title: Quantitative trait locus mapping of melanization in the plant pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici.
abstract: Melanin plays an important role in virulence and antimicrobial resistance in several fungal pathogens. The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is important worldwide, but little is known about the genetic architecture of pathogenicity, including the production of melanin. Because melanin production can exhibit complex inheritance, we used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in two crosses to identify the underlying genes. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing was used to genotype 263 (cross 1) and 261 (cross 2) progeny at ~8500 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and construct two dense linkage maps. We measured gray values, representing degrees of melanization, for single-spore colonies growing on Petri dishes by using a novel image-processing approach that enabled high-throughput phenotyping. Because melanin production can be affected by stress, each offspring was grown in two stressful environments and one control environment. We detected six significant QTL in cross 1 and nine in cross 2, with three QTL shared between the crosses. Different QTL were identified in different environments and at different colony ages. By obtaining complete genome sequences for the four parents and analyzing sequence variation in the QTL confidence intervals, we identified 16 candidate genes likely to affect melanization. One of these candidates was PKS1, a polyketide synthase gene known to play a role in the synthesis of dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. Three candidate quantitative trait nucleotides were identified in PKS1. Many of the other candidate genes were not previously associated with melanization.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Pathology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland mark.lendenmann@usys.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lendenmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Pathology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Croll
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Pathology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ethan L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Pathology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D030562:Databases, Protein; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005838:Genotype; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048630:Polyketide Synthases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D004718:Saccharomycetales / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D048630:Polyketide Synthases
keywords: Mycosphaerella graminicola; QTL; automated digital image analysis; genetic linkage map; restriction site–associated DNA sequencing (RADseq)