title: Attributable inpatient costs of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the attributable inpatient costs of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic, urban, tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3,958 patients aged 18 years or more who developed an initial CDI episode from 2003 through 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected electronically from hospital administrative databases and were supplemented with chart review. Patients with an index CDI episode during the study period were followed up for 180 days from the end of their index hospitalization or the end of their index CDI antibiotic treatment (whichever occurred later). Total hospital costs during the outcome period for patients with recurrent versus a single episode of CDI were analyzed using zero-inflated lognormal models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 421 persons with recurrent CDI (recurrence rate, 10.6%). Recurrent CDI case patients were significantly more likely than persons without recurrence to have any hospital costs during the outcome period (P < .001). The estimated attributable cost of recurrent CDI was $11,631 (95% confidence interval, $8,937-$14,588).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The attributable costs of recurrent CDI are considerable. Patients with recurrent CDI are significantly more likely to have inpatient hospital costs than patients who do not develop recurrences. Better strategies to predict and prevent CDI recurrences are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Erik R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Dubberke
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Reske
authors.forename: Marya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zilberberg
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hollenbeak
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000191:economics* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000191:economics*; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies