title: Motor system contributions to verbal and non-verbal working memory.
abstract: Working memory (WM) involves the ability to maintain and manipulate information held in mind. Neuroimaging studies have shown that secondary motor areas activate during WM for verbal content (e.g., words or letters), in the absence of primary motor area activation. This activation pattern may reflect an inner speech mechanism supporting online phonological rehearsal. Here, we examined the causal relationship between motor system activity and WM processing by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to manipulate motor system activity during WM rehearsal. We tested WM performance for verbalizable (words and pseudowords) and non-verbalizable (Chinese characters) visual information. We predicted that disruption of motor circuits would specifically affect WM processing of verbalizable information. We found that TMS targeting motor cortex slowed response times (RTs) on verbal WM trials with high (pseudoword) vs. low (real word) phonological load. However, non-verbal WM trials were also significantly slowed with motor TMS. WM performance was unaffected by sham stimulation or TMS over visual cortex (VC). Self-reported use of motor strategy predicted the degree of motor stimulation disruption on WM performance. These results provide evidence of the motor system's contributions to verbal and non-verbal WM processing. We speculate that the motor system supports WM by creating motor traces consistent with the type of information being rehearsed during maintenance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Diana A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sharif I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kronemer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Cherie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marvel
keywords: Sternberg memory task; TMS; motor cortex stimulation; motor system; non-verbal working memory; verbal working memory; visual cortex; working memory