title: Automated reference region extraction and population-based input function for brain [(11)C]TMSX PET image analyses.
abstract: [(11)C]TMSX ([7-N-methyl-(11)C]-(E)-8-(3,4,5-trimethoxystyryl)-1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a selective adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) radioligand. In the central nervous system (CNS), A2AR are linked to dopamine D2 receptor function in striatum, but they are also important modulators of inflammation. The golden standard for kinetic modeling of brain [(11)C]TMSX positron emission tomography (PET) is to obtain arterial input function via arterial blood sampling. However, this method is laborious, prone to errors and unpleasant for study subjects. The aim of this work was to evaluate alternative input function acquisition methods for brain [(11)C]TMSX PET imaging. First, a noninvasive, automated method for the extraction of gray matter reference region using supervised clustering (SCgm) was developed. Second, a method for obtaining a population-based arterial input function (PBIF) was implemented. These methods were created using data from 28 study subjects (7 healthy controls, 12 multiple sclerosis patients, and 9 patients with Parkinson's disease). The results with PBIF correlated well with original plasma input, and the SCgm yielded similar results compared with cerebellum as a reference region. The clustering method for extracting reference region and the population-based approach for acquiring input for dynamic [(11)C]TMSX brain PET image analyses appear to be feasible and robust methods, that can be applied in patients with CNS pathology.
authors.affiliation: 1] Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland [2] Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jouni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuisku
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Pauliina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luoto
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Eveliina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arponen
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jarkko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Vesa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oikonen
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Centre of Southwestern Finland, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parkkola
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Airas
authors.affiliation: 1] Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland [2] Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Rinne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014970:Xanthines / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; C405422:KF18446; D008024:Ligands; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D014970:Xanthines