title: Clinical trial of a new technique for drugs of abuse testing: a new possible sampling technique.
abstract: Exhaled breath has recently been proposed as a matrix for drug testing. This study aims to further explore, develop and validate exhaled breath as a safe and effective non-invasive method for drug testing in a clinical setting. Self-reported drug use was recorded and drug testing was performed by mass spectrometry and immunochemical methods using breath, plasma and urine samples from 45 individuals voluntarily seeking treatment for recreational drug use. Cannabis was the most prevalent drug detected by any method. Urine sampling detected most cases. The exhaled breath technique was less sensitive (73%) than plasma analysis for detection of cannabis uses but captures a more recent drug intake than both plasma and urine. Exhaled breath was the preferred specimen to donate according to interview data of the participants. Testing illicit drugs with the exhaled breath sampling technique is a sufficient, non-invasive and safe alternative and complement to plasma and/or urine sampling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Skoglund
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulric
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hermansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, section of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D045853:Exhalation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D057566:Self Report; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Cannabis; Drug testing; Exhaled breath; Illicit drugs; Self-report