title: Persistent Lyme Empiric Antibiotic Study Europe (PLEASE)--design of a randomized controlled trial of prolonged antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme borreliosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lyme borreliosis, a potentially severe tick-borne infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, can cause multi-system inflammatory disease. The incidence has been increasing, as has the number of patients with persistent symptoms attributed to Borrelia. These symptoms, also referred to as post-Lyme disease syndrome, may follow an erythema migrans or other Lyme manifestations, and include pain, fatigue, and cognitive disturbances. The optimal duration of treatment for these symptoms is a subject of controversy. The PLEASE study is designed to determine whether prolonged antibiotic treatment leads to better patient outcome than standard treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PLEASE study is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Based on power analysis and compensating for possible loss to follow-up, a minimum of 255 patients with borreliosis-attributed persistent symptoms are included. These symptoms are either (a) temporally related to an erythema migrans or otherwise proven symptomatic borreliosis, or (b) accompanied by a positive B. burgdorferi IgG or IgM immunoblot. All patients receive open-label ceftriaxone for two weeks. Patients are then randomized (ratio 1:1:1) to blinded oral follow-up treatment for 12 weeks with (I) doxycycline, (II) clarithromycin combined with hydroxychloroquine, or (III) placebo. The primary outcome is the physical component summary score (PCS) of the RAND-36 Health Status Inventory (RAND SF-36) at week 14. Secondary outcomes include physical and mental aspects of health-related quality of life (assessed by the subscales of the RAND SF-36), fatigue, neuropsychological evaluation, physical activity, and cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article describes the background and design issues of the PLEASE study protocol. The results of this study may provide evidence for prescribing or withholding prolonged antibiotic treatment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01207739 , Netherlands Trial Register: NTR2469.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Anneleen.Berende@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Anneleen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berende
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Hadewych.terHofstede@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Hadewych J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: ter Hofstede
authors.affiliation: Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Rogier.Donders@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: A Rogier T
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Donders
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Health, Medical, and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, the Netherlands. h.vanmiddendorp@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.|Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. h.vanmiddendorp@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Henriët
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Middendorp
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Roy.Kessels@radboudumc.nl.|Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Roy.Kessels@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Roy P C
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.affiliation: Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Eddy.Adang@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Eddy M M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Adang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Fidel.Vos@radboudumc.nl.|Department of Internal Medicine, Sint Maartenskliniek, P.O. Box 9011, 6500 GM, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Fidel.Vos@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Fidel J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Health, Medical, and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, the Netherlands. a.evers@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.|Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. a.evers@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Andrea W M
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. BJ.Kullberg@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Bart Jan
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kullberg
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D004318:Doxycycline