title: Hepatic artery embolization for liver metastasis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor following imatinib and sunitinib therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study is to determine the efficacy of hepatic artery embolization (HAE) as a therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in patients who are refractory to imatinib and sunitinib.
  
  
  METHODS
  After institutional review board approval, a retrospective review revealed 11 patients with GIST metastatic to the liver who underwent 15 HAEs between February 2002 and May 2013. These patients were stratified into two groups according to the previous treatment: (a) those treated with HAE as second-line treatment after failing first-line imatinib (n = 3) and (b) those treated with HAE as third-line therapy after failing first-line imatinib and second-line sunitinib (n = 8). Initial therapeutic response, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and safety were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial therapeutic response rates at 3 months after HAE were 27.3 % (95 % confidence interval (CI), 6.0-61.0 %) by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST) version 1.0 and 45.5 % (95 % CI, 16.7-76.6 %) by modified RECIST (mRECIST). The median OS and PFS after HAE were 14.9 and 3.9 months in group A and 23.8 and 3.4 months in group B, respectively. No procedure-related mortality or major complication was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAE is an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic option for GIST liver metastases. Although larger studies are necessary, HAE should be considered as an alternative or adjuvant to third-line or even second-line systemic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Interventional Radiology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Howard-118, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA, takaki-h@clin.medic.mie-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Haruyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takaki
authors.forename: Tess
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Litchman
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covey
authors.forename: Franois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cornelis
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maybody
authors.forename: George I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Getrajdman
authors.forename: Constantinos T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sofocleous
authors.forename: Karen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Alago
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Erinjeri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D046152:Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000077210:Sunitinib; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D007211:Indoles; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D000077210:Sunitinib