title: Analysis of tubular membrane networks in cardiac myocytes from atria and ventricles.
abstract: In cardiac myocytes a complex network of membrane tubules--the transverse-axial tubule system (TATS)--controls deep intracellular signaling functions. While the outer surface membrane and associated TATS membrane components appear to be continuous, there are substantial differences in lipid and protein content. In ventricular myocytes (VMs), certain TATS components are highly abundant contributing to rectilinear tubule networks and regular branching 3D architectures. It is thought that peripheral TATS components propagate action potentials from the cell surface to thousands of remote intracellular sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (SER) membrane contact domains, thereby activating intracellular Ca(2+) release units (CRUs). In contrast to VMs, the organization and functional role of TATS membranes in atrial myocytes (AMs) is significantly different and much less understood. Taken together, quantitative structural characterization of TATS membrane networks in healthy and diseased myocytes is an essential prerequisite towards better understanding of functional plasticity and pathophysiological reorganization. Here, we present a strategic combination of protocols for direct quantitative analysis of TATS membrane networks in living VMs and AMs. For this, we accompany primary cell isolations of mouse VMs and/or AMs with critical quality control steps and direct membrane staining protocols for fluorescence imaging of TATS membranes. Using an optimized workflow for confocal or superresolution TATS image processing, binarized and skeletonized data are generated for quantitative analysis of the TATS network and its components. Unlike previously published indirect regional aggregate image analysis strategies, our protocols enable direct characterization of specific components and derive complex physiological properties of TATS membrane networks in living myocytes with high throughput and open access software tools. In summary, the combined protocol strategy can be readily applied for quantitative TATS network studies during physiological myocyte adaptation or disease changes, comparison of different cardiac or skeletal muscle cell types, phenotyping of transgenic models, and pharmacological or therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Heart Research Center Goettingen; Clinic of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Goettingen; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Goettingen.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Heart Research Center Goettingen; Clinic of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Goettingen.
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brandenburg
authors.affiliation: Heart Research Center Goettingen; Clinic of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Goettingen.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.affiliation: Heart Research Center Goettingen; Clinic of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Goettingen; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Goettingen; BioMET, Center for Biomedical Engineering & Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine; slehnart@med.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Stephan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lehnart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000166:cytology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000166:cytology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: C514350:CACNA1C protein, mouse; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; C000592748:ryanodine receptor 2. mouse