title: A standardized light-emitting diode device for photoimmunotherapy.
abstract: Antibody-based photodynamic therapy-photoimmunotherapy (PIT)-is an ideal modality to improve cancer treatment because of its selective and tumor-specific mode of therapy. Because the use of PIT for cancer treatment is continuing to be described, there is great need to characterize a standardized light source for PIT application. In this work, we designed and manufactured a light-emitting diode (LED)/PIT device and validated the technical feasibility, applicability, safety, and consistency of the system for cancer treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  To outline the characteristics and photobiologic safety of the LED device, multiple optical measurements were performed in accordance with a photobiologic safety standard. A luciferase-transfected breast cancer cell line (2LMP-Luc) in combination with panitumumab-IRDye 700DX (pan-IR700) was used to validate the in vitro and in vivo performance of our LED device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Testing revealed the light source to be safe, easy to use, and independent of illumination and power output (mW cm(-2)) variations over time. For in vitro studies, an LED dose (2, 4, 6 J cm(-2))-dependent cytotoxicity was observed using propidium iodide exclusion and annexin V staining. Dose-dependent blebbing was also observed during microscopic analysis. Bioluminescence signals of tumors treated with 0.3 mg of pan-IR700 and 50 J cm(-2) decreased significantly (>80%) compared with signals of contralateral nontreated sites at 4 h and at 1 d after PIT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, a normalized and standardized LED device has not been explicitly described or developed. In this article, we introduce a standardized light source and validate its usability for PIT applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Warram
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elmire
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hartmans
authors.affiliation: Philips Consumer Lifestyle, Drachten, The Netherlands; and.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.affiliation: SurgVision, Heerenveen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bijl
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Lucia M A
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wouter B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Nagengast
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Eben L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands g.m.van.dam@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Gooitzen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: van Dam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D003124:Colorimetry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008027:Light; D049449:Luminescence; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000077544:Panitumumab; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000077544:Panitumumab
keywords: breast cancer; photoimmunotherapy; standardization