title: Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene.
abstract: The major cause of sea-level change during ice ages is the exchange of water between ice and ocean and the planet's dynamic response to the changing surface load. Inversion of ∼1,000 observations for the past 35,000 y from localities far from former ice margins has provided new constraints on the fluctuation of ice volume in this interval. Key results are: (i) a rapid final fall in global sea level of ∼40 m in <2,000 y at the onset of the glacial maximum ∼30,000 y before present (30 ka BP); (ii) a slow fall to -134 m from 29 to 21 ka BP with a maximum grounded ice volume of ∼52 × 10(6) km(3) greater than today; (iii) after an initial short duration rapid rise and a short interval of near-constant sea level, the main phase of deglaciation occurred from ∼16.5 ka BP to ∼8.2 ka BP at an average rate of rise of 12 m⋅ka(-1) punctuated by periods of greater, particularly at 14.5-14.0 ka BP at ≥40 mm⋅y(-1) (MWP-1A), and lesser, from 12.5 to 11.5 ka BP (Younger Dryas), rates; (iv) no evidence for a global MWP-1B event at ∼11.3 ka BP; and (v) a progressive decrease in the rate of rise from 8.2 ka to ∼2.5 ka BP, after which ocean volumes remained nearly constant until the renewed sea-level rise at 100-150 y ago, with no evidence of oscillations exceeding ∼15-20 cm in time intervals ≥200 y from 6 to 0.15 ka BP.
authors.affiliation: Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; Laboratoire de Géologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8538 du CNRS, 75231 Paris, France; and kurt.lambeck@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lambeck
authors.affiliation: Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; Laboratoire de Géologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8538 du CNRS, 75231 Paris, France; and.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rouby
authors.affiliation: Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia;
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Yiying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia;
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sambridge
mesh_terms: D046448:Ice Cover; D038622:Internationality; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012212:Rheology; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Holocene; Last Glacial Maximum; ice volumes; sea level