title: Involvement of the electrophilic isothiocyanate sulforaphane in Arabidopsis local defense responses.
abstract: Plants defend themselves against microbial pathogens through a range of highly sophisticated and integrated molecular systems. Recognition of pathogen-secreted effector proteins often triggers the hypersensitive response (HR), a complex multicellular defense reaction where programmed cell death of cells surrounding the primary site of infection is a prominent feature. Even though the HR was described almost a century ago, cell-to-cell factors acting at the local level generating the full defense reaction have remained obscure. In this study, we sought to identify diffusible molecules produced during the HR that could induce cell death in naive tissue. We found that 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate (sulforaphane) is released by Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf tissue undergoing the HR and that this compound induces cell death as well as primes defense in naive tissue. Two different mutants impaired in the pathogen-induced accumulation of sulforaphane displayed attenuated programmed cell death upon bacterial and oomycete effector recognition as well as decreased resistance to several isolates of the plant pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Treatment with sulforaphane provided protection against a virulent H. arabidopsidis isolate. Glucosinolate breakdown products are recognized as antifeeding compounds toward insects and recently also as intracellular signaling and bacteriostatic molecules in Arabidopsis. The data presented here indicate that these compounds also trigger local defense responses in Arabidopsis tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Mats X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Anders K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Oskar N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Gülin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boztaş
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Lisa E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Adolfsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pinosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Christel Garcia
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aronsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tör
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.).
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (M.X.A., A.K.N., O.N.J., L.E.A., F.P., C.G.P., H.A., M.E.);National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom (G.B., M.T.);Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science and Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDivision of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden (M.H.) mats.ellerstrom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ellerström
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000378:metabolism*; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D013454:Sulfoxides
chemical_list: D017879:Isothiocyanates; D013454:Sulfoxides; C016766:sulforaphane