title: Developing effective fumigation protocols to manage strongly phosphine-resistant Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emergence of high levels of resistance in Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in recent years threatens the sustainability of phosphine, a key fumigant used worldwide to disinfest stored grain. We aimed at developing robust fumigation protocols that could be used in a range of practical situations to control this resistant pest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Values of the lethal time to kill 99.9% (LT99 .9 , in days) of mixed-age populations, containing all life stages, of a susceptible and a strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population were established at three phosphine concentrations (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L(-1) ) and three temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that phosphine concentration and temperature both contributed significantly to the LT99 .9 of a population (P < 0.003, R2 = 0.92), with concentration being the dominant variable, accounting for 75.9% of the variation. Across all concentrations, LT99.9 of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population was longest at the lowest temperature and shortest at the highest temperature. For example, 1.0 mg L(-1) of phosphine is required for 20, 15 and 15 days, 1.5 mg L(-1) for 12, 11 and 9 days and 2.0 mg L(-1) for 10, 7 and 6 days at 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively, to achieve 99.9% mortality of the strongly resistant C. ferrugineus population. We also observed that phosphine concentration is inversely proportional to fumigation period in regard to the population extinction of this pest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fumigation protocols developed in this study will be used in recommending changes to the currently registered rates of phosphine in Australia towards management of strongly resistant C. ferrugineus populations, and can be repeated in any country where this type of resistance appears.
authors.affiliation: Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.|Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: Ramandeep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.|Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: Manoj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nayak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera; D002523:Edible Grain; D005651:Fumigation; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D010720:Phosphines; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010720:Phosphines; C044646:phosphine
keywords: Cryptolestes ferrugineus; fumigation protocols; phosphine; strong resistance