title: Comparison of parenteral treatments of acute primary headache in a large academic emergency department cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to compare acute primary headache patient outcomes in those initially treated with parenteral opiates or non-opiate recommended headache medications in a large academic medical emergency department (ED).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many acute primary headache patients are not diagnosed with a specific headache type and are treated with opiates and nonspecific pain medications in the ED setting. This is inconsistent with multiple expert recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic charts were reviewed from 574 consecutive patients who visited the ED for acute primary headache (identified by chief complaint and ICD9 codes) and were treated with parenteral medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-opiate recommended headache medications were given first line to 52.6% and opiates to 22.8% of all participants. Patients given opiates first had significantly longer length of stays (median 5.0 vs. 3.9 hours, p < 0.001) and higher rates of return ED visits within seven days (7.6% vs. 3.0%, p = 0.033) compared with those given non-opiate recommended medications in univariate analysis. Only the association with longer length of stay remained significant in multivariable regression including possible confounding variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial opiate use is associated with longer length of stay compared with non-opiate first-line recommended medications for acute primary headache in the ED. This association remained strong and significant even after multivariable adjustment for headache diagnosis and other possible confounders.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Department of Neurology, USA Puget Sound VA Healthcare System, USA.
authors.forename: Lucas H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Department of Neurology, USA rpcowan@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Cowan
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000208:Acute Disease; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D051270:Headache Disorders, Primary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: Migraine; acute; emergency department; opiates; primary headache; treatment