title: Why some patients are unhappy: part 2. Relationship of nasal shape and trauma history to surgical success.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A previous report indicated that secondary rhinoplasty patients with normal preoperative noses displayed significantly higher prevalences of depression, demanding behavior, previous aesthetic operations, and confirmed trauma (abuse/neglect) histories than patients who originally had dorsal deformities or straight noses with functional symptoms. The authors hypothesized that abuse or neglect might also influence patient satisfaction and suggest screening criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred secondary rhinoplasty patients stratified by their original nasal shapes were examined by bivariate analysis to determine the characteristics associated with surgical satisfaction. Mediation analysis established intervening factors between total surgery number and patients' perceived success. Random forests identified important patient attributes that predicted surgical success; logistic regression confirmed these effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Satisfied patients originally had dorsal humps, three or fewer previous operations, were not demanding or depressed, were not looking for perfect noses, and had no trauma histories. Dissatisfied patients originally had subjectively normal noses, more than three operations, were depressed, had demanding personalities, and had trauma histories. Patients who had undergone the most operations were most likely to request more surgery and least likely to be satisfied. A trauma (abuse/neglect) history was the most significant mediator between patient satisfaction and number of operations and the most prominent factor driving surgery in patients with milder deformities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potentially causative links exist between trauma (abuse/neglect), body image disorders, and obsessive plastic surgery. Body dysmorphic disorder may be a model of the disordered adaptation to abuse or neglect, a variant of posttraumatic stress disorder. Our satisfied and dissatisfied patients shared common characteristics and therefore may be identifiable preoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Nashua, N.H.; and Madison, Wis. From the Department of Surgery (Plastic Surgery), St. Joseph Hospital; and the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Constantian
authors.forename: Chee Paul
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*