title: Urban wastewater effluent increases antibiotic resistance gene concentrations in a receiving northern European river.
abstract: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an emerging global problem that threatens to undermine important advances in modern medicine. The environment is likely to play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) among both environmental and pathogenic bacteria. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) accumulate both chemical and biological waste from the surrounding urban milieu and have therefore been viewed as potential hotspots for dissemination and development of antibiotic resistance. To assess the effect of wastewater effluent on a river that flows through a Swedish city, sediment and water samples were collected from Stångån River, both upstream and downstream of an adjacent WWTP over 3 mo. Seven ARGs and the integrase gene on class 1 integrons were quantified in the collected sediment using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to assess the abundance of 10 different antibiotics in the water phase of the samples. The results showed an increase in ARGs and integrons downstream of the WWTP. The measured concentrations of antibiotics were low in the water samples from the Stångån River, suggesting that selection for ARGs did not occur in the surface water. Instead, the downstream increase in ARGs is likely to be attributable to accumulation of genes present in the treated effluent discharged from the WWTP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Jerker
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fick
authors.forename: Per-Eric
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lindgren
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D013548:Sweden; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Antibiotic resistance genes; Antibiotics; Integrons; Quantitative real-time PCR; Wastewater