title: A comparative study of oral candidal species carriage in patients with type1 and type2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus can have profound effects upon the oral tissues especially in patients with poor glycemic control being prone to severe and/or recurrent infections particularly candidiasis. The main aim was to study the association between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus and candidal carriage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design comprised of previously diagnosed 30 patients each with type 1 diabetes mellitus (Group A) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Group B) and 30 age-, sex- and dental status-matched healthy non-diabetic individuals as controls (Group C). The saliva samples were collected and inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and chromogenic agar culture medium. Candidal colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml) values were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed by χ(2) test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman's rank correlation and Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data analysis showed statistically significant higher positive candidal growth in Group A and Group B when compared to Group C. The CFU/ml values were significantly higher in Groups A and B as compared with Group C. Significant positive correlation of CFU/ml with fasting blood sugar level and HbA1c% in both Groups A and B was seen. Oral signs and symptoms observed in diabetics were dry mouth, burning sensation, fissuring and atrophic changes of tongue and erythematous areas, which positively correlated with candidal load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The glycemic control status of the diabetic patients may directly influence candidal colonization. The quantitative and biochemical characterization allows better insight into the study of association of diabetes mellitus and candida.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Attavara Balakrishna Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Mangesh P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Parvathagouda Mallannagouda Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Rudrayya S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Puranik
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Parvathagouda Mallannagouda Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Shrinivas S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Vanaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Parvathagouda Mallannagouda Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Surekha R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Puranik
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Attavara Balakrishna Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Pushparaja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Srinivas Nagar, Mukka, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shenoy
keywords: Candida carriage; Candidal colony forming units per ml; diabetes mellitus