title: Antimicrobial usage among hospitalized children in Latvia: a neonatal and pediatric antimicrobial point prevalence survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The point prevalence survey was conducted as part of the Antibiotic Resistance and Prescribing in European Children (ARPEC) Project. The study aimed at analyzing pediatric and neonatal antimicrobial prescribing patterns in Latvian hospitals, to identify targets for quality improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A one day cross-sectional point prevalence survey on antibiotic use in hospitalized children was conducted in November 2012 in 10 Latvian hospitals, using a previously validated and standardized method. The survey included all inpatient pediatric and neonatal beds and identified all children receiving an antimicrobial treatment on the day of survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 549 patients were included in the study; 167 (39%) patients admitted to pediatric wards and 25 (21%) patients admitted to neonatal wards received at least one antimicrobial. Pediatric top three antibiotic groups were third-generation cephalosporins (55 prescriptions, 28%), extended spectrum penicillins (n=32, 16%) and first-generation cephalosporins (n=26, 13%). Eleven pediatric patients (85%) received surgical prophylaxis more than 1 day; 143 pediatric patients (86%) received antibiotics intravenously. Lower respiratory tract infections were the most common indications for antibiotic use both in pediatric (n=60, 35.9%) and neonatal patients (n=9, 36%). The most used antibiotics for neonatal patients were benzylpenicillin (n=12, 32%), and gentamicin (n=9, 24%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a few problematic areas, which need improvement: the high use of third-generation cephalosporins for pediatric patients, prolonged surgical prophylaxis, predominant use of parenteral antibiotics and an urgent need for local antibiotic guidelines.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Riga, Latvia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia. Electronic address: inese.sviestina@bkus.lv.
authors.forename: Inese
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sviestina
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Epidemiology Department, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
authors.forename: Dzintars
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozgis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007844:Latvia; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Hospitalized children; Parenteral antibiotics; Point prevalence survey; Third-generation cephalosporins