title: Coxsackievirus B3 engineered to contain microRNA targets for muscle-specific microRNAs displays attenuated cardiotropic virulence in mice.
abstract: Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is trophic for cardiac tissue and is a major causative agent for viral myocarditis, where local viral replication in the heart may lead to heart failure or even death. Recent studies show that inserting microRNA target sequences into the genomes of certain viruses can eradicate these viruses within local host tissues that specifically express the cognate microRNA. Here, we demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo that incorporating target sequences for miRNA-133 and -206 into the 5' untranslated region of the CVB3 genome ameliorated CVB3 virulence in skeletal muscle and myocardial cells that specifically expressed the cognate cellular microRNAs. Compared to wild-type CVB3, viral replication of the engineered CVB3 was attenuated in human TE671 (rhabdomyosarcoma) and L6 (skeletal muscle) cell lines in vitro that expressed high levels of miRNA-206. In the in vivo murine CVB3-infection model, viral replication of the engineered CVB3 was attenuated specifically in the heart that expressed high levels of both miRNAs, but not in certain tissues, which allowed the host to retain the ability to induce a strong and protective humoral immune response against CVB3. The results of this study suggest that a microRNA-targeting strategy to control CVB3 tissue tropism and pathogenesis may be useful for viral attenuation and vaccine development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a major causative agent for viral myocarditis, and viral replication in the heart may lead to heart failure or even death. Limiting CVB3 replication within the heart may be a promising strategy to decrease CVB3 pathogenicity. miRNAs are ∼21-nucleotide-long, tissue-specific endogenous small RNA molecules that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression by imperfectly binding to the 3' untranslated region (UTR), the 5' UTR, or the coding region within a gene. In our study, muscle-specific miRNA targets (miRT) were incorporated into the CVB3 genome. Replication of the engineered viruses was restricted in the important heart tissue of infected mice, which reduced cardiac pathology and increased mouse survival. Meanwhile, replication ability was retained in other tissues, thus inducing a strong humoral immune response and providing long-term protection against CVB3 rechallenge. This study suggests that a microRNA-targeting strategy can potentially control CVB3 tissue tropism and pathogenesis and may be useful for viral attenuation and vaccine development.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hailan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zonghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China zheweiliu@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhewei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D009132:Muscles / Q000821:virology*; D056189:Viral Tropism; D014774:Virulence; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs