title: Urine is a better biomarker source than blood especially for kidney diseases.
abstract: Change is the soul of biomarker definition. Changes are more likely to be removed from blood because of homeostasis mechanisms of the body. Therefore, urine is probably a better biomarker source than blood. The road map to the urinary biomarker era is proposed. Researchers are reminded the potential opportunities and risks in their study design. Kidney diseases are emphasized as they produce most significant changes in urine.
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, China, gaoyouhe@pumc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Youhe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D043168:Angiostatins / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D043168:Angiostatins