title: Bladder paraganglioma: A report of case series and critical review of current literature.
abstract: Extra-adrenal chromaffin cell-related tumours or paragangliomas are rare, especially in the bladder. In this article, we reported three different clinical cases of bladder paraganglioma, followed by a review of current literature on the pathophysiology and management of bladder paraganglioma. Case 1 involved a 23 years old female patient who complained of a 10-year history of micturition-related headaches, palpitations and diaphoresis; while in case 2, a 58 years old female patient presented with history of painless haematuria and an incidentally diagnosis of a functioning paraganglioma during endoscopic transurethral resection of bladder tumour; and lastly in case 3, a 54 years old male renal transplant recipient was referred to the urology outpatient with a suspicious bladder mass found incidentally on routine transplant workshop.
authors.affiliation: Matheesha Ranaweera, Eric Chung, Department of Urology, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Matheesha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranaweera
authors.affiliation: Matheesha Ranaweera, Eric Chung, Department of Urology, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chung
keywords: Bladder mass; Bladder paraganglioma; Catecholamine and its metabolites; Nuclear imaging