title: Assessing the fate and effects of an insecticidal formulation.
abstract: A 3-yr study was conducted on a corn field in central Illinois, USA, to understand the fate and effects of an insecticidal formulation containing the active ingredients phostebupirim and cyfluthrin. The objectives were to determine the best tillage practice (conventional vs conservation tillage) in terms of grain yields and potential environmental risk, to assess insecticidal exposure using concentrations measured in soil and runoff water and sediments, to compare measured insecticidal concentrations with predicted concentrations from selected risk assessment exposure models, and to calculate toxicity benchmarks from laboratory bioassays performed on reference aquatic and terrestrial nontarget organisms, using individual active ingredients and the formulation. Corn grain yields were not significantly different based on tillage treatment. Similarly, field concentrations of insecticides were not significantly (p > 0.05) different in strip tillage versus conventional tillage, suggesting that neither of the tillage systems would enable greater environmental risk from the insecticidal formulation. Risk quotients were calculated from field concentrations and toxicity data to determine potential risk to nontarget species. The insecticidal formulation used at the recommended rate resulted in soil, sediment, and water concentrations that were potentially harmful to aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, if exposure occurred, with risk quotients up to 34.
authors.affiliation: Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Chloé
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Perre
authors.forename: Karl W J
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Williard
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schoonover
authors.forename: Bryan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Tracye M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lydy
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry; D007087:Illinois; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D063086:Organothiophosphates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D063086:Organothiophosphates; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C000597695:phostebupirim; C052570:cyfluthrin
keywords: Corn; Organophosphate; Pyrethroid; Tillage; Toxicity