title: Evolution of meningococcal carriage in serogroups X and Y before introduction of MenAfriVac in the health district of Kaya, Burkina Faso.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the carriage of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) serogroups X and Y in the health district of Kaya before the introduction of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine in Burkina Faso.
  
  
  METHODS
  A repeated cross-sectional meningococcal carriage study was conducted in 2009 in eight randomly selected villages in the health district of Kaya, Burkina Faso. In each of 4 sampling rounds at least 1,500 people were enrolled within a 1-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a total of 6,686 throat swabs we identified 419 Nm isolates (6.27%). The dominating serogroups were Y (3.19%) and X (1.05%). Overall carriage was higher in the dry season compared with the rainy season (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.06-2.16). Carriage prevalence of serogroups Y and X varied by round and was highest at the end of the dry season (4.92% and 1.22%, respectively). The only risk factor associated with NmX carriage was vaccination status in contrast to serogroup Y, which was associated with age groups 5-9 years and 10-14 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of Nm serogroups X and Y, which could replace or be added to the serogroup A, is a warning sign. There is a need to strengthen surveillance and laboratory diagnosis of the various meningococcal serogroups circulating in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. absetou@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Absatou Ky
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ba
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. idrissasanou@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Idrissa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanou
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. paul.kristiansen@fhi.no.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. sangarel@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lassana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sangaré
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. ramaouedtra@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Rasmata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ouédraogo
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. ouattkalif@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Kalifa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ouattara
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. kienou_maxime@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kienou
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. tiendsimon@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tiendrebeogo
authors.affiliation: Universitaire Polytechnique de BoboDioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. juliettetranchotdiallo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tranchot
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002050:Burkina Faso / Q000453:epidemiology; D002353:Carrier State; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D065288:Serogroup
chemical_list: C573970:MenAfriVac; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines