title: Induced variations in brassinosteroid genes define barley height and sturdiness, and expand the green revolution genetic toolkit.
abstract: Reduced plant height and culm robustness are quantitative characteristics important for assuring cereal crop yield and quality under adverse weather conditions. A very limited number of short-culm mutant alleles were introduced into commercial crop cultivars during the Green Revolution. We identified phenotypic traits, including sturdy culm, specific for deficiencies in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling in semidwarf mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare). This set of characteristic traits was explored to perform a phenotypic screen of near-isogenic short-culm mutant lines from the brachytic, breviaristatum, dense spike, erectoides, semibrachytic, semidwarf, and slender dwarf mutant groups. In silico mapping of brassinosteroid-related genes in the barley genome in combination with sequencing of barley mutant lines assigned more than 20 historic mutants to three brassinosteroid-biosynthesis genes (BRASSINOSTEROID-6-OXIDASE, CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC DWARF, and DIMINUTO) and one brassinosteroid-signaling gene (BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 [HvBRI1]). Analyses of F2 and M2 populations, allelic crosses, and modeling of nonsynonymous amino acid exchanges in protein crystal structures gave a further understanding of the control of barley plant architecture and sturdiness by brassinosteroid-related genes. Alternatives to the widely used but highly temperature-sensitive uzu1.a allele of HvBRI1 represent potential genetic building blocks for breeding strategies with sturdy and climate-tolerant barley cultivars.
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dockter
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gruszka
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Ilka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Braumann
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Arnis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Druka
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Ilze
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Druka
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franckowiak
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gough
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janeczko
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurowska
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundqvist
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Udda
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lundqvist
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marzec
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matyszczak
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: André H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oklestkova
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.).
authors.forename: Shakhira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakhrabekova
authors.affiliation: Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark (C.D., I.B., S.P.G., J.L., I.M., A.H.M., S.Z., M.H.);Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland (D.G., M.K., M.M.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., I.D.);Department of Agriculture, Fishery, and Forestry, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia (J.F.);Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland (A.J.);Nordic Genetic Resource Center, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden (U.L.);Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic (J.O.); and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture,University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (B.S.) mats.hansson@plen.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hansson
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000596:Amino Acids; D001483:Base Sequence; D060406:Brassinosteroids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003198:Computer Simulation; D002523:Edible Grain; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008961:Models, Structural; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013696:Temperature; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D060406:Brassinosteroids