title: X-ray computed tomography of the anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon.
abstract: The effect of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and iodine solution (IKI) staining was investigated as a method of enhancing contrast in the X-ray computed tomography of porcine anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) and patellar tendons (PT). We show that PTA enhanced surface contrast, but was ineffective at penetrating samples, whereas IKI penetrated more effectively and enhanced contrast after 70 hours of staining. Contrast enhancement was compared when using laboratory and synchrotron based X-ray sources. Using the laboratory source, PT fascicles were tracked and their alignment was measured. Individual ACL fascicles could not be identified, but identifiable features were evident that were tracked. Higher resolution scans of fascicle bundles from the PT and ACL were obtained using synchrotron imaging techniques. These scans exhibited greater contrast between the fascicles and matrix in the PT sample, facilitating the identification of the fascicle edges; however, it was still not possible to detect individual fascicles in the ACL.
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics, University of Manchester,UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.affiliation: School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rawson
authors.affiliation: Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Simon Joseph
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balint
authors.affiliation: Henry Mosely X-ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Robert Stephen
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: Henry Mosely X-ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: Diamond Light Source, Harwell Reserch Complex, Harwell, UK.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vila-Comamala
authors.affiliation: School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Peter David
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah Harriet
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cartmell
keywords: X-ray tomography; anterior cruciate ligament; contrast enhancement; fascicle; patellar tendon; staining