title: Scopine as a novel brain-targeting moiety enhances the brain uptake of chlorambucil.
abstract: The blood brain barrier (BBB) represents the biggest challenge for therapeutic drugs to enter the brain. In our study, we selected chlorambucil (CHL), an alkylating agent, as the model therapeutic agent, and used scopine as a novel brain-targeting moiety. Here, we synthesized Chlorambucil-Scopine (CHLS) prodrug and evaluated its brain-targeting efficacy. The tissue distribution study after i.v. injection revealed that the AUC0-t and Cmax of CHLS in the brain were 14.25- and 12.20-fold of CHL, respectively. Specifically, CHLS accumulated in bEnd.3 and C6 cells in an energy-dependent manner. In C6 cells, superior anti-glioma activity with a significantly decreased IC50 of 65.42 nM/mL was observed for CHLS compared to CHL (IC50 > 400 nM/mL). The safety evaluation, including acute toxicity, pathology, and hematology study, showed minimal toxicity toward nontargeting tissues, and also reached a lower systemic toxicity at 5 mg/kg (i.v.). Our results suggested that scopine is a potential brain-targeting moiety for enhancing the brain uptake efficiency of CHL.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Xinyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chaoqun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zhirong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001692:Biological Transport; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002699:Chlorambucil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D004355:Drug Stability; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D011355:Prodrugs; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; C000599472:chlorambucil-scopine; D002699:Chlorambucil