title: Effects of particulate matter and antioxidant dietary intake on blood pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed 2 pathways through which dietary antioxidants may counter adverse effects of exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5) on blood pressure (BP): main (compensatory) and modifying (protective) models.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 2002 to 2003 data from the Detroit Healthy Environments Partnership community survey conducted with a multiethnic sample of adults (n = 347) in low- to moderate-income, predominantly Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black neighborhoods in Detroit, Michigan. We used generalized estimating equations to test the effects of ambient exposure to PM2.5 and dietary antioxidant intake on BP, with adjustment for multiple confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary antioxidant intake was inversely associated with systolic BP (b = -0.5; P < .05) and pulse pressure (b  = -0.6; P < .05) in neighborhoods closest to major sources of air pollutants. Adverse effects of PM2.5 remained significant after accounting for antioxidant intakes. Exploratory analyses suggested potential modifying effects of antioxidant intake on associations between ambient PM2.5 exposure and BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions to improve access to antioxidant-rich foods in polluted urban areas may be protective of cardiovascular health. However, efforts to reduce PM2.5 exposure remain critical for cardiovascular health promotion.
authors.affiliation: Amy J. Schulz and Graciela B. Mentz are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, and J. Timothy Dvonch is with the Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Natalie R. Sampson is with the University of Michigan, Dearborn. Angela G. Reyes is with the Detroit Hispanic Development Corporation, Detroit, MI. Betty Izumi is with the School of Community Health, Portland State University, Portland, OR.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Graciela B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mentz
authors.forename: Natalie R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: J Timothy
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Dvonch
authors.forename: Angela G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Izumi
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D000975:Antioxidants; D001794:Blood Pressure; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000975:Antioxidants; D052638:Particulate Matter