title: Overexpression of rod photoreceptor glutamic acid rich protein 2 (GARP2) increases gain and slows recovery in mouse retina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel, consisting of three α- and one β subunit, controls ion flow into the rod outer segment (ROS). In addition to the β-subunit, the Cngb1 locus encodes an abundant soluble protein, GARP2 that binds stoichiometrically to rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase type 6 (PDE6). To examine the in vivo functional role of GARP2 we generated opsin promoter-driven transgenic mice overexpressing GARP2 three-fold specifically in rod photoreceptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the GARP2 overexpressing transgenic mice (tg), the endogenous channel β-subunit, cGMP phosphodiesterase α-subunit, peripherin2/RDS and guanylate cyclase I were present at WT levels and were properly localized within the ROS. While localized properly within ROS, two proteins cGMP phosphodiesterase α-subunit (1.4-fold) and cGMP-gated cation channel α-subunit (1.2-fold) were moderately, but significantly elevated. Normal stratification of all retinal layers was observed, and ROS were stable in numbers but were 19% shorter than WT. Analysis of the photoresponse using electroretinography (ERG) showed that tg mice exhibit no change in sensitivity indicating overall normal rod function, however two parameters of the photoresponse significantly differed from WT responses. Fitting of the rising phase of the ERG a-wave to an accepted model of phototransduction showed a two-fold increase in phototransduction gain in the tg mice. The increase in gain was confirmed in isolated retinal tissue and by suction electrode recordings of individual rod photoreceptor cells. A measure of response recovery, the dominant time constant (τD) was elevated 69% in isolated retina compared to WT, indicating slower shutoff of the photoresponse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GARP2 may participate in regulating visual signal transduction through a previously unappreciated role in regulating phototransduction gain and recovery.
authors.forename: Shanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarfare
authors.forename: Alex S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Messinger
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Hongjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pittler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004596:Electroretinography; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins