title: Fabrication and evaluation of a micro(bio)sensor array chip for multiple parallel measurements of important cell biomarkers.
abstract: This report describes the design and development of an integrated electrochemical cell culture monitoring system, based on enzyme-biosensors and chemical sensors, for monitoring indicators of mammalian cell metabolic status. MEMS technology was used to fabricate a microwell-format silicon platform including a thermometer, onto which chemical sensors (pH, O2) and screen-printed biosensors (glucose, lactate), were grafted/deposited. Microwells were formed over the fabricated sensors to give 5-well sensor strips which were interfaced with a multipotentiostat via a bespoke connector box interface. The operation of each sensor/biosensor type was examined individually, and examples of operating devices in five microwells in parallel, in either potentiometric (pH sensing) or amperometric (glucose biosensing) mode are shown. The performance characteristics of the sensors/biosensors indicate that the system could readily be applied to cell culture/toxicity studies.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. Roy.Pemberton@uwe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.affiliation: QinetiQ Ltd., Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern, WR14 3PS, UK. Timothy.Cox@uwe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: QinetiQ Ltd., Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern, WR14 3PS, UK. rachel.tuffin@merckgroup.com.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tuffin
authors.affiliation: Applied Enzyme Technology Ltd., Monmouth House, Mamhilad Park, Pontypool NP4 OHZ, UK. Guido@gwent.org.
authors.forename: Guido A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Drago
authors.affiliation: Uniscan Instruments Ltd., Sigma House, Burlow Rd., Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JB, UK. John.Griffiths@uniscan.co.uk.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Gwent Electronic Materials Ltd., Monmouth House, Mamhilad Park, Pontypool NP4 OHZ, UK. Robin@gwent.org.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pittson
authors.affiliation: Uniscan Instruments Ltd., Sigma House, Burlow Rd., Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JB, UK. Graham.Johnson@uniscan.co.uk.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. goomooxu@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: Jinsheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: QinetiQ Ltd., Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern, WR14 3PS, UK. ian.sage@ntu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Sage
authors.affiliation: QinetiQ Ltd., Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern, WR14 3PS, UK. rrdavies2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rhodri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. simon.jackson@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Simon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, UK. jgerrykenna@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kenna
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosensing Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. Richard.Luxton@uwe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luxton
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK. John.Hart@uwe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003217:Conductometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D055617:Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018511:Systems Integration; D013696:Temperature; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D005947:Glucose