title: Correlation between femoral guidewire position and tunnel communication in double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The object of this study was to determine the shortest possible distances of antero-medial (AM) and postero-lateral (PL) guide wire tunnel positions required to prevent femoral bone tunnel communication in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using human cadaver knees.
  
  
  METHODS
  The centers of femoral AM and PL bundles of 16 cadaveric knees were drilled with guide wires and the distances of guide wires, were measured upon entrance into the bone. Femoral tunnel drilling was performed using transportal technique. The diameters of AM and PL graft were 8 mm and 6 mm, respectively. CT scans were taken on each knee, and 3-dimensional models were constructed to identify the femoral tunnel position and to create AM and PL tunnel virtual cylinders. Thickness of the bone bridge between the two tunnels was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In four out of six specimens, in which the guide wires were placed at less than or equal to 9 mm, communication was noted. In specimens with guide wires placed at distances greater than or equal to 10 mm, communication was not noted. The two groups showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.008). In cases where the distance between the AM and PL femoral tunnel guide wires was 12 mm, the bone bridge thickness was greater than 2 mm along the tunnel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The technique for double bundle-anterior cruciate ligament (DB-ACL) reconstruction that we show here can avoid bone tunnel communication when AM and PL femoral guide wires are placed at least 10 mm apart, and 12 mm should be kept to preserve 2 mm bone bridge thickness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hyuk
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Bun Jung
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Cheol
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Hong Kwon
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea. hscspine@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Sun Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D001864:Bone Wires; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; double bundle reconstruction; femoral tunnel