title: Environmental management strategy: four forces analysis.
abstract: We develop an analytical approach for more systematically analyzing environmental management problems in order to develop strategic plans. This approach can be deployed by agencies, non-profit organizations, corporations, or other organizations and institutions tasked with improving environmental quality. The analysis relies on assessing the underlying natural processes followed by articulation of the relevant societal forces causing environmental change: (1) science and technology, (2) governance, (3) markets and the economy, and (4) public behavior. The four forces analysis is then used to strategize which types of actions might be most effective at influencing environmental quality. Such strategy has been under-used and under-valued in environmental management outside of the corporate sector, and we suggest that this four forces analysis is a useful analytic to begin developing such strategy.
authors.affiliation: Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA, Martin.doyle@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Jesko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Von Windheim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004463:Ecology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D006076:Government