title: A framework for understanding international medical graduate challenges during transition into fellowship programs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have highlighted unique needs of international medical graduates (IMG) during their transition into medical training programs; however, limited data exist on IMG needs specific to fellowship training.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted the following mixed-method study to determine IMG fellow training needs during the transition into fellowship training programs in psychiatry and surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a mixed-methods study consisting of an online survey of IMG fellows and their supervisors in psychiatry or surgery fellowship training programs and individual interviews of IMG fellows. The survey assessed (a) fellows' and supervisors' perceptions on IMG challenges in clinical communication, health systems, and education domains and (b) past orientation initiatives. In the second phase of the study, IMG fellows were interviewed during the latter half of their fellowship training, and perceptions regarding orientation and adaptation to fellowship in Canada were assessed. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive and Mann-Whitney U statistics. Qualitative interviews were analyzed using grounded theory methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey response rate was 76% (35/46) and 69% (35/51) for IMG fellows and supervisors, respectively. Fellows reported the greatest difficulty with adapting to the hospital system, medical documentation, and balancing one's professional and personal life. Supervisors believed that fellows had the greatest difficulty with managing language and slang in Canada, the healthcare system, and an interprofessional team. In Phase 2, fellows generated themes of disorientation, disconnection, interprofessional team challenges, a need for IMG fellow resources, and a benefit from training in a multicultural setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study results highlight the need for IMG specific orientation resources for fellows and supervisors. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs may be a useful framework for understanding IMG training needs.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sockalingam
authors.forename: Attia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Raed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hawa
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbey
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaretsky
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okrainec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships; D005260:Female; D005550:Foreign Medical Graduates / Q000523:psychology*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009864:Ontario; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000193:education*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: attendance; preclinical medical education; profession-alism