title: Cortisol in tissue and systemic level as a contributing factor to the development of metabolic syndrome in severely obese patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adrenal and extra-adrenal cortisol production may be involved in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the expression of HSD11B1, nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptors) α (NR3C1α) and β (NR3C1β) in the liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of severely obese patients with and without MetS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 37 severely obese patients (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2)), 19 with MetS (MetS+ group) and 18 without (MetS- group), studied before and during bariatric surgery. Before the day of surgery, urinary free cortisol (UFC) and diurnal variation of serum and salivary cortisol were estimated. During surgery, biopsies of the liver, VAT and SAT were obtained. The expression of HSD11B1, NR3C1α and NR3C1β was evaluated by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UFC and area under the curve for 24-h profiles of serum and salivary cortisol were lower in the MetS- group. In the MetS- group, mRNA levels of HSD11B1 in liver exhibited a negative correlation with liver NR3C1α (LNR3C1α) and VAT expression of HSD11B1 was lower than the MetS+ group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a downregulation of the NR3C1α expression and lower VAT mRNA levels of HSD11B1 in the MetS- group, indicating a lower selective tissue cortisol production and action that could protect these patients from the metabolic consequences of obesity. In the MetS- group, a lower activity of the HPA axis was also detected. Taken together, cortisol in tissue and systematic level might play a role in the development of MetS in severely obese patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Nutritional Support and Morbid ObesityDepartment of SurgeryMolecular Oncology LaboratoryMedical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Constantinopoulos
authors.affiliation: Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Nutritional Support and Morbid ObesityDepartment of SurgeryMolecular Oncology LaboratoryMedical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michalaki
authors.affiliation: Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Nutritional Support and Morbid ObesityDepartment of SurgeryMolecular Oncology LaboratoryMedical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kottorou
authors.affiliation: Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Nutritional Support and Morbid ObesityDepartment of SurgeryMolecular Oncology LaboratoryMedical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Habeos
authors.affiliation: Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Nutritional Support and Morbid ObesityDepartment of SurgeryMolecular Oncology LaboratoryMedical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Agathoklis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Psyrogiannis
authors.affiliation: Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Nutritional Support and Morbid ObesityDepartment of SurgeryMolecular Oncology LaboratoryMedical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Fotios
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kalfarentzos
authors.affiliation: Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Nutritional Support and Morbid ObesityDepartment of SurgeryMolecular Oncology LaboratoryMedical School, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece vkyriazopoulou@med.upatras.gr.
authors.forename: Venetsana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kyriazopoulou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050110:Bariatric Surgery / Q000639:trends; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006854:Hydrocortisone