title: 1,3-Butadiene exposure and metabolism among Japanese American, Native Hawaiian, and White smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesize that the differences in lung cancer risk in Native Hawaiians, whites, and Japanese Americans may, in part, be due to variation in the metabolism of 1,3-butadiene, one of the most abundant carcinogens in cigarette smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured two biomarkers of 1,3-butadiene exposure, monohydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA) and dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA), in overnight urine samples among 584 Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, and white smokers in Hawaii. These values were normalized to creatinine levels. Ethnic-specific geometric means were compared adjusting for age at urine collection, sex, body mass index, and nicotine equivalents (a marker of total nicotine uptake).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that mean urinary MHBMA differed by race/ethnicity (P = 0.0002). The values were highest in whites and lowest in Japanese Americans. This difference was only observed in individuals with the GSTT1-null genotype (P = 0.0001). No difference across race/ethnicity was found among those with at least one copy of the GSTT1 gene (P ≥ 0.72). Mean urinary DHBMA did not differ across racial/ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference in urinary MHBMA excretion levels from cigarette smoking across three ethnic groups is, in part, explained by the GSTT1 genotype. Mean urinary MHBMA levels are higher in whites among GSTT1-null smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall higher excretion levels of MHBMA in whites and lower levels of MHBMA in Japanese Americans are consistent with the higher lung cancer risk in the former. However, the excretion levels of MHBMA in Native Hawaiians are not consistent with their disease risk and thus unlikely to explain their high risk of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Sungshim Lani
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Srikanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kotapati
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: Lynne R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: Maarit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tiirikainen
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. loic@cc.hawaii.edu trety001@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tretyakova
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. loic@cc.hawaii.edu trety001@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Marchand
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D001213:Asian / Q000235:genetics; D002070:Butadienes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander / Q000235:genetics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C540428:1,2-dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid; C576990:1-hydroxybutene-2-yl mercapturic acid; D002070:Butadienes; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C031763:1,3-butadiene; D000111:Acetylcysteine