title: Everyday executive function impairments predict comorbid psychopathology in autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) both have psychiatric comorbidities and distinctive profiles of executive dysfunction. Although there is evidence that executive function (EF) plays a role in the expression of specific behaviors and psychiatric symptoms, it is not known whether specific EF deficits in ASD and ADHD may be pathways to comorbidities in the disorders. This study examines whether parent reported problems with flexibility in ASD and inhibition in ADHD mediate the disorders' associations with anxiety/depression and oppositional/aggressive behavior, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parent report data from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were obtained for 125 children (70 ASD, 55 ADHD Hyperactive/Impulsive or Combined type) as part of a neuropsychological assessment. Diagnostic status, BRIEF Shift (shifting/flexibility) and Inhibit (behavioral inhibition) scale scores, and CBCL Anxious/Depressed (anxiety/depression) and Aggressive Behavior (oppositionality/aggression) scale scores were analyzed with a path analysis to investigate the relation of flexibility and inhibition to comorbid symptoms in children with ASD and ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a path model with good fit ASD predicted greater inflexibility which predicted greater anxiety/depression, while ADHD predicted greater disinhibition that predicted greater aggression, consistent with our mediational hypotheses. Unexpectedly, the greater inflexibility associated with ASD also predicted greater aggression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the importance of everyday EF problems in ASD and ADHD as predictors of comorbid psychopathology and as crucial intervention targets for potential prevention and mitigation of comorbid symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Maryland.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Maryland.
authors.forename: Alison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Maryland.
authors.forename: Christopher I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Higginson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Maryland.
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center.
authors.forename: Meagan C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.affiliation: Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Strang
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, George Washington University.
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kenworthy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests