title: Frontline health workers as brokers: provider perceptions, experiences and mitigating strategies to improve access to essential medicines in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Front-line health providers have a unique role as brokers (patient advocates) between the health system and patients in ensuring access to medicines (ATM). ATM is a fundamental component of health systems. This paper examines in a South African context supply- and demand- ATM barriers from the provider perspective using a five dimensional framework: availability (fit between existing resources and clients' needs); accessibility (fit between physical location of healthcare and location of clients); accommodation (fit between the organisation of services and clients' practical circumstances); acceptability (fit between clients' and providers' mutual expectations and appropriateness of care) and affordability (fit between cost of care and ability to pay).
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional, qualitative study uses semi-structured interviews with nurses, pharmacy personnel and doctors. Thirty-six providers were purposively recruited from six public sector Community Health Centres in two districts in the Eastern Cape Province representing both rural and urban settings. Content analysis combined structured coding and grounded theory approaches. Finally, the five dimensional framework was applied to illustrate the interconnected facets of the issue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factors perceived to affect ATM were identified. Availability of medicines was hampered by logistical bottlenecks in the medicines supply chain; poor public transport networks affected accessibility. Organization of disease programmes meshed poorly with the needs of patients with comorbidities and circular migrants who move between provinces searching for economic opportunities, proximity to services such as social grants and shopping centres influenced where patients obtain medicines. Acceptability was affected by, for example, HIV related stigma leading patients to seek distant services. Travel costs exacerbated by the interplay of several ATM barriers influenced affordability. Providers play a brokerage role by adopting flexible prescribing and dispensing for 'stable' patients and aligning clinic and social grant appointments to minimise clients' routine costs. Occasionally they reported assisting patients with transport money.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All five ATM barriers are important and they interact in complex ways. Context-sensitive responses which minimise treatment interruption are needed. While broad-based changes encompassing all disease programmes to improve ATM are needed, a beginning could be to assess the appropriateness, feasibility and sustainability of existing brokerage mechanisms.
authors.forename: Bvudzai Priscilla
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Magadzire
authors.forename: Ashwin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Budden
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018954:Drugs, Essential; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D010594:Pharmacies; D010820:Physicians; D011320:Primary Health Care; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012424:Rural Population; D013019:South Africa; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018954:Drugs, Essential