title: Aggressive policing and the mental health of young urban men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We surveyed young men on their experiences of police encounters and subsequent mental health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 2012 and March 2013, we conducted a population-based telephone survey of 1261 young men aged 18 to 26 years in New York City. Respondents reported how many times they were approached by New York Police Department officers, what these encounters entailed, any trauma they attributed to the stops, and their overall anxiety. We analyzed data using cross-sectional regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants who reported more police contact also reported more trauma and anxiety symptoms, associations tied to how many stops they reported, the intrusiveness of the encounters, and their perceptions of police fairness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intensity of respondent experiences and their associated health risks raise serious concerns, suggesting a need to reevaluate officer interactions with the public. Less invasive tactics are needed for suspects who may display mental health symptoms and to reduce any psychological harms to individuals stopped.
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, Amanda Geller was with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Jeffrey Fagan is with Columbia Law School, Columbia University. Tom Tyler is with Yale Law School, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Bruce G. Link is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Link
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016495:Police; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population