title: Prospective memory performance in non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed at investigating prospective memory and its socio-demographic and neurocognitive correlates in non-psychotic, first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with schizophrenia compared to patients with first episode schizophrenia (FES), and healthy controls (HCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven FES patients, 50 non-psychotic FDRs (23 offspring and 27 siblings) of patients with chronic schizophrenia (unrelated to the FES group) and 51 HCs were studied. The Chinese version of the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT) was used to measure time-based prospective memory (TBPM) and event-based prospective memory (EBPM) performance. Other cognitive functions (involving respective memory and executive functions) were evaluated with standardized tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for basic demographic characteristics including age, gender and educational level, there was a significant difference between FDRs, FES and HCs with respect to both TBPM (F(2,142) = 10.4, p<0.001) and EBPM (F(2,142) = 10.8, p<0.001). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that lower scores of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) and the STROOP Word-Color Test (SWCT) contributed to TBPM impairment, while lower educational level and higher scores of the Color Trails Test-2 (CTT-2) contributed to EBPM deficit in FDRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FDRs share similar but attenuated prospective memory impairments with schizophrenia patients, suggesting that prospective memory deficits may represent an endophenotype of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fu-Chun
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Beijing Daxing Mental Health Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Min
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chuan-Yue
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Gabor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ungvari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Helen F K
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: David H K
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shum
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Man
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Deng-Tang
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009679:Nuclear Family / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia; D055815:Young Adult