title: Structural diversity, its components and regenerating capacity of lesser Himalayan forests vegetation of Nikyal valley District Kotli (A.K), Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the patterns of species diversity, and regenerating capacity in the forest of Nikyal valley in relation to environmental variables and underlying anthropogenic influence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study area was selected in a traditionally managed mountain woody pasture during July 2012 to June 2013. The area was sampled by quadrat method. The quadrats were laid down at regular intervals of 150 m. The size of quadrats was kept 10×10, 5×5 and 1×1 m(2) for trees, shrubs and herbs respectively. Density, frequency and cover were recorded. Importance value index of each plant species was calculated and plant communities were named after the plant species having the highest IV. Then diversity, its components and regenerating capacity were calculated with their formulas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shannon's diversity ranged from 2.75 to 3.31, Simpson's diversity, 0.90 to 0.95; Menhinick's diversity, 0.83 to 1.19; evenness, 0.41 to 0.65; species richness, 4.89 to 6.08 and maturity index, 30 to 44 species distribution pattern. Diversity values were similar to the other Himalayan forests. Pinus roxburghaii was the only regenerating species whereas the remaining four tree species including Qurecus dilatata regenerate up to 100 cm; they are at extreme risk of elimination due to anthropogenic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nikyal valley is under severe deforestation pressure for fuel and timber value. There is an urgent need to promote the ethics among the people that improvement and conservation of natural resources are critical for land and soil management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, PMAS- University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Electronic address: malikshoaib1165@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad Shoaib
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Amjad
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, PMAS- University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arshad
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, PMAS- University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sunbal Khalil
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chaudhari
keywords: Diversity; Evenness; Nikyal hills; Regeneration; Richness