title: Why some patients are unhappy: part 1. Relationship of preoperative nasal deformity to number of operations and a history of abuse or neglect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma (neglect or abuse) can create body shame (different from body dissatisfaction), driving some patients to seek aesthetic surgery. We hypothesized that a trauma history would be related to the severity of the original deformity and the drive to undergo repeated operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics were computed for 100 secondary rhinoplasty patients, 50 of whom originally had dorsal humps, 21 of whom had straight, functional noses, and 29 of whom had subjectively normal noses but underwent multiple rhinoplasties. This latter group fulfills criteria for body dysmorphic disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with patients with hump noses, patients with normal primary noses were 2.9 times more likely to be demanding 2.5 times more likely to be depressed, had undergone 3.0 times more rhinoplasties and other aesthetic operations, and were 3.8 times more likely to have confirmed trauma histories. Patients who had undergone more than three operations were 92.7 percent women; 85 percent originally had straight noses and had undergone an average of 7.56 rhinoplasties and 5.78 aesthetic operations; 85.4 percent had histories of abuse or neglect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secondary rhinoplasty patients with normal preoperative noses, who fulfill the criteria for body dysmorphic disorder, had significantly higher prevalences of depression, demanding conduct, previous rhinoplasties and other aesthetic operations, and confirmed trauma histories than patients who originally had dorsal deformities or straight noses with functional symptoms. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of such associations. A history of childhood trauma may impact adult patient behavior and therefore the surgical experience.
authors.affiliation: Nashua, N.H.; and Madison, Wis. From the Department of Surgery (Plastic Surgery), St. Joseph Hospital; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Constantian
authors.forename: Chee Paul
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*