title: Comparison of inflammation, arterial stiffness and traditional cardiovascular risk factors between rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The link between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality is well established; however, the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cardiovascular risk is controversial. Arterial stiffness is both a marker and risk factor for atherosclerosis. Here we aimed to 1) compare circulating markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and arterial stiffness between RA and IBD to help to understand their different associations with cardiovascular disease; 2) assess the impacts of circulating markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and traditional risk factors on arterial stiffness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with RA (n = 43) and IBD (n = 42), and control subjects (n = 73) were recruited. Plasma inflammatory markers and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were measured by Multiplex assays or ELISA. Arterial stiffness was determined by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) was measured. Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was calculated, and other traditional risk factors were also documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of several inflammatory markers and vWF were significantly but comparably elevated in RA and IBD compared with controls, except for a higher level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in RA than IBD. Compared to controls, FRS, body mass index, waist circumference, and triglycerides were increased in RA, but not in IBD. baPWV did not significantly differ among 3 groups, while ABI was modestly but significantly lower in IBD than controls. Circulating markers (macrophage migration inhibitory factor, tumour necrosis factor-α, CRP, and vWF) were significantly associated with baPWV. However, traditional risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, diabetes and triglycerides) were the parameters associated with baPWV in multiple regression analyses (overall r = 0.866, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RA has a higher level of CRP and more pronounced traditional cardiovascular risk factors than IBD, which may contribute to the difference in their associations with cardiovascular disease and mortality. Traditional risk factors, rather than inflammation markers, are major predictors of arterial stiffness even in subjects with inflammatory disorders. Our results point to the importance of modifying traditional risk factors in patients with inflammatory disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia ; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia ; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061 China.
authors.forename: Fenling
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia ; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia.
authors.forename: Abby
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galvin
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia.
authors.forename: David Andrew
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia.
authors.forename: Miles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia ; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cicuttini
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia ; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia ; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dart
keywords: Arterial stiffness; Inflammation; Inflammatory bowel disease; Pulse wave velocity; Rheumatoid arthritis