title: Exposure to sub-concussive head injury in boxing and other sports.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current characterizations of chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI) in boxing, football and other sports are reviewed in the context of the history of research on sub-concussive brain trauma in athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The utility of exposure models for understanding CTBI in boxers is examined and concerns regarding the paucity of findings supportive of an exposure model for CTBI in football players are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations for development of exposure models for sport-specific phenotypic characterizations of CTBI are presented.
authors.affiliation: NYU Langone Medical Center , New York, NY , USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Erlanger
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001914:Boxing; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices
keywords: Chronic traumatic brain injury; chronic traumatic encephalopathy; dementia pugilistica; repetitive brain trauma; sub-concussive brain trauma