title: A controlled trial of acute effects of human exposure to traffic particles on pulmonary oxidative stress and heart rate variability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For many individuals, daily commuting activities on roadways account for a substantial proportion of total exposure, as well as peak-level exposures, to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPS) including ultrafine particles, but the health impacts of these exposures are not well-understood. We sought to determine if exposure to TRAPs particles during commuting causes acute oxidative stress in the respiratory tract or changes in heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, cross-over trial in which twenty-one young adults took two 1.5-hr rides in a passenger vehicle in morning rush-hour traffic. The subjects wore a powered-air-purifying respirator, and were blinded to high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration during one of the rides. At time points before and after the rides, we measured HRV and markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) including nitrite, the sum of nitrite and nitrate, malondialdehyde, and 8-isoprostane. We used mixed linear models to evaluate the effect of exposure on EBC and HRV outcomes, adjusting for pre-exposure response levels. We used linear models to examine the effects of particle concentrations on EBC outcomes at post-exposure time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean EBC nitrite and the sum of nitrite and nitrate were increased from baseline at immediately post-exposure comparing unfiltered to filtered rides (2.11 μM vs 1.70 μM, p = 0.02 and 19.1 μM vs 10.0 μM, p = 0.02, respectively). Mean EBC malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were about 10% greater following the unfiltered vs. filtered exposures, although this result was not statistically significant. We found no significant associations between exposure to traffic particles and HRV outcomes at any of the time points. At immediately post-exposure, an interquartile range increase in particle number concentration was associated with statistically significant increases in nitrite (99.4%, 95% CI 32.1% to 166.7%) and nitrite + nitrate (75.7%, 95% CI 21.5% to 130.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in markers of oxidative stress in EBC may represent early biological responses to widespread exposures to TRAPs particles that affect passengers in vehicles on heavily trafficked roadways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. laumbach@eohsi.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Laumbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. hk475@eohsi.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Howard M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kipen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. susank0@aol.com.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. gk_mcneil@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Kathie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kelly-McNeil
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. ccepeda@eohsi.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Clarimel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cepeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. pettitap@eden.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pettit
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics, Rutgers School of Public Health, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. ohmanpa@sph.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ohman-Strickland
authors.affiliation: Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. zhanglinemail@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. junfeng.zhang@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. jicheng.gong@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Jicheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. veleepm@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veleeparambil
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. gow@rci.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009515:New Jersey; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions