title: Impact of redox-active polymer molecular weight on the electrochemical properties and transport across porous separators in nonaqueous solvents.
abstract: Enhancing the ionic conductivity across the electrolyte separator in nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NRFBs) is essential for improving their performance and enabling their widespread utilization. Separating redox-active species by size exclusion without greatly impeding the transport of supporting electrolyte is a potentially powerful alternative to the use of poorly performing ion-exchange membranes. However, this strategy has not been explored possibly due to the lack of suitable redox-active species that are easily varied in size, remain highly soluble, and exhibit good electrochemical properties. Here we report the synthesis, electrochemical characterization, and transport properties of redox-active poly(vinylbenzyl ethylviologen) (RAPs) with molecular weights between 21 and 318 kDa. The RAPs reported here show very good solubility (up to at least 2.0 M) in acetonitrile and propylene carbonate. Ultramicroelectrode voltammetry reveals facile electron transfer with E1/2 ∼ -0.7 V vs Ag/Ag(+)(0.1 M) for the viologen 2+/+ reduction at concentrations as high as 1.0 M in acetonitrile. Controlled potential bulk electrolysis indicates that 94-99% of the nominal charge on different RAPs is accessible and that the electrolysis products are stable upon cycling. The dependence of the diffusion coefficient on molecular weight suggests the adequacy of the Stokes-Einstein formalism to describe RAPs. The size-selective transport properties of LiBF4 and RAPs across commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) separators such as Celgard 2400 and Celgard 2325 were tested. COTS porous separators show ca. 70 times higher selectivity for charge balancing ions (Li(+)BF4(-)) compared to high molecular weight RAPs. RAPs rejection across these separators showed a strong dependence on polymer molecular weight as well as the pore size; the rejection increased with both increasing polymer molecular weight and reduction in pore size. Significant rejection was observed even for rpoly/rpore (polymer solvodynamic size relative to pore size) values as low as 0.3. The high concentration attainable (>2.0 M) for RAPs in common nonaqueous battery solvents, their electrochemical and chemical reversibility, and their hindered transport across porous separators make them attractive materials for nonaqueous redox flow batteries based on the enabling concept of size-selectivity.
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, †Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Gavvalapalli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nagarjuna
authors.forename: Jingshu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-López