title: Neural substrates of Hanja (Logogram) and Hangul (Phonogram) character readings by functional magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: The two basic scripts of the Korean writing system, Hanja (the logography of the traditional Korean character) and Hangul (the more newer Korean alphabet), have been used together since the 14th century. While Hanja character has its own morphemic base, Hangul being purely phonemic without morphemic base. These two, therefore, have substantially different outcomes as a language as well as different neural responses. Based on these linguistic differences between Hanja and Hangul, we have launched two studies; first was to find differences in cortical activation when it is stimulated by Hanja and Hangul reading to support the much discussed dual-route hypothesis of logographic and phonological routes in the brain by fMRI (Experiment 1). The second objective was to evaluate how Hanja and Hangul affect comprehension, therefore, recognition memory, specifically the effects of semantic transparency and morphemic clarity on memory consolidation and then related cortical activations, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Experiment 2). The first fMRI experiment indicated relatively large areas of the brain are activated by Hanja reading compared to Hangul reading. The second experiment, the recognition memory study, revealed two findings, that is there is only a small difference in recognition memory for semantic transparency, while for the morphemic clarity was much larger between Hanja and Hangul. That is the morphemic clarity has significantly more effect than semantic transparency on recognition memory when studies by fMRI in correlation with behavioral study.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Zang-Hee
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5140-1689
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Nambeom
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4960-1256
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sungbong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Je-Geun
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Chan-Woong
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea. ; Kansei Fukushi Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Bo
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0214-3964
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020557:Neurolinguistic Programming; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D014956:Writing
keywords: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Functional Neuroimaging; Hanja and Hangul; Neural Substrates of Language