title: Brief Report: Autistic Traits in Mothers and Children Associated with Child's Gender Nonconformity.
abstract: We examined relationships between autistic traits in children, mothers, and fathers and gender nonconformity (GNC) in children using data from the Nurses' Health Study II and the Growing Up Today Study 1. Autistic traits of mothers, fathers and children were measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). GNC in children was measured using questions from the Recalled Childhood Gender Identity/Gender Role Questionnaire. In multivariable analyses increase in child's SRS score was associated with increased odds (OR 1.35; p = 0.03) of being in a higher GNC category. Increase in maternal SRS score was also associated with increased odds (OR 1.46; p = 0.005) of the child being in a higher GNC category. Paternal SRS scores were not related to child's GNC category.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA, Daniel.shumer@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Shumer
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Sari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Reisner
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lyall
authors.forename: S Bryn
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000523:psychology*; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult