title: Longitudinal effects of metabolic syndrome on Alzheimer and vascular related brain pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the longitudinal effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on brain-aging indices among cognitively normal (CN) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) groups [single-domain aMCI (saMCI) and multiple-domain aMCI (maMCI)].
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 739 participants (CN = 226, saMCI = 275, and maMCI = 238) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, a clinic-based, multi-center prospective cohort. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to determine a MetS latent composite score using baseline data of vascular risk factors. We examined the changes of two Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, namely [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) regions of interest and medial temporal lobe volume over 5 years. A cerebrovascular aging index, cerebral white matter (cWM) volume, was examined as a comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vascular risk was similar in all groups. Applying generalized estimating equation modeling, all brain-aging indices declined significantly over time. Higher MetS scores were associated with a faster decline of cWM in the CN and maMCI groups but with a slower decrement of regional glucose metabolism in FDG-PET in the saMCI and maMCI groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the very early stage of cognitive decline, the vascular burden such as MetS may be in parallel with or independent of AD pathology in contributing to cognitive impairment in terms of accelerating the disclosure of AD pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., USA ; Department of School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Raymond Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., USA ; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass., USA ; Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Que., Canada.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ducharme
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Computational Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., USA ; Department of School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Ding-Geng
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mapstone
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porsteinsson
keywords: Alzheimer pathology; Metabolic syndrome; Mild cognitive impairment; Vascular pathology