title: Eye gaze technology: a South African perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Based on the bioecological model by Bronfenbrenner, this paper will provide a broad perspective on factors that need to be taken into account in order to facilitate communication and participation in preliterate children making use of electronic Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems accessed through eye gaze.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two case studies of children who have been provided with the technology described are presented. The case studies were analysed using the four nested systems of the ecology as a framework to describe not only the environment, but also the processes and interactions between the persons and their context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk and opportunity factors are evident at all levels of the ecology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While a good fit between the person and the technology is an essential starting point, additional factors pertaining to the partner, the immediate environment as well as meso-, exo- and macrosystemic issues (such as societal attitudes and funding sources) have a significant influence on benefits derived. In resource-limited environments, the lack of support at more distal levels of the ecology (meso-, exo- and marosystemic levels) seems to be a factor that differentiates these environments from more resourced ones. Implications for Rehabilitation Within resource-limited environments lack of support from wider ecological systems pose a risk to the implementation of eye gaze technology. Attempts to improve collaboration between all role players could provide the opportunity for the establishment of an integrated plan for intervention and set the stage for information sharing and multiskilling between role players. Intervention should not only be aimed at addressing the needs of the individual client and their family, but also focus on building community capacity that could provide support to others.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria , South Africa.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Niekerk
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tönsing
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005123:Eye; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011203:Poverty; D013019:South Africa; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Augmentative and alternative communication; children with severe physical disabilities; eye gaze access; graphic symbols; little or no functional speech