title: A survey of the dummy face and human face stimuli used in BCI paradigm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It was proved that the human face stimulus were superior to the flash only stimulus in BCI system. However, human face stimulus may lead to copyright infringement problems and was hard to be edited according to the requirement of the BCI study. Recently, it was reported that facial expression changes could be done by changing a curve in a dummy face which could obtain good performance when it was applied to visual-based P300 BCI systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, four different paradigms were presented, which were called dummy face pattern, human face pattern, inverted dummy face pattern and inverted human face pattern, to evaluate the performance of the dummy faces stimuli compared with the human faces stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The key point that determined the value of dummy faces in BCI systems were whether dummy faces stimuli could obtain as good performance as human faces stimuli. Online and offline results of four different paradigms would have been obtained and comparatively analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Online and offline results showed that there was no significant difference among dummy faces and human faces in ERPs, classification accuracy and information transfer rate when they were applied in BCI systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dummy faces stimuli could evoke large ERPs and obtain as high classification accuracy and information transfer rate as the human faces stimuli. Since dummy faces were easy to be edited and had no copyright infringement problems, it would be a good choice for optimizing the stimuli of BCI systems.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China. Electronic address: jinjingat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Optimization for Chemical Processes, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China. Electronic address: xywang@ecust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xingyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Advanced Brain Signal Processing, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Japan; Systems Research Institute of Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cichocki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009862:Online Systems; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain-computer interface (BCI); Dummy face; Event-related potentials; Human face