title: Does external rotation bracing for anterior shoulder dislocation actually result in reduction of the labrum? A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  External rotation (ER) bracing has been shown to improve labral reduction in cadaveric studies, but this has not translated to universal improvement in re-dislocation rates in clinical series.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review and critically appraise the literature that investigates how well the labrum is actually reduced by ER in patients who have had an anterior shoulder dislocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of the literature using the online databases Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register. Studies were included if they reported on the difference in labral reduction after ER and internal rotation bracing in patients who had a traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 6 studies included, 5 assessed labral reduction on magnetic resonance imaging and 1 arthroscopically. Each study reported an overall improvement in labral reduction with ER, but anatomic reduction was not commonly achieved. This was despite the use of extreme positions that are unlikely to be well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  External rotation results in anatomic reduction of the labrum in only 35% of cases. We postulate that failure to reduce the labrum may be a contraindication to ER bracing and propose further study to determine whether acute MRI could be used to help identify patients in whom ER achieves labral reduction in a comfortable position. This approach also has the advantage of avoiding the significant inconvenience of ER bracing in those in whom the labrum does not reduce and are therefore theoretically less likely to benefit. However, it is a novel strategy with significant resource implications and therefore warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: Trauma & Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom Robert.jordan@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: Pan Am Clinic, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saithna
authors.affiliation: Pan Am Clinic, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Old
authors.affiliation: Pan Am Clinic, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001915:Braces; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D051445:Fibrocartilage / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D012107:Research Design; D012399:Rotation; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: general sports trauma; magnetic resonance imaging; shoulder, general; shoulder, glenoid labrum; shoulder, instability