title: Evaluation of toxicant and carcinogen metabolites in the urine of e-cigarette users versus cigarette smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are rapidly increasing in popularity but little information is available on their potential toxic or carcinogenic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight e-cigarette smokers who had not smoked tobacco cigarettes for at least 2 months provided urine samples which were analyzed by validated methods for a suite of toxicant and carcinogen metabolites including 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides (total NNAL), 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3-HPMA), 2-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (2-HPMA), 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid (HMPMA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), nicotine, and cotinine. Levels of these compounds were compared to those found in cigarette smokers from three previous studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of 1-HOP, total NNAL, 3-HPMA, 2-HPMA, HMPMA, and SPMA were significantly lower in the urine of e-cigarette users compared to cigarette smokers. Levels of nicotine and cotinine were significantly lower in e-cigarette users compared to cigarette smokers in one study but not in another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With respect to the compounds analyzed here, e-cigarettes have a more favorable toxicity profile than tobacco cigarettes.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN hecht002@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hecht
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Carmella
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Delshanee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kotandeniya
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Makenzie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pillsbury
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Menglan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Benjamin W S
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Ransom
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Rachel Isaksson
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Programs and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Dorothy K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D000328:Adult; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000652:urine; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000652:urine; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine; D011725:Pyridines / Q000652:urine; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine*; D062789:Tobacco Products; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C518631:3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid; D002273:Carcinogens; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011721:Pyrenes; D011725:Pyridines; C053003:S-phenyl-N-acetylcysteine; D009538:Nicotine; C001423:S-(3-hydroxypropyl)cysteine N-acetate; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol; D003367:Cotinine; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene; D000111:Acetylcysteine