title: Prices paid for adult and paediatric antiretroviral treatment by low- and middle-income countries in 2012: high, low or just right?
abstract: A viable market for antiretroviral drugs in low- and middle-income countries is key to the continued scale-up of antiretroviral treatment. We describe the price paid by low- and middle-income countries for 10 first- and 7 second-line adult and paediatric treatment regimens from 2003 to 2012, and compare the price of their finished formulations with the price of their active pharmaceutical ingredients in 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2012. Between 2003 and 2012 the median price of adult first-line treatment regimens per treatment-year decreased from USD499 to USD122, and that of second-line regimens from USD2,934 to USD497. In 2005 adult formulations were sold for a price 170% higher than the cost of their active pharmaceutical ingredients. This margin had decreased to 28% in 2012. Between 2004 and 2013, the price of paediatric treatment per treatment-year decreased from USD585 to USD147 for first-line and from USD763 to USD288 for second-line treatment. In 2005, paediatric treatment regimens were sold at a price 231% higher than the cost of their active pharmaceutical ingredients. This margin remained high and was 195% in 2012. The prices paid for antiretroviral drugs by low- and middle-income countries decreased between 2003 and 2012. Although the margins on their sale decreased, there is likely still space for price reduction, especially for the more recent World Health Organization recommended adult first-line regimens and for paediatric treatment.
authors.affiliation: HIV Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. perriensj@who.int.
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Perriëns
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Habiyambere
authors.forename: Boniface
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dongmo-Nguimfack
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hirnschall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000191:economics*; D002648:Child; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics*; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D016568:Drugs, Generic