title: Proteome profiling of the sperm maturation milieu in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) epididymis.
abstract: The mammalian spermatozoon acquires its fertilising potential during transit through the epididymis, where it interacts with epididymal luminal fluid proteins (the sperm maturation milieu). In order to highlight the epididymal-specific function of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in sperm maturation, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of epididymal luminal fluid proteins was followed by identification by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) or MALDI-TOF/TOF and revealed over five hundred spots, comprising 198 non-redundant proteins. Some mass spectrometric data were confirmed by western blotting identification. Some common epididymal fluid proteins were identified, such as clusterin, α-1-antitrypsin, malate dehydrogenase, L-lactate dehydrogenase B, α-1-acid glycoprotein 1 and α-mannosidase. More than 7% of all proteins were anti-oxidative, which might control oxidative stress within the male tract. When compared with bull and human epididymal luminal fluid proteins, those in the rhesus monkey had more overlap with the human, which provides evidence of a close evolutionary relationship between the rhesus monkey and man. This study provides new proteomic information on possible rhesus monkey epididymal functions and novel potential biomarkers for the noninvasive assessment of male fertility.
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital/Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital/Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shao-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital/Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xue-Xia
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Reproduction Medical Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital/Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wen-Juan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital/Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Fu-Jun
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000662:veterinary; D012634:Bodily Secretions / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D019295:Computational Biology; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional / Q000662:veterinary; D004822:Epididymis / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000662:veterinary; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000662:veterinary; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome