title: Exhaled Breath Condensate Pepsin: Potential Noninvasive Test for Gastroesophageal Reflux in COPD and Bronchiectasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acid gastroesophageal reflux is a common problem in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and COPD. Invasive methods are used to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux, but the ability to detect pulmonary microaspiration of gastric contents using this method is unclear. A noninvasive option to detect pulmonary microaspiration is to measure pepsin in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), but this has not been related to esophageal pH monitoring in these lung conditions. This study aimed to measure pepsin concentrations and pH in EBC and to determine the relationship to gastroesophageal reflux in bronchiectasis or COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with bronchiectasis (n=10) or COPD (n=10) and control subjects (n=10) completed 24-h esophageal pH monitoring for detection of acid gastroesophageal reflux, measuring the percentage of reflux time in the proximal esophagus and the DeMeester score (DMS). Concurrently, 3 samples of EBC were collected from each subject, and pH was measured and pepsin concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EBC pepsin was detected in subjects with bronchiectasis (44%) or COPD (56%) and in control subjects (10%). A diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux was not associated with a higher concentration of EBC pepsin in bronchiectasis (P=.21) or COPD (P=.11). EBC pepsin concentration did not correlate with DMS (rs=0.36) or proximal reflux index (rs=0.25) in subjects with bronchiectasis or with DMS (rs=0.28) or proximal reflux index (rs=0.21) in patients with COPD. EBC and sputum pepsin concentrations were moderately correlated in bronchiectasis (rs=0.56) and in COPD (rs=0.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pepsin is detectable in EBC samples in bronchiectasis and COPD. Although no association was found between pepsin concentrations and a diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux, a moderate relationship between sputum and EBC pepsin concentrations suggests that EBC pepsin may be a useful noninvasive marker of pulmonary microaspiration.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Physiotherapy Department Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. annemarie.lee@westpark.org annemarielee257@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Annemarie L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Department of Medicine.
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Button
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denehy
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Medicine.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bamford
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Fi-Tjen
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mifsud
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Department of Medicine.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stirling
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Department of Medicine.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests; D001987:Bronchiectasis / Q000150:complications*; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010434:Pepsin A / Q000032:analysis*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D063466:Respiratory Aspiration of Gastric Contents / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010434:Pepsin A
keywords: COPD; bronchiectasis; exhaled breath condensate; gastroesophageal reflux