title: Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Residential Soils and their Health Risk and Hazard in an Industrial City in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have never been produced in India, but were used in industrial applications. PCBs have been detected in environmental samples since 1966, and their sources in soils come from depositions of industrial applications, incinerators and biomass combustions. PCBs adsorb to soil particles and persist for long time due to their properties. Their close proximity may also lead to human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and may exert neurotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic health effects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Residential soil from Korba, India, was extracted using pressurized liquid extraction procedure, cleaned on modified silica and quantified for PCBs. Soil ingestion was considered as the main exposure pathways of life-long intake of PCBs. Human health risk in terms of life time average daily dose, incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated using established guidelines.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The estimated average ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10(-8) and 1.1×10(-7), respectively. ILCR from dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10(-6) and 1.1×10(-5), respectively. The HQ for PCBs was 6.3×10(-4) and 2.2×10(-3), respectively for human adults and children. Study observed that ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs was lower than acceptable guideline range of 10(-6)-10(-4), and ILCR from dioxin like PCBs was within the limit. HQ was lower than safe limit of 1.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Study concluded that human population residing in Korba had low health risk due to PCBs in residential soils. Significance for public healthThe concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils from an industrial city in India were measured for the assessment of human health risk. PCBs composition profiles were dominated with tri-chlorinated and tetra-chlorinated biphenyls. The possible sources of PCBs contamination can be attributed to local industrial emissions and long range transport depositions. The daily intakes of PCBs, and corresponding incremental lifetime cancer risk and hazard quotient for humans were estimated and found to be lower than acceptable levels. This baseline study may provide database on persistent organic pollutants in tropical countries and may also be useful in risks assessment of the industrial pollutants on human population.
authors.affiliation: National Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board , Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Bhupander
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: National Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board , Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Virendra Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: National Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board , Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Satish Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: National Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board , Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: National Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board , Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Chandra Shekhar
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: National Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board , Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Avinash B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Akolkar
keywords: Residential soil; dioxin like toxicity equivalency; hazardous quotient; polychlorinated biphenyls; risk assessment