title: Effect of polyphenol supplements on redox status of blood cells: a randomized controlled exercise training trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of endogenous antioxidants can be either an immediate response (relying on enzymatic activities) or a long-term adaptation (relying on gene modulation events), both susceptible to be modified by antioxidants from diet and supplementation. The aim of this work was to delve in these aspects in circulating white blood cells in a group of volunteers (n = 33, 20-22 years) performing eccentric exercises and consuming or not (n = 8) different polyphenolic antioxidants (Lippia citriodora extract-PLX(®) n = 8, almond beverage n = 9 or a mixture of both n = 8) during 21 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have designed a single-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Antioxidant enzyme activities, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant gene expression were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophils and lymphocytes expressed high amounts of oxidative markers compared to plasma. Concerning enzymatic activities, increased superoxide dismutase levels were detected when certain supplements were consumed. However, catalase levels did not change. As for glutathione peroxidase levels, no differences were detected in lymphocytes, while neutrophils expressed increased levels in both placebo and PLX(®) groups. Glutathione reductase activity was decreased in all groups, except in neutrophils of PLX(®) group. At the level of gene expression, neither PLX(®) nor the almond beverage interfered with the expression of genes coding for the corresponding enzymes. However, the combined intake of both supplements affected the expression of glutathione reductase and Cu-Zn and Mn-superoxide dismutases in neutrophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altogether, these results suggest that blood cell types respond and adapt differently to exercise-induced oxidative damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition and Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Avda de la Universidad sn, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Lucrecia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carrera-Quintanar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Funes
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition and Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Avda de la Universidad sn, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Nestor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vicente-Salar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blasco-Lafarga
authors.affiliation: Department for Basic Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.|CIBERobn (Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición CB12/03/30038), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pons
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Alicante, Spain.|CIBERobn (Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición CB12/03/30038), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Micol
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition and Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Avda de la Universidad sn, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain. eroche@umh.es.|CIBERobn (Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición CB12/03/30038), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. eroche@umh.es.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roche
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D059808:Polyphenols; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
keywords: Almond beverage; Lippia citriodora; Phenolic compounds; Weight lifting