title: Multiple therapeutic and preventive effects of 3,3'-diindolylmethane on cancers including prostate cancer and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.
abstract: Cruciferous vegetables belong to the plant family that has flowers with four equal-sized petals in the pattern of a crucifer cross. These vegetables are an abundant source of dietary phytochemicals, including glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM). By 2013, the total number of natural glucosinolates that have been documented is estimated to be 132. Recently, cruciferous vegetable intake has garnered great interest for its multiple health benefits such as anticancer, antiviral infections, human sex hormone regulation, and its therapeutic and preventive effects on prostate cancer and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). DIM is a hydrolysis product of glucosinolates and has been used in various trials. This review is to provide an insight into the latest developments of DIM in treating or preventing both prostate cancer and HGPIN.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: William Weiben
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Zhenqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Women's College Hospital, Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Narod
keywords: 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM); cruciferous vegetables; high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN); indole-3-carbinol (I3C); prostate cancer