title: Boosting long-term memory via wakeful rest: intentional rehearsal is not necessary, consolidation is sufficient.
abstract: People perform better on tests of delayed free recall if learning is followed immediately by a short wakeful rest than by a short period of sensory stimulation. Animal and human work suggests that wakeful resting provides optimal conditions for the consolidation of recently acquired memories. However, an alternative account cannot be ruled out, namely that wakeful resting provides optimal conditions for intentional rehearsal of recently acquired memories, thus driving superior memory. Here we utilised non-recallable words to examine whether wakeful rest boosts long-term memory, even when new memories could not be rehearsed intentionally during the wakeful rest delay. The probing of non-recallable words requires a recognition paradigm. Therefore, we first established, via Experiment 1, that the rest-induced boost in memory observed via free recall can be replicated in a recognition paradigm, using concrete nouns. In Experiment 2, participants heard 30 non-recallable non-words, presented as 'foreign names in a bridge club abroad' and then either rested wakefully or played a visual spot-the-difference game for 10 minutes. Retention was probed via recognition at two time points, 15 minutes and 7 days after presentation. As in Experiment 1, wakeful rest boosted recognition significantly, and this boost was maintained for at least 7 days. Our results indicate that the enhancement of memory via wakeful rest is not dependent upon intentional rehearsal of learned material during the rest period. We thus conclude that consolidation is sufficient for this rest-induced memory boost to emerge. We propose that wakeful resting allows for superior memory consolidation, resulting in stronger and/or more veridical representations of experienced events which can be detected via tests of free recall and recognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dewar
authors.affiliation: Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alber
authors.affiliation: Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.affiliation: Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Della Sala
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057567:Memory, Long-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012146:Rest / Q000523:psychology*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*