title: Urinary prostate protein glycosylation profiling as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum prostate-specific antigen (sPSA) measurement is widely used as opportunistic screening tool for prostate cancer (PCa). sPSA suffers from considerable sensitivity and specificity problems, particularly in the diagnostic gray zone (sPSA 4-10 µg/L). Furthermore, sPSA is not able to discriminate between poorly-, moderately-, and well-differentiated PCa. We investigated prostatic protein glycosylation profiles as a potential PCa biomarker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences in total urine N-glycosylation profile of prostatic proteins were determined between healthy volunteers (n = 54), patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH; n = 93) and newly diagnosed PCa patients (n = 74). Variations in N-glycosylation profile and prostate volume were combined into one urinary glycoprofile marker (UGM). Additionally, differences in N-glycosylation were identified between Gleason <7, =7, and >7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The UGM was able to discriminate BPH from PCa, overall and in the diagnostic gray zone (P < 0.001). The UGM showed comparable diagnostic accuracy to sPSA, but gave an additive diagnostic value to sPSA (P < 0.001). In the diagnostic gray zone the UGM performed significantly better than sPSA (P < 0.001). A significant difference was found in core-fucosylation of biantennary structures and overall core-fucosylation of multiantennary structures between Gleason < 7 and Gleason > 7 (P = 0.010 and P = 0.020, respectively) and between Gleason = 7 and Gleason > 7 (P = 0.011 and P = 0.025, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UGM shows high potential as PCa biomarker, particularly in the diagnostic gray zone. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tijl
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vermassen
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Praet
authors.forename: Nicolaas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lumen
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Decaestecker
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vanderschaeghe
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Callewaert
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Villeirs
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoebeke
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Belle
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rottey
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delanghe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011506:Proteins
keywords: Gleason score; benign prostate hyperplasia; diagnostic marker; prostate cancer; urinary asparagine-linked glycosylation