title: Nanomaterials: the next step in injectable bone cements.
abstract: Injectable bone cements (IBCs) are biocompatible materials that can be used as bone defect fillers in maxillofacial surgeries and in orthopedic fracture treatment in order to augment weakened bone due to osteoporosis. Current clinically available IBCs, such as polymethylmethacrylate and calcium phosphate cement, have certain advantages; however, they possess several drawbacks that prevent them from gaining universal acceptance. New gel-based injectable materials have also been developed, but these are too mechanically weak for load-bearing applications. Recent research has focused on improving various injectable materials using nanomaterials in order to render them suitable for bone tissue regeneration. This article outlines the requirements of IBCs, the advantages and limitations of currently available IBCs and the state-of-the-art developments that have demonstrated the effects of nanomaterials within injectable systems.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of AMME, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Young Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: No
authors.forename: Seyed-Iman
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Roohani-Esfahani
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zreiqat
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D001863:Bone Screws; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D009336:Necrosis; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D017640:Silicates; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; C020243:calcium phosphate; C031293:calcium silicate
keywords: bioactive materials; bone tissue engineering; injectable bone cement; injectable materials; nanocomposites