title: The Use of Cellulose Nanocrystals for Potential Application in Topical Delivery of Hydroquinone.
abstract: Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems can enhance drug permeation through the skin and improve the drug stability. The biodegradability and biocompatibility of cellulose nanocrystals have made these nanoparticles good candidates to use in biomedical applications. The hyperpigmentation is a common skin disorder that could be caused by number of reasons such as sun exposure and pregnancy. Hydroquinone could inhibit the production of melanin and eliminate the discolorations of skin. This study is aimed at introducing cellulose nanocrystals as suitable carriers for drug delivery to skin. Prepared cellulose nanocrystals were characterized by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy. The size of cellulose nanocrystals determined using dynamic light scattering was 301 ± 10 nm. Hydroquinone-cellulose nanocrystal complex was prepared by incubating of hydroquinone solution in cellulose nanocrystals suspension. The size of hydroquinone-cellulose nanocrystal complex determined using dynamic light scattering was 310 ± 10 nm. The hydroquinone content of the hydroquinone-cellulose complex was determined using UV/vis spectroscopy. Hydroquinone was bound to cellulose nanocrystals representing 79.3 ± 2% maximum binding efficiency when 1.1 mg hydroquinone was added to 1 mL of cellulose nanocrystals suspension (2 mg cellulose nanocrystal). The hydroquinone-cellulose nanocrystal complex showed an approximately sustained release profile of hydroquinone. Approximately, 80% of bound hydroquinone released in 4 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery System Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.|Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56184, Iran.
authors.forename: Azade
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, 45139-56184, Iran.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006873:Hydroquinones; D002482:Cellulose; C031927:hydroquinone
keywords: cellulose nanocrystals; drug delivery; hydroquinone; hyperpigmentation; skin