title: Target-site resistance to neonicotinoids.
abstract: Neonicotinoid insecticides selectively target the invertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and disrupt excitatory cholinergic neurotransmission. First launched over 20 years ago, their broad pest spectrum, variety of application methods and relatively low risk to nontarget organisms have resulted in this class dominating the insecticide market with global annual sales in excess of $3.5 bn. This remarkable commercial success brings with it conditions in the field that favour selection of resistant phenotypes. A number of important pest species have been identified with mutations at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor associated with insensitivity to neonicotinoids. The detailed characterization of these mutations has facilitated a greater understanding of the invertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Crop Protection, Bracknell, RG42 6EY UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Crossthwaite
authors.affiliation: Insecticide Chemistry, Werk Stein, Syngenta Crop Protection, CH4332 Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rendine
authors.affiliation: Insecticide Chemistry, Werk Stein, Syngenta Crop Protection, CH4332 Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stenta
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, Werk Stein, Syngenta Crop Protection, CH4332 Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein Switzerland.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Slater
keywords: Neonicotinoid; Nicotinic; Resistance; Site; Target