title: Analysis of factors associated with mortality of heavy slaughter pigs during transport and lairage.
abstract: The study was based on data collected during 5 yr (2003-2007) and was aimed at assessing the effects of the month, slaughter house of destination (differing for stocking density, openings, brightness, and cooling device types), length of the journey, and temperature-humidity index (THI) on mortality of heavy slaughter pigs (approximately 160 kg live weight) during transport and lairage. Data were obtained from 24,098 journeys and 3,676,153 pigs transported from 1,618 farms to 3 slaughter houses. Individual shipments were the unit of observation. The terms dead on arrival (DOA) and dead in pen (DIP) refer to pigs that died during transport and in lairage at the abattoir before slaughtering, respectively. These 2 variables were assessed as the dependent counts in separate univariate Poisson regressions. The independent variables assessed univariately in each set of regressions were month of shipment, slaughter house of destination, time traveled, and each combination of the month with the time traveled. Two separate piecewise regressions were done. One used DOA counts within THI levels over pigs transported as a dependent ratio and the second used DIP counts within THI levels over pigs from a transport kept in lairage as a dependent ratio. The THI was the sole independent variable in each case. The month with the greatest frequency of deaths was July with a risk ratio of 1.22 (confidence interval: 1.06-1.36; P < 0.05) and 1.27 (confidence interval: 1.06-1.51; P < 0.05) for DOA and DIP, respectively. The lower mortality risk ratios for DOA and DIP were recorded for January and March (P < 0.05). The aggregated data of the summer (June, July, and August) versus non-summer (January, March, September, and November) months showed a greater risk of pigs dying during the hot season when considering both transport and lairage (P < 0.05). The mortality risk ratio of DIP was lower at the slaughter house with the lowest stocking density (0.64 m(2)/100 kg live weight), large open windows on the roof and sidewalls, low brightness (40 lx) lights, and high-pressure sprinklers as cooling devices. The mortality risk ratio of DOA increased significantly for journeys longer than 2 h, whereas no relationship was found between length of transport and DIP. The piecewise analysis pointed out that 78.5 and 73.6 THI were the thresholds above which the mortality rate increased significantly for DOA and DIP, respectively. These results may help the pig industry to improve the welfare of heavy slaughter pigs during transport and lairage.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy mail@andreavitali.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitali
authors.affiliation: Servizio Veterinario ASL di Cremona, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lana
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Immunologia Cellulare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amadori
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bernabucci
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nardone
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lacetera
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000818:Animals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006813:Humidity / Q000009:adverse effects; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D009026:Mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: lairage; mortality; pigs; temperature–humidity index; transport