title: Using self-reported callous-unemotional traits to cross-nationally assess the DSM-5 'With Limited Prosocial Emotions' specifier.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits designates an important subgroup of antisocial youth at risk for severe, persistent, and impairing conduct problems. As a result, the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual includes a specifier for youth meeting diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder who show elevated CU traits. The current study evaluated the DSM-5 criteria using Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses and evaluated two methods for using a self-report measure of CU traits to make this diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 2257 adolescent (M age = 15.64, SD = 1.69 years) boys (53%) and girls (47%) from community and incarcerated settings in the United States and the European countries of Belgium, Germany, and Cyprus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IRT analyses suggested that four- or eight-item sets from the self-report measure (comparable to the symptoms used by the DSM-5 specifier) provided good model fit, suggesting that they assess a single underlying CU construct. Further, the most stringent method of scoring the self-report scale (i.e. taking only the most extreme responses) to approximate symptom presence provided the best discrimination in IRT analyses, showed reasonable prevalence rates of the specifier, and designated community adolescents who were highly antisocial, whereas the less stringent method best discriminated detained youth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Refined self-report scales developed on the basis of IRT findings provided good assessments of most of the symptoms used in the DSM-5 criteria. These scales may be used as one component of a multimethod assessment of the 'With Limited Prosocial Emotions' specifier for Conduct Disorder.
authors.affiliation: The School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Eva R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Kimonis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Kostas A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA.|Learning Sciences Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Frick
authors.affiliation: Duke Psychology and Neuroscience Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Durham, NC, USA.|Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
authors.affiliation: School of Human and Life Sciences, Roehampton University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Essau
authors.affiliation: School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bijttebier
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Monica A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marsee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001530:Belgium; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003535:Cyprus; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011582:Psychological Theory; D057566:Self Report; D014481:United States
keywords: Callous-unemotional traits; DSM-5; conduct disorder; item response theory analysis; with limited prosocial emotions