title: Monocyte-derived dendritic cells reflect the immune functional status of a chromophobe renal cell carcinoma patient: could it be a general phenomenon?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC), though associated with a hereditary cancer syndrome, has a good prognosis after tumor removal. The lack of recurrence could be related to the absence of immune system compromise in patients or to an effective functional recovery of immune functions after tumor removal. Thus, we evaluated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) in a 34-year-old male who had a ChRCC, before and after tumor removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  CD14(+) monocytes from the patient's peripheral blood, 1 week before and 3 months after partial nephrectomy, were differentiated in vitro into immature and mature Mo-DCs. These were harvested, analyzed by flow cytometry and used as stimulators of allogeneic T cells. Supernatants from cultures were collected for cytokine analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor removal was associated with decreased expression of PD-L1, but also, surprisingly, of CD205, HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86 by Mo-DCs. Also, Mo-DC's ability to stimulate T cell proliferation increased, along with IL-2Rα expression and IFN-γ production. Simultaneously, the patients' Mo-DCs ability to induce Foxp3(+) T cells decreased after surgery. One-year postoperative follow-up shows no tumor recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a ChRCC affected Mo-DCs generated in vitro, which recovered their function after tumor removal. This indicates that the favorable outcome observed after ChRCC resection may be due to the restoration of immunocompetence. Furthermore, since functional alterations described for DCs within tumors may be also found in Mo-DCs, their accurate functional analysis-not restricted to the determination of their surface immunophenotype-may provide an indirect "window" to the tumor microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Clavijo-Salomon
authors.forename: Rodrigo N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.forename: Celia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pizzo
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bergami-Santos
authors.forename: Jose Alexandre M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barbuto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D016207:Cytokines