title: Evaluation of volatile aldehydes as discriminating parameters in quality vinegars with protected European geographical indication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thirty-six high-quality vinegars with geographical indication belonging to Sherry and Modena areas (vinegars of Jerez, balsamic vinegars of Modena and traditional balsamic vinegars of Modena) with all possible aging periods were analyzed to determine the content of volatile aldehydes. A solid-phase extraction method with in-cartridge derivatization using O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two volatile aldehydes were identified and determined in the samples. Analysis of variance provided significant differences among the samples as a function of the type of vinegar, aging time and raw material. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis demonstrated the possibility of discriminating the samples in terms of aging time and raw material. Linear aldehydes and compounds such as furfural, methional, nonenal, hexenal, 2-methylbutanal and i-butyraldehyde were the most significant variables able to discriminate the samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aldehyde content of premium quality vinegars is a function of both ageing time and raw material. Their evaluation could be a useful tool with a view to ascertaining vinegar origin and genuineness.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, CAIV, University of Cádiz Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Durán-Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Agricultural and Food Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich, 60-47521, Cesena (FC), Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chinnici
authors.affiliation: Agricultural and Food Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich, 60-47521, Cesena (FC), Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Natali
authors.affiliation: Agricultural and Food Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich, 60-47521, Cesena (FC), Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riponi
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005060:Europe; D019649:Food Industry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: derivatization; geographical indication; solid-phase extraction; vinegar; volatile aldehydes