title: Is there material loss at the backside taper in modular CoCr acetabular liners?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metal wear and corrosion products generated by hip replacements have been linked to adverse local tissue reactions. Recent investigations of the stem/head taper junction have identified this modular interface as another possible source of metal debris; however, little is known regarding other modular metallic interfaces, their ability to produce metal debris, and possibly to provide insight in the mechanisms that produce metal debris.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We asked three questions: (1) can we develop a reliable method to estimate volumetric material loss from the backside taper of modular metal-on-metal liners, (2) do backside tapers of modular metal-on-metal liners show a quantifiable volumetric material loss, and, if so, (3) how do regions of quantitatively identified material loss correspond to visual and microscopic investigations of surface damage?
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one cobalt-chromium (CoCr) liners of one design and manufacturer were collected through an institutional review board-approved retrieval program. All liners were collected during revision surgeries, where the primary revision reason was loosening (n=11). A roundness machine measured 144 axial profiles equally spaced about the circumference of the taper region near the rim to estimate volume and depth of material loss. Sensitivity and repeatability analyses were performed. Additionally, visual and scanning electron microscopy investigations were done for three liners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our measurement method was found to be reproducible. The sensitivity (how dependent measurement results are on experimental parameters) and repeatability (how consistent results are between measurements) analyses confirmed that component alignment had no apparent effect (weak correlation, R2=0.04) on estimated volumetric material loss calculations. Liners were shown to have a quantifiable material loss (maximum=1.7 mm3). Visual investigations of the liner surface could identify pristine surfaces as as-manufactured regions, but could misidentify discoloration as a possible region of material loss. Scanning electron microscopy more accurately distinguished between as-manufactured and damaged regions of the taper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The roundness machine has been used to develop a repeatable method for characterizing material loss; future work comparing a gravimetric standard with estimations of material loss determined from the roundness machine may show the accuracy and effectiveness of this method. Liners show rates of material loss that compare with those reported for other taper junctions. Visual inspection alone may misidentify as-manufactured regions as regions of material loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies the acetabular liner/shell interface in modular metal-on-metal devices as a potential source of metal wear or corrosion products. The relation between metal debris and clinical performance, regardless of the type of bearing couple, is a concern for clinicians. Therefore, it is important to characterize every type of modular junction to understand the quantity, location, and mechanism(s) of material loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA, mta37@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Matthias T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Agne
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Underwood
authors.forename: Sevi B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kocagoz
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Judd S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parvizi
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kraay
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mont
authors.forename: Gregg R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Harold E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Cates
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kurtz
mesh_terms: D000077:Acetabulum / Q000601:surgery*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003343:Corrosion; D020878:Device Removal; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012086:Reoperation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys