title: Inhibitory effects of French pine bark extract, Pycnogenol®, on alveolar bone resorption and on the osteoclast differentiation.
abstract: Pycnogenol(®) (PYC) is a standardized bark extract from French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). We examined the inhibitory effects of PYC on alveolar bone resorption, which is a characteristic feature of periodontitis, induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and osteoclast differentiation. In rat periodontitis model, rats were divided into four groups: group A served as the non-infected control, group B was infected orally with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, group C was administered PYC in the diet (0.025%: w/w), and group D was infected with P. gingivalis and administered PYC. Administration of PYC along with P. gingivalis infection significantly reduced alveolar bone resorption. Treatment of P. gingivalis with 1 µg/ml PYC reduced the number of viable bacterial cells. Addition of PYC to epithelial cells inhibited adhesion and invasion by P. gingivalis. The effect of PYC on osteoclast formation was confirmed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. PYC treatment significantly inhibited osteoclast formation. Addition of PYC (1-100 µg/ml) to purified osteoclasts culture induced cell apoptosis. These results suggest that PYC may prevent alveolar bone resorption through its antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis and by suppressing osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, PYC may be useful as a therapeutic and preventative agent for bone diseases such as periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Control, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, 238-8580, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Toshizo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyama
authors.forename: Shun-suke
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Shuta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Masaichi-Chang-il
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nobushiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamada
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D028223:Pinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010936:Plant Extracts; C024070:pycnogenols; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
keywords: Porphyromonas gingivalis; Pycnogenol®; alveolar bone resorption; osteoclastogenesis