title: Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms are associated with primary hyperuricemia in a Chinese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary hyperuricemia, an excess of uric acid in the blood, is a major public health problem. In addition to the morbidity that is attributable to gout, hyperuricemia is also associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. This study aims to assess the genetic associations between Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms and hyperuricemia in a Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 770 subjects (356 hyperuricemic cases and 414 normouricemic controls) were recruited from the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. A physical examination was performed and fasting blood was collected for biochemical tests, including determination of the levels of serum lipid, creatinine, and uric acid. Multi-ARMS PCR was applied to determine the APOE genotypes, followed by an investigation of the distribution of APOE genotypes and alleles frequencies in the controls and cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequencies of the APOE-ε2ε3 genotype (17.70% vs. 10.39%, P = 0.003) and the APOE-ε2 allele (10.53% vs. 5.80%, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in the hyperuricemic group than in the normouricemic group. Furthermore, male cases were more likely to have the APOE-ε2ε3 genotype and APOE-ε2 allele, compared with male controls. In both Han and Hui subjects, cases were more likely to have the APOE-ε2ε3 genotype and the APOE-ε2 allele compared with controls. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression showed that carriers of the APOE-ε2ε3 genotype (P = 0.001, OR = 2.194) and the ε2 allele (P = 0.001, OR = 2.099) were significantly more likely to experience hyperuricemia than carriers of the ε3/ε3 genotype and the ε3 allele after adjustment for sex, body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), creatinine (Cr) and fasting blood glucose (FBG).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The APOE-ε2ε3 genotype and the APOE-ε2 allele are associated with serum uric acid levels in Chinese subjects, indicating that individuals carrying the APOE-ε2 allele have a higher risk of hyperuricemia than non-carriers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiu-zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xin-qi
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Peng-chang
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Di
authors.affiliation: Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Guang-jin
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000483:Alleles; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008055:Lipids; D014527:Uric Acid; D003404:Creatinine