title: Deviations in cortex sulcation associated with visual hallucinations in schizophrenia.
abstract: Hallucinations, and auditory hallucinations (AH) in particular, constitute the most typical and disabling schizophrenia symptoms. Although visual hallucinations (VH) have been largely neglected in psychiatric disorders, a recent review reported a 27% mean prevalence of VH in schizophrenia patients. The pathophysiology underlying VH in schizophrenia remains elusive. Several schizophrenia studies reported a significant effect of age on VH; therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia may explain VH occurrence. We analyzed cortex sulcation, a marker of brain development, in healthy controls (HCs) and two subgroups of carefully selected schizophrenia patients suffering from hallucinations: patients with only AH (that is, patients who never reported VH) and patients with audio-visual hallucinations (A+VH). Different cortical sulcation and left-right sulcal asymmetry were found between A+VH and AH patients, with decreased sulcation in both A+VH and AH patients in comparison with the HCs. Although a specific association between VH and neurodegenerative mechanisms, for example, in Body-Lewy Dementia or Parkinson's Disease, has previously been reported in the literature, the current study provides the first neuroimaging evidence of an association between VH and neurodevelopmental mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 894, Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France.|Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.|CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratoire de Psychologie du développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant, Paris, France.|Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cachia
authors.affiliation: Université de Lille, SCA-lab, PSYchiC team, Lille, France.|Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille (CHULille), Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry Department, Lille, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amad
authors.affiliation: Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), EA 4615, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brunelin
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 894, Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France.|Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M-O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 894, Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France.|Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plaze
authors.affiliation: Université de Lille, SCA-lab, PSYchiC team, Lille, France.|Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille (CHULille), Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry Department, Lille, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Université de Lille, SCA-lab, PSYchiC team, Lille, France.|Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille (CHULille), Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry Department, Lille, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4596-1502
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jardri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*