title: Dynamics of small RNA profiles of virus and host origin in wheat cultivars synergistically infected by Wheat streak mosaic virus and Triticum mosaic virus: virus infection caused a drastic shift in the endogenous small RNA profile.
abstract: Co-infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV, a Tritimovirus) and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV, a Poacevirus) of the family Potyviridae causes synergistic interaction. In this study, the effects of the synergistic interaction between WSMV and TriMV on endogenous and virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) were examined in susceptible ('Arapahoe') and temperature-sensitive resistant ('Mace') wheat cultivars at 18°C and 27°C. Single and double infections in wheat caused a shift in the profile of endogenous small RNAs from 24 nt being the most predominant in healthy plants to 21 nt in infected wheat. Massive amounts of 21 and 22 nt vsiRNAs accumulated in singly and doubly infected Arapahoe at both temperatures and in Mace at 27°C but not 18°C. The plus- and minus-sense vsiRNAs were distributed throughout the genomic RNAs in Arapahoe at both temperature regimens and in Mace at 27°C, although some regions served as hot-spots, spawning an excessive number of vsiRNAs. The vsiRNA peaks were conserved among cultivars, suggesting that the Dicer-like enzymes in susceptible and resistant cultivars similarly accessed the genomic RNAs of WSMV or TriMV. Accumulation of large amounts of vsiRNAs in doubly infected plants suggests that the silencing suppressor proteins encoded by TriMV and WSMV do not prevent the formation of vsiRNAs; thus, the synergistic effect observed is independent from RNA-silencing mediated vsiRNA biogenesis. The high-resolution map of endogenous and vsiRNAs from WSMV- and/or TriMV-infected wheat cultivars may form a foundation for understanding the virus-host interactions, the effect of synergistic interactions on host defense, and virus resistance mechanisms in wheat.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Satyanarayana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tatineni
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jean-Jack M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Riethoven
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Graybosch
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amitava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitra
mesh_terms: D060085:Coinfection; D019295:Computational Biology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics*; D009029:Mosaic Viruses / Q000235:genetics*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D018749:RNA, Plant; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated / Q000235:genetics*; D012367:RNA, Viral; D059467:Transcriptome; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D018749:RNA, Plant; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated; D012367:RNA, Viral