title: Topical (+)-catechin emulsified gel prevents DMBA/TPA-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by modulating antioxidants and inflammatory biomarkers in BALB/c mice.
abstract: An emulsified gel of (+)-catechin was developed and evaluated topically against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted (DMBA-induced and TPA-promoted) squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in BALB/c mice. The biological evaluation outcome indicated that the (+)-catechin emulsified gel increased the activity of oxidative stress biomarkers glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), whereas it decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). The mechanistic study showed that genes implicated in the inflammation and cancer, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), were down-regulated by (+)-catechin emulsified gel while inhibiting an inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The (+)-catechin emulsified gel further suppressed the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines, viz. tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The in vitro permeation study revealed that release of (+)-catechin from an emulsified gel base reached a steady state after 6 h, while pH of the entire emulsified gel was found to be between 6.2 and 6.5 that falls well within the normal pH range of the skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Jitender
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Monga
authors.forename: Vaibhav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Sharad Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Suthar
authors.lastname: Monika
authors.forename: Khumukcham
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nongalleima
authors.forename: Manu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene / Q000633:toxicity; D000045:Acacia / Q000737:chemistry*; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002392:Catechin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000633:toxicity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D004655:Emulsions; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D002392:Catechin; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D015232:Dinoprostone; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate