title: Physical exercise ameliorates the reduction of neural stem cell, cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in senescent mice induced by D-galactose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging negatively affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and exercise attenuates the age-related reduction in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In the present study, we used senescent mice induced by D-galactose to examine neural stem cells, cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation with or without exercise treatment. D-galactose (100 mg/kg) was injected to six-week-old C57BL/6 J mice for 6 weeks to induce the senescent model. During these periods, the animals were placed on a treadmill and acclimated to exercise for 1 week. Then treadmill running was conducted for 1 h/day for 5 consecutive days at 10-12 m/min for 5 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body weight and food intake did not change significantly after D-galactose administration with/without treadmill exercise, although body weight and food intake was highest after treadmill exercise in adult animals and lowest after treadmill exercise in D-galactose-induced senescent model animals. D-galactose treatment significantly decreased the number of nestin (a neural stem cell marker), Ki67 (a cell proliferation marker), and doublecortin (DCX, a differentiating neuroblast marker) positive cells compared to those in the control group. In contrast, treadmill exercise significantly increased Ki67- and DCX-positive cell numbers in both the vehicle- and D-galactose treated groups. In addition, phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (pCREB) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was significantly decreased in the D-galactose treated group, whereas exercise increased their expression in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in both the vehicle- and D-galactose-treated groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that treadmill exercise attenuates the D-galactose-induced reduction in neural stem cells, cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation by enhancing the expression of pCREB and BDNF in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea. lovingvet@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea. kimjongwhi@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong Whi
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea. yo4419@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dae Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea. heesun@gwnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hee Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea. kimdw@gwnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dae Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea. jhchoi@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jung Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea. tank3430@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Woosuk
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea. hyoyoung@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyo Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea. mhwon@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Moo-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea. vetmed2@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: In Koo
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea. snumouse@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Je Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Seong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea. ysyoon@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yeo Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000502:physiology*; D000089622:Doublecortin Domain Proteins; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D004435:Eating; D005690:Galactose; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D064231:Nestin / Q000378:metabolism; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C492004:Creb1 protein, mouse; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; C000714847:Dcx protein, mouse; D000089622:Doublecortin Domain Proteins; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; C577485:Nes protein, mouse; D064231:Nestin; D009479:Neuropeptides; D005690:Galactose