title: Return on investment: a fuller assessment of the benefits and cost savings of the US publicly funded family planning program.
abstract: Policy Points: The US publicly supported family planning effort serves millions of women and men each year, and this analysis provides new estimates of its positive impact on a wide range of health outcomes and its net savings to the government. The public investment in family planning programs and providers not only helps women and couples avoid unintended pregnancy and abortion, but also helps many thousands avoid cervical cancer, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, infertility, and preterm and low birth weight births. This investment resulted in net government savings of $13.6 billion in 2010, or $7.09 for every public dollar spent.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Each year the United States' publicly supported family planning program serves millions of low-income women. Although the health impact and public-sector savings associated with this program's services extend well beyond preventing unintended pregnancy, they never have been fully quantified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drawing on an array of survey data and published parameters, we estimated the direct national-level and state-level health benefits that accrued from providing contraceptives, tests for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Pap tests and tests for human papillomavirus (HPV), and HPV vaccinations at publicly supported family planning settings in 2010. We estimated the public cost savings attributable to these services and compared those with the cost of publicly funded family planning services in 2010 to find the net public-sector savings. We adjusted our estimates of the cost savings for unplanned births to exclude some mistimed births that would remain publicly funded if they had occurred later and to include the medical costs for births through age 5 of the child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2010, care provided during publicly supported family planning visits averted an estimated 2.2 million unintended pregnancies, including 287,500 closely spaced and 164,190 preterm or low birth weight (LBW) births, 99,100 cases of chlamydia, 16,240 cases of gonorrhea, 410 cases of HIV, and 13,170 cases of pelvic inflammatory disease that would have led to 1,130 ectopic pregnancies and 2,210 cases of infertility. Pap and HPV tests and HPV vaccinations prevented an estimated 3,680 cases of cervical cancer and 2,110 cervical cancer deaths; HPV vaccination also prevented 9,000 cases of abnormal sequelae and precancerous lesions. Services provided at health centers supported by the Title X national family planning program accounted for more than half of these benefits. The gross public savings attributed to these services totaled approximately $15.8 billion-$15.7 billion from preventing unplanned births, $123 million from STI/HIV testing, and $23 million from Pap and HPV testing and vaccines. Subtracting $2.2 billion in program costs from gross savings resulted in net public-sector savings of $13.6 billion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Public expenditures for the US family planning program not only prevented unintended pregnancies but also reduced the incidence and impact of preterm and LBW births, STIs, infertility, and cervical cancer. This investment saved the government billions of public dollars, equivalent to an estimated taxpayer savings of $7.09 for every public dollar spent.
authors.affiliation: Guttmacher Institute.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sonfield
authors.forename: Mia R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zolna
authors.forename: Lawrence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Finer
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000191:economics; D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D017046:Cost Savings / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D005380:Financing, Government / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: contraception; cost-benefit analysis; family planning services; financing