title: Characteristics of low back pain in adolescent patients with early-stage spondylolysis evaluated using a detailed visual analogue scale.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective comparative cohort study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the characteristics of low back pain (LBP) in adolescent patients with early-stage spondylolysis (ESS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ESS is a common cause of acute LBP in adolescents. When treating patients with ESS, early diagnosis is important; however, early diagnosis is difficult without magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent patients (n = 77) with acute LBP showing no pathological findings on plain radiography were included (<1 m after onset). Patients were divided into ESS and nonspecific LBP (NS-LBP) groups by conducting magnetic resonance imaging; patients showing no pathological findings that explain the cause of LBP were classified as NS-LBP. LBP was evaluated using a traditional visual analogue scale (VAS; 0-10 cm), Oswestry Disability Index, and a detailed VAS scoring system in which pain is independently evaluated in 3 different postural situations (in motion, standing, and sitting); the values were compared between the 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 77 patients, 41 (mean age: 14.6 yr; 33 adolescent boys/8 adolescent girls) had ESS and 36 (mean age: 14.3 yr; 20 adolescent boys/16 adolescent girls) were considered to have NS-LBP. Respective traditional VAS and Oswestry Disability Index scores were 4.9, 16.1 in the ESS group, and 6.2, 26.3 in the NS-LBP group. Both scores were significantly higher in the NS-LBP group. The results of the detailed VAS revealed that the ESS group showed significantly greater pain intensity while in motion than while standing or sitting (4.2, 2.0, and 2.0, respectively), whereas the NS-LBP group showed similar pain intensities in all 3 postural situations (5.3, 4.0, and 4.9, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that LBP characteristics may provide important information for distinguishing ESS from other low back disorders. Because early diagnosis is essential for the treatment of ESS, MRI examination is recommended for patients showing severe pain in motion, but less pain when standing or sitting.
authors.affiliation: *Nishikawa Orthopaedic Clinic, Chiba, Japan †Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan ‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; and §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Yasuchika
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authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Takeshi
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authors.lastname: Toyooka
authors.forename: Tetsuo
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authors.lastname: Shiga
authors.forename: Kazumi
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authors.lastname: Otsuki
authors.forename: Emi
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authors.lastname: Aikawa
authors.forename: Takato
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authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
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authors.lastname: Kitoh
authors.forename: Sakaida
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authors.forename: Yuka
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authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: Tohru
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authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Omori
authors.forename: Yasumi
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authors.lastname: Kiguchi
authors.forename: Akito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kote
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Yukio
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authors.forename: Takane
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authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
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authors.forename: Satoru
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authors.lastname: Nishikawa
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013169:Spondylolysis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D064232:Visual Analog Scale