title: Intra-individual double burden of overweight and micronutrient deficiencies among Vietnamese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vietnamese Living Standard Surveys showed that the rate of overweight and obese in Vietnamese adults doubled between 1992 and 2002, from 2% to 5.5%, respectively with no significant difference in the proportions of overweight/obesity between men and women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Considering the increasing public health concern over the double burden of malnutrition in Vietnam, we investigated micronutrient deficiencies among women of reproductive age according to their Body Mass Index.
  
  
  METHODS
  A transversal study was conducted in 2010 among 1530 women of reproductive age from 19 provinces. Participating women were asked to give a non-fasting blood sample for plasma iron, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12 and zinc assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although % body fat was associated with haemoglobin, ferritin, retinol and zinc concentrations, BMI category was only associated with marginal vitamin A status (19% among underweight vs 7% among overweight/obese; p<0.0001) and not with iron deficiency anemia, zinc deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency or folate status. The prevalence of iron, and vitamin B12 deficiencies was respectively 11.4% and 15% among the 20% overweight/obese women; prevalence of zinc deficiency and marginal/deficient folate status was much higher, affecting respectively 61.1% and 25.8%. Intra-individual double burden of malnutrition (overweight/obesity (OW) and micronutrient deficiency) was observed among 2.0% for OW-anemia, 2.3% OW-iron deficient, 3.0% for OW-Vitamin B12 deficiency, 12.2% for OW-Zinc deficiency and 5.2% for OW-marginal/deficient folate status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large, cross-sectional survey demonstrated that micronutrient deficiencies are an issue across the weight spectrum among women in Vietnam, with only vitamin A status being better among overweight than underweight women. It is therefore essential for Vietnam to actively prevent women of reproductive age from overweight/obesity and at same time to control micronutrient deficiencies in this population to limit their economic and health consequences.
authors.affiliation: UNICEF, Maternal Child Health and Nutrition section, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laillou
authors.affiliation: University of New Mexico, Department of Individual, Family and Community Education and Department of Family and Community Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yakes
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Nutrition section, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thi Hop
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 204 "Prévention des malnutritions et des pathologies associées", Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Frank Tammo
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Wieringa
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Nutrition section, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Bach Mai
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Singapore Office, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moench-Pfanner
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 204 "Prévention des malnutritions et des pathologies associées", Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000172:deficiency*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients