title: Resveratrol suppresses the inflammatory responses of human gingival epithelial cells in a SIRT1 independent manner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In periodontitis, chronic infection by periodontopathic bacteria induces uncontrolled inflammation, which leads to periodontal tissue destruction. Human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) constitute a critical first line of defense against periodontopathic bacteria, both as a physical barrier and as regulators of inflammation. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, reportedly has anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, we investigated the effects of resveratrol on the Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammatory responses of HGECs and their mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We stimulated the HGEC line, epi 4, with live or heat-killed P. gingivalis in the presence of resveratrol, and analyzed expressions of the interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-1β genes. We determined the involvement of SIRT1 in the effect of resveratrol using sirtinol (a SIRT1 inhibitor) or SIRT1 knockdown. We also examined whether the effects were mediated by activation of AMP-activated kinase, suppression of reactive oxygen species, or inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resveratrol treatment decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and slightly increased the expression of SIRT1. However, neither SIRT1 inhibition nor SIRT1 knockdown counteracted its anti-inflammatory effects. Although resveratrol did not affect AMP-activated kinase activation or reactive oxygen species production, it slightly suppressed NF-κB translocation when cells were stimulated with heat-killed P. gingivalis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resveratrol suppressed the inflammatory responses of P. gingivalis-stimulated HGECs, probably by inhibiting NF-κB signaling but independent of SIRT1.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.|Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Minagawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okui
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.|Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: General Dentistry and Clinical Education Unit, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabeta
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
mesh_terms: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005881:Gingiva; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B
keywords: SIRT1; anti-inflammatory effect; human gingival epithelial cell; resveratrol