title: Teen options for change: an intervention for young emergency patients who screen positive for suicide risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research has documented the feasibility of screening in emergency departments for adolescent suicide risk. This randomized trial examined the effectiveness of Teen Options for Change (TOC), an intervention for adolescents seeking general medical emergency services who screen positive for suicide risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 49 youths, ages 14 to 19, seeking services for nonpsychiatric emergencies. They screened positive for suicide risk because of recent suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or depression plus substance abuse. Youths were randomly assigned to the TOC intervention or to enhanced treatment as usual. Depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation were assessed at baseline and two months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents assigned to TOC showed greater reductions in depression than adolescents assigned to the comparison group (Cohen's d=1.07, a large effect size). Hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse outcomes trended positively (nonsignificantly), with small to moderate effect sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TOC may be a promising, brief intervention for adolescents seeking emergency services and at risk of suicide.
authors.affiliation: Dr. King, Dr. Gipson, and Mr. Opperman are with the Department of Psychiatry, and Mr. Horwitz is with the Department of Psychology, all at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (e-mail: kingca@umich.edu ).
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Polly Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Gipson
authors.forename: Adam G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: Kiel J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Opperman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012306:Risk; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult; D000092864:Suicide Prevention