title: Hepatitis C virus infection and type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and diabetes mellitus are two major public health problems that cause devastating health and financial burdens worldwide. Diabetes can be classified into two major types: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and T2DM. T2DM is a common endocrine disorder that encompasses multifactorial mechanisms, and T1DM is an immunologically mediated disease. Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between T2DM and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. The processes through which CHC is associated with T2DM seem to involve direct viral effects, insulin resistance, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other immune-mediated mechanisms. Few data have been reported on the association of CHC and T1DM and reports on the potential association between T1DM and acute HCV infection are even rarer. A small number of studies indicate that interferon-α therapy can stimulate pancreatic autoimmunity and in certain cases lead to the development of T1DM. Diabetes and CHC have important interactions. Diabetic CHC patients have an increased risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma compared with non-diabetic CHC subjects. However, clinical trials on HCV-positive patients have reported improvements in glucose metabolism after antiviral treatment. Further studies are needed to improve prevention policies and to foster adequate and cost-effective programmes for the surveillance and treatment of diabetic CHC patients.
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia Martina
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Dilia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giuggioli
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Domenicantonio
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruffilli
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fabiani
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Santino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marchi
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Clodoveo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Ele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
authors.affiliation: Alessandro Antonelli, Silvia Martina Ferrari, Andrea Di Domenicantonio, Ilaria Ruffilli, Alda Corrado, Silvia Fabiani, Ele Ferrannini, Poupak Fallahi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Poupak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallahi
keywords: Epidemiology; Hepatitis C virus infection; Pathogenesis; Prevention; Treatment; Type 1 diabetes mellitus; Type 2 diabetes mellitus