title: Inter-examiner variability and agreement of the alternate prism cover test (APCT) measurements of strabismus performed by 4 examiners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the inter-examiner variability and agreement of the alternate prism cover test (APCT) measurements of strabismus at near and distance fixation performed by 4 examiners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one participants (median age 12 years, range 3-74) with horizontal strabismus completed APCT measurements at near (1/3 m) and distance (5 m) fixation. Each participant was assessed by 4 masked experienced orthoptists on the same visit. Bland-Altman plots and inter-examiner variability (1.96xSD of the difference) were used to determine a clinical value suggestive of real change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inter-examiner variability was ±10 prism diopters (PD) at near and ±9 PD at distance fixation. The mean difference between measurements per examiner pair for near fixation ranged between -3 and 1.5 PD, with inter-examiner variability ranging between ±6.9 and ±12.5 PD, and mean difference for distance fixation between -0.8 and 1.6 PD, with inter-examiner variability ranging between ±7.5 and ±11.7 PD. Larger variability was found between some examiner pairs than others. Magnitude of the deviation, test distance, and age had no significant influence on the variation in APCT measurement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A variation in APCT measurement between 4 examiners of less than 10 PD for both near and distance fixation is likely to be due to inter-examiner variability. Changes of 10 PD or more are suggestive of a real change and may be employed as a management threshold.
authors.affiliation: Orthoptic Department, Rotterdam Eye Hospital , the Netherlands and.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Jongh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tjon-Fo-Sang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjerre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D009988:Orthoptics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Inter-examiner; prism; reliability; strabismus