title: Growing patterns to produce 'nitrate-free' lettuce (Lactuca sativa).
abstract: Vegetables can contain significant amounts of nitrate and, therefore, may pose health hazards to consumers by exceeding the accepted daily intake for nitrate. Different hydroponic growing patterns were examined in this work in order to obtain 'nitrate-free lettuces'. Growing lettuces on low nitrate content nutrient solution resulted in a significant decrease in lettuces' nitrate concentrations (1741 versus 39 mg kg(-1)), however the beneficial effect was cancelled out by an increase in the ambient temperature. Nitrate replacement with ammonium was associated with an important decrease of the lettuces' nitrate concentration (from 1896 to 14 mg kg(-1)) and survival rate. An economically feasible method to reduce nitrate concentrations was the removal of all inorganic nitrogen from the nutrient solution before the exponential growth phase. This method led to lettuces almost devoid of nitrate (10 mg kg(-1)). The dried mass and calcinated mass of lettuces, used as markers of lettuces' quality, were not influenced by this treatment, but a small reduction (18%, p < 0.05) in the fresh mass was recorded. The concentrations of nitrite in the lettuces and their modifications are also discussed in the paper. It is possible to obtain 'nitrate-free' lettuces in an economically feasible way.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Toxicology, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics , University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureş , Tîrgu Mureş , Romania.
authors.forename: Mircea Dumitru
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Croitoru
authors.forename: Daniela-Lucia
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Muntean
authors.forename: Ibolya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fülöp
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Modroiu
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018527:Hydroponics / Q000379:methods; D018545:Lactuca / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites
keywords: HPLC; hydroponics; lettuce; nitrate; nitrite