title: Diagnosis and management of glycogen storage disease type I: a practice guideline of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) is a rare disease of variable clinical severity that primarily affects the liver and kidney. It is caused by deficient activity of the glucose 6-phosphatase enzyme (GSD Ia) or a deficiency in the microsomal transport proteins for glucose 6-phosphate (GSD Ib), resulting in excessive accumulation of glycogen and fat in the liver, kidney, and intestinal mucosa. Patients with GSD I have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, lactic acidemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and growth retardation. Individuals with GSD type Ia typically have symptoms related to hypoglycemia in infancy when the interval between feedings is extended to 3–4 hours. Other manifestations of the disease vary in age of onset, rate of disease progression, and severity. In addition, patients with type Ib have neutropenia, impaired neutrophil function, and inflammatory bowel disease. This guideline for the management of GSD I was developed as an educational resource for health-care providers to facilitate prompt, accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national group of experts in various aspects of GSD I met to review the evidence base from the scientific literature and provided their expert opinions. Consensus was developed in each area of diagnosis, treatment, and management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This management guideline specifically addresses evaluation and diagnosis across multiple organ systems (hepatic, kidney, gastrointestinal/nutrition, hematologic, cardiovascular, reproductive) involved in GSD I. Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis stemming from presenting features and diagnostic algorithms are discussed. Aspects of diagnostic evaluation and nutritional and medical management, including care coordination, genetic counseling, hepatic and renal transplantation, and prenatal diagnosis, are also addressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A guideline that facilitates accurate diagnosis and optimal management of patients with GSD I was developed. This guideline helps health-care providers recognize patients with all forms of GSD I, expedite diagnosis, and minimize adverse sequelae from delayed diagnosis and inappropriate management. It also helps to identify gaps in scientific knowledge that exist today and suggests future studies.
authors.forename: Priya S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kishnani
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Abdenur
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arn
authors.forename: Deeksha S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bali
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boney
authors.forename: Wendy K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Aditi I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Dagli
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Dwight
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koeberl
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: Stephanie Burns
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wechsler
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Joseph I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Wolfsdorf
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D017920:Antiporters / Q000235:genetics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics; D005953:Glycogen Storage Disease Type I / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017920:Antiporters; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; C503531:SLC37A4 protein, human; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase