title: 3D curvature of muscle fascicles in triceps surae.
abstract: Muscle fascicles curve along their length, with the curvatures occurring around regions of high intramuscular pressure, and are necessary for mechanical stability. Fascicles are typically considered to lie in fascicle planes that are the planes visualized during dissection or two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound scans. However, it has previously been predicted that fascicles must curve in three-dimensional (3D) and thus the fascicle planes may actually exist as 3D sheets. 3D fascicle curvatures have not been explored in human musculature. Furthermore, if the fascicles do not lie in 2D planes, then this has implications for architectural measures that are derived from 2D ultrasound scans. The purpose of this study was to quantify the 3D curvatures of the muscle fascicles and fascicle sheets within the triceps surae muscles and to test whether these curvatures varied among different contraction levels, muscle length, and regions within the muscle. Six male subjects were tested for three torque levels (0, 30, and 60% maximal voluntary contraction) and four ankle angles (-15, 0, 15, and 30° plantar flexion), and fascicles were imaged using 3D ultrasound techniques. The fascicle curvatures significantly increased at higher ankle torques and shorter muscle lengths. The fascicle sheet curvatures were of similar magnitude to the fascicle curvatures but did not vary between contractions. Fascicle curvatures were regionalized within each muscle with the curvature facing the deeper aponeuroses, and this indicates a greater intramuscular pressure in the deeper layers of muscles. Muscle architectural measures may be in error when using 2D images for complex geometries such as the soleus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; and manku.rana@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Manku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
authors.forename: Ghassan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hamarneh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; and.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wakeling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: fascicle planes; free hand ultrasound; intramuscular pressure; regionalization