title: [Detection and evaluation of cartilage defects in the canine stifle joint - an ex vivo study using high-field magnetic resonance imaging].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to implement and test an imaging protocol for the detection and evaluation of standardised cartilage defects using high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to determine its limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 84 cartilage defects were created in the femoral condyles of euthanized dogs with a minimum body mass of 25 kg. The cartilage defects had a depth of 0.3 to 1.0 mm and a diameter of 1 to 5 mm. T1-FLASH-3D-WE-sequences with an isotropic voxel size of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 mm and an anisotropic voxel size of 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.8 mm were used. In addition to quantitative evaluation of the cartilage defects, the sig- nal intensities, signal-to-noise ratios and contrast-to-noise ratios of the cartilage were determined. Of special interest were the limita- tions in identifying and delineating the standardised cartilage defects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the anisotropic voxel size, more cartilage defects were detectable. Our results demonstrated that cartilage defects as small as 3.0 mm in diameter and 0.4 mm in depth were reliably detected using anisotropic settings. Cartilage defects below this size were not reliably detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that for optimal delineation of the joint cartilage and associated defects, a higher in-plane resolution with a larger slice thickness should be used, corresponding to the anisotropic settings employed in this study. For the delineation of larger cartilage defects, both the anisotropic and isotropic imaging methods can be used.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Katharina Flatz, Chirurgische und Gynäkologische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Radiologie, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, E-Mail: Flatz@lmu.de.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Flatz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Flatz
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Matis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002357:Cartilage Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013264:Stifle / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Cartilage; MRI; T1-FLASH-3D-WE; femoral condyles; standardised cartilage defects