title: Antimicrobial constituents from three endophytic fungi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of extracts of the endophytic fungi Plectophomella sp., Physalospora sp., and Crataegus monogyna (C. monogyna) and study the tentative identification of their active constituents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crude extracts and isolated compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion method. Four compounds were purified from three endophytic fungi using column chromatography and their structures have been assigned based on their (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plectophomella sp., Physalospora sp., and C. monogyna extracts showed promising antifungal, antibacterial and herbicidal properties. (-)-Mycorrhizin A was isolated from Plectophomella sp. while cytochalasins E and K were isolated from Physalospora sp. Similarly radicinin was purified from the endophytic fungus C. monogyna. The ethyl acetate extract of Plectophomella sp. showed significant antifungal activity towards Ustilago violacea (U. violacea) and Eurotium repens (E. repens) and significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus megaterium. Interestingly, the ethyl acetate extracts of Physalospora sp. and C. monogyna showed strong herbicidal and antifungal activities towards Chlorella fusca, U. violacea, E. repens, Mycotypha microspora (M. microspora), Fusarium oxysporum, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus megaterium. (-)-Mycorrhizin A showed significant antifungal activity towards U. violacea and E. repens. Cytochalasins E and K showed strong antifungal activity against E. repens and M. microspora especially towards fungal Mycotypha microspora. Similarly cytochalasins E and K showed good herbicidal activity towards Chlorella fusca. Radicinin showed strong antifungal activity against E. repens and M. microspora.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antimicrobial activities demonstrated by the extracts of the endophytic fungi Plectophomella sp., Physalospora sp., and C. monogyna and four isolated compounds clearly demonstrate that these fungi extracts and active compounds present a great potential use in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman. Electronic address: Hidayat110@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hidayat
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kliche-Spory
authors.affiliation: UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Harrasi
authors.affiliation: UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Rawahi
authors.affiliation: UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; Department of Chemistry, CIIT, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ivan Robert
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Afzal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Endophytic fungi; Natural product