title: Heparin and albumin as part of the priming solution limits exposure to anticoagulation during hemodialysis: in vitro studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemodialysis patients who are subject to increased risk of hemorrhage may need specific dialysis regimes to avoid bleeding. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro which of various anticoagulation options were most beneficial.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 in vitro hemodialyses (HD) were performed in parallel using blood from healthy donors. The dialysis circuits were rinsed with either 1 L of 0.9% NaCl alone (n = 6), or with 1 L saline and the addition of either 5 mL 20% albumin (Alb, n = 6), 5,000 U of heparin (Hep, n = 6), Hep and Alb in combination (HA, n = 30), 20,000 U of Hep and Alb (4H-A, n = 6), and finally Hep and 20 mL 20% albumin (H-4A, n = 6). The blood was recirculated for a maximum of 192 min. Clotting was graded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 192 min dialysis was completed with all series of HA, 4H-A, and H-4A, all with a slight grade of clotting. In contrast to the above settings (p = 0.002, Fisher's test), a total clotting of the dialysis circuit occurred for all series using the NaCl rinsing alone (median time to stop: 21, range:18-27 min, p = 0.026 compared to the HA setting) and for the Alb rinsing (median 26, range: 19-35 min, p = 0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Priming using HA, Hep, 4H-A, and H-4A reduced clotting and allowed 192 min of HD. Clinical studies need to confirm these data in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea - Sweden.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kyrk
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bechara
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skagerlind
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stegmayr
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000925:Anticoagulants; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D000925:Anticoagulants; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D006493:Heparin