title: Pretensioner loading to rear-seat occupants during static and dynamic testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pretensioners reduce the seat belt slack and couple the occupant early to the restraint system. There is a growing prevalence of rear seat pretensioners and it is essential to determine whether the load from the pretensioner itself can cause injuries to rear-seated children. The aim of the study was to investigate the loading to the neck, chest, and abdomen of various sizes of anthropometric test devices (ATDs) during the pretensioner deployment phase and the crash phase in low-severity frontal sled tests and during static deployment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Low-severity frontal sled tests were conducted with the Hybrid III (HIII) 3-year-old, HIII 6-year-old, HIII 5th percentile, and HIII 50th percentile ATDs. Two different retractor pretensioners with varying pretensioner force were used. The child ATDs were restrained on a booster cushion (BC), with and without a back. The loading to the neck and chest was compared to injury assessment reference values (IARVs) reported by Mertz et al. (2003). The chest loading to the HIII 5th percentile and HIII 50th percentile ATDs was also analyzed using age-related injury risk curves. Static pretensioner tests with the Q-series 10-year-old ATD, equipped with an advanced abdominal loading device, were conducted in standard ATD position and out-of-position with the lap belt positioned high on the abdomen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the crash phase, head excursion and neck loading were reduced for both pretensioners for all ATDs compared to testing without a pretensioner. The pretensioner reduced chest deflection to the adult ATDs but not to child ATDs when seated on a BC with a back during the crash phase. When the back was removed, chest deflection was reduced below IARV. The head excursion was reduced for all ATDs with both pretensioners. During the pretensioner deployment phase, the chest deflection exceeded the IARV for the HIII 3-year-old with the stronger pretensioner when seated on booster with a back and it was reduced below the IARV with the lower force pretensioner. For all ATDs, neck and chest loading during the pretensioner deployment phase were reduced when a pretensioner with lower force was used. Abdominal loading to the Q10 in the static pretensioner deployments indicated a low risk of abdominal injury in all tested positions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates the need to balance the pretensioner force and seat belt geometry to gain good pretensioner performance in both the pretensioner deployment phase and the crash phase.
authors.affiliation: a Autoliv Research , Vårgårda , Sweden.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bohman
authors.forename: Rikard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fredriksson
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000502:physiology*; D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D009333:Neck / Q000502:physiology*; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000009:adverse effects; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: abdominal injury; chest injury; child; pretensioner; rear seat