title: Thymus vulgaris essential oil and thymol against Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler: effects on growth, viability, early infection and cellular mode of action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In initial assays, Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TEO) has demonstrated activity against several plant-pathogenic fungi and has reduced the fungal diseases to levels comparable with commercial fungicides. Thus, the goal of this work was to identify the mode of action in fungi of TEO and its major compound thymol (TOH) at the cellular level using an ultrastructure approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TEO from leaves and TOH had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 500 and 250 µg mL(-1) respectively against A. alternata; under the same conditions, MIC for a commercial fungicide was 1250 µg mL(-1) . Ultrastructure analysis showed that TOH phenolic substance prevented fungal growth, reduced fungal viability and prevented the penetration in fruits by a cell wall/plasma membrane interference mode of action with organelles targeted for destruction in the cytoplasm. Such mode of action differs from protective and preventive-curative commercial fungicides used as pattern control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that TOH was responsible for the antifungal activity of TEO. Therefore, both the essential oil and its major substance have potential for use in the development of new phenolic structures and analogues to control Alternaria brown spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata.
authors.affiliation: Embrapa - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Algodão, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiano J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Perina
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Rg
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Labory
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Glauco A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alves
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D002957:Citrus / Q000382:microbiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D013943:Thymol / Q000494:pharmacology; D046930:Thymus Plant / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013943:Thymol
keywords: Alternaria alternata; Thymus vulgaris; early infection; mode of action; thymol; ultrastructure