title: [Physicians conscience and Zeitgeist].
abstract: According to Luhmann conscience is understood as a value-neutral function for forming identity. Its background is biological in nature but receives its values from the normative context of family and society. In an evolutionary perspective group congruent behavior could offer a survival advantage that will be stabilized by an emotional bonding to a group. This bonding makes the individual dependent on the sociocultural context, including its normative content and its change.This influence becomes clear in different individual as well as time-dependent judgments of a specific moral problem in multicultural societies and with changes of the zeitgeist. Such influences are illustrated by numerous examples and lead to the question whether at all and by which criteria changes of conscience will be recognized by the person concerned. This article aims at a sensitization for questions of formation and vulnerability of the conscience.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050, Berlin, Deutschland, hanfried.helmchen@charite.de.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helmchen
mesh_terms: D003242:Conscience; D004992:Ethics, Medical / Q000266:history*; D005053:Eugenics / Q000266:history*; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D028681:Moral Obligations; D028683:National Socialism / Q000266:history*; D010820:Physicians / Q000941:ethics* / Q000266:history*