title: Comparison of phenotypic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of clinical Escherichia coli collected from two unrelated geographical areas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic Escherichia coli is an increasing problem especially in developing countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare between resistance patterns of E. coli collected from two unrelated geographical areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive comparative study was conducted between May 2010 and August 2011. E. coli (n= 402) collected from hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan and in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia were studied. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates were performed following standard methods. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was defined as non-susceptibility to ? three antimicrobials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 402 E. coli isolates studied, MDR patterns were significantly higher among isolates from Sudan than Saudi Arabia [92.2% (214/232) vs. 70.6% (120/170)] (p = 0.000). The resistance rates of E. coli isolates were recorded as follows (Sudan and Saudi Arabia): High to moderate resistance to amoxicillin (97.7% and 94.2%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88.3% and 82.5%), tetracycline (77.1% and 74.2%), amoxicillin- clavulanic acid (51.4% and 70%), ceftriaxone (64% and 52.4%) and ciprofloxacin (58.4% and 40%). Low resistance was to ceftazidime (35% and 20%), gentamicin (35% and 17.5%) and nitrofurantoin (22.4% and 11.7%). Resistance to amikacin was uncommon (1.9% and 5%). Significant differences (p < 0.05) in resistance rates of isolates between both countries in term to patient's gender and age. The most frequent MDR phenotypes among isolates were to 7(15.9%) in Khartoum state and to 3(20.8%) in Aseer region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variation and emerging of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic E. coli isolates was observed in both regions. Continuous monitoring of resistance profiles, locally and international surveillance programs are required.
authors.affiliation: University of Khartoum. mutasimhadi87@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mutasim E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Naser E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.forename: Mohamed E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hamid
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D013397:Sudan
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents