title: Effects of lifestyle intervention in pregnancy and anthropometrics at birth on offspring metabolic profile at 2.8 years: results from the Lifestyle in Pregnancy and Offspring (LiPO) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal obesity and gestational weight gain are linked to offspring adverse metabolic profiles, and lifestyle interventions during pregnancy in obese women may have long-term positive effects on their children. Furthermore, although the association between birth weight and later metabolic outcomes is well established, little is known about the predictive value of abdominal circumference at birth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the effects of lifestyle interventions during pregnancy in obese women on offspring metabolic risk factors and (2) predictive values of birth weight (BW) and birth abdominal circumference (BAC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a follow-up of a randomized controlled trial, the Lifestyle in Pregnancy (LiP) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in Odense and Aarhus University Hospitals, Denmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the offspring of LiP study participants (n = 157) and offspring of normal-weight mothers (external reference group, n = 97).
  
  
  METHODS
  INTERVENTIONs included dietary advice, coaching, and exercise during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome measures were body mass index (BMI) Z-score, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose, insulin, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides at the age of 2.8 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were detected in BMI Z-scores or metabolic risk factors between the LiP intervention and control groups or between the LiP and external reference groups. BAC and BW were associated (all P < .05) with BMI Z-score (0.19-0.23), abdominal circumference (0.57-0.70), plasma glucose (0.11-0.09), insulin (4.33-3.13), and triglycerides (0.07-0.07) but not with blood pressure or high-density lipoprotein (regression coefficients per increase in BAC and BW of 1 SD score).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early childhood metabolic risk factors were unaffected by lifestyle interventions in obese pregnant women. Offspring of obese mothers who participated in the LiP study were comparable to offspring of normal-weight mothers, possibly indicating a general beneficial effect of trial participation. BAC and BW were both associated with later metabolic risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology (M.T., H.B.-N., D.M.J.), Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics (M.T., C.A.V., J.S.J.), Centre for Clinical Epidemiology (S.W.), and Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (H.T.C.), Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research (M.T., C.A.V., J.S.J., S.W., H.B.-N., H.T.C., D.M.J.), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; and Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics (P.G.O.), Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Skejby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanvig
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Vinter
authors.forename: Jan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wehberg
authors.forename: Per G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ovesen
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beck-Nielsen
authors.forename: Henrik T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Christesen
authors.forename: Dorte M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors