title: Inhibitor of differentiation-4 (Id4) stimulates pigmentation in melanoma leading to histiocyte infiltration.
abstract: TGF-β and the inhibitors of differentiation (Id) are linked. Smad7 and other TGF-β inhibitors can potently suppress melanomagenesis; however, little work examining Ids has been reported in melanoma, particularly for Id4. Here, we report that Id4, but not Id2 or Id3 expression, surprisingly, activated robust melanin production in xenografts of previously amelanotic (lacking pigment) 1205Lu/Smad7 (S7) cells. Fontana-Masson stain and de-novo expression of MART-1 and tyrosinase proteins confirmed melanin production. Additionally, pigment-laden CD163+ mouse histiocytes with areas of extensive necrosis were found throughout S7/Id4 tumors, but not in parental 1205Lu, S7/Id2 or S7Id3-derived tumors. Mechanistic investigation revealed increased nuclear M-microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and MART-1 promoter activation following Id4 expression in 1205Lu and WM852 melanoma cells, suggesting broader implications for Id4 in melanin synthesis. In human tumors, melanin colocalized with Id4 expression establishing a correlation. Current chemotherapeutics for melanoma are only marginally effective. Immunotherapy provides the most promise, yet the role of innate immunity is poorly understood. Here, TGF-β suppression followed by Id4 expression results in extensive melanin synthesis and robust histiocyte recruitment following tumorigenesis, a novel role for Id4. Our results suggest that TGF-β suppression coupled with pigment overproduction triggers an innate immune response resulting in tumor necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: DiVito
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Trabosh
authors.forename: You-Shin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Simbulan-Rosenthal
authors.forename: Dean S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006644:Histiocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D051796:Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology; D058965:MART-1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D008543:Melanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D012190:Retroviridae; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; C490128:ID4 protein, human; C086479:Idb4 protein, mouse; D051796:Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins; D058965:MART-1 Antigen; C548667:MLANA protein, human; D008543:Melanins; C548668:Mlana protein, mouse; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
keywords: Id4; TGF-β; histiocyte; melanoma; pigmentation