title: Quinolone Susceptibility and Detection of qnr and aac(6')-Ib-cr Genes in Community Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQR) have been shown to play not only an important role in quinolone resistance, but also resistance to other antibiotics, particularly β-lactams and aminoglycosides. These genes are mainly associated with clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. However, detection of PMQR genes in the community isolates can increase the dissemination rate of resistance determinants among bacteria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate quinolone resistance and distribution of qnr and aac (6')-Ib-cr genes among the community isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from the Central Laboratory in Karaj between July 2010 and January 2011. Antibacterial susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method. Quinolone and/or cephalosporin-resistant isolates were screened for the presence of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac (6')-Ib-cr genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 52 K. pneumoniae isolates, 23 were resistant to cephalosporins and/or quinolones. Overall, 7 out of the 23 resistant isolates harbored qnr and/or aac (6')-Ib-cr genes (30.4%). Among these, 5 isolates were resistant to both classes of antibiotics of which; 3 carried the aac (6')-Ib-cr gene, one had the qnrS, and one harbored both aac (6')-Ib-cr and qnrB genes. None of the isolates contained qnrA. Two isolates were sensitive to quinolones and resistant to cephalosporins of which; one had qnrS and the other carried the aac (6')-Ib-cr gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that 30.4% of the quinolone and/or cephalosporin resistant community isolates of K. pneumoniae carried PMQR genes. These results confirm that community isolates can be an important source for spreading antibiotic resistance determinants among Gram negative pathogens. This is the first report from Iran on detection of PMQR in the community isolates of K. pneumoniae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohsen
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Seyedpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eftekhar
keywords: Klebsiella Pneumonia; PMQR; Quinolone Resistance; aac (6’)-Ib-cr qnr Genes; qnr