title: Implantation of peritoneal catheters by laparotomy: nephrologists obtained similar results to general surgeons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the complications and costs of minilaparotomies performed by a nephrologist (group A) compared with conventional laparotomies performed by a surgeon (group B) for peritoneal catheter implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two university hospitals (Santa Sofia and Caldas) in Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients, with indication of renal replacement therapy, who were candidates for peritoneal dialysis and gave informed consent for a peritoneal catheter implant. Minilaparotomies were performed by a nephrologist in a minor surgery room under local anesthesia. Conventional laparotomies were performed by a surgeon in an operating room under general anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two nephrologists inserted 157 peritoneal catheters, and seven general surgeons inserted 185 peritoneal catheters. The groups had similar characteristics: the mean age was 55 years, 49.5% were men, and the primary diagnoses were diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, and unknown etiology. The implant was successful for 98.09% of group A and 99.46% of group B. There was no procedure-related mortality. The most frequent complications in the first 30 days postsurgery in group A versus group B, respectively, were: peritonitis (6.37% versus 3.78%), exit-site infection (3.82% versus 2.16%), tunnel infection (0% versus 0.54%), catheter entrapment by omentum (1.27% versus 3.24%), peritoneal effluent spillover (1.91% versus 2.16%), draining failure (4.46% versus 6.49%), hematoma (0% versus 1.08%), catheter migration with kinking (3.18% versus 2.70%), hemoperitoneum (1.27% versus 0%), and hollow viscera accidental puncture (1.91% versus 0.54%). There were no statistically significant differences in the number of complications between groups. In 2013, the cost of a surgeon-implanted peritoneal dialysis catheter in Colombia was US $366 (666,000 COP), whereas the cost of a nephrologist-implanted catheter was US $198 (356,725 COP).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nephrologist-performed minilaparotomies had similar effectiveness to surgeon-performed conventional laparotomies and were cost-effective; however, the nonuse of general anesthesia may be related with hollow viscera puncture during the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Health Sciences, Caldas University. Caldas, Colombia.
authors.forename: Cesar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Health Sciences, Caldas University. Caldas, Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Buitrago
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Health Sciences, Caldas University. Caldas, Colombia.
authors.forename: Cielo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holguin
keywords: catheter implantation; complications; minilaparotomy; surgical technique