title: Evaluation of transdermal delivery of nanoemulsions in ex vivo porcine skin using two-photon microscopy and confocal laser-scanning microscopy.
abstract: This study experimentally evaluates the self-targeting ability of asiaticoside-loaded nanoemulsions compared with nontargeted nanoemulsions in ex vivo experiments with porcine skin samples. Homebuilt two-photon and confocal laser-scanning microscopes were employed to noninvasively examine the transdermal delivery of two distinct nanoemulsions. Prior to the application of nanoemulsions, we noninvasively observed the morphology of porcine skin using two-photon microscopy. We have successfully visualized the distributions of the targeted and nontargeted nanoemulsions absorbed into the porcine skin samples. Asiaticoside-loaded nanoemulsions showed an improved ex vivo transdermal delivery through the stratum corneum compared with nonloaded nanoemulsions. As a secondary measure, nanoemulsions-applied samples were sliced in the depth direction with a surgical knife in order to obtain the complete depth-direction distribution profile of Nile red fluorescence. XZ images demonstrated that asiaticoside-loaded nanoemulsion penetrated deeper into the skin compared with nontargeted nanoemulsions. The basal layer boundary is clearly visible in the case of the asiaticoside-loaded skin sample. These results reaffirm the feasibility of using self-targeting ligands to improve permeation through the skin barrier for cosmetics and topical drug applications.
authors.affiliation: Kyungpook National University, College of Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, 80 Daehak-ro Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sanghoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Hanyang University, Department of Applied Chemistry, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, Republic of KoreacHanyang University, Department of Bionano Technology, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, 426-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Woong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Kyungpook National University, College of Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, 80 Daehak-ro Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Joong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Capsum SAS, Heliopolis Batiment C, 3 allée des Maraichers, 13013 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Delmas
authors.affiliation: Kyungpook National University, College of Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, 80 Daehak-ro Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Changhwan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Keimyung University, College of Pharmacy, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soyeun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Kyungpook National University, College of Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, 80 Daehak-ro Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D010078:Oxazines; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D010078:Oxazines; C044808:nile red