title: High prevalence of pfmdr1 N86Y and Y184F mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug resistance against Plasmodium falciparum has been recognized as the crucial obstacle to curbing mortality and morbidity from malaria. To investigate the distribution and pattern of multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene polymorphisms in P. falciparum, isolates collected from the malaria high-endemic Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from 217 patients with P. falciparum malaria during rainy season in 2012 on Bioko Island. These samples were extracted using Chelex to obtain parasite DNA. Nest-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were employed to detect mutations (N86Y, E130K, Y184F, S1034C, N1042D, V1109I, and D1246Y) and haplotypes in pfmdr1 gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 151 samples were successfully detected for pfmdr1 mutations from the 217 patients. Pfmdr1 mutations were found in 91·39% (138/151) P. falciparum isolates. However, no mutation at 130 and 1109 was identified from these samples. Four haplotypes coding 86, 184, 1034, 1,042, and 1,246 were found including NYSND, YYSND, NFSND, and YFSND, which accounted for 8·61% (13/151), 2·65% (4/151), 29·80% (45/151), and 58·94% (89/151), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results exhibited hypersensitivity to lumefantrine (LU) and mefloquine (MQ) and resistance to chloroquine (CQ) and amodiaquine (AQ) in P. falciparum isolates from Bioko Island. This information will be useful for anti-malarial drug policy in Equatorial Guinea.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jiangtao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dongde
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Santiago-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Monte-Nguba
authors.forename: Juan Urbano Monsuy
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Eyi
authors.forename: Rocio Apicante
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Matesa
authors.forename: Maximo Miko Ondo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Obono
authors.forename: Carlos Sala
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ehapo
authors.forename: Liye
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Danjie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hui-Tian
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D016701:Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D050505:Mutant Proteins; C513498:Mdr1 protein, Plasmodium falciparum
keywords: Bioko Island; Drug resistance,; Mutation,; Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1,