title: Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory.
abstract: The Great Hungarian Plain was a crossroads of cultural transformations that have shaped European prehistory. Here we analyse a 5,000-year transect of human genomes, sampled from petrous bones giving consistently excellent endogenous DNA yields, from 13 Hungarian Neolithic, Copper, Bronze and Iron Age burials including two to high (~22 × ) and seven to ~1 × coverage, to investigate the impact of these on Europe's genetic landscape. These data suggest genomic shifts with the advent of the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages, with interleaved periods of genome stability. The earliest Neolithic context genome shows a European hunter-gatherer genetic signature and a restricted ancestral population size, suggesting direct contact between cultures after the arrival of the first farmers into Europe. The latest, Iron Age, sample reveals an eastern genomic influence concordant with introduced Steppe burial rites. We observe transition towards lighter pigmentation and surprisingly, no Neolithic presence of lactase persistence.
authors.affiliation: 1] School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland [2] Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland [3] Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gamba
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Eppie R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Teasdale
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Russell L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Fortes
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mattiangeli
authors.affiliation: Dobó István Castle Museum, Vár utca 1, H-3300 Eger, Hungary.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Domboróczki
authors.affiliation: JPAC-Central Identification Laboratory, 310 Worchester Avenue, Building. 45 Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Honalulu, Hawaii 96853-5530, USA.
authors.forename: Ivett
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kővári
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ildikó
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pap
authors.affiliation: Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Múzeum körút 4/b, H-1o88 Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anders
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology and Conservation, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3EU, UK.
authors.forename: Alasdair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whittle
authors.affiliation: Déri Museum, Déri tér 1, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: János
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dani
authors.affiliation: Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Múzeum körút 4/b, H-1o88 Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Pál
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raczky
authors.affiliation: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas F G
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofreiter
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: 1] School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland [2] Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland [3] Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland [4] Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinhasi
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity; D005060:Europe; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human; D042822:Genomic Instability; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D049690:History, Ancient; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D011156:Population Density; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics / Q000266:history*