title: De novo transcriptome sequencing of the Octopus vulgaris hemocytes using Illumina RNA-Seq technology: response to the infection by the gastrointestinal parasite Aggregata octopiana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Octopus vulgaris is a highly valuable species of great commercial interest and excellent candidate for aquaculture diversification; however, the octopus' well-being is impaired by pathogens, of which the gastrointestinal coccidian parasite Aggregata octopiana is one of the most important. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the immune response in cephalopods, especially in octopus is scarce. The transcriptome of the hemocytes of O. vulgaris was de novo sequenced using the high-throughput paired-end Illumina technology to identify genes involved in immune defense and to understand the molecular basis of octopus tolerance/resistance to coccidiosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A bi-directional mRNA library was constructed from hemocytes of two groups of octopus according to the infection by A. octopiana, sick octopus, suffering coccidiosis, and healthy octopus, and reads were de novo assembled together. The differential expression of transcripts was analysed using the general assembly as a reference for mapping the reads from each condition. After sequencing, a total of 75,571,280 high quality reads were obtained from the sick octopus group and 74,731,646 from the healthy group. The general transcriptome of the O. vulgaris hemocytes was assembled in 254,506 contigs. A total of 48,225 contigs were successfully identified, and 538 transcripts exhibited differential expression between groups of infection. The general transcriptome revealed genes involved in pathways like NF-kB, TLR and Complement. Differential expression of TLR-2, PGRP, C1q and PRDX genes due to infection was validated using RT-qPCR. In sick octopuses, only TLR-2 was up-regulated in hemocytes, but all of them were up-regulated in caecum and gills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transcriptome reported here de novo establishes the first molecular clues to understand how the octopus immune system works and interacts with a highly pathogenic coccidian. The data provided here will contribute to identification of biomarkers for octopus resistance against pathogens, which could improve octopus farming in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología y Acuicultura. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castellanos-Martínez
authors.affiliation: PROGENIKA Biopharma. A Grifols Company. Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia. Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arteta
authors.affiliation: PROGENIKA Biopharma. A Grifols Company. Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia. Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Catarino
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología y Acuicultura. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Camino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gestal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016782:Apicomplexa / Q000502:physiology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000469:parasitology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D063990:Gene Ontology; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000235:genetics; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D049831:Octopodiformes / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics