title: Performance evaluation of an automated single-channel sleep-wake detection algorithm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A need exists, from both a clinical and a research standpoint, for objective sleep measurement systems that are both easy to use and can accurately assess sleep and wake. This study evaluates the output of an automated sleep-wake detection algorithm (Z-ALG) used in the Zmachine (a portable, single-channel, electroencephalographic [EEG] acquisition and analysis system) against laboratory polysomnography (PSG) using a consensus of expert visual scorers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overnight laboratory PSG studies from 99 subjects (52 females/47 males, 18-60 years, median age 32.7 years), including both normal sleepers and those with a variety of sleep disorders, were assessed. PSG data obtained from the differential mastoids (A1-A2) were assessed by Z-ALG, which determines sleep versus wake every 30 seconds using low-frequency, intermediate-frequency, and high-frequency and time domain EEG features. PSG data were independently scored by two to four certified PSG technologists, using standard Rechtschaffen and Kales guidelines, and these score files were combined on an epoch-by-epoch basis, using a majority voting rule, to generate a single score file per subject to compare against the Z-ALG output. Both epoch-by-epoch and standard sleep indices (eg, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, latency to persistent sleep, and wake after sleep onset) were compared between the Z-ALG output and the technologist consensus score files.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting sleep using the Z-ALG as compared to the technologist consensus are 95.5% and 92.5%, respectively, across all subjects, and the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value for detecting sleep are 98.0% and 84.2%, respectively. Overall κ agreement is 0.85 (approaching the level of agreement observed among sleep technologists). These results persist when the sleep disorder subgroups are analyzed separately.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the Z-ALG automated sleep-wake detection algorithm, using the single A1-A2 EEG channel, has a level of accuracy that is similar to PSG technologists in the scoring of sleep and wake, thereby making it suitable for a variety of in-home monitoring applications, such as in conjunction with the Zmachine system.
authors.affiliation: General Sleep Corporation, Euclid, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: General Sleep Corporation, Euclid, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: General Sleep Corporation, Euclid, OH, USA ; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Loparo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Monica R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bootzin
keywords: EEG; Zmachine; algorithm; automatic sleep scoring; single channel; sleep–wake detection