title: Kidney and haemostasis. A (personal) time-journey.
abstract: Renal insufficiency is characterized by thrombocytopathy, caused by the accumulation of water soluble and protein bound waste products of protein metabolism, which are not adequately eliminated by the kidney. The kidneys also excrete drugs and their metabolites, which accumulate if dosages are not adjusted to the renal function and may cause clinically relevant bleeding (i. e. synthetic penicillins, vitamin K antagonists, new oral anticoagulants). Therefore, each patients kidney function (GFR) ought to be evaluated by the KDIGO guidelines. The survival of chronic renal patients is lowered by increasing cardiovascular complications. Particularly frequent is non-valvular atrial fibrillation. The recommended prophylaxis with vitamin K antagonists for renal insufficiency is hampered by increased bleeding as well as by augmented (coronary) vascular and valvular calcification. It is not known yet whether prophylaxis with vitamin K may prevent this complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because new oral anticoagulants are equally or even more effective and cause less bleeding, they may be favoured in future and even in end-stage renal failure if more is known about dosing, safety and efficacy. The measurement of serum FGF 23 concentration may be helpful as a marker for their use.
authors.affiliation: Prof. Konrad Andrassy, Med. Universitätsklinik - Nephrologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 162 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Tel. 062 21/9112 0, E-mail: mt8@ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andrassy
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; C000717427:FGF23 protein, human; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
keywords: FGF 23; Uremic bleeding; myocardial infarction; vitamin K antagonists