title: Association of daily coffee and tea consumption and metabolic syndrome: results from the Polish arm of the HAPIEE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether daily consumption of coffee and tea was associated with components and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Polish arm of the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional population-based survey including 8,821 adults (51.4% female) was conducted in Krakow, Poland. Coffee and tea consumption was evaluated using food frequency questionnaires. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation definition. Linear and logistic regression models were performed to estimate odds ratios and confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among high coffee and tea consumers (3 or more cups/day), high prevalence of female gender, young age, medium-high educational and occupational level, high total energy intake, and smoking habit were found. High coffee drinkers had lower BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and higher HDL cholesterol than those drinking less than 1 cup/day. In contrast, high tea consumers had lower BMI, waist circumference, but not diastolic blood pressure, which was higher than low drinkers. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, both higher coffee and tea consumption were negatively associated with MetS (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66, 0.86 and OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67, 0.92, respectively). Among specific components of MetS, high coffee consumption was negatively associated with waist circumference, hypertension, and triglycerides, whereas tea consumption with central obesity and fasting plasma glucose in women, but not in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coffee and tea consumption was negatively associated with MetS and some of its components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy. giuseppe.grosso@studium.unict.it.|Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. giuseppe.grosso@studium.unict.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stepaniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Micek
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Topor-Mądry
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Hynek
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pikhart
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szafraniec
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pająk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003069:Coffee; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011044:Poland; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Blood pressure; Coffee; Dyslipidemia; Hyperglycemia; Metabolic syndrome; Tea; Waist circumference