title: [Expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1, nuclear factor-kappa B and human beta-defensins in candidal albicans leukoplakia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and human beta-defensins in candidal albicans leukoplakia and to investigate the effect of candida albicans infection on key proteins in NOD1 signaling pathway and the expression of human beta-defensin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty cases of oral leukoplakia samples were collected and stained by hematoxylin-eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, silver staining and immunohistochemical methods. Nineteen samples were positive with these four methods and judged as candidal albicans leukoplakia, and the other twenty- one samples judged as leukoplakia without candidal albicans infection. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of NOD1 and NF-κB in these forty samples. In addition, the immunohistochemical method was adopted to investigate the relationship between NOD1, NF-κB, human beta-defensin 1, 2, 3 expressions and candida albicans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The positive rate of candida albicans in oral leukoplakia was 48% (19/40). The expressions of NOD1 and NF-κB in the candida albicans leukoplakia were lower than that in leukoplakia without candida albicans infection. The mean optical density value of NOD1, NF-κB, human beta-defensin 1, 2, 3 in candidal albicans leukoplakia were 0.25 ± 0.01, 0.30 ± 0.02, 0.35 ± 0.02, 0.42 ± 0.03, 0.36 ± 0.02 respectively, which were significantly lower than that in leukoplakia without candida albicans infection (0.31 ± 0.02, 0.47 ± 0.03, 0.42 ± 0.02, 0.53 ± 0.04, 0.47 ± 0.03) (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By inhibiting the NOD1 signaling pathway, candida albicans infection may reduce the expression level of human beta-defensin 1, 2, 3 in oral leukoplakia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Institue and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
authors.forename: Yajie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Wenhui
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Email: wmwang@nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wenmei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002176:Candida albicans; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009711:Nucleotides; D015398:Signal Transduction; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: C406407:DEFB1 protein, human; D016328:NF-kappa B; C119067:NOD1 protein, human; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D009711:Nucleotides; D023083:beta-Defensins