title: The Carrington solar flares of 1859: consequences on life.
abstract: The beginning of September 1859 was the occasion of the first and unique observation of a giant solar white light flare, auroral displays were observed at low latitudes and geomagnetic observatories recorded exceptional storms. This paper reviews the impact of the event on the earth system with a special emphasis on living processes using the historical record and current scientific analysis. The data used includes reports from the telegraph operators, mortality and morbidity records, proxies as agricultural production. Comparisons with later solar flare events will be attempted on the basis of the record and the consequences of an event of comparable magnitude to the 1859 set of flares will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Belgian Users Support Operation Centre, Avenue Circulaire, 3, 1180, Brussels, Belgium, Christian.muller@busoc.be.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muller
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000266:history; D018534:Earth, Planet; D005060:Europe; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000528:radiation effects*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D019445:Solar Activity; D016082:Solar System / Q000737:chemistry*; D062952:Stratospheric Ozone / Q000032:analysis; D013472:Sunlight; D013685:Telecommunications / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D062952:Stratospheric Ozone