title: Household food insecurity associated with antiretroviral therapy adherence among HIV-infected patients in Windhoek, Namibia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Food insecurity is emerging as an important barrier to antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. The objective of this study was to determine if food insecurity is associated with poor ART adherence among HIV-positive adults in a resource-limited setting that uses the public health model of delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study using a 1-time questionnaire and routinely collected pharmacy data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were HIV-infected adults on ART at the public ART clinics in Windhoek, Namibia: Katutura State Hospital, Katutura Health Centre, and Windhoek Central Hospital. Food insecurity was measured by the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Adherence was assessed by the pharmacy adherence measure medication possession ratio (MPR). Multivariate regression was used to assess whether food insecurity was associated with ART adherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 390 participants, 7% were food secure, 25% were mildly or moderately food insecure and 67% were severely food insecure. In adjusted analyses, severe household food insecurity was associated with MPR <80% [odds ratio (OR), 3.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.65 to 8.95]. Higher household health care spending (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.02 to 3.57) and longer duration of ART (OR, 0.82; 95% CI: 0.70 to 0.97) were also associated with <80% MPR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe household food insecurity is present in more than half of the HIV-positive adults attending a public ART clinic in Windhoek, Namibia and is associated with poor ART adherence as measured by MPR. Ensuring reliable access to food should be an important component of ART delivery in resource-limited settings using the public health model of care.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA; †Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; ‡Directorate of Special Programmes, Republic of Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia; §Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA; and ‖Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Steven Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Theresa J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Fanelli
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Justice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gweshe
authors.forename: Francina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tjituka
authors.forename: Heidi M B
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanke
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Terrin
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009276:Namibia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents