title: Measurement of diabetes-related emotional distress using the Problem Areas in Diabetes scale: psychometric evaluations show that the short form is better than the full form.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale is widely used for measuring diabetes-related emotional distress. There has been debate over the last 2 decades about the underlying factorial-construct validity of the PAID, with one- to four-factor structures being reported. A short form of the PAID, which comprises five items (PAID-5), was recently developed using Western patients with type 2 diabetes. This study measured the psychometric properties of the full and short forms of the PAID in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes, with the aim of determining which form is preferable.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PAID and PAID-5 were translated into Korean (K-PAID and K-PAID-5, respectively) using a forward-and-backward translation technique. The study participants were recruited from university hospitals. The factorial-construct, convergent, and known-groups validity, and internal-consistency and test-retest reliability of both the K-PAID and K-PAID-5 were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the K-PAID, confirmatory factor analysis revealed a marginal fit to the one-, two-, three-, and four-factor models. The three- and four-factor models of the K-PAID partially satisfied the internal-consistency and test-retest reliability, and convergent and known-groups validity. For the K-PAID-5, confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated an excellent fit to the one-factor model, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.87 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.89. The K-PAID-5 satisfied the convergent validity, as evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and hemoglobin A1c. Known-groups validity by gender was also satisfied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The K-PAID-5 demonstrated excellent psychometric properties as a one-factor scale. The brevity of the K-PAID-5 represents a major advantage in a practical context in that it may impose a minimum burden upon patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 443-380, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. ehlee@ajou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Eun-Hyun
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young Whee
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kwan-Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yong Seong
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Moon-Suk
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires