title: VDR polymorphisms are associated with bone mineral density in post-menopausal Mayan-Mestizo women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), which is determined by an interaction of genetic, metabolic and environmental factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the association between two polymorphisms of VDR as well as their haplotypes with BMD in post-menopausal Maya-Mestizo women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprised 600 post-menopausal Maya-Mestizo women. A structured questionnaire for risk factors was applied and BMD was assessed at the lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (TH) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of VDR (rs731236 and rs2228570) were studied using real-time PCR allelic discrimination for genotyping. Differences between the means of the BMDs according to the genotype were analysed with covariance. Haplotype analysis was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TT genotype of rs731236 of VDR had higher BMD at total hip and femoral neck (FN), and one haplotype formed by the two polymorphisms was associated with only TH-BMD variations. This difference was statistically significant after adjustment for confounders. The genotype of rs2228570 of VDR analysis showed no significant differences with BMD variations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that the TT genotype of rs731236 of VDR and one haplotype formed by rs731236 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were associated with higher BMD at TH and FN.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción , Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi' , Mérida Yucatán , México .
authors.forename: Thelma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Canto-Cetina
authors.affiliation: b Hospital Star Médica , Mérida Yucatán , México .
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cetina Manzanilla
authors.affiliation: c Laboratorio de Genética , Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi' , Mérida Yucatán , México .
authors.forename: Lizbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González Herrera
authors.affiliation: d Unidad de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Región Centro, UMAE Lomas Verdes, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , México, D.F. , México .
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rojano-Mejía
authors.affiliation: e Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México, D.F. , Mexico .|f Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional '20 de Noviembre', Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado , México, D.F. , México .
authors.forename: Ramón Mauricio
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Coral-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: g División de Investigación Biomédica , Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional '20 de Noviembre', Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado , México, D.F. , México , and.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.affiliation: g División de Investigación Biomédica , Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional '20 de Noviembre', Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado , México, D.F. , México , and.|h Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México, D.F. , México.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Canto
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D015519:Bone Density / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000502:physiology*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; C579457:VDR protein, human
keywords: BMD; VDR; haplotypes; polymorphisms; post-menopausal Maya-Mestizo women