title: Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac dysfunction in patients of end stage renal disease on haemodialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients of end stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients with ESRD were subjected to two-dimensional and M mode echocardiography for determination of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. All patients were evaluated clinically, biochemically and radiologically and were diagnosed as chronic kidney disease (CKD). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and fractional shortening (FS) were taken as measures of left ventricular (LV) systolic function. Diastolic function was determined by measuring E/A ratio by spectral doppler LV inflow velocity. Echocardiographic findings of hypertensive and normotensive patients were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 70 patients studied, there were 53 males (75.7%) and 17 females (24.3%). Hypertension (37.1%) was leading cause of ESRD. Echocardiography showed that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was present in 74.3%. Systolic dysfunction as measured by reduced fractional shortening (<25%) and decreased LVEF (< 50%) was present in 8.6% and 24.3% respectively. Diastolic dysfunction as denoted by E/A ratio of less than 0.75 or more than 1.8 was present in 61.4% of patients. Regional wall motion abnormality (RWMA) was present in 12.9%. Pericardial effusion was noted in 14.3% of patients. Valvular calcification was noted in 7.1% of ESRD patients. Mean left ventricular internal diameter in diastole was 45.55 +/- 6.03 mm. Mean Interventricular septum diameters in systole was 12.2 +/- 1.71 mm. Mean left atrium diameter was 33.01 +/- 4.11 mm. Normotensive group was compared to hypertensive group. Statistically significant difference was noted in LVH and E/A ratio in hypertensive group as compared to normotensive group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with hypertensive ESRD had higher prevalence of diastolic and systolic dysfunction as compared to normotensive counterparts.
authors.forename: Mukesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laddha
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sachdeva
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Diggikar
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Satpathy
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kakrani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology