title: The effects of processing and mastication on almond lipid bioaccessibility using novel methods of in vitro digestion modelling and micro-structural analysis.
abstract: A number of studies have demonstrated that consuming almonds increases satiety but does not result in weight gain, despite their high energy and lipid content. To understand the mechanism of almond digestion, in the present study, we investigated the bioaccessibility of lipids from masticated almonds during in vitro simulated human digestion, and determined the associated changes in cell-wall composition and cellular microstructure. The influence of processing on lipid release was assessed by using natural raw almonds (NA) and roasted almonds (RA). Masticated samples from four healthy adults (two females, two males) were exposed to a dynamic gastric model of digestion followed by simulated duodenal digestion. Between 7·8 and 11·1 % of the total lipid was released as a result of mastication, with no significant differences between the NA and RA samples. Significant digestion occurred during the in vitro gastric phase (16·4 and 15·9 %) and the in vitro duodenal phase (32·2 and 32·7 %) for the NA and RA samples, respectively. Roasting produced a smaller average particle size distribution post-mastication; however, this was not significant in terms of lipid release. Light microscopy showed major changes that occurred in the distribution of lipid in all cells after the roasting process. Further changes were observed in the surface cells of almond fragments and in fractured cells after exposure to the duodenal environment. Almond cell walls prevented lipid release from intact cells, providing a mechanism for incomplete nutrient absorption in the gut. The composition of almond cell walls was not affected by processing or simulated digestion.
authors.affiliation: The Model Gut, Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandalari
authors.affiliation: Biopolymers Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division,King's College London,Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street,LondonSE1 9NH,UK.
authors.forename: Myriam M-L
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.affiliation: Biopolymers Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division,King's College London,Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street,LondonSE1 9NH,UK.
authors.forename: Terri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grassby
authors.affiliation: Imaging Partnership, Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Imaging Partnership, Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.affiliation: The Model Gut, Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chessa
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali,University of Messina,Salita Sperone 31,98166Messina,Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bisignano
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche,University of Messina,Salita Sperone 31,98166Messina,Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barreca
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche,University of Messina,Salita Sperone 31,98166Messina,Italy.
authors.forename: Ersilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bellocco
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche,University of Messina,Salita Sperone 31,98166Messina,Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laganà
authors.affiliation: Biopolymers Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division,King's College London,Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street,LondonSE1 9NH,UK.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.affiliation: The Model Gut, Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Faulks
authors.affiliation: Food Structure and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.affiliation: Biopolymers Group, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division,King's College London,Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street,LondonSE1 9NH,UK.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: The Biorefinery Centre, Institute of Food Research,NorwichNR4 7UA,UK.
authors.forename: Keith W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Waldron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry; D004063:Digestion; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D008954:Models, Biological; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D027861:Prunus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids