title: Obesogenic environment by excess of dietary fats in different phases of development reduces spermatic efficiency of wistar rats at adulthood: correlations with metabolic status.
abstract: This study compares the impact of obesogenic environment (OE) in six different periods of development on sperm parameters and the testicular structure of adult rats and their correlations with sex steroid and metabolic scenario. Wistar rats were exposed to OE during gestation (O1), during gestation/lactation (O2), from weaning to adulthood (O3), from lactation to adulthood (O4), from gestation to sexual maturity (O5), and after sexual maturation (O6). OE was induced by a 20% fat diet, and control groups were fed a balanced diet (4% fat). Serum leptin levels and adiposity index indicate that all groups were obese, except for O1. Three progressive levels of impaired metabolic status were observed: O1 presented insulin resistance, O2 were insulin resistant and obese, and groups O3, O4, and O5 were insulin resistant, obese, and diabetic. These three levels of metabolic damage were proportional to the increase of leptin and decreased circulating testosterone. The impairment in the daily sperm production (DSP) paralleled these three levels of metabolic and hormonal damage being marginal in O1, increasing in O2, and being higher in groups O3, O4, O5, and O6. None of the OE periods affected the sperm transit time in the epididymis, and the lower sperm reserves were caused mainly by impaired DSP. In conclusion, OE during sexual maturation markedly reduces the DSP at adulthood in the rat. A severe reduction in the DSP also occurs in OE exposure during gestation/lactation but not in gestation, indicating that breast-feeding is a critical period for spermatogenic impairment under obesogenic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reame
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eloísa Zanin
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Pytlowanciv
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia - UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniele Lisboa
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Feres
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Pissolato
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sebastião Roberto
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Taboga
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil remagoes@ibilce.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Rejane Maira
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Góes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Etelvina
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pinto-Fochi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: daily sperm production; high fat; hormonal regulation; obesity; obesogenic environment; testis