title: Body mass index and pressure ulcers: improved predictability of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity contributes to immobility and subsequent pressure on skin surfaces. Knowledge of the relationship between obesity and development of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients will provide better understanding of which patients are at high risk for pressure ulcers and allow more efficient prevention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the incidence of pressure ulcers in patients who differ in body mass index and to determine whether inclusion of body mass index enhanced use of the Braden scale in the prediction of pressure ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective cohort study, data were collected from the medical records of 4 groups of patients with different body mass index values: underweight, normal weight, obese, and extremely obese. Data included patients' demographics, body weight, score on the Braden scale, and occurrence of pressure ulcers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of pressure ulcers in the underweight, normal weight, obese, and extremely obese groups was 8.6%, 5.5%, 2.8%, and 9.9%, respectively. When both the score on the Braden scale and the body mass index were predictive of pressure ulcers, extremely obese patients were about 2 times more likely to experience an ulcer than were normal weight patients. In the final model, the area under the curve was 0.71. The baseline area under the curve for the Braden scale was 0.68.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Body mass index and incidence of pressure ulcers were related in intensive care patients. Addition of body mass index did not appreciably improve the accuracy of the Braden scale for predicting pressure ulcers.
authors.affiliation: Sookyung Hyun is an assistant professor, College of Nursing, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Elizabeth R. Lenz is professor emeritus, College of Nursing, and Pacharmon Kaewprag is a PhD candidate, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Brenda Vermillion is director of health system nursing education and Cheryl Newton is a clinical nurse specialist, Department of Critical Care Nursing, Xiaobai Li is an assistant professor, Center for Biostatistics, Monica Fall is staff dietician, Department of Nutrition Services, and Susan Moffatt-Bruce is chief quality and patient safety officer, associate dean of clinical affairs for quality and patient safety, and associate professor, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Sookyung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: Sookyung Hyun is an assistant professor, College of Nursing, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Elizabeth R. Lenz is professor emeritus, College of Nursing, and Pacharmon Kaewprag is a PhD candidate, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Brenda Vermillion is director of health system nursing education and Cheryl Newton is a clinical nurse specialist, Department of Critical Care Nursing, Xiaobai Li is an assistant professor, Center for Biostatistics, Monica Fall is staff dietician, Department of Nutrition Services, and Susan Moffatt-Bruce is chief quality and patient safety officer, associate dean of clinical affairs for quality and patient safety, and associate professor, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Xiaobai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Sookyung Hyun is an assistant professor, College of Nursing, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Elizabeth R. Lenz is professor emeritus, College of Nursing, and Pacharmon Kaewprag is a PhD candidate, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Brenda Vermillion is director of health system nursing education and Cheryl Newton is a clinical nurse specialist, Department of Critical Care Nursing, Xiaobai Li is an assistant professor, Center for Biostatistics, Monica Fall is staff dietician, Department of Nutrition Services, and Susan Moffatt-Bruce is chief quality and patient safety officer, associate dean of clinical affairs for quality and patient safety, and associate professor, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University. vermillion.32@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vermillion
authors.affiliation: Sookyung Hyun is an assistant professor, College of Nursing, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Elizabeth R. Lenz is professor emeritus, College of Nursing, and Pacharmon Kaewprag is a PhD candidate, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Brenda Vermillion is director of health system nursing education and Cheryl Newton is a clinical nurse specialist, Department of Critical Care Nursing, Xiaobai Li is an assistant professor, Center for Biostatistics, Monica Fall is staff dietician, Department of Nutrition Services, and Susan Moffatt-Bruce is chief quality and patient safety officer, associate dean of clinical affairs for quality and patient safety, and associate professor, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.affiliation: Sookyung Hyun is an assistant professor, College of Nursing, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Elizabeth R. Lenz is professor emeritus, College of Nursing, and Pacharmon Kaewprag is a PhD candidate, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Brenda Vermillion is director of health system nursing education and Cheryl Newton is a clinical nurse specialist, Department of Critical Care Nursing, Xiaobai Li is an assistant professor, Center for Biostatistics, Monica Fall is staff dietician, Department of Nutrition Services, and Susan Moffatt-Bruce is chief quality and patient safety officer, associate dean of clinical affairs for quality and patient safety, and associate professor, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.affiliation: Sookyung Hyun is an assistant professor, College of Nursing, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Elizabeth R. Lenz is professor emeritus, College of Nursing, and Pacharmon Kaewprag is a PhD candidate, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Brenda Vermillion is director of health system nursing education and Cheryl Newton is a clinical nurse specialist, Department of Critical Care Nursing, Xiaobai Li is an assistant professor, Center for Biostatistics, Monica Fall is staff dietician, Department of Nutrition Services, and Susan Moffatt-Bruce is chief quality and patient safety officer, associate dean of clinical affairs for quality and patient safety, and associate professor, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Pacharmon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaewprag
authors.affiliation: Sookyung Hyun is an assistant professor, College of Nursing, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Elizabeth R. Lenz is professor emeritus, College of Nursing, and Pacharmon Kaewprag is a PhD candidate, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Brenda Vermillion is director of health system nursing education and Cheryl Newton is a clinical nurse specialist, Department of Critical Care Nursing, Xiaobai Li is an assistant professor, Center for Biostatistics, Monica Fall is staff dietician, Department of Nutrition Services, and Susan Moffatt-Bruce is chief quality and patient safety officer, associate dean of clinical affairs for quality and patient safety, and associate professor, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moffatt-Bruce
authors.affiliation: Sookyung Hyun is an assistant professor, College of Nursing, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Elizabeth R. Lenz is professor emeritus, College of Nursing, and Pacharmon Kaewprag is a PhD candidate, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Brenda Vermillion is director of health system nursing education and Cheryl Newton is a clinical nurse specialist, Department of Critical Care Nursing, Xiaobai Li is an assistant professor, Center for Biostatistics, Monica Fall is staff dietician, Department of Nutrition Services, and Susan Moffatt-Bruce is chief quality and patient safety officer, associate dean of clinical affairs for quality and patient safety, and associate professor, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lenz
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors