title: The impact of predive exercise on repetitive SCUBA diving.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  SCUBA diving frequently involves repetitive exposures. The goal of this study was to see how exercise impacts microparticles (MPs), endothelial function and venous gas emboli (VGE) throughout multiple dives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen divers in two groups (G1 and G2) each completed six dives, three preceded by exercise (EX) and three as controls (CON). Blood for MP analysis was collected before and after each dive. VGE were monitored via transthoracic echocardiography 30, 60 and 90 min after surfacing. Exercise before diving consisted of 60-min running including eight, 3-min intervals at 90% VO2max.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercise did not have a significant impact on VGE. There was no significant difference in MP counts between EX and CON. Both groups experienced a significant decrease in MP counts in the last three dives compared to the first three (G1 P = 0·0008, G2 P = 0001). Other indices of neutrophil/platelet interaction (dual-positive CD63/41 and CD62/41) show a significant increase (P = 0·004 and 0·0001) in G2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both groups experienced a significant decrease in MPs at all measurements in the second series of dives compared to the first, regardless of the placement of exercise. Whether this is related to an effect of suppression of MPs or exercise timing is not clear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Veena M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Bhopale
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ljubkovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dujic
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000502:physiology; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004242:Diving; D004452:Echocardiography; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: SCUBA; endothelial function; exercise; microparticles; repetitive