title: Annual nitric and nitrous oxide fluxes from Chinese subtropical plastic greenhouse and conventional vegetable cultivations.
abstract: As intensive vegetable cultivation is rapidly expanding in China and elsewhere worldwide, its environmental consequences on nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions deserve attention. We measured N(2)O and NO fluxes simultaneously for a full year from Chinese subtropical vegetable fields. Clearly, both N(2)O and NO emissions varied greatly in different vegetable crop seasons within a year, highlighting the importance of whole-year measurement for achieving temporally accurate annual direct emission factors. A revised "hole-in-the-pipe" model well described quantitative relationships between N(2)O plus NO fluxes and soil-specific conditions. Annual background N(2)O and NO emissions were 0.73-5.0 and 0.26-0.56 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively, for the vegetable cultivations. The farmers' fertilization practice increased N(2)O and NO emissions. Annual direct emission factors for greenhouse and conventional vegetable fields, respectively, were 1.1% and 1.9% for N(2)O, and 0.36% and 0.32% for NO, indicating there is a need to consider a differentiation of emission factors for managed vegetable cultivations.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhisheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China. Electronic address: lcy@post.iap.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China.
authors.forename: Xunhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D051639:Gardening; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D010969:Plastics; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010969:Plastics; D012987:Soil; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009609:Nitrous Oxide
keywords: Emission factor; Hole-in-the-pipe model; Nitric oxide; Nitrous oxide; Vegetable cropland