title: Accumulation and therapeutic modulation of 6-sulfo LacNAc(+) dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the potential role of 6-sulfo LacNAc(+) (slan) dendritic cells (DCs) displaying pronounced proinflammatory properties in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the presence of slanDCs in demyelinated brain lesions and CSF samples of patients with MS. In addition, we explored the impact of methylprednisolone, interferon-β, glatiramer acetate, or natalizumab on the frequency of blood-circulating slanDCs in patients with MS. We also evaluated whether interferon-β modulates important proinflammatory capabilities of slanDCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SlanDCs accumulate in highly inflammatory brain lesions and are present in the majority of CSF samples of patients with MS. Short-term methylprednisolone administration reduces the percentage of slanDCs in blood of patients with MS and the proportion of tumor necrosis factor-α- or CD150-expressing slanDCs. Long-term interferon-β treatment decreases the percentage of blood-circulating slanDCs in contrast to glatiramer acetate or natalizumab. Furthermore, interferon-β inhibits the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by slanDCs and their capacity to promote proliferation and differentiation of T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accumulation of slanDCs in highly inflammatory brain lesions and their presence in CSF indicate that slanDCs may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of MS. The reduction of blood-circulating slanDCs and the inhibition of their proinflammatory properties by methylprednisolone and interferon-β may contribute to the therapeutic efficiency of these drugs in patients with MS.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dietze
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Rebekka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wehner
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Imke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Hayrettin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tumani
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schultheiß
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schäkel
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichmann
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brück
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (K.T., T.S., H.R., T.Z.) and Dermatology (C.G.), University Hospital, Dresden; Institute of Immunology (K.D., R.W., M.S.), Medical Faculty, TU Dresden; Department of Neuropathology (I.M., W.B.), University Medical Centre, Göttingen; Department of Neurology (H.T.), University Hospital, Ulm; Department of Dermatology (K.S.), University Hospital, Heidelberg; and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (M.S.), Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Tjalf
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ziemssen