title: Estimation for general birth-death processes.
abstract: Birth-death processes (BDPs) are continuous-time Markov chains that track the number of "particles" in a system over time. While widely used in population biology, genetics and ecology, statistical inference of the instantaneous particle birth and death rates remains largely limited to restrictive linear BDPs in which per-particle birth and death rates are constant. Researchers often observe the number of particles at discrete times, necessitating data augmentation procedures such as expectation-maximization (EM) to find maximum likelihood estimates. For BDPs on finite state-spaces, there are powerful matrix methods for computing the conditional expectations needed for the E-step of the EM algorithm. For BDPs on infinite state-spaces, closed-form solutions for the E-step are available for some linear models, but most previous work has resorted to time-consuming simulation. Remarkably, we show that the E-step conditional expectations can be expressed as convolutions of computable transition probabilities for any general BDP with arbitrary rates. This important observation, along with a convenient continued fraction representation of the Laplace transforms of the transition probabilities, allows for novel and efficient computation of the conditional expectations for all BDPs, eliminating the need for truncation of the state-space or costly simulation. We use this insight to derive EM algorithms that yield maximum likelihood estimation for general BDPs characterized by various rate models, including generalized linear models. We show that our Laplace convolution technique outperforms competing methods when they are available and demonstrate a technique to accelerate EM algorithm convergence. We validate our approach using synthetic data and then apply our methods to cancer cell growth and estimation of mutation parameters in microsatellite evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, 60 College Street, Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
authors.forename: Forrest W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Padelford Hall C-315, Box 354322, Seattle, WA 98195-4322 USA.
authors.forename: Vladimir N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Minin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomathematics, University of California Los Angeles, 6558 Gonda Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1766 USA ; Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, 6558 Gonda Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1766 USA ; Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, 6558 Gonda Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1766 USA.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Suchard
keywords: Birth-death process; EM algorithm; MM algorithm; continuous-time Markov chain; maximum likelihood estimation; microsatellite evolution