title: The antipsoriatic agent monomethylfumarate has antiproliferative, prodifferentiative, and anti-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes.
abstract: Monomethylfumarate (MMF) is thought to be the bioactive ingredient of the drug Fumaderm (Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA), licensed in Germany since 1994 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Psoriasis is a common inflammatory hyperproliferative skin disorder that involves cross-talk between different cell types, including immune cells and keratinocytes. Psoriatic lesions are characterized by hyperproliferation, aberrant differentiation, and inflammation, with the psoriatic cytokine network maintained by communication between immune cells and keratinocytes. Recently, there is increasing evidence regarding the pivotal role of keratinocytes in mediating the disease process, and these cells can be regarded as safe therapeutic targets. From the data available on human subjects treated with Fumaderm, MMF is an effective antipsoriatic agent with known effects on immune cells. However, little is known about its direct effects on keratinocytes. We hypothesized that MMF has direct antiproliferative, prodifferentiative, and anti-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes. Indeed, MMF dose-dependently inhibited [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, indicating a direct antiproliferative action on keratinocytes. MMF significantly increased the protein level of keratin 10, the early keratinocyte differentiation marker, and the activity of transglutaminase, a late differentiation marker. These results are consistent with an ability of MMF to promote keratinocyte differentiation and inhibit proliferation, thereby improving psoriatic lesions. In 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced keratinocytes, MMF significantly inhibited the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-6, and interleukin-1α as well as the production of TNFα. Our results support the notion that MMF has direct antiproliferative, prodifferentiative, and anti-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes, highlighting its potential use as a multifactorial antipsoriatic agent.
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (I.H., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.); Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, (I.H., W.B.B.), and Departments of Physiology (I.H., R.P., P.K., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.) and Medicine (Dermatology) (V.C., W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Inas
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Helwa
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (I.H., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.); Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, (I.H., W.B.B.), and Departments of Physiology (I.H., R.P., P.K., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.) and Medicine (Dermatology) (V.C., W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (I.H., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.); Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, (I.H., W.B.B.), and Departments of Physiology (I.H., R.P., P.K., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.) and Medicine (Dermatology) (V.C., W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karempelis
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (I.H., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.); Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, (I.H., W.B.B.), and Departments of Physiology (I.H., R.P., P.K., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.) and Medicine (Dermatology) (V.C., W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaddour-Djebbar
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (I.H., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.); Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, (I.H., W.B.B.), and Departments of Physiology (I.H., R.P., P.K., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.) and Medicine (Dermatology) (V.C., W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.affiliation: Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia (I.H., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.); Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, (I.H., W.B.B.), and Departments of Physiology (I.H., R.P., P.K., I.K.-D., V.C., W.B.B.) and Medicine (Dermatology) (V.C., W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia wbollag@gru.edu.
authors.forename: Wendy B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Bollag
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005650:Fumarates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008298:Maleates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005650:Fumarates; D008298:Maleates; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C073341:citraconic acid