title: Increased Energy Drink Use as a Predictor of Illicit Prescription Stimulant Use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine energy drink usage patterns and to investigate the relationship between energy drink use and illicit use of prescription stimulants among college students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 605 undergraduate and graduate students (mean age±SD: 21.96±4.216) from a large midwestern university voluntarily participated in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the participants, 48.9% (n=296) reported using energy drinks in the past 30 days, whereas 25.3% (n=153) reported using prescription stimulant drugs in the past 30 days. Among prescription stimulant users without a valid medical prescription, Mann-Whitney U tests and logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of energy drink consumption was a significant predictor of illicit prescription stimulant use, with the odds for use increasing by 14% with each additional day of energy drink use (odds ratio for using=1.143, P≤.001). Analyses revealed statistically significant differences (P<.05) between prescription stimulant users and nonusers for all energy drink use variables, with the strongest predictors of prescription stimulant use being the number of days using energy drinks in the past 30 days and number of energy drink binges in the past 30 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that the frequency of energy drink use was a significant predictor of the illicit use of prescription stimulants.
authors.affiliation: a Northwest Center for Lifestyle & Functional Medicine, University of Western States , Portland , Oregon , USA.
authors.forename: Conrad L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Woolsey
authors.affiliation: b Health and Human Performance, Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: c Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , Oklahoma , USA.
authors.forename: Bert H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: b Health and Human Performance, Texas State University , San Marcos , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Jeff M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Housman
authors.affiliation: d Private Practice/Independent Researcher , Phoenix , Arizona , USA.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: e George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia , USA.
authors.forename: Julie H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.affiliation: a Northwest Center for Lifestyle & Functional Medicine, University of Western States , Portland , Oregon , USA.
authors.forename: Marion W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: f Naval Aerospace Medical Institute , Pensacola , Florida , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Sather
authors.affiliation: g Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Adam E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: h Logan University , Chesterfield , Missouri , USA.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: Energy drinks (EDs); illicit prescription stimulant use; nonmedical prescription use