title: Diagnostic capability of biological markers in assessment of obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the diagnostic value of biological markers (exhaled breath condensate, blood, salivary and urinary) in the diagnosis of OSA in comparison to the gold standard of nocturnal PSG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies that differentiated OSA from controls based on PSG results, without age restriction, were eligible for inclusion. The sample of selected studies could include studies in obese patients and with known cardiac disease. A detailed individual search strategy for each of the following bibliographic databases was developed: Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, and LILACS. The references cited in these articles were also crosschecked and a partial grey literature search was undertaken using Google Scholar. The methodology of selected studies was evaluated using the 14-item Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a two-step selection process, nine articles were identified and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses. Among them, only one study conducted in children and one in adults found biomarkers that exhibit sufficiently satisfactory diagnostic accuracy that enables application as a diagnostic method for OSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kallikrein-1, uromodulin, urocotin-3, and orosomucoid-1 when combined have enough accuracy to be an OSA diagnostic test in children. IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels have potential to be good biomarkers in identifying or excluding the presence of OSA in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.|School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Graziela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Luca Canto
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pachêco-Pereira
authors.affiliation: GATA Haydarpasa Teaching Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Secil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aydinoz
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Major
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flores-Mir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000652:urine; D017286:Polysomnography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism*; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D054832:Urocortins / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D058949:Uromodulin / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009961:Orosomucoid; D054832:Urocortins; D058949:Uromodulin; D016753:Interleukin-10; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins
keywords: biological markers; diagnosis; review; sleep apnea syndromes