title: New mutations in the RAB28 gene in 2 Spanish families with cone-rod dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The families evaluated in this study represent the second report of cone-rod dystrophy (CRD) cases caused by mutations in RAB28, a recently discovered gene associated with CRD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the disease-causing gene in 2 families of Spanish descent presenting with CRD who do not have ABCA4 mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular genetics and observational case studies of 2 families, each with 1 affected proband with CRD and 3 or 5 unaffected family members. The affected individual from each family received a complete ophthalmic examination including assessment of refractive errors and best-corrected visual acuity, biomicroscopy, color fundus photography, electroretinography analysis, and visual-evoked potential analysis. After complete sequencing of the ABCA4 gene with negative results, the screening for disease-causing mutations was performed by whole-exome sequencing. Possible disease-associated variants were determined by filtering based on minor allele frequency, predicted pathogenicity, and segregation analysis in all family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  The appearance of the macula was evaluated by clinical examination, fundus photography, and fundus autofluorescence imaging, and visual function was assessed by electroretinography. Disease-causing mutations were assessed by sequence analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ophthalmologic findings included markedly reduced visual acuity, bull's eye maculopathy, foveal hyperpigmentation, peripapillary atrophy, dyschromatopsia, extinguished photopic responses, and reduced scotopic responses observed on electroretinography consistent with the CRD phenotype often associated with ABCA4 mutations. Although no ABCA4 mutations were detected in either patient, whole-exome sequencing analysis identified 2 new homozygous mutations in the recently described RAB28 gene, the c.172 + 1G>C splice site variant in IVS2 and the missense c.T651G:p.C217W substitution. Both variants were determined as deleterious by predictive programs and were segregated with the disease in both families. Sequencing of 107 additional patients of Spanish descent with CRD did not reveal other cases with RAB28 mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deleterious mutations in RAB28 result in a classic CRD phenotype and are an infrequent cause of CRD in the Spanish population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-University Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain2Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riveiro-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Yajing Angela
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-University Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain2Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel-Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: López-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gambin
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-University Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain2Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-Carro
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-University Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain2Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ávila-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain5Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María-Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: López-Molina
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zernant
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jhangiani
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muzny
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boerwinkle
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas6Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas6Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lupski
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-University Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain2Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayuso
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York7Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Rando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allikmets
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D033401:Microscopy, Acoustic; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult; D020691:rab GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C503250:RAB28 protein, human; D020691:rab GTP-Binding Proteins