title: Radiation exposure to surgeon in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with novel spinal locators.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To further investigate the implication of our surface locator and intradermal locator to reduce the radiation exposure to surgeons in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Our previous studies published in the journal have introduced our novel spinal locators effectively minimizing fluoroscopic time during minimally invasive spinal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients underwent MIS-TLIF surgery with G-arm fluoroscopy from January 2013 to June 2013. There were 10 patients in group A who underwent standard MIS-TLIF using our spinal locators, and the other 10 in group B underwent conventional MIS-TLIF without spinal locators. The radiation dosages to the arm, the finger, the whole body, thyroid gland, gonad gland, and the eye of the surgeon were measured by thermoluminescence badges for both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 20 patients (9 male, 11 female), aged from 48 to 77 years old, successfully underwent the surgery. The operation time was 171.20±10.28 minutes for group A and 189.80±11.99 minutes for group B. The fluoroscopy time was 49.60±7.32 seconds for group A and 68.40±7.62 seconds for group B, hence a reduction of 27.49% was observed. There was no correlation between operation time and exposure time for group A or group B. The radiation reduction was 35.28% for the arm, 17.95% for the finger, 45.23% for the whole body, 53.62% for the thyroid gland (protected), 52.44% for the thyroid gland (unprotected), 44% for gonad gland (protected), 36.42% for the gonad gland (unprotected), 59.42% for the eye (protected), and 59.70% for the eye (unprotected).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study indicated that radiation exposure to the surgeon would be effectively reduced in MIS-TLIF using our surface locator and intradermal locator, and it could be another practical choice for radiation-minimizing strategy.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai †Department of Orthopaedics, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China.
authors.forename: Guoxin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Qingsong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Guangfei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Shisheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D061646:Operative Time; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011835:Radiation Protection; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D066231:Surgeons