title: Detoxifying effect of fermented black ginseng on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells.
abstract: Fermented black ginseng (FBG) is prepared by repeated steaming and drying processes with fresh ginseng followed by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has recently been shown to have several bioactivities. FBG contains crude saponin (1,440 µg/ml), ginsenoside Rg2 (2.86 µg/ml), ginsenoside Rg3 (24.52 µg/ml), ginsenoside Rh1 (12.64 µg/ml), ginsenoside Rh2 (0.63 µg/ml) and ginsenoside Rf (1.32 µg/ml). The present study investigated the antioxidant defense properties of FBG against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated oxidative stress in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by H2O2 was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner when the cells were pre-treated with FBG (10-50 µg/ml). FBG induced both the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the H2O2-treated HepG2 cells. The inhibitory effects of FBG on the phosphorylation of upstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 were also observed. Overall, our results demonstrate that FBG protects HepG2 cells from oxidative stress through the induction of antioxidant enzyme activity and the inhibition of MAPK pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Ji
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Sik
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Bong
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005285:Fermentation; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D036145:Ginsenosides; D016877:Oxidants; D028321:Plant Preparations; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012503:Saponins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases