title: Oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity induced by prallethrin in rat and the protective effect of Origanum majorana essential oil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of prallethrin on renal dysfunction biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rats and the protective effect of Origanum majorana essential oil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were divided into four groups of seven rats in each group: (I) received only olive oil, (II) treated with 64.0 mg/kg body weight prallethrin (1/10 LD50) in olive oil via oral route daily for 28 d, (III) treated with 64.0 mg/kg body weight prallethrin (1/10 LD50) and essential oil (160 μL/kg body weight) in olive oil and (IV) received essential oil (160 μL/kg body weight) in olive oil via oral route twice daily for 28 d.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prallethrin caused significant increase in LPO and decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reduced. Consistent histological changes were found in the kidney of prallethrin treatment. Co-administration of essential oil attenuated the prallethrin induced renal toxicity and oxidative stress by decreasing LPO in kidney, creatinine, urea and uric acid levels in serum. In addition, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione reduced level were increased in kidney in prallethrin-essential oil groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We can conclude that prallethrin induced oxidative damage and renal toxicity in male rat. The administration of essential oil provided significant protection against prallethrin-induced oxidative stress, biochemical changes and histopathological damage.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Tahrir Str., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: dramelrefaie@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Amel Abd El-Rahman
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Refaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, National Research Centre (NRC), Tahrir Str., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Tahrir Str., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdel-Tawab Halim
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Mossa
keywords: Kidney; Origanum majorana; Oxidative stress; Prallethrin; Rat