title: Decrease in the traumatic symptoms observed in child survivors within three years of the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On March 11, 2011, Japan was struck by a massive earthquake and tsunami. The tsunami caused tremendous damage and traumatized several people, including children. The aim of this study was to assess changes in traumatic symptoms 8, 20, and 30 months of the 2011 tsunami.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised three groups. Copies of the Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms for Children 15 items (PTSSC-15), a self-rating questionnaire on traumatic symptoms, were distributed to 12,524 children (8-month period), 12,193 children (20-month period), and 11,819 children (30-month period). An effective response of children 8 months, 20 months, and 30 month after the disaster was obtained in 11,639 (92.9%), 10,597 (86.9%), and 10,812 children (91.4%), respectively. We calculated the total score, PTSD subscale, and Depression subscale of PTSSC-15. We calculated the total score, PTSD subscale, and Depression subscale of PTSSC-15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PTSSC-15 total score and PTSD subscale of children belonging to 1st-9th grade groups who were tested 30 and 20 months after the tsunami significantly decreased compared with those of children tested 8 months after the tsunami. The PTSSC-15 total score and PTSD subscale of children in 1st-9th grade groups tested after 30 months did not decrease significantly compared with those of children tested after 20 months. The PTSSC-15 Depression subscale and PTSD subscale of children in 1st-9th grade groups tested after 30 months significantly decreased compared with those of children tested 8 months after the tsunami. The PTSSC-15 Depression subscale of children in 1st-9th grade groups evaluated after 30 months significantly decreased compared with those of children evaluated after 20 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the traumatic symptoms of children who survived the massive tsunami improved with time. Nonetheless, the traumatic symptoms, which in some cases did not improve with time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwadare
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Mental Health, Imperial Gift Foundation, Aiiku Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kodaira
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirokage
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ushijima
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Institute of Women's Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Mental Health, Imperial Gift Foundation, Aiiku Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004190:Disasters; D055866:Earthquakes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012574:Schools; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D057192:Tsunamis