title: Safety and efficacy of one-stage total laparoscopic treatment of common bile duct stones in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to confirm the effectiveness of total laparoscopic treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children who were treated in our department for cholelithiasis were reviewed from 1996 to 2013. Data collection focused on children with CBD stones, including age, sex, symptoms at diagnosis, hepatic and pancreatic blood tests results, US scan results, etiology, detailed surgical technique, operative time, length of hospital stay, complications, and stone-free status or not, at last follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  551 children were treated for cholelithiasis and had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Among those, 36 children (6.5%) presented with CBD stones with a mean age at symptom onset of 10.4 years (min-max: 4 months-18 years). A majority of the patients presented with hemolytic disease (61%). In 55% of the cases, cholangiography alone or simple serum saline flush of the biliary tree was sufficient to obtain a stone-free CBD. Additional maneuvers with Dormia basket or Fogarty catheter led to 72% of success rate. In 9 cases (25%) of failure of the procedure, 6 patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES), 1 patient was re-operated at day1 for hemorrhage, and 2 patients were followed by US scan with spontaneous evacuation of CBD stones. Mean follow-up was of 2 years (min-max: 1 month-5 years). All patients were stone free at last clinical and radiological evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A one-stage total laparoscopic treatment of common bile duct stones in children is a safe, feasible, reproducible, and efficient procedure in 72% of the cases. This rate could be upgraded by a combination of laparoscopic and endoscopic technique during the same anesthesia and preserving Oddi sphincter function. These minimal invasive techniques still need to be developed in children.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Department, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris APHP, 48 bvd Serrurier, 75019, Paris, France, cecile.muller@rdb.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Boimond
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rega
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Michelet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Ghoneimi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonnard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002758:Cholangiography; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000601:surgery*; D003135:Common Bile Duct / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation