title: Molecular analysis of human papillomavirus virus-like particle activated Langerhans cells in vitro.
abstract: Langerhans cells (LC) are the resident antigen-presenting cells in human epithelium, and are therefore responsible for initiating immune responses against human papillomaviruses (HPV) entering the epithelial and mucosal layers in vivo. Upon proper pathogenic stimulation, LC become activated causing an internal signaling cascade that results in the up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Activated LC then migrate to lymph nodes where they interact with antigen-specific T cells and initiate an adaptive T-cell response. However, HPV manipulates LC in a suppressive manner that alters these normal maturation responses. Here, in vitro LC activation assays for the detection of phosphorylated signaling intermediates, the up-regulation of activation-associated surface markers, and the release of inflammatory cytokines in response to HPV particles are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, ZNI Room 245, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Woodham
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Raff
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: W Martin
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Kast
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007801:Langerhans Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014771:Virion / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines