title: Human papillomavirus infection in oral fluids of HIV-1-positive men: prevalence and risk factors.
abstract: Human papillomavirus is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The natural history of oral HPV infection is unclear, and its risk factors have not been explored. Immunocompromised individuals, as exemplified by HIV patients, are at high risk for HPV-related diseases. The mean of this study is to determine the prevalence of HPV in the oral tract of HIV-1-positive male subjects and its association with risk factors. A total of 283 oral wash samples from HIV-1-positive men were tested. The oral fluid samples were used for DNA extraction and conventional PCR amplification; HPV genotyping was performed by hybridization. HPV genotyping revealed that nine samples (3.5%) were positive for HPV DNA; the major high-risk HPV types identified were 51 and 66. Worldwide studies have shown a variable prevalence of oral HPV. The diversity of genotypes and the high prevalence of multiple infections in HIV-infected subjects can be better explained by the effects of HIV-induced immunosuppression. The most important risk factors are unprotected sexual intercourse, but other factors for this infection have been described elsewhere including smoking, age and HIV-positive serostatus. In this study, smoking was the most important risk factor for acquiring oral HPV in HIV-1-infected subjects in Brazil.
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gaester
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz A M
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil.
authors.forename: Olinda
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Luiz
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tatiane
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Assone
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriele Souza
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fontes
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alberto J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Casseb
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires