title: Vitamin D prevents endothelial damage induced by increased neutrophil extracellular traps formation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to investigate the effects of Vitamin D calcitriol/1,25(OH)2D3 on NETosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with hypovitamin D.
  
  
  METHODS
  neutrophlis of five SLE patients with hypovitamin D were divided into 4 groups, P0 (0 nM/control), P1 (1 nM), P2 (10 nM), and P3 (100 nM) as cultured samples. Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) was used to stimulate NETs formation. The supernatant was separated and cocultured with HUVECs. Externalization of Neutrophil Elastase (NE) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) during NETosis was measured by immunofluorescence and ELISA respectively. Early and late apoptosis of endothelial cell was measured by flowcytometry using cell death kit (Annexin V and PI antibody).
  
  
  RESULTS
  this study showed significant decrease in early apoptosis with 10 nM of 1,25(OH)2D3 compared to control group. Significance of NE externalization found in all treatment groups (p<0.05), while MPO absorbance in the same tendency but not statistically significant. Further analysis also found a moderate positive correlation between NE externalizations with early apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  vitamin D 1,25(OH)2D3 could reduce endothelial damage by decreasing NETosis activity. This result may reveal the possibility of Vitamin D as supplementary therapy for SLE patients with hypovitamin D to prevent endothelial damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya - Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Kusworini
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Handono
authors.forename: Yona One
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Sidarta
authors.forename: Benny A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Pradana
authors.forename: Radhitio A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nugroho
authors.forename: Ivan A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hartono
authors.forename: Handono
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalim
authors.forename: Agustina T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Endharti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D065206:Extracellular Traps / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D002117:Calcitriol