as well as diurnal cortisol patterns at home. We hypothesized that children born very preterm will differ in their pattern of cortisol secretion from children born full-term, possibly depended on concurrent child and maternal factors, and that exposure to neonatal pain-related stress would be associated with altered cortisol secretion in children born very preterm, possibly in a sex-dependent way. Saliva samples were collected from 7-year old children three times during a laboratory visit for assessment of cognitive and executive functions (pretest, mid-test, end-study day acute stress profile) and at four times over two consecutive non-school days at home (i.e. morning, mid-morning, afternoon and bedtime-diurnal rhythm profile). We found that cortisol profiles were similar in preterm and full-term children, albeit preterms had slightly higher cortisol at bedtime compared to full-term children. Importantly, in the preterm group, greater neonatal procedural pain-related stress (adjusted for morphine) was associated with lower cortisol levels on the study day (p=.044) and lower diurnal cortisol at home (p=.023), with effects found primarily in boys. In addition, child attention problems were negatively, and thought problems were positively, associated with the cortisol response during cognitive assessment on the study day in preterm children. Our findings suggest that neonatal pain/stress contributes to altered HPA axis function up to school-age in children born very preterm, and that sex may be an important factor.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neurosciences & Child Health, Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brummelte
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neurosciences & Child Health, Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4.
authors.forename: Cecil M Y
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neurosciences & Child Health, Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4.
authors.forename: Ivan L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Cepeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neurosciences & Child Health, Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neurosciences & Child Health, Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4.
authors.forename: Anne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Synnes
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neurosciences & Child Health, Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4. Electronic address: rgrunau@cw.bc.ca.
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Grunau
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Child; Cortisol; HPA axis; Internalizing behavior; Low birth weight; Maternal interaction; Pain; Preterm; Sex; Stress