title: A morphological and morphometric study of jugular foramen in dry skulls with its clinical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Jugular foramen of human skull is one of the most interesting foramina. It is a complex bony canal, numerous vital structures, including nerves and vessels are transmitted through it. Most of the intracranial and extra cranial lesions of posterior cranial fossa might affect the structures in jugular foramen in addition to intrinsic abnormalities. As the neurosurgeons have become courageous in approaching this area, so there is a need to become familiar with this area. Hence, the present study was done to examine the anatomy of jugular foramen, including its morphological features and dimensions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out on 50 dried skulls. 100 jugular foramina were studied on both right and left side of skulls. The length, width of jugular foramen and width and depth of jugular fossa were measured using vernier calipers. Presence of dome, complete and incomplete septation was also looked for.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean right and left anteroposterior diameter, latero-medial diameter, area, jugular fossa width, depth in our study was 11.22, 16.52, 187.34, 6.83, 11.58 mm and 9.52, 16.02, 153.2, 5.69, 11.13 mm. Dome was present in jugular foramen in 74% on the right side and 58% on the left side. Complete septation in jugular foramen is seen in 44% on the right side and 42% on the left side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study will help the neurosurgeons while doing surgery in this region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Chandni
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Punnose
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kurian
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Kantharaj Naik
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Seva
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sneha Guruprasad
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kalthur
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Antony Sylvan
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: D'Souza
keywords: Dome; jugular foramen; jugular fossa; septation; skull