title: Twin Xenopus laevis embryos appearing from flattened eggs.
abstract: Remarkable progress has recently been made in molecular biology of double axis formation in Xenopus laevis. Leaving aside, for the time being, the problem of the gene expressions regulating Xenopus laevis development, here I show that pulse treatment could induce formation of a secondary axis in a fertilized Xenopus laevis egg. At 3 min after insemination, metal oxides were added to Xenopus fertilized eggs, and then twin embryos appeared. Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) was the most effective metal oxide for producing twin embryos. ZrO2 was added to the fertilized eggs, and 30 sec later, the eggs were dejellied with cysteine solution and washed within 7 min after insemination. The fertilized eggs began flattening at around 15 min after insemination. When the degree of flattening (the vertical length of the egg divided by the horizontal length) of the eggs at the 16- and 32-cell stages became less than 0.4 degrees, production of twin embryos occurred. Many flattened eggs at less than 0.4 degrees formed twin embryos. The third cleavage of eggs treated with metal oxides was meridional, while the normal third cleavage was horizontal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide