title: Modern multimodality diagnosis of portal vein infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma and expected changes during current therapies.
abstract: Diagnosis of malignant portal vein infiltration and especially differentiation from bland thrombosis is challenging for most imaging techniques. The use of contrast-enhanced real-time modern imaging modalities like contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), volume perfusion CT (VPCT), or dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) with dedicated postprocessing tools provides additional support in difficult cases and is therefore recommended.The purpose of this review is to present a practical overview of strengths and limitations of modern imaging techniques in the diagnosis of malignant infiltration of the portal vein by hepatocellular carcinoma and to describe subsequent changes during therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany sascha.kaufmann@med.uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spira
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horger
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000473:pathology*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Liver; computed tomography (CT); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); portal vein thrombosis; ultrasound