title: Virulence of the maize smut Ustilago maydis is shaped by  organ-specific effectors.
abstract: With the exception of Ustilago maydis, smut fungi infecting monocotyledonous hosts systemically colonize infected plants and cause symptoms exclusively in the inflorescences. Ustilago may disinfects primordia of all aerial organs of maize (Zea mays L.) and results in the formation of large plant tumours. Previously, we have found that U. maydis infection of seedling leaves, adult leaves and tassels causes organ-specific transcriptional changes in both the pathogen and the host. Of particular interest, U. may disgenes encoding secreted proteins are differentially expressed depending on the colonized maize organ. Therefore, we hypothesized that the fungus secretes virulence-related proteins (effectors)that act in an organ-specific manner. Here, we present the identification and functional characterization of 20 presumptive organ-specific U. maydis effector genes. Ustilago maydis deletion strains for these genes were generated and tested for infectivity of maize seedling leaves and tassels. This approach identified 11 effector genes required for the full virulence of U. maydis. In nine cases, virulence was only affected in one of the tested plant organs. These results demonstrate that individual fungal effector proteins contribute to fungal virulence in an organ-specific manner.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matei
authors.forename: Amey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Redkar
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Walbot
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doehlemann
mesh_terms: D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D010941:Plant Tumors / Q000382:microbiology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D036226:Seedlings / Q000382:microbiology; D014588:Ustilago / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*