title: A 3D-printed device for a smartphone-based chemiluminescence biosensor for lactate in oral fluid and sweat.
abstract: Increasingly, smartphones are used as portable personal computers, revolutionizing communication styles and entire lifestyles. Using 3D-printing technology we have made a disposable minicartridge that can be easily prototyped to turn any kind of smartphone or tablet into a portable luminometer to detect chemiluminescence derived from enzyme-coupled reactions. As proof-of-principle, lactate oxidase was coupled with horseradish peroxidase for lactate determination in oral fluid and sweat. Lactate can be quantified in less than five minutes with detection limits of 0.5 mmol L(-1) (corresponding to 4.5 mg dL(-1)) and 0.1 mmol L(-1) (corresponding to 0.9 mg dL(-1)) in oral fluid and sweat, respectively. A smartphone-based device shows adequate analytical performance to offer a cost-effective alternative for non-invasive lactate measurement. It could be used to evaluate lactate variation in relation to the anaerobic threshold in endurance sport and for monitoring lactic acidosis in critical-care patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy. aldo.roda@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roda
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guardigli
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Calabria
authors.forename: Maria Maddalena
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Calabretta
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cevenini
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michelini
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid