title: Surgical management of early and late ureteral complications after renal transplantation: techniques and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we present our experience with ureteral complications requiring revision surgery after renal transplantation and compare our results to a matched control population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of our database between 1997 and 2012. We divided the cases into early (<60 d) and late repairs. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare graft survival between the intervention cohort and controls generated from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2671 kidney transplantations, 51 patients were identified as to having undergone 53 ureteral revision procedures; 43.4% of cases were performed within 60 d of the transplant and were all associated with urinary leaks, and 49% demonstrated ureteral stenosis. Reflux allograft pyelonephritis and ureterolithiasis were each the indication for intervention in 3.8%; 15.1% of the lesions were located at the anastomotic site, 37.7% in the distal segment, 7.5% in the middle segment, 5.7% proximal ureter, and 15.1% had a long segmental stenosis. In 18.9%, the location was not specified. Techniques used included ureterocystostomy (30.2%), ureteroureterostomy (34%), ureteropyelostomy (30.1%), pyeloileostomy (1.9%), and ureteroileostomy (3.8%). No difference in overall graft survival (HR 1.24 95% CI 0.33-4.64, p = 0.7) was detected when compared to the matched control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a variety of techniques designed to re-establish effective urinary flow, we have been able to salvage a high percentage of these allografts. When performed by an experienced team, a ureteric complication does not significantly impact graft survival or function as compared to a matched control group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jens U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Berli
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Dorry L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Segev
authors.forename: Lloyd E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ratner
authors.forename: Warren R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Maley
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Joseph K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Melancon
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.forename: Niraj M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Nabil N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Dagher
authors.forename: Bonnie E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lonze
authors.forename: Susanna M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nazarian
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion
keywords: renal transplantation; ureteral complications; ureteral leak; ureteral revision; ureteral stenosis