title: Viable hepatocellular carcinoma around retained iodized oil after transarterial chemoembolization: radiofrequency ablation of viable tumor plus retained iodized oil versus viable tumor alone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of our study was to compare the effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for viable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) including areas of retained oil after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) versus RFA treatment of viable HCC alone for ablation coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five patients with 88 viable HCCs underwent RFA of residual viable HCCs around retained iodized oil after TACE. RFA of both viable HCC and retained iodized oil was performed on 47 viable tumors (group A), and RFA of viable HCC only was used to treat the remaining 41 viable tumors (group B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After initial RFA, the endpoint of ablation was successfully achieved for 45 of 47 tumors in group A and for all 41 tumors in group B. Two residual viable tumors in group A were successfully treated by additional RFA. Major complications occurred after initial RFA treatment of one tumor each in group A (pleural effusion) and group B (collateral damage). During follow-up (mean, 37.1 months; range, 5-116.5 months), local tumor progression of treated lesions was found in 28% in group A and 59% in group B. The respective 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-year local tumor progression rates were significantly lower in group A (15%, 32%, 32%, and 32%) than in group B (43%, 71%, 81%, and 81%) (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In treatment of viable tumors after TACE in patients with HCC, RFA of both viable tumor and retained iodized oil may reduce rates of local tumor progression compared with RFA of viable tumor only.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1, Poongnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Hyoung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Pyo Nyun
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyung Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: Yong Moon
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007459:Iodized Oil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006490:Hemostatics; D007459:Iodized Oil
keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); radiofrequency ablation (RFA); transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)