title: Spectral-resolved multifocal multiphoton microscopy with multianode photomultiplier tubes.
abstract: Multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy is the preferred method for in vivo deep tissue imaging. Many biological applications demand both high imaging speed and the ability to resolve multiple fluorophores. One of the successful methods to improve imaging speed in a highly turbid specimen is multifocal multiphoton microscopy (MMM) based on use of multi-anode photomultiplier tubes (MAPMT). This approach improves imaging speed by using multiple foci for parallelized excitation without sacrificing signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to the scattering of emission photons. In this work, we demonstrate that the MAPMT based MMM can be extended with spectral resolved imaging capability. Instead of generating multiple excitation foci in a 2D grid pattern, a linear array of foci is generated. This leaves one axis of the 2D MAPMT available for spectral dispersion and detection. The spectral-resolved MMM can detect several emission signals simultaneously with high imaging speed optimized for high-throughput, high-contents applications. The new procedure is illustrated using imaging data from the kidney, peripheral nerve regeneration and dendritic morphological data from the brain.
authors.forename: Jae Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tzeranis
authors.forename: Jaichandar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Ioannis V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Yannas
authors.forename: Elly
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nedivi
authors.forename: Peter T C
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: So
mesh_terms: D005453:Fluorescence; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017785:Photons