title: Recreational physical activity is inversely associated with asymptomatic gallstones in adult Mexican women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiologic research suggests that physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of chronic diseases including gallstones.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study explores the association between recreational physical activity (RPA) and risk of asymptomatic gallstones (AG) in adult Mexican women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional analysis of women from the Health Workers Cohort Study. The study population included Mexican women aged 17-94 years, with no history of gallstone (GS) or cholecystectomy. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on weight change, gynecological health history, cholesterol-lowering medications and diuretics, history of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), PA and diet. PA was calculated in minutes/day, minutes/week and Metabolic Equivalents (METs)/week. Gallstone diagnosis was performed using real-time ultrasonography. The association between RPA and risk of AG was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models. Results. Of the 4,953 women involved in the study, 12.3% were diagnosed with AG. The participants with AG were significantly older, had a higher body mass index, and had a higher prevalence of DM2 than those without AG. The participants with > 30 min/day of RPA had lower odds of AG (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.65-0.97; P = 0.03), regardless of other known risk factors for gallstone disease. Furthermore, we observed an inverse relationship between RPA time and AG risk, especially in women doing more than 150 min a week of RPA (OR = 0.76; 95%CI: 0.61- 0.95; P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that RPA may protect against AG, although further prospective investigations are needed to confirm this association.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henao-Morán
authors.affiliation: Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Pachuca, Hidalgo, México; Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Denova-Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigación en Gastroenterología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. México.
authors.forename: Segundo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morán
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias. Unidad de Investigación Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Pediatría. Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. México.
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gallegos-Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
authors.forename: Nayeli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Macías
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México; Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmerón
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D055686:Metabolic Equivalent; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D065840:Protective Factors; D011998:Recreation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult