title: Ocular dirofilariasis: a case series of 8 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dirofilaria repens is an endemic parasite in Mediterranean countries that mostly affects animals. Rarely, however, it can infect humans. This case series presents patients with ocular infections due to D. repens.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review was performed of patients with ocular dirofilariasis after the year 2000, treated at a tertiary referral centre in Greece. Data were collected on the ocular, microbiological, or/and histopathological aspects and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight cases of unilateral ocular dirofilariasis were identified, of which 5 were subconjunctival (1 masquerading as nodular scleritis) and were removed through a conjunctival incision, 2 cases were intravitreal and were removed with vitrectomy, and 1 was intraorbital (adjacent to the roof of the orbit). The latter appeared as an encapsulated mass and subsequent histological examination revealed the presence of the parasite. Of the 8 cases recorded after the year 2000, 7 appeared within the last 6 years (4 cases within the last 3 years). The majority of cases involved residents of the Ionian Islands (7 of 8 cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D. repens can affect various ocular and periocular tissues. A progressive increase in the incidence of dirofilariasis was observed, which is potentially associated with climate changes in warm and moist areas where this parasite is endemic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Epirus, Greece.
authors.forename: Chris D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kalogeropoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Epirus, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Stefaniotou
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Epirus, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantina E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Gorgoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Epirus, Greece.
authors.forename: Chrissanthy V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Epirus, Greece.
authors.forename: Chrysavgi N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Epirus, Greece.
authors.forename: Costas A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Paschidis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D060348:Dirofilaria repens / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004184:Dirofilariasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000601:surgery; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000601:surgery; D015822:Eye Infections, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000601:surgery; D015423:Scleritis / Q000175:diagnosis; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Conjunctiva; Dirofilaria; Greece; Incidence; Orbit; Vitreous