title: Visualization of microvessels by angiography using inverse-Compton scattering X-rays in animal models.
abstract: The fundamental performance of microangiography has been evaluated using the S-band linac-based inverse-Compton scattering X-ray (iCSX) method to determine how many photons would be required to apply iCSX to human microangiography. ICSX is characterized by its quasi-monochromatic nature and small focus size which are fundamental requirements for microangiography. However, the current iCSX source does not have sufficient flux for microangiography in clinical settings. It was determined whether S-band compact linac-based iCSX can visualize small vessels of excised animal organs, and the amount of X-ray photons required for real time microangiography in clinical settings was estimated. The iCSX coupled with a high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor camera could visualize a resolution chart with only a single iCSX pulse of ∼3 ps duration; the resolution was estimated to be ∼500 µm. The iCSX coupled with an X-ray cooled charge-coupled device image sensor camera visualized seventh-order vascular branches (80 µm in diameter) of a rabbit ear by accumulating the images for 5 and 30 min, corresponding to irradiation of 3000 and 18000 iCSX pulses, respectively. The S-band linac-based iCSX visualized microvessels by accumulating the images. An iCSX source with a photon number of 3.6 × 10(3)-5.4 × 10(4) times greater than that used in this study may enable visualizing microvessels of human fingertips even in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeya
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.affiliation: Hamamatsu Photonics Co. Ltd, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Hamamatsu Photonics Co. Ltd, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Atsumi
authors.affiliation: NHK Engineering Service Co. Ltd, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Iwate Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryunosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyokawa
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: Kawakatsu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikari
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidezo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004423:Ear / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D055806:Microvessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011817:Rabbits; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
keywords: inverse-Compton scattering X-rays; microangiography; spatial resolution