title: Cytotoxic and anti-metastatic activities of phenolic compounds from Dendrobium ellipsophyllum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phenolic compounds isolated from Dendrobium ellipsophyllum Tang & Wang (Orchidaceae) have been shown to possess potential pharmacological activity; however, their anticancer as well as anti-metastasis activities are largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to isolate active compounds from D. ellipsophyllum and to explore the possible effects of phenolic compounds isolated from the plant for cytotoxic as well as anti-metastatic properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The compounds were isolated by using chromatographic techniques including silica gel and Sephadex LH20. Each of the isolates was evaluated for their cytotoxicity on H292 human lung cancer cell lines by 2,3-Bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide assay. The cytotoxic compounds were further evaluated for apoptosis-inducing and anoikis-sensitizing effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten phenolic compounds were isolated, 5,7-dihydroxy-chromen-4-one (1:); 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (2:); moscatilin (3:), 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (4:); 4,5,4'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxybibenzyl (5:); (2S)-homoeriodictyol (6:); (2S)-eriodictyol (7:); chrysoeriol (8:); phloretic acid (9:); and luteolin (10:). Compounds 4:, 5:, 8: and 10: exhibited appreciable cytotoxic activity with 50% inhibitory concentration values less than 250 μM. These compounds also showed potential apoptosis induction and anoikis-sensitizing effect at non-toxic concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compounds 4:, 5:, 8: and 10: are responsible for cytotoxic and anti-metastatic activities of D. ellipsophyllum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kasinee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanagornmeatar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Department of Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chatchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaotham
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Department of Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand pithi.c@chula.ac.th boonchoo.sr@chula.ac.th.
authors.forename: Boonchoo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sritularak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Department of Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kittisak
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Likhitwitayawuid
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Department of Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand pithi.c@chula.ac.th boonchoo.sr@chula.ac.th.
authors.forename: Pithi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chanvorachote
mesh_terms: D023102:Anoikis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001632:Bibenzyls / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D031667:Dendrobium / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000556:secondary; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001632:Bibenzyls; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols
keywords: Dendrobium ellipsophyllum; anoikis; anti-metastasis; bibenzyls; cytotoxicity; flavonoids; lung cancer