title: Action Schools! BC implementation: from efficacy to effectiveness to scale-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe Action Schools! BC (AS! BC) from efficacy to scale-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Education and health system stakeholders and children in grades 4-6 from elementary schools in British Columbia, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the provincial level, the AS! BC model reflected socioecological theory and a partnership approach to social change. Knowledge translation and exchange were embedded as a foundational element. At the school level, AS! BC is a comprehensive school health-based model providing teachers and schools with training and resources to integrate physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE) into the school environment. Our research team partnered with key community and government stakeholders to deliver and evaluate AS! BC over efficacy, effectiveness and implementation trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of significant increases in PA, cardiovascular fitness, bone and HE in AS! BC schools during efficacy trials, the BC government supported a provincial scale-up. Since its inception, the AS! BC Support Team and >225 trained regional trainers have delivered 4677 teacher-focused workshops (training approximately 81,000 teachers), reaching approximately 500,000 students. After scale-up, PA delivery was replicated but the magnitude of change appeared less. One (HE) and 4 (PA) years after scale-up, trained AS! BC teachers provided more PA and HE opportunities for students even in the context of supportive provincial policies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole school models like AS! BC can enhance children's PA and health when implemented in partnership with key stakeholders. At the school level, adequately trained and resourced teachers and supportive school policies promoted successful scale-up and sustained implementation. At the provincial level, multisectoral partnerships and embedded knowledge exchange mechanisms influenced the context for action at the provincial and school level, and were core elements of successful implementation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical Trials Registry NCT01412203.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.affiliation: Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nettlefold
authors.affiliation: Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Louise C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Masse
authors.affiliation: Population and Public Health, British Columbia Ministry of Health, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Patti-Jean
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Naylor
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology; D001955:British Columbia; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005178:Faculty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D012572:School Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Children; Health promotion; Implementation; Intervention; School