title: The effects of temperature and anesthetic agents on ciliary function in murine respiratory epithelia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mucus transport mediated by motile cilia in the airway is an important defense mechanism for prevention of respiratory infections. As cilia motility can be depressed by hypothermia or exposure to anesthetics, in this study, we investigated the individual and combined effects of dexmedetomidine (dex), fentanyl (fen), and/or isoflurane (iso) at physiologic and low temperatures on cilia motility in mouse tracheal airway epithelia. These anesthetic combinations and low temperature conditions are often used in the setting of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, surgical repair of congenital heart disease, and cardiac intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6J mouse tracheal epithelia were excised and cilia dynamics were captured by videomicroscopy following incubation at 15, 22-24, and 37°C with different combinations of therapeutic concentrations of dex (10 nM), fen (10 nM), and iso (0.01%). Airway ciliary motion was assessed and compared across conditions by measuring ciliary beat frequency and ciliary flow velocity. Statistical analysis was carried out using unpaired t-tests, analysis of variance, and multivariate linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a linear correlation between cilia motility and temperature. Fen exerted cilia stimulatory effects, while dex and iso each had ciliodepressive effects. When added together, fen + iso, dex + iso, and dex + fen + iso were all cilia inhibitory. In contrast fenl + dex did not significantly alter ciliary function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that ciliary motility is stimulated by fen, but depressed by dex or iso. However, when used in combination, ciliary motility showed changes indicative of complex drug-drug and drug-temperature interactions not predicted by simple summation of their individual effects. Similar studies are needed to examine the human airway epithelia and its response to anesthetics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Christopher
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ochoa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Evonne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krushansky
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , Bethesda, MD , USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Maliha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Cecilia W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lo
keywords: ciliary beat frequency; dexmedetomidine; fentanyl; hypothermia; isoflurane