title: Hepatitis B and liver transplantation: molecular and clinical features that influence recurrence and outcome.
abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is estimated that about 350 million people throughout the world are chronically infected with HBV. Some of these people will develop hepatic cirrhosis with decompensation and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. For such patients, liver transplantation may be the only hope for cure or real improvement in quality and quantity of life. Formerly, due to rapidity of recurrence of HBV infection after liver transplantation, usually rapidly progressive, liver transplantation was considered to be contraindicated. This changed dramatically following the demonstration that hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), could prevent recurrent HBV infection. HBIG has been the standard of care for the past two decades or so. Recently, with the advent of highly active inhibitors of the ribose nucleic acid polymerase of HBV (entecavir, tenofovir), there has been growing evidence that HBIG needs to be given for shorter lengths of time; indeed, it may no longer be necessary at all. In this review, we describe genetic variants of HBV and past, present, and future prophylaxis of HBV infection during and after liver transplantation. We have reviewed the extant medical literature on the subject of infection with the HBV, placing particular emphasis upon the prevention and treatment of recurrent HBV during and after liver transplantation. For the review, we searched PubMed for all papers on the subject of "hepatitis B virus AND liver transplantation". We describe some of the more clinically relevant and important genetic variations in the HBV. We also describe current practices at our medical centers, provide a summary and analysis of comparative costs for alternative strategies for prevention of recurrent HBV, and pose important still unanswered questions that are in need of answers during the next decade or two. We conclude that it is now rational and cost-effective to decrease and, perhaps, cease altogether, the routine use of HBIG during and following liver transplantation for HBV infection. Here we propose an individualized prophylaxis regimen, based on an integrated approach and risk-assessment.
authors.affiliation: Tahereh Ghaziani, Department of Medicine School, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical Liver Transplantation Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghaziani
authors.affiliation: Tahereh Ghaziani, Department of Medicine School, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical Liver Transplantation Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sendi
authors.affiliation: Tahereh Ghaziani, Department of Medicine School, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical Liver Transplantation Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahraz
authors.affiliation: Tahereh Ghaziani, Department of Medicine School, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical Liver Transplantation Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zamor
authors.affiliation: Tahereh Ghaziani, Department of Medicine School, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical Liver Transplantation Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Herbert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Bonkovsky
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016527:Drug Costs; D058625:End Stage Liver Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery* / Q000821:virology; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D009154:Mutation; D018579:Patient Selection; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014775:Virus Activation
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D007136:Immunoglobulins; C045213:hepatitis B hyperimmune globulin
keywords: Cirrhosis; End-stage liver disease; Entecavir; Genetic variants; Hepatitis B; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Interferon alpha; Lamivudine; Liver transplantation; Tenofovir