title: Objective sleep structure and cardiovascular risk factors in the general population: the HypnoLaus Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between objective sleep measures and metabolic syndrome (MS), hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 2,162 patients (51.2% women, mean age 58.4 ± 11.1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were evaluated for hypertension, diabetes, overweight/obesity, and MS, and underwent a full polysomnography (PSG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PSG measured variables included: total sleep time (TST), percentage and time spent in slow wave sleep (SWS) and in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, sleep efficiency and arousal index (ArI). In univariate analyses, MS was associated with decreased TST, SWS, REM sleep, and sleep efficiency, and increased ArI. After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, drugs that affect sleep and depression, the ArI remained significantly higher, but the difference disappeared in patients without significant sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Differences in sleep structure were also found according to the presence or absence of hypertension, diabetes, and overweight/obesity in univariate analysis. However, these differences were attenuated after multivariate adjustment and after excluding subjects with significant SDB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population-based sample we found significant associations between sleep structure and MS, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. However, these associations were cancelled after multivariate adjustment. We conclude that normal variations in sleep contribute little if any to MS and associated disorders.
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haba-Rubio
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andries
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tobback
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Preisig
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vollenweider
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waeber
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Genomics, Lausanne University, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gianina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luca
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.|Center for Integrative Genomics, Lausanne University, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tafti
authors.affiliation: Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.|Pulmonary Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heinzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: diabetes; hypertension; metabolic syndrome; obesity; polysomnography