title: Comparative pharmacokinetics of levamisole-oxyclozanide combination in sheep and goats following per os administration.
abstract: Since there is no registered anthelmintic drug available for use in goats, extra-label use of drugs is a common practice in most countries. The aim of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetic disposition of levamisole (LVM)-oxyclozanide (OXZ) combination in sheep and goats following per os administration. Goats (n = 8) and sheep (n = 8) 12- to 16-months-old were used for this study. The animals received tablet formulation of LVM and OXZ combination orally at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Blood samples were collected by jugular vein at different times between 5 min and 120 h after drug administrations. The plasma concentrations of LVM and OXZ were analyzed by HPLC following liquid-liquid phase extraction procedures. The plasma concentrations and systemic availabilities of both LVM and OXZ in goats were lower and the plasma persistence of LVM was shorter compared with those observed in sheep. Terminal half-lives (t1/2λz) of both molecules are shorter in goats compared with those in sheep. Goats treated with LVM-OXZ combination at the recommended dose for sheep may result in a reduced efficacy, because of under-dosing, which may increase the risk of drug resistance in parasites. Increased or repeated dose could be a strategy to provide higher plasma concentration and thus to improve the efficacy against the target parasites in goats compared with sheep. However, some adverse reactions may occur since LVM has relatively very narrow therapeutic index due to its nicotine-like structure and effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey (Gokbulut); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey (Yalinkilinc); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey (Aksit); Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Veneziano).
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gokbulut
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey (Gokbulut); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey (Yalinkilinc); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey (Aksit); Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Veneziano).
authors.forename: Hande Sultan
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yalinkilinc
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey (Gokbulut); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey (Yalinkilinc); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey (Aksit); Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Veneziano).
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aksit
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey (Gokbulut); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey (Yalinkilinc); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey (Aksit); Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Veneziano).
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Veneziano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism*; D006207:Half-Life; D007978:Levamisole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010097:Oxyclozanide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012756:Sheep / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D010097:Oxyclozanide; D007978:Levamisole