title: Is there evidence for potential harm of electronic cigarette use in pregnancy?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and other nicotine containing products is increasing among women of reproductive age. The short- and long-term effects of these products on both mother and fetus are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because e-cigarettes are nicotine delivery systems, we sought to conduct a comprehensive review of the effects of nicotine on the fetus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In utero nicotine exposure in animal models is associated with adverse effects for the offspring lung, cardiovascular system and brain. In the lung, this included reduced surface area, weight, and volume, as well as emphysema-like lesions. In adulthood, exposed offspring demonstrate elevated blood pressure and increased perivascular adipose tissue. In the brain, exposure alters offspring serotonergic, dopaminergic, and norepinephrine networks, which in turn are associated with behavioral and cognitive impairments. We also review current data on the lack of efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnant women, and highlight different nicotine containing products such as snuff, snus, and hookah.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that no amount of nicotine is known to be safe during pregnancy, and studies specifically addressing this risk are crucial and an imminent public health issue.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mastrobattista
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Kjersti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aagaard
mesh_terms: D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: electronic cigarettes; nicotine; pregnancy