title: Exposures of Sus scrofa to a TASER(®) conducted electrical weapon: no effects on 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of plasma proteins.
abstract: In an earlier study, we found significant changes in red-blood-cell, leukocyte, and platelet counts, and in red-blood-cell membrane proteins, following exposures of anesthetized pigs to a conducted electrical weapon. In the current study, we examined potential changes in plasma proteins [analyzed via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE)] following two 30 s exposures of anesthetized pigs (Sus scrofa) to a TASER (®) C2 conducted electrical weapon. Patterns of proteins, separated by 2-DGE, were consistent and reproducible between animals and between times of sampling. We determined that the blood plasma collection, handling, storage, and processing techniques we used are suitable for swine blood. There were no statistically significant changes in plasma proteins following the conducted-electrical-weapon exposures. Overall gel patterns of fibrinogen were similar to results of other studies of both pigs and humans (in control settings, not exposed to conducted electrical weapons). The lack of significant changes in plasma proteins may be added to the body of evidence regarding relative safety of TASER C2 device exposures.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Effects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, US Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 HPW/RHDR, 4141 Petroleum Road, Fort Sam Houston, TX, 78234, USA, jjauchem@satx.rr.com.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jauchem
authors.forename: Cesario Z
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Cerna
authors.forename: Tiffany Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Seaman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D057667:Conducted Energy Weapon Injuries / Q000097:blood*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D034421:Sus scrofa; D054041:Weapons
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins