title: Simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy for esophageal cancer: a feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the feasibility of simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy (SMART) in esophageal cancer (EC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomography (CT) datasets of 10 patients with upper or middle thoracic squamous cell EC undergoing chemoradiotherapy were used to generate SMART, conventionally-fractionated three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (cf-IMRT) plans, respectively. The gross target volume (GTV) of the esophagus, positive regional lymph nodes (LN), and suspected lymph nodes (LN ±) were contoured for each patient. The clinical target volume (CTV) was delineated with 2-cm longitudinal and 0.5- to 1.0-cm radial margins with respect to the GTV and with 0.5-cm uniform margins for LN and LN(±). For the SMART plans, there were two planning target volumes (PTVs): PTV66 = (GTV + LN) + 0.5 cm and PTV54 = CTV + 0.5 cm. For the 3DCRT and cf-IMRT plans, there was only a single PTV: PTV60 = CTV + 0.5 cm. The prescribed dose for the SMART plans was 66 Gy/30 F to PTV66 and 54 Gy/30 F to PTV54. The dose prescription to the PTV60 for both the 3DCRT and cf-IMRT plans was set to 60 Gy/30 F. All the plans were generated on the Eclipse 10.0 treatment planning system. Fulfillment of the dose criteria for the PTVs received the highest priority, followed by the spinal cord, heart, and lungs. The dose-volume histograms were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically acceptable plans were achieved for all the SMART, cf-IMRT, and 3DCRT plans. Compared with the 3DCRT plans, the SMART plans increased the dose delivered to the primary tumor (66 Gy vs 60 Gy), with improved sparing of normal tissues in all patients. The Dmax of the spinal cord, V20 of the lungs, and Dmean and V50 of the heart for the SMART and 3DCRT plans were as follows: 38.5 ± 2.0 vs 44.7 ± 0.8 (P = 0.002), 17.1 ± 4.0 vs 25.8 ± 5.0 (P = 0.000), 14.4 ± 7.5 vs 21.4 ± 11.1 (P = 0.000), and 4.9 ± 3.4 vs 12.9 ± 7.6 (P = 0.000), respectively. In contrast to the cf-IMRT plans, the SMART plans permitted a simultaneous dose escalation (6 Gy) to the primary tumor while demonstrating a significant trend of a lower irradiation dose to all organs at risk except the spinal cord, for which no significant difference was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMART offers the potential for a 6 Gy simultaneous escalation in the irradiation dose delivered to the primary tumor of EC and improves the sparing of normal tissues.
authors.affiliation: Wu-Zhe Zhang, Jian-Zhou Chen, De-Rui Li, Zhi-Jian Chen, Hong Guo, Ting-Ting Zhuang, Dong-Sheng Li, Ming-Zhen Zhou, Chuang-Zhen Chen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Wu-Zhe
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Wu-Zhe Zhang, Jian-Zhou Chen, De-Rui Li, Zhi-Jian Chen, Hong Guo, Ting-Ting Zhuang, Dong-Sheng Li, Ming-Zhen Zhou, Chuang-Zhen Chen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Zhou
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Wu-Zhe Zhang, Jian-Zhou Chen, De-Rui Li, Zhi-Jian Chen, Hong Guo, Ting-Ting Zhuang, Dong-Sheng Li, Ming-Zhen Zhou, Chuang-Zhen Chen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: De-Rui
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Wu-Zhe Zhang, Jian-Zhou Chen, De-Rui Li, Zhi-Jian Chen, Hong Guo, Ting-Ting Zhuang, Dong-Sheng Li, Ming-Zhen Zhou, Chuang-Zhen Chen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Jian
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Wu-Zhe Zhang, Jian-Zhou Chen, De-Rui Li, Zhi-Jian Chen, Hong Guo, Ting-Ting Zhuang, Dong-Sheng Li, Ming-Zhen Zhou, Chuang-Zhen Chen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Wu-Zhe Zhang, Jian-Zhou Chen, De-Rui Li, Zhi-Jian Chen, Hong Guo, Ting-Ting Zhuang, Dong-Sheng Li, Ming-Zhen Zhou, Chuang-Zhen Chen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Ting-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: Wu-Zhe Zhang, Jian-Zhou Chen, De-Rui Li, Zhi-Jian Chen, Hong Guo, Ting-Ting Zhuang, Dong-Sheng Li, Ming-Zhen Zhou, Chuang-Zhen Chen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Dong-Sheng
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Wu-Zhe Zhang, Jian-Zhou Chen, De-Rui Li, Zhi-Jian Chen, Hong Guo, Ting-Ting Zhuang, Dong-Sheng Li, Ming-Zhen Zhou, Chuang-Zhen Chen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Zhen
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Wu-Zhe Zhang, Jian-Zhou Chen, De-Rui Li, Zhi-Jian Chen, Hong Guo, Ting-Ting Zhuang, Dong-Sheng Li, Ming-Zhen Zhou, Chuang-Zhen Chen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Chuang-Zhen
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D002681:China; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Esophageal cancer; Feasibility; Intensity-modulated radiation therapy; Simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy; Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy