title: Mental health antecedents of early midlife insomnia: evidence from a four-decade longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insomnia is a highly prevalent condition that constitutes a major public health and economic burden. However, little is known about the developmental etiology of adulthood insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether indicators of psychological vulnerability across multiple developmental periods (psychiatric diagnoses in young adulthood and adolescence, childhood behavioral problems, and familial psychiatric history) predicted subsequent insomnia in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the ongoing Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a population-representative birth cohort study of 1,037 children in New Zealand who were followed prospectively from birth (1972-1973) through their fourth decade of life with a 95% retention rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insomnia was diagnosed at age 38 according to DSM-IV criteria. Psychiatric diagnoses, behavioral problems, and family psychiatric histories were assessed between ages 5 and 38.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cross-sectional analyses, insomnia was highly comorbid with multiple psychiatric disorders. After controlling for this concurrent comorbidity, our results showed that individuals who have family histories of depression or anxiety, and who manifest lifelong depression and anxiety beginning in childhood, are at uniquely high risk for age-38 insomnia. Other disorders did not predict adulthood insomnia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The link between lifelong depression and anxiety symptoms and adulthood insomnia calls for further studies to clarify the neurophysiological systems or behavioral conditioning processes that may underlie this association.
authors.affiliation: Center for Developmental Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC ; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC ; Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC ; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Sidra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldman-Mellor
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC ; Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC ; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC ; Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Avshalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caspi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC ; Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC ; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: HonaLee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.affiliation: MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Richie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poulton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC ; Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC ; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC ; Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anxiety; depression; insomnia