title: Musculoskeletal ultrasound in Paediatric Rheumatology: a retrospective analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Musculoskeletal Ultrasound (MSK-US) has become increasingly important in the diagnosis and follow-up of children with rheumatic diseases. We describe the experience of a large Portuguese centre and study the added value of MSK-US in the clinical assessment of paediatric rheumatic diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were observed by assistant Rheumatologists, a clinical diagnosis was assigned and MSK-US requested. 330 MSK-US exams were performed to 222 children with rheumatic inflammatory diseases. The children's ages were between 1 and 18 years (mean=11.7±4.7 years) and 67.6% were female. Synovial membrane proliferation, intra-articular effusion, cartilage abnormalities, erosions and periarticular affections were searched in each joint. Clinical and ultrasonography data were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSK-US detected synovitis in 100 of 194 exams (51.5%) of patients with that clinical information and in 36 of 136 exams (26.5%) of patients who presented other clinical findings. In those in which MSK-US did not confirm the clinical information of synovitis (94; 48.5%), we detected tenosynovitis/tendinopathy in 13 cases (13.8%) and synovial cyst in four (4.3%). The remaining patients had no ultrasonography changes and MSK-US helped to exclude synovitis. The sensitivity for arthritis clinical assessment was good (73.5%), with modest specificity (51.5%), an accuracy of 60.6% and precision of 51.5%. Ultrasonography synovitis was mostly found in the knee (37.5%), followed by the ankle (22.8%) and hip (10.3%). Overall, 39 exams showed ultrasonographic tenosynovitis/tendinopathy, 15 of which had the same clinical diagnosis. Tenosynovitis/tendinopathy was mostly found in the ankle (59.0%) and knee (23.1%) areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSK-US is an important aid to clinical evaluation, allowing both the detection and exclusion of joint pathology in children, contributing to a better assessment.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Canhão
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saraiva
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography