title: Comparison of preoperative tramadol and pethidine on postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A variety of analgesic agents are available, and which one can be used in dogs and cats is a highly controversial issue, existing however a fear in the use of opiates due to possible adverse effects that these drugs can cause. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect provided by the administration of tramadol or pethidine on early postoperative pain of cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy in a double-blind prospective study. Fourty-two animals were randomly assigned into three groups. Pet received pethidine (6 mg/kg), Tra 2 received tramadol (2 mg/kg) and Tra 4 received tramadol (4 mg/kg); all intramuscularly and associated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg). The efficacy of each analgesic regimen was evaluated prior to surgery (baseline - TBL), during surgery and 1, 3 and 6 hours after extubation with subjective pain scale, physiologic parameters, serum concentrations of glucose, cortisol and IL-6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in cardiovascular system were not clinically relevant. There were no significant differences in pain scores (P > 0.05) during the study, although the number of rescue analgesia was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at Pet group (5/14) than Tra 4 group (0/14), whereas in Tra 2, two animals (2/14) required additional analgesia. The serum cortisol values of Pet group were significantly higher at T1h T3h (P < 0.05) and T6h (P < 0.01) when compared to baseline (induction), also it was noticed a significant difference among the groups at T6h (Pet values were higher than Tra 2 and Tra 4; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tramadol provided adequate analgesia and it was more effective than pethidine to at least six hours for the studied animals. At the higher dose (4 mg/kg) tramadol is probably more effective, since rescue analgesia was not necessary. No significant changes were observed physiological parameter that could contraindicate the use of these opioid in described doses, for the feline species.
authors.forename: Marina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Evangelista
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Larissa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Cardozo
authors.forename: Marcia A P
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kahvegian
authors.forename: Thais C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Rossetto
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Matera
authors.forename: Denise T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Fantoni
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D008614:Meperidine