title: Selection of reference genes for normalization of quantitative polymerase chain reaction data in mouse models of heart failure.
abstract: The accurate measurement of mRNA expression levels is crucially dependent on the use of relevant reference genes for the normalization of data. Currently, heart failure is a serious and widespread disease, and multiple mouse models are utilized for the study of this complex disease. Although mouse models are commonly used to study cardiovascular disease, various studies have not employed the appropriate selection strategies. The present study investigated the expression stability of eight candidate reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, B2M, CycA, TBP, PBGD, HTRP 1 and 18S) in two mouse models of heart failure, including the transverse aortic arch constriction (TAC) model and the myocardial infarction (MI) model, using GeNorm software. The expression of BNP was normalized using different reference gene strategies, and it was demonstrated that its induction following heart failure was most profound with the optimal reference gene combination. The most stable genes were identified as follows: TBP and CycA in the MI model, and PBGD and GAPDH in the TAC model. The present study provides important information for reference gene selection in mouse models of heart failure, and will aid further investigations of the transcriptome in cardiovascular research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qiaoling
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jiayin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Rang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000592:standards*; D005796:Genes; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards