title: Dynamic simulation of motion effects in IMAT lung SBRT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT) has been widely adopted for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for lung cancer. While treatment dose is optimized and calculated on a static Computed Tomography (CT) image, the effect of the interplay between the target and linac multi-leaf collimator (MLC) motion is not well described and may result in deviations between delivered and planned dose. In this study, we investigated the dosimetric consequences of the inter-play effect on target and organs at risk (OAR) by simulating dynamic dose delivery using dynamic CT datasets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with greater than 10 mm tumor motion treated with SBRT in 4 fractions to a dose of 50 Gy were retrospectively analyzed for this study. Each IMAT plan was initially optimized using two arcs. Simulated dynamic delivery was performed by associating the MLC leaf position, gantry angle and delivered beam monitor units (MUs) for each control point with different respiratory phases of the 4D-CT using machine delivery log files containing time stamps of the control points. Dose maps associated with each phase of the 4D-CT dose were calculated in the treatment planning system and accumulated using deformable image registration onto the exhale phase of the 4D-CT. The original IMAT plans were recalculated on the exhale phase of the CT for comparison with the dynamic simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dose coverage of the PTV showed negligible variation between the static and dynamic simulation. There was less than 1.5% difference in PTV V95% and V90%. The average inter-fraction and cumulative dosimetric effects among all the patients were less than 0.5% for PTV V95% and V90% coverage and 0.8 Gy for the OARs. However, in patients where target is close to the organs, large variations were observed on great vessels and bronchus for as much as 4.9 Gy and 7.8 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited variation in target dose coverage and OAR constraints were seen for each SBRT fraction as well as over all four fractions. Large dose variations were observed on critical organs in patients where these organs were closer to the target.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Lingshu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jiajian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Corradetti
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Reshma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Munbodh
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Salma K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jabbour
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: Ning J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rengan
authors.forename: Boon-Keng Kevin
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Teo
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009038:Motion; D058958:Organs at Risk; D011874:Radiometry; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D012119:Respiration; D012189:Retrospective Studies