title: CPP mediated insulin delivery: current status and promising future.
abstract: A variety of methods including penetrating enhancers, enzyme inhibitors, as well as cargo mediated drug delivery have been explored to improve the intolerance of parenteral administrated insulin, but little success has been achieved so far. Under this background, cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), with their ability to enhance transport efficiency of macromolecular drugs have been demonstrated to be able to increase insulin bioavailability (BA) in a number of studies, of which a BA up to 50.7% relative to subcutaneously administered insulin could be achieved by nasal route under optimal conditions. Furthermore, CPPs could be conveniently formulated with insulin, or be grafted onto drug-loaded cargoes to facilitate the cargo mediated insulin delivery. Here we reviewed the recent achievements on CPP-mediated insulin transport, and outlined various CPP-based delivery strategies which are expected to show potential in clinical translation in the future.
authors.forename: Ergang
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jianyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Junxiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Junbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Victor C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China. jxwang@shmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huining
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin