title: Surface micromorphological changes of glass ionomer following application of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride: a scanning electron microscope study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface micromorphological changes of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) (Fuji II, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and high strength, high viscosity GIC (Fuji IX GP, GC Corporation) subjected to 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel for 4 min. It also evaluated the surface micromorphological changes that occurred in these materials when they were coated with a layer of glass ionomer varnish prior to the application of 1.23% APF gel.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 uniform glass ionomer cylinders were prepared (30 of each Fuji II and Fuji IX) and stored in distilled water for 48 h, following which they were divided into six groups depending on the surface treatment. Group 1: Fuji II alone, Group 2: Fuji IX alone, Group 3: Fuji II + 1.23% APF gel for 4 min, Group 4: Fuji IX + 1.23% APF gel for 4 min, Group 5: Fuji II + varnish + 1.23% APF gel for 4 min, and Group 6: Fuji IX + varnish + 1.23% APF gel for 4 min. After the required surface treatment had been done, the specimens were mounted, coated, and evaluated under scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kruskal-Wallis test applied to compare the level of degradation among the groups subjected to treatment was highly significant (P < 0.001). Mann-Whitney test was applied to test the association between glass ionomer varnish and level of surface degradation and was also statistically significant (P = 0.001).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that APF gel etched the surface of both Fuji II and Fuji IX. However, Fuji IX showed to possess better resistance to the erosive effect of APF than Fuji II. It was also observed that application of glass ionomer varnish prior to APF gel application protected the glass ionomer from the erosive effect of APF gel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APF gel caused erosive wear of the GICs esp. Fuji II. Hence, it is advisable to avoid the use of APF containing preparations for regular home use especially in children having glass ionomer restoration. If APF gel is indicated or preferred for professional application, it is recommended to apply glass ionomer varnish on the restored teeth prior to the APF gel application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mar Baselious Dental College, Kothamangalam, India.
authors.forename: Ektah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khosla
authors.forename: Sobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuriakose
authors.forename: Chintu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suderasen
mesh_terms: D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride