title: Triptolide inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by promoting proteasomal degradation of Tat protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plants remain an important source of new drugs, new leads and new chemical entities. Triptolide is a diterpenoid epoxide isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F that possesses a broad range of bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-tumor properties. The antiviral activity of triptolide against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has not been reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, nanomolar concentrations of triptolide were shown to potently inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro. To identify the step(s) of the HIV-1 replication cycle affected by triptolide, time-of-addition studies, PCR analysis and direct transfection of viral genomic DNA were performed. The results of these experiments indicated that triptolide acts at the stage of viral gene transcription. In addition, a luciferase-based reporter assay that allows quantitative analysis of long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven transcription showed that Tat-induced LTR activation was impaired in the presence of triptolide. Moreover, Western blot analysis of exogenous gene expression (driven by the human elongation factor 1 α subunit promoter) in transiently transfected cells revealed that triptolide specifically reduces the steady-state level of Tat protein, without suppressing global gene expression. Further studies showed that triptolide accelerates Tat protein degradation, which can be rescued by administration of the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Mutation analysis revealed that N-terminal domains of Tat protein and nuclear localization are required for triptolide to reduce steady-state level of Tat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests for the first time that triptolide exerts its anti-HIV-1 activity by specifically prompting the degradation of the virally encoded Tat protein, which is a novel mechanism of action for an anti-HIV-1 compound. This compound may serve as a starting point for developing a novel HIV-1 therapeutic approach or as a basic research tool for interrogating events during viral replication.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China. zhitao.wan@hotmail.com.|Current address: China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. zhitao.wan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhitao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China. chenxl@wh.iov.cn.
authors.forename: Xulin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015696:Gene Products, tat / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D059748:Proteolysis; D029757:Tripterygium / Q000737:chemistry; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D015696:Gene Products, tat; D010616:Phenanthrenes; C001899:triptolide; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex