title: Impact of pulse duration on Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy: fragmentation and dusting performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vitro investigations of Ho:YAG laser-induced stone fragmentation were performed to identify potential impacts of different pulse durations on stone fragmentation characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Ho:YAG laser system (Swiss LaserClast, EMS S.A., Nyon, Switzerland) with selectable long or short pulse mode was tested with regard to its fragmentation and laser hardware compatibility properties. The pulse duration is depending on the specific laser parameters. Fragmentation tests (hand-held, hands-free, single-pulse-induced crater) on artificial BEGO stones were performed under reproducible experimental conditions (fibre sizes: 365 and 200 µm; laser settings: 10 W through combinations of 0.5, 1, 2 J/pulse and 20, 10, 5 Hz, respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in fragmentation rates between the two pulse duration regimes were detected with statistical significance for defined settings. Hand-held and motivated Ho:YAG laser-assisted fragmentation of BEGO stones showed no significant difference between short pulse mode and long pulse mode, neither in fragmentation rates nor in number of fragments and fragment sizes. Similarly, the results of the hands-free fragmentation tests (with and without anti-repulsion device) showed no statistical differences between long pulse and short pulse modes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed that fragmentation rates for long and short pulse durations at identical power settings remain at a comparable level. Longer holmium laser pulse duration reduces stone pushback. Therefore, longer laser pulses may result in better clinical outcome of laser lithotripsy and more convenient handling during clinical use without compromising fragmentation effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kreisklinik Ebersberg Gemeinnützige GmbH, Ebersberg, Germany, markus-j-bader@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Markus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pongratz
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khoder
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Stief
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nagele
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sroka
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000628:therapy*