title: Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among thalassemia patients: a perspective from a multi-ethnic population of Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate current situation regarding the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in thalassemic patients visiting a thalassemia centre in Rawalpindi District, Pakistan for supportive therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HCV by using commercially available ELISA kit. Micro-plate reader was used to perform analysis based on the absorbance/cut-off ratios. Samples were considered positive or negative. Results from ELISA were analyzed statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 95 subjects were observed to have β-thalassemia major (96%) and β-thalassemia intermedia (4%). Among these, 47 (49%) were detected positive for anti-HCV antibodies and three for hepatitis B surface antigen. All recruited subjects were observed for therapy/medication behavior and clinical complications. About 83 (87%) patients were on chelation therapy, and overall complications (hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and splenectomy) were observed in 81% individuals. The distribution of disease status (thalassemia and hepatitis) was not significantly associated with gender, age, origin, province, socio-economic status and parental marriage type (P>0.05). The distributions of ferritin levels, therapy/medication and complications were assessed across demographic variables. Thalassemic subjects were distributed with respect to their sporadic and familial presentations. Among the familial cases (n=35), a total of 93 subjects were found to be affected. Parity was scored for the index cases, and majority belonged to second parity (29%), followed by first and third parities (25% and 15%, respectively). The sibship size was increasing with increasing parity level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although standardized blood screening procedures are supposed to be implemented, higher prevalence of HCV in thalassemic patients requires greater attention in Pakistan. Furthermore, a poor compliance regarding iron chelation therapy has been observed in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ghufranud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Din
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sajid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Safia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: javiddashti@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Javid Iqbal
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Dasti
keywords: Beta-thalassemia; Ferritin; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C