title: Impact of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder on functional outcome and health-related quality of life of patients with mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: The impact of disability following traumatic brain injury (TBI), assessed by functional measurement scales for TBI or by health-related quality of life (HRQoL), may vary because of a number of factors, including presence of depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and impact of depression and PTSD on functional outcome and HRQoL six and 12 months following mild TBI. We selected a sample of 1919 TBI patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) followed by either hospital admission or discharge to the home environment. The sample received postal questionnaires six and 12 months after treatment at the ED. The questionnaires included items regarding socio-demographics, the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Perceived Quality of Life Scale (PQoL), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Impact of Event Scale. A total of 797 (42%) TBI patients completed the six-month follow-up survey. Depression and PTSD prevalence rates at both the six- and 12-month follow-up were 7% and 9%, respectively. Living alone was an independent predictor of depression and/or PTSD at six- and 12-month follow-up. Depression and PTSD were associated with a significantly decreased functional outcome (measured with Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended) and HRQoL (measured using the SF-36 and the PQoL). We conclude that depression and/or PTSD are relatively common in our sample of TBI patients and associated with a considerable decrease in functional outcome and HRQoL.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Juanita A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Haagsma
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemieke C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Scholten
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Teuntje M J C
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Andriessen
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Neurology, Slingeland Hospital, Doetinchem, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ed F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Van Beeck
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Polinder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: brain injury; depression, follow-up study; post-traumatic stress disorder; quality of life; trauma