title: Molecular signalings in keloid disease and current therapeutic approaches from natural based compounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Keloid is an excessive dermal scar occurring in response to skin injuries. Several therapeutic strategies have been proposed to ease the aggressiveness of keloid scarring. Even though the principle mechanism underlying the disease propagation still remains unidentified, several signaling pathways were highly focused as plausible pathways involving keloid formation, including transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and integrin pathways. Natural compounds containing multiple bioeffective properties such as quercetin, asiaticoside, Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. (Leguminosae), and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. (Lamiaceae) extracts, curcuminoids, oxymatrine, madecassoside, and Aneilema keisak Hassk. (Commelinaceae) are claimed as candidates for therapeutic treatment against keloid disorder.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review investigates current mechanisms regarding keloid formation and provides scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of natural compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review obtained and analyzed a number of literature data items from various databases including Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Elton B. Stephens Company (EBSCO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several phytochemical compounds are able to suppress keloid scar development through manipulating various components in the complex signaling cascades.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present review may be helpful to future studies that further examine the molecular mechanism of keloid etiology as well as investigate the anti-keloid property in natural compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Industrial, Pharmaceutical Technology , Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok , Thailand .
authors.forename: Thitita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Unahabhokha
authors.forename: Apirada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sucontphunt
authors.forename: Ubonthip
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nimmannit
authors.forename: Pithi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chanvorachote
authors.forename: Nuttida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yongsanguanchai
authors.forename: Varisa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pongrakhananon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007627:Keloid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Anti-keloid; collagen production; fibroblast; insulin-like growth factor-I; integrin Smad; mitogen-activated protein kinase; transforming growth factor-β1