title: Resonance frequency analysis, insertion torque, and bone to implant contact of 4 implant surfaces: comparison and correlation study in sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary stability is evaluated using resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and insertion torque (IT). Although there is a strong correlation between RFA and IT, studies failed to find a correlation between RFA and bone to implant contact (BIC) or IT and BIC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare RFA, IT, and BIC of SLA, SLActive, Euroteknika, and TiUnite implant surfaces and evaluate the correlation between them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two implants were placed in 8 sheep. RFA and IT were recorded. Animals were killed at 1 and 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference was found in RFA between the 4 surfaces. No significant difference was found for IT. Mean BIC was different between all 4 surfaces. A significant positive correlation was found between RFA and IT with SLA. No significant correlation was found between RFA and BIC and between IT and BIC at 1 and 2 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implants with 4 different surfaces have similar IT values but different RFA and BIC. Additionally irrespective of the implant surface, there is no correlation between IT and BIC and between RFA and BIC.
authors.affiliation: *Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon. †Assistant Professor, Head of Department, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon. ‡Honorary Professor, Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon. §Professor, Dean, Director of Postgraduate Program, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Maroun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dagher
authors.forename: Nadim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mokbel
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jabbour
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naaman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D013499:Surface Properties; D019415:Torque; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants