title: Towards a classification of biomarkers of neuropsychiatric disease: from encompass to compass.
abstract: There is currently considerable imprecision in the nosology of biomarkers used in the study of neuropsychiatric disease. The neuropsychiatric field lags behind others such as oncology, wherein, rather than using 'biomarker' as a blanket term for a diverse range of clinical phenomena, biomarkers have been actively classified into separate categories, including prognostic and predictive tests. A similar taxonomy is proposed for neuropsychiatric diseases in which the core biology remains relatively unknown. This paper divides potential biomarkers into those of (1) risk, (2) diagnosis/trait, (3) state or acuity, (4) stage, (5) treatment response and (6) prognosis, and provides illustrative exemplars. Of course, biomarkers rely on available technology and, as we learn more about the neurobiological correlates of neuropsychiatric disorders, we will realize that the classification of biomarkers across these six categories can change, and some markers may fit into more than one category.
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andreazza
authors.affiliation: 1] Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia [2] Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA [2] School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tye
authors.affiliation: 1] IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia [2] Centre of Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia [3] Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia [4] Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia [5] Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berk
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers