title: Intestinal microbiota-kidney cross talk in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.
abstract: The pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) involves multiple and overlapping immunological, biochemical, and hemodynamic mechanisms that modulate the effects of both the initial insult and the subsequent repair. Limited but recent experimental data have revealed that the intestinal microbiota significantly affects outcomes in AKI. Additional evidence shows significant changes in the intestinal microbiota in chronic kidney disease patients and in experimental AKI. In this minireview, we discuss the current status of the effect of intestinal microbiota on kidney diseases, the immunomodulatory effects of intestinal microbiota, and the potential mechanisms by which microbiota can modify kidney diseases and vice versa. We also propose future studies to clarify the role of intestinal microbiota in kidney diseases and to explore how the modification of gut microbiota may be a potential therapeutic tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., USA.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.forename: Maria N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Martina-Lingua
authors.forename: Samatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandapalle
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pluznick
authors.forename: Abdel Rahim A
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hamad
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rabb
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005544:Forecasting; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007249:Inflammation; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000276:immunology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D064307:Microbiota; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009928:Organ Specificity; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines