title: Cord blood C-peptide, insulin, HbA1c, and lipids levels in small- and large-for-gestational-age newborns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small- and large-for-gestational-age (SGA, LGA) newborns are associated with metabolic syndrome in their later life. Cord blood C-peptide, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipids levels may be altered in SGA and LGA newborns; however, the results are conflicting. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of cord blood markers on SGA and LGA newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study and included 2873 term newborns of non-diabetic women. Among these newborns, 83 (2.9%) were SGA, 2236 (77.8%) were appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), and 554 (19.3%) were LGA newborns. Cord blood C-peptide, insulin, HbA1c, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured. The chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze categorical variables and continuous variables, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent effect of these variables on SGA and LGA newborns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cord serum TG level was significantly higher in the SGA group than in AGA and LGA groups (p<0.05). The LGA group had significantly higher cord serum insulin level than AGA and SGA groups (p<0.05). After adjustment for confounding variables, including maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), education, annual household income, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), mode of delivery, and newborn sex, high TG and insulin levels remained significantly associated with SGA and LGA newborns, respectively (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High cord serum TG and insulin levels are independently associated with SGA and LGA newborns, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Children's Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Ruo-Lin
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Children's Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Wen-Yuan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Children's Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Xiao-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Children's Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Xiu-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Children's Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Children's Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Zheng-Yan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids