title: Computer-assisted analysis of anatomical relationships of the ethmoidal foramina and optic canal along the medial orbital wall.
abstract: Typically, the medial orbital wall contains an anterior ethmoidal foramen (EF) and a posterior EF, but may also have multiple EFs transmitting the arteries and nerves between the orbit and the anterior cranial fossa. The aim of this study is to determine a patient-friendly landmark of the medial orbital wall and to specify a precise location of the ethmoidal foramens (EF) in order to standardize certain anatomical marks as safe ethmoidal arteries. Orientation points on the anterior ethmoidal foramen (AEF), posterior ethmoidal foramen (PEF) and middle ethmoidal foramen (MEF) were investigated in 262 orbits. Using a software program, distances between each foramen and the midpoint of the anterior lacrimal crest (ALC), the optic canal (OC), and some important angles were measured. The EFs were identified as single in 0.8%, double in 73.7%, triple 24,4% and quadruple in 1.1% specimens. The mean distances between ALC and AEF, ALC and PEF and ALC and MEF were 27.7, 10.6, and 12.95 mm, respectively. The distances from ALC-AEF, AEF-PEF, and PEF-OC were 27.7 ± 2.8, 10.6 ± 3.3, 5.4 ± 1 mm. The angles from the plane of the EF to the medial border of the OC were calculated as 13.2° and 153°, respectively. The angle from the AEF to the medial border of the OC was based on the plane between the ALC and AEF was 132°. The occurrence of multiple EF with an incidence of 25% narrows the borders of the safe region in the medial orbital wall. Safe distance of the ALC-EF was measured as 22.1 mm on medial wall. The line of the location of the EF was calculated 16.2 mm. In this study, it was possible to investigate the variability of the orbital orifice of the EF and the feasibility of the EA, to observe various angles of the orbital wall bones and to calculate the lengths of some parameters with the help of certain software.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Servet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Asim
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zuhal
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kazak
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey. figen.govsa@ege.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Govsa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D035262:Cranial Fossa, Anterior / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Anterior ethmoidal foramen; Anterior lacrimal crest; Epistaxis; Ethmoidal arteries; Intraorbital hematoma; Orbit; Orbital surgery; Orientation points; Posterior ethmoidal foramen; Surgical anatomy