title: Comparing Computer-Derived and Human-Observed Scores for the Balance Error Scoring System.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is the current standard for assessing postural stability in concussed athletes on the sideline. However, research has questioned the objectivity and validity of the BESS, suggesting that while certain subcategories of the BESS have sufficient reliability to be used in evaluation of postural stability, the total score is not reliable, demonstrating limited interrater and intrarater reliability. Recently, a computerized BESS test was developed to automate scoring.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare computer-derived BESS scores with those taken from 3 trained human scorers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interrater reliability study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Athletic training room.
  
  
  METHODS
  NCAA Division I student athletes (53 male, 58 female; 19 ± 2 y, 168 ± 41 cm, 69 ± 4 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were asked to perform the BESS while standing on the Tekscan (Boston, MA) MobileMat® BESS. The MobileMat BESS software displayed an error score at the end of each trial. Simultaneously, errors were recorded by 3 separate examiners. Errors were counted using the standard BESS scoring criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of BESS errors was computed for the 6 stances from the software and each of the 3 human scorers. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to compare errors for each stance scored by the MobileMat BESS software with each of 3 raters individually. The ICC values were converted to Fisher Z scores, averaged, and converted back into ICC values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The double-leg, single-leg, and tandem-firm stances resulted in good agreement with human scorers (ICC = .999, .731, and .648). All foam stances resulted in fair agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the MobileMat BESS is suitable for identifying BESS errors involving each of the 6 stances of the BESS protocol. Because the MobileMat BESS scores consistently and reliably, this system can be used with confidence by clinicians as an effective alternative to scoring the BESS.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
authors.forename: Jaclyn B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Caccese
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kaminski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D004856:Postural Balance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult