title: Εvaluation of a treatment protocol for unerupted maxillary central incisors: retrospective clinical study of 46 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical outcome of a treatment protocol performed in children with unerupted permanent maxillary central incisors, including surgical removal of any related obstruction and traction initiation in one stage, under fully repositioned flap, combined with pre- and post-operative orthodontics for space creation and final alignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six patients aged 7.3-12.7 years (mean = 9.44 ± 1.36) having 54 impacted maxillary central incisors were reviewed. The study group included 37 patients fully treated by us and nine referrals with eruption failure of impacted incisors following previous surgical removal of various obstructions. Detailed patient's clinical and radiographic data were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aetiology of unerupted incisors included 9 patients with odontomas, 24 with supernumerary teeth, 1 with skeletal lack of space, 1 with a dentigerous cyst, 4 with dilaceration, 1 with severe incisor MIH, 5 with luxation injuries to primary predecessors and 1 with coexisting dilaceration and odontoma. The total treatment time following the standardised protocol ranged from 5 to 21 months (mean 9.88 ± 3.10), while the time needed using different approaches (no pre-operative orthodontics or obstruction removal and then to wait over an assessment period) ranged from 12 to 18 months (mean 15 ± 2.12) and 17 to 30 months (mean 23.73 ± 5.14), respectively (p < 0.05). The time needed for full alignment depended on the inclination, the height of the impacted tooth (p = 0.001) and the patient's age (p = 0.002). Additionally, the absence of pre-operative orthodontics for space creation dramatically increased treatment time (p = 0.018). In contrast, the maturity of the impacted tooth and the developmental stage of the anterior teeth did not affect treatment time. Finally, when the location of the impacted tooth and the space availability allowed waiting for spontaneous eruption, treatment time was not statistically different from that of the main treatment protocol (p = 0.545).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studied treatment protocol appears ideal for successful results and minimum treatment time. Space creation followed by surgical removal of any obstruction together with orthodontic traction initiation produces excellent results, while waiting for spontaneous eruption is indicated only in cases of favourable patient's age and tooth location. Treatment initiation with operation in the absence of the required eruption space is not recommended, whereas in unfavourable cases obstruction removal without simultaneous orthodontic traction increases dramatically the total treatment time and requires an unnecessary second operation for traction.
authors.affiliation: Private Paediatric Dental Clinic, 2 Papadiamantopoulou Street, 11528, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Lygidakis
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chatzidimitriou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Theologie-Lygidakis
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Lygidakis
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000150:complications; D003803:Dentigerous Cyst / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D008441:Maxillary Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D009810:Odontoma / Q000601:surgery; D050793:Orthodontic Extrusion / Q000379:methods; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014084:Tooth Avulsion / Q000150:complications; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000002:abnormalities; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000293:injuries; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000628:therapy*; D014096:Tooth, Supernumerary / Q000601:surgery; D014097:Tooth, Unerupted / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome