title: Cytokines in bipolar disorder: paving the way for neuroprogression.
abstract: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic, and recurrent psychiatric illness. It has been associated with high prevalence of medical comorbidities and cognitive impairment. Its neurobiology is not completely understood, but recent evidence has shown a wide range of immune changes. Cytokines are proteins involved in the regulation and the orchestration of the immune response. We performed a review on the involvement of cytokines in BD. We also discuss the cytokines involvement in the neuroprogression of BD. It has been demonstrated that increased expression of cytokines in the central nervous system in postmortem studies is in line with the elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines in BD patients. The proinflammatory profile and the immune imbalance in BD might be regarded as potential targets to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Neuropsiquiatria, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190 Santa Efigênia, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabela Guimarães
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Imunologia do Envelhecimento, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS), 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Moisés Evandro
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociências, LIM27, Instituto e Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 01060-970 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machado-Vieira
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Neuropsiquiatria, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190 Santa Efigênia, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil ; Instituto de Estudos Avançados Transdisciplinares (IEAT), UFMG, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Lucio
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines