title: The role of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands in pediatric cancer.
abstract: Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2 maintain self-tolerance and modulate physiological immune responses. Recently, targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with blocking antibodies has emerged as a potentially promising approach to treat advanced cancers in adult patients. Since tumor PD-L1 expression is currently considered the most important predictive biomarker for successful checkpoint blockade, we summarize expression data for the most common tumors of childhood. Additionally, we give an introduction into PD-1 function in the immune system to then focus on PD-1 mediated tumor immune escape. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:190-197. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Verena M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: de Zwart
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Friederike A G
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Meyer-Wentrup
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019138:Antibodies, Blocking / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D017634:Self Tolerance / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019138:Antibodies, Blocking; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C423236:CD274 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; C556977:PDCD1LG2 protein, human; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: PD-1/PD-L1; cancer immunotherapy; immune checkpoint blockade; pediatric cancer