title: Harvesting vibrational energy using material work functions.
abstract: Vibration energy harvesters scavenge energy from mechanical vibrations to energise low power electronic devices. In this work, we report on vibration energy harvesting scheme based on the charging phenomenon occurring naturally between two bodies with different work functions. Such work function energy harvester (WFEH) is similar to electrostatic energy harvester with the fundamental distinction that neither external power supplies nor electrets are needed. A theoretical model and description of different operation modes of WFEHs are presented. The WFEH concept is tested with macroscopic experiments, which agree well with the model. The feasibility of miniaturizing WFEHs is shown by simulating a realistic MEMS device. The WFEH can be operated as a charge pump that pushes charge and energy into an energy storage element. We show that such an operation mode is highly desirable for applications and that it can be realised with either a charge shuttle or with switches. The WFEH is shown to give equal or better output power in comparison to traditional electrostatic harvesters. Our findings indicate that WFEH has great potential in energy harvesting applications.
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P. O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Aapo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varpula
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P. O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Sampo J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P. O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Tahvo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Havia
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P. O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kyynäräinen
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P. O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prunnila