title: The role of sleep disturbances in the longitudinal relationship between psychosocial working conditions, measured by work demands and support, and depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because work demands and lack of social support seem to be prospectively linked to sleep problems, and sleep problems are linked to depression, sleep problems may play a role in the relationship between these work characteristics and depressive symptoms. In order to shed more light on this relationship, the current study investigated whether disturbed sleep is a mediator in the longitudinal relationships between work demands, social support, and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort study with repeated survey measures on four occasions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swedish workforce.
  
  
  METHODS
  2,017 working participants from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health in 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Work demands (four items) and social support (six items) were assessed with the Demand Control Questionnaire, disturbed sleep (four items) with the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire, and depressive symptoms with a brief subscale (six items) from the Symptom Checklist. Autoregressive longitudinal mediation models using structural equation modeling were tested. The work characteristics, and disturbed sleep, were found to be separately associated with depressive symptoms in subsequent waves. However, only demands were found to be longitudinally related to subsequent disturbed sleep. The longitudinal autoregressive models supported a weak mediating role of disturbed sleep in the relationship between demands and depressive symptoms (standardized beta 0.008, P < 0.001), but not between support and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that higher demands at work might cause an increase in depressive symptoms, in part, by increasing disturbed sleep, although the mediated effect was relatively small compared to the total effect.
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Magnusson Hanson
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Holendro Singh
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chungkham
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Åkerstedt
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westerlund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: causal pathways; demand-control-support model; depressive disorders; longitudinal mediation; sleep problems; structural equation Modeling