title: Effect of high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Red ginseng is produced by steaming and drying fresh ginseng. Through this processing, chemical compounds are modified, and then biological activities are changed. In the food-processing industry, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has become an alternative to heat processing to make maximum use of bioactive compounds in food materials. This study comparatively investigated the anti-adipogenic effects of water extract of red ginseng (WRG) and high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng (HPG) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both WRG and HPG inhibited the accumulation of intracellular lipids and triglycerides, and the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), a key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. Intracellular lipid content and GPDH activity were significantly lower in the HPG group compared to the WRG group. In addition, mRNA expression of adipogenic genes, including CEBP-α, SREBP-1c and aP2, were lower in HPG-treated cells compared to WRG-treated cells. HPG significantly increased the activity of AMPK, and WRG did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggested that HPG may have superior beneficial effects on the inhibition of adipogenesis compared with WRG. The anti-adipogenic effects of HPG were partially associated with the inhibition of GPDH activity, suppression of adipogenic gene expression and activation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mak-Soon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sunyoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soojung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoonjin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Convergence Technology Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chong-Tai
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In-Hwan
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yangha
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D052438:Adipocytes, White / Q000187:drug effects; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy; D005894:Panax; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: 3T3-L1 cells; adipogenesis; fresh ginseng; high hydrostatic pressure extract; obesity