title: Efficient improvement of surface activity of tea saponin through Gemini-like modification by straightforward esterification.
abstract: Novel strategy of Gemini-like modification has been applied in development of new nonionic surfactants, tea saponin esters, with enhanced surface activity by simple esterification. Tea saponin was treated with acyl chlorides of different chain length and different ratio of tea saponin and acyl chloride under alkaline condition. The structures of tea saponin esters were analysed and confirmed by FT-IR, NMR and ESI-MS. Surface activity investigation revealed that esterification with the chain length of C12 and C14 and the ratio of 1:4 to 1:6 produced superior surface activity compared with tea saponin. The exceptional surface activity of the new surfactants suggested their great potential application in food industry as green surfactants due to their environmental benign nature as well as simple and inexpensive preparation. The strategy of Gemini-like modification will facilitate development of green surfactants based on natural resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Songbai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D004951:Esterification; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D012503:Saponins; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D013662:Tea
keywords: Esterification; Gemini; Surface activity; Surfactant; Tea saponin