title: Usefulness of long tibial axis to measure medial tibial slope for opening wedge high tibial osteotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess which tibial slope measurements on knee, whole leg radiographs and three-dimensional reconstructed computed tomography (CT) were useful in clinical practice before and after opening wedge high tibial osteotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medial and lateral tibial slopes on knee, whole leg radiographs and three-dimensional reconstructed CT were measured in 50 patients with knee osteoarthritis. To investigate the intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver reliability for each medial and lateral tibial slope on knee, whole leg radiographs and CT, the measurements were repeated twice by two observers. The statistical differences between the medial and lateral tibial slopes obtained by the three methods, and the differences and correlation coefficients for the medial and lateral tibial slopes between knee or whole leg radiographs and CT were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reproducibility and reliability of medial and lateral tibial slopes on CT were superior to those on whole leg or knee radiographs. The medial and lateral tibial slopes on whole leg radiographs had better reproducibility and reliability than those on knee radiographs. The mean medial tibial slopes on knee, whole leg radiographs and CT were 9.3 ± 3.4°, 12.3 ± 4.3° and 11.0 ± 3.9°, respectively. The mean lateral tibial slopes were 7.9 ± 3.1°, 9.6 ± 3.6° and 9.3 ± 2.9°, respectively. The medial tibial slopes on knee, whole leg radiographs and CT were significantly higher than the lateral tibial slopes (p < 0.01 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tibial slope measurements using CT required time and specialized software. Therefore, measurements of the medial tibial slope using the long tibial axis on whole leg radiographs were more reproducible and reliable and could be an alternative to CT in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan. akamatsu@yokohama-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akamatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sotozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kusayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007717:Knee; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000601:surgery*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Computed tomography; High tibial osteotomy; Knee osteoarthritis; Radiograph; Tibial axis; Tibial slope