title: Enhancing vitamin E bioaccessibility: factors impacting solubilization and hydrolysis of α-tocopherol acetate encapsulated in emulsion-based delivery systems.
abstract: Oil-soluble vitamins are often encapsulated within emulsion-based delivery systems to facilitate their incorporation into aqueous-based products. We have examined the influence of carrier oil type and simulated small intestinal fluid (SSIF) composition on the bioaccessibility of emulsified vitamin E using a gastrointestinal model. Oil-in-water emulsions containing vitamin E acetate were prepared using bile salts as emulsifier, and either long chain triacylglycerols (glyceryl trioleate, LCT) or medium chain triacylglycerols (glyceryl trioctanoate, MCT) as carrier oils. The addition of calcium (CaCl₂) to the SSIF increased the extent of lipid digestion in LCT-emulsions, but had little impact in MCT-emulsions. The bioaccessibility of vitamin E increased in the presence of calcium and phospholipids (DOPC) in LCT-emulsions, but decreased in MCT-emulsions. The highest bioaccessibility (≈66%) was achieved for LCT-emulsions when the SSIF contained both calcium and phospholipids. The conversion of α-tocopherol acetate to α-tocopherol after in vitro digestion was considerably higher for LCT-emulsions when calcium ions were present in the SSIF, but was not strongly affected by SSIF composition for MCT-emulsions. In general, this research provides important information about the factors influencing the bioaccessibility of emulsified vitamin E, which could be used to design more effective emulsion-based delivery systems for increasing the oral bioavailability of this important bioactive component.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA. mcclements@foodsci.umass.edu.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Eric Andrew
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: David Julian
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McClements
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D002210:Caprylates / Q000737:chemistry; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004063:Digestion; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D004655:Emulsions; D005503:Food Additives / Q000737:chemistry; D005524:Food Technology; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007419:Intestinal Secretions / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009753:Nutritive Value; D020358:Sodium Cholate / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000737:chemistry; D014304:Triolein / Q000737:chemistry; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002210:Caprylates; D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005503:Food Additives; D014280:Triglycerides; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid; D014304:Triolein; C003637:tricaprylin; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D020358:Sodium Cholate