title: Properties of wine polymeric pigments formed from anthocyanin and tannins differing in size distribution and subunit composition.
abstract: To explore the effect of tannin composition on pigment formation, model ferments of purified 3-O-monoglucoside anthocyanins (ACN) were conducted either alone or in the presence of two different tannins. Tannins were isolated from grape seeds (Sd) or skins (Sk) following exhaustive extraction in 70% v/v acetone. The Sd and Sk tannin fractions had a mean degree of polymerization of 5.2 and 25.6, respectively. The Sd fraction was highly galloylated, at 22%, but galloylation was <2% in the Sk fraction. The Sk fraction was distinguished by a high proportion of prodelphinidin, at 58%. After a 6 month aging period, polymeric pigments were quantified and their color properties determined following isolation by solid-phase extraction. Wine color and polymeric pigment were highest in the treatment containing ACN+Sd and similar in the ACN+Sk and ACN treatments. The same trend between treatments was observed for total and polymeric nonbleachable pigments. Only minor changes in tannin subunit composition were found following ACN incorporation, but the size distribution of polymeric pigments determined by gel permeation chromatography decreased, in particular for the ACN+Sk treatment. Color incorporation in the higher molecular mass range was lower for ACN+Sk wines than for ACN+Sd wines. Compositional differences between the two tannin fractions may therefore limit the incorporation of ACNs in the colored form. The results suggest that in the ACN+Sk and ACN treatments, the formation of lower molecular mass oligomeric pigments was favored. In polymeric pigments derived from ACNs, the presence of ethyl- and vinyl-linked ACNs to the level of trimers was identified using mass spectrometry.
authors.affiliation: The Australian Wine Research Institute , P.O. Box 197, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
authors.forename: Keren
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bindon
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kassara
authors.forename: Yoji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayasaka
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schulkin
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis*; D003116:Color; D005285:Fermentation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010316:Particle Size; D058105:Polymerization; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D011108:Polymers; D013634:Tannins
keywords: anthocyanin; bisulfite; color; ethyl linkage; molecular mass; pigment; proanthocyanidin; tannin; vinyl linkage; wine