title: Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using cashew nut shell liquid and its antibacterial activity against fish pathogens.
abstract: This study reveals a green process for the production of multi-morphological silver (Ag NPs) and gold (Au NPs) nanoparticles, synthesized using an agro-industrial residue cashew nut shell liquid. Aqueous solutions of Ag(+) ions for silver and chloroaurate ions for gold were treated with cashew nut shell extract for the formation of Ag and Au NPs. The nano metallic dispersions were characterized by measuring the surface plasmon absorbance at 440 and 546 nm for Ag and Au NPs. Transmission electron microscopy showed the formation of nanoparticles in the range of 5-20 nm for silver and gold with assorted morphologies such as round, triangular, spherical and irregular. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses of the freeze-dried powder confirmed the formation of metallic Ag and Au NPs in crystalline form. Further analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provided evidence for the presence of various biomolecules, which might be responsible for the reduction of silver and gold ions. The obtained Ag and Au NPs had significant antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration on bacteria associated with fish diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-752 South Korea.
authors.forename: Palanivel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Velmurugan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641-046 Tamil Nadu India.
authors.forename: Mahudunan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iydroose
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-752 South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Myung
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-752 South Korea.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-752 South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Genetics, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641-046 Tamil Nadu India.
authors.forename: Vellingiri
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balachandar
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-752 South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Taek
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Oh
keywords: Antibacterial activity; Cashew nut shell liquid; Fish pathogens; Gold; Nanoparticles; Silver