title: Patterns of between-farm contacts via professionals in Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infectious diseases of livestock have negative consequences for animal production as well as animal health and welfare and can be transmitted between farms via direct (live animal movements) as well as indirect (via physical vectors such as, people, transport vehicles and fomites) contacts. The objective of the study was to examine the travel patterns of professionals visiting Swedish farms (veterinarians, milk tanker drivers, artificial inseminators, maintenance technicians and livestock hauliers). This was done by obtaining records of the farms visited by a sample of professionals in the above categories in one week in January, one week in April, one week in July and one week in October in the Swedish counties Västerbotten, Södermanland, Västergötland and Skåne.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were twelve participating organisations, and data was provided for one to three individuals/vehicles/veterinary practices per professional category and per geographic region (except for dairy service technicians and livestock hauliers who did not provide data from all regions). There was a trend towards larger areas covered and smaller number of farms visited per week in the north, but exceptions occurred and there were regional variations. Generally, the greatest areas were travelled by milk tankers and livestock hauliers, and the profession travelling over the smallest areas tended to be the veterinarians. Milk tankers visited most farms per week, one milk tanker could visit between 23 and 90 farms per week and travel over areas between 717 km² and 23,512 km² per week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Valuable insight into the travel patterns of Swedish professionals has emerged although the implications of the study largely concern highly infectious diseases. Movement of live animals pose the greatest risk for the spread of infectious animal diseases; however indirect contacts are important for many diseases. The results of this study indicate that in Sweden a highly contagious disease might spread over a large area in the time span of one incubation period, which ought to be kept in mind in case of an outbreak and in outbreak investigations. The difficulties in contacting some professionals visiting farms could be a problem in an outbreak situation.
authors.forename: Emelie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nöremark
authors.forename: Susanna Sternberg
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lewerin
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards; D017750:Animal Technicians; D000818:Animals; D058751:Livestock; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel; D018634:Veterinarians