title: Sculpturing in urology, or how to make percutaneous nephrolithotomy easier.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the usefulness of Plasticine biomodeling in surgical percutaneous management of complex renal stone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 32 patients with complex renal stones (complete staghorn stones or partial staghorn stone with multiple caliceal stones) were included in this study from 2012 to 2013. Computed tomography (CT) urography with three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions was used as standard preoperative imaging in all patients. Preoperatively, Plasticine replication of the pelvicaliceal system was performed by the operating surgeon, based on the gathered 3D reconstructions. Then the model was taken to the operating room and used as a reference model in a sterile polyethylene bag during the operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percutaneous renal access was achieved successfully in all cases. Twenty-nine (91%) patients were treated in the prone position and only 3 (9%) in supine position. There were 18 (56%) patients who had a single tract, 9 (28%) patients had two tracts, 3 (9%) patients had three tracts, and one (3%) patient needed four tracts. The mean operative time was 92 (±26) minutes. Second-look percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) was needed in 9 of 32 (28%) patients. All second-look sessions were performed in 2 to 3 days and/or on a normalized temperature. Six of 11 (54.5%) patients with complete staghorn stones needed a second-look PCNL session. Complete stone clearance was confirmed by low-dose CT, performed at 24 hours after surgery, in 89.4% of the patients treated by a single PCNL session and 82% in those who needed second-look sessions. The overall stone-free rate (SFR) in the study after second looks was 87.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed Plasticine 3D model seems to provide better preoperative renal collecting system appreciation and to serve as a reference tool during the operation, which in turn might increase SFRs and lower the complications rate after PCNL.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, VCERM , Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Nariman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gadzhiev
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brovkin
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grigoryev
authors.forename: Nair
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tagirov
authors.forename: Valeriy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Korol
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petrov
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D061646:Operative Time; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D016684:Prone Position; D012613:Sculpture; D024162:Second-Look Surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014567:Urography; D014572:Urology
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; C056721:plasticine