title: Prevalence, risk factors and awareness of diabetic retinopathy among admitted diabetic patients at a tertiary level hospital in Kathmandu.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the commonest causes of visual impairment and blindness in Nepal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to explore the prevalence, risk factors and awareness of DR among admitted diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-interventional case series study was conducted among the inpatient diabetic cases referred for ophthalmic consultation. The patients' detailed demographics, awareness on DR, concurrent systemic problems, and glycemic control status were recorded. DR was graded using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence, risk factors and awareness of diabetic retinopathy among the study participants was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 277 diabetic patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 62.25 ± 13.26 years. Only one-third (34.6 %) of the cases were admitted for sugar control and newly diagnosed cases comprised of 19.49 %. Nearly half of the cases (46.6 %) were not aware of diabetic retinopathy and dilated fundus evaluation was done for the first time in 44.4 %. DR was found in 38.26 % of the cases and was diagnosed in 13 % of the new cases. Almost four-fifths (78 %) of the diabetics had had the disease for a duration of 16 to 20 years. Clinically significant macular edema was found in 5.78 % and proliferative DR in 2.52 %. DR was significantly associated with the duration of diabetes (P value = 0.001) and concurrent hypertension (P value = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of DR was 38 % among the admitted diabetic cases and the DR was significantly associated with the duration of diabetes and systemic hypertension. Almost half of the cases had been unaware of DR before referral. This emphasizes the importance of the collaboration of the physician and the ophthalmologist for an early DR detection.
authors.affiliation: Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rizyal
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maharjan
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Joshi