title: Nod factor receptors form heteromeric complexes and are essential for intracellular infection in medicago nodules.
abstract: Rhizobial Nod factors are the key signaling molecules in the legume-rhizobium nodule symbiosis. In this study, the role of the Nod factor receptors NOD FACTOR PERCEPTION (NFP) and LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE3 (LYK3) in establishing the symbiotic interface in root nodules was investigated. It was found that inside Medicago truncatula nodules, NFP and LYK3 localize at the cell periphery in a narrow zone of about two cell layers at the nodule apex. This restricted accumulation is narrower than the region of promoter activity/mRNA accumulation and might serve to prevent the induction of defense-like responses and/or to restrict the rhizobium release to precise cell layers. The distal cell layer where the receptors accumulate at the cell periphery is part of the meristem, and the proximal layer is part of the infection zone. In these layers, the receptors can most likely perceive the bacterial Nod factors to regulate the formation of symbiotic interface. Furthermore, our Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analysis indicates that NFP and LYK3 form heteromeric complexes at the cell periphery in M. truncatula nodules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sjef
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moling
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietraszewska-Bogiel
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fedorova
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hink
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Limpens
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theodorus W J
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gadella
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ton.bisseling@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Ton
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bisseling
mesh_terms: D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D046913:Medicago truncatula / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009154:Mutation; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053204:Root Nodules, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D016962:Sinorhizobium meliloti / Q000502:physiology; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C092082:Nod factor IV, Rhizobium meliloti; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases