title: Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia.
abstract: We present the high-quality genome sequence of a ∼45,000-year-old modern human male from Siberia. This individual derives from a population that lived before-or simultaneously with-the separation of the populations in western and eastern Eurasia and carries a similar amount of Neanderthal ancestry as present-day Eurasians. However, the genomic segments of Neanderthal ancestry are substantially longer than those observed in present-day individuals, indicating that Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of this individual occurred 7,000-13,000 years before he lived. We estimate an autosomal mutation rate of 0.4 × 10(-9) to 0.6 × 10(-9) per site per year, a Y chromosomal mutation rate of 0.7 × 10(-9) to 0.9 × 10(-9) per site per year based on the additional substitutions that have occurred in present-day non-Africans compared to this genome, and a mitochondrial mutation rate of 1.8 × 10(-8) to 3.2 × 10(-8) per site per year based on the age of the bone.
authors.affiliation: 1] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100044, China [2] Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Qiaomei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moorjani
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jay
authors.affiliation: Institute for Problems of the Development of the North, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen 625026, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergey M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Slepchenko
authors.affiliation: Expert Criminalistics Center, Omsk Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Omsk 644007, Russia.
authors.forename: Aleksei A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bondarev
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Philip L F
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Ayinuer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aximu-Petri
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prüfer
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Filippo
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany [2] Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zwyns
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany [2] Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa [3] Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain [4] Research Group on Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Domingo C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Salazar-García
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Yaroslav V
authors.initials: YV
authors.lastname: Kuzmin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Susan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Keates
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620144, Russia.
authors.forename: Pavel A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kosintsev
authors.affiliation: Institute for Problems of the Development of the North, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen 625026, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitry I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Razhev
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany [2] Laboratory of Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Siberian Cultural Center, Omsk 644010, Russia.
authors.forename: Nikolai V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Peristov
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany [2] Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lachmann
authors.affiliation: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Douka
authors.affiliation: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas F G
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
authors.forename: Montgomery
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slatkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hublin
authors.affiliation: 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelso
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany [2] Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: T Bence
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Svante
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pääbo
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D002881:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12 / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005580:Fossils; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D059645:Mutation Rate; D059125:Neanderthals / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012800:Siberia