title: Associations of cytokine genes with Alzheimer's disease and depression in an elderly Korean population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammatory processes regulated by cytokines are important in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression. Differences in transcriptional activities associated with several genetic polymorphisms affect cytokine production. We investigated the involvement of alleles associated with higher production of proinflammatory and lower production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in AD and depression in a community-dwelling sample of elderly individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 732 community-dwelling elders were clinically evaluated for AD applying the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria and for depression applying the Geriatric Mental State Schedule. Genotyping was performed for six proinflammatory (interleukin (IL)-1β -511C/T and +3953C/T, IL-6 -174G/C, IL-8 -251T/A, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α -850C/T) and two anti-inflammatory (IL-4 +33T/C, IL-10 -1082G/A) cytokines. The sums of risk alleles of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes were estimated. Age, gender, education and apolipoprotein E genotype were considered covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-α -308G/A and IL-8 -251T/A were significantly associated with AD and IL-1β +3953C/T with late-life depression, while the significance of these associations was lost after Bonferroni correction. A greater number of risk alleles producing proinflammatory cytokines was significantly associated with AD, but not with depression, after adjustment for the covariates. No association was found between an increased number of risk alleles for anti-inflammatory cytokine production and either AD or depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings support the inflammatory hypothesis in the aetiology of AD as measured by several cytokine genes associated with increased proinflammatory cytokine production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Il-Seon
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research & FIRST research group, Inje University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Paik Institute for Clinical Research & FIRST research group, Inje University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Depression Clinical Research Centre, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Sang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D056910:Republic of Korea; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE; DEPRESSION; GENETICS