title: Cellular metabolism and macrophage functional polarization.
abstract: Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous cell population that is mainly shaped by a variety of microenvironmental stimuli. Interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce a classical activation of macrophages (M1), whereas IL-4 and IL-13 induce an alternative activation program in macrophages (M2). Reprogramming of intracellular metabolisms is required for the proper polarization and functions of activated macrophages. Similar to the Warburg effect observed in tumor cells, M1 macrophages increase glucose consumption and lactate release and decreased oxygen consumption rate. In comparison, M2 macrophages mainly employ oxidative glucose metabolism pathways. In addition, fatty acids, vitamins, and iron metabolisms are also related to macrophage polarization. However, detailed metabolic pathways involved in macrophages have remained elusive. Understanding the bidirectional interactions between cellular metabolism and macrophage functions in physiological and pathological situations and the regulatory pathways involved may offer novel therapies for macrophage-associated diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Linnan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Qingjie
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D007501:Iron / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000145:classification / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; C578095:IL13 protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; D018793:Interleukin-13; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014815:Vitamins; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D007501:Iron; D005947:Glucose
keywords: aerobic glycolysis; inflammation; iron; lipid; macrophages; metabolism; polarization