title: Role of 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts in human diseases.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress provokes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular membranes, leading to the formation of aldheydes that, due to their high chemical reactivity, are considered to act as second messengers of oxidative stress. Among the aldehydes formed during lipid peroxidation (LPO), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is produced at a high level and easily reacts with both low-molecular-weight compounds and macromolecules, such as proteins and DNA. In particular, HNE-protein adducts have been extensively investigated in diseases characterized by the pathogenic contribution of oxidative stress, such as cancer, neurodegenerative, chronic inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this review, we describe and discuss recent insights regarding the role played by covalent adducts of HNE with proteins in the development and evolution of those among the earlier mentioned disease conditions in which the functional consequences of their formation have been characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results obtained in recent years have shown that the generation of HNE-protein adducts can play important pathogenic roles in several diseases. However, in some cases, the generation of HNE-protein adducts can represent a contrast to the progression of disease or can promote adaptive cell responses, demonstrating that HNE is not only a toxic product of LPO but also a regulatory molecule that is involved in several biochemical pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the next few years, the refinement of proteomical techniques, allowing the individuation of novel cellular targets of HNE, will lead to a better understanding the role of HNE in human diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barrera
authors.affiliation: 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pizzimenti
authors.affiliation: 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Eric Stefano
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ciamporcero
authors.affiliation: 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daga
authors.affiliation: 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ullio
authors.affiliation: 2Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute, Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arcaro
authors.affiliation: 3Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni Paolo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Cetrangolo
authors.affiliation: 4Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.affiliation: 4Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dianzani
authors.affiliation: 5Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lepore
authors.affiliation: 2Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute, Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gentile
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D011506:Proteins; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal