title: Cognitive performance after stroke--the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with a high risk of stroke are also more prone to cognitive impairment perhaps because of concomitant vascular risk factors. In addition, clinical stroke increases the risk of subsequent dementia. Nevertheless, the relationship between clinical stroke and subsequent cognitive function in initially nondemented individuals remains less clear as most prior studies examined case series without controls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To specify among nondemented individuals the cognitive domains affected by clinical stroke, independently of vascular risk factors and prestroke cognition.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-two Framingham study participants (mean age = 77 ± 9 years, 54% women) with prospectively validated initial strokes, as well as age- and gender-matched controls, underwent identical cognitive evaluations ∼six-months after the stroke. Linear regression models were used to assess the differences in cognitive scores between stroke cases and controls adjusting for prestroke cognitive function as assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination scores, and with and without adjustment for vascular risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusting for prestroke cognition and vascular risk factors, persons with stroke had poorer cognitive function in the domains of immediate recall of logical and visual memories (β = -1·27 ± 0·60, P = 0·035; β = -1·03 ± 0·47, P = 0·028, respectively), verbal learning (paired associate test; β = -1·31 ± 0·57, P = 0·023), language (Boston naming test; β = -0·27 ± 0·08, P = 0·002), executive function (digit span backward; β = -0·53 ± 0·21, P = 0·015), and visuospatial and motor skills (block design; β = -3·02 ± 1·06, P = 0·005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical stroke is associated with subsequent poorer performance in multiple cognitive domains. This association cannot be entirely explained by the individual's cognitive function prior to stroke or by concomitant vascular risk factor levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Galit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Sarah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Preis
authors.forename: Alexa S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Beiser
authors.forename: Rhoda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly-Hayes
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seshadri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*
keywords: cerebrovascular disease; cognitive function; neuropsychology matched cohort study; stroke-related outcomes; vascular risk factors