title: Knowledge of cervical cancer and attendance at cervical cancer screening: a survey of Black women in London.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women from ethnic minority backgrounds are less likely to attend cervical screening, but further understanding of ethnic inequalities in cervical screening uptake is yet to be established. This study aimed to explore the socio-demographic and ethnicity-related predictors of cervical cancer knowledge, cervical screening attendance and reasons for non-attendance among Black women in London.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was completed by women attending Black and ethnic hair and beauty specialists in London between February and April 2013. A stratified sampling frame was used to identify Black hair specialists in London subdivisions with >10% Black population (including UK and foreign-born). Fifty-nine salons participated. Knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms, self-reported screening attendance and reasons for non-attendance at cervical screening were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaires were completed by 937 Black women aged 18-78, describing themselves as being predominantly from African or Caribbean backgrounds (response rate 26.5%). Higher educational qualifications (p < .001) and being born in the UK (p = .011) were associated with greater risk factor knowledge. Older age was associated with greater symptom knowledge (p < .001). Being younger, single, African (compared to Caribbean) and attending religious services more frequently were associated with being overdue for screening. Women who had migrated to the UK more than 10 years ago were less likely to be overdue than those born in the UK. Of those overdue for screening who endorsed a barrier (67/133), 'I meant to go but didn't get round to it' (28%), fear of the test procedure (18%) and low risk perception (18%) were the most common barriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnicity, migration and religiosity play a role in predicting cervical screening attendance among women from Black backgrounds. African women, those born in the UK and those who regularly attend church are most likely to put off attending. Additional research is needed to explore the attitudes, experiences and beliefs that explain why these groups might differ.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ekechi
authors.forename: Adeola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olaitan
authors.forename: Rosie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koris
authors.forename: Adaugo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amajuoyi
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, England. l.marlow@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Laura Av
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Marlow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D012067:Religion; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014900:West Indies / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult