title: A review of the role of simulation in developing and assessing orthopaedic surgical skills.
abstract: Orthopaedic surgical skill is traditionally acquired during training in an apprenticeship model that has been largely unchanged for nearly 100 years. However, increased pressure for operating room efficiency, a focus on patient safety, work hour restrictions, and a movement towards competency-based education are changing the traditional paradigm. Surgical simulation has the potential to help address these changes. This manuscript reviews the scientific background on skill acquisition and surgical simulation as it applies to orthopaedic surgery. It argues that simulation in orthopaedics lags behind other disciplines and focuses too little on simulator validation. The case is made that orthopaedic training is more efficient with simulators that facilitate deliberate practice throughout resident training and more research should be focused on simulator validation and the refinement of skill definition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering The University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Geb W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering The University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation The University of Iowa.
authors.forename: J Lawrence
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation The University of Iowa ; Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000193:education*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education*