title: Comparing the pain of propofol via different combinations of fentanyl, sufentanil or remifentanil in gastrointestinal endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pain on injection of propofol via different combinations of fentanyl, sufentanil or remifentanil in gastrointestinal endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total 439 patients were randomly allocated into 6 groups. Propofol & fentanil (PF) group received 1 μg/kg fentanyl, propofol & sufentanil (PS) group received 0.1 μg/kg sufentanil and propofol & remifentanyl (PR) group received 1 μg/kg remifentanyl prior to administration of 1-2 mg/kg of propofol. The propofol & half-fentanil (Pf) group, propofol & half-sufentanil (Ps) group and propofol & half-remifentanyl (Pr) group were given 0.5 μg/kg fentanyl, 0.05 μg/kg sufentanil and 0.5 μg/kg remifentanyl, respectively and later administrated 1-2 mg/kg propofol. All patients were monitored for the blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2). Additionally, the pain intensity was assessed using a 4-point verbal rating scale (VRS) by professional doctors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of pain due to propofol injection in Ps group (33.8%) was significantly lower than other 5 groups. The heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were maintained within the normal limits in all six groups and there was no hypotension or bradycardia encountered during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propofol and sufentanil group was the most suitable program for painless gastroscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiading Central Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiading Central Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiading Central Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Dongping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017409:Sufentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010880:Piperidines; D017409:Sufentanil; D000077208:Remifentanil; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol