title: Quantification of 4-methylimidazole in carbonated beverages by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: 2- and 4-methylimidazoles (2-MI and 4-MI) are undesired byproducts produced during the manufacture of caramel color used to darken food products such as carbonated beverages. The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment in California listed 4-MI as carcinogen in January 2011 with a proposed no significant risk level at 29 μg per person per day. Thus, a quantitative analytical measurement for 2-MI and 4-MI is desired for reliable risk assessments for exposure. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) method was developed for the quantification of 4-MI in beverage samples. Chromatographic separation of 2-MI and 4-MI were achieved by using a PFP reversed-phase column and a stepwise gradient of methanol and distilled water containing 0.1 % formic acid. Identification and quantification of 2-MI and 4-MI were performed using electrospray ionization-tandem mass monitoring the precursor to product ion transitions for 2-MI at m/z 83.1 → 42.2 and 4-MI at m/z 83.1 → 56.1 with melamine at m/z 127.1 → 85.1 as the internal standard. The performance of the method was evaluated against validation parameters such as specificity, carryover, linearity and calibration, correlation of determination (r(2)), detection limit, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Calibration curves at 10-400 ng/mL were constructed by plotting concentration versus peak-area ratio (analyte/internal standard) and fitting the data with a weighted 1/x. The accuracy of the assay ranged from 93.58 to 110.53 % for all analytes. Intra-assay precision for 2-MI and 4-MI were below 7.28 (relative standard deviation/RSD %) at QC samples. Here we present a new and improved method using UPLC-MS/MS to significantly simplify sample preparation and decrease chromatographic run time. This method allows accurate and reproducible quantification of 4-MI in carbonated beverages as low as sub ng/mL (ppb) levels.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Hyun
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Kyung-Oh
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Cho-Hee
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Shin-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hwan-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Hye-Ran
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Jeong-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong-Moon
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000068598:Data Accuracy; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; C023439:4-methylimidazole; C032655:2-methylimidazole