title: Improving healthcare systems' disclosures of large-scale adverse events: a Department of Veterans Affairs leadership, policymaker, research and stakeholder partnership.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) mandates disclosure of large-scale adverse events to patients, even if risk of harm is not clearly present. Concerns about past disclosures warranted further examination of the impact of this policy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Through a collaborative partnership between VA leaders, policymakers, researchers and stakeholders, the objective was to empirically identify critical aspects of disclosure processes as a first step towards improving future disclosures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants at nine VA facilities where recent disclosures took place.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven stakeholders participated in the interviews: 38 employees, 28 leaders (from facilities, regions and national offices), 27 Veteran patients and family members, and four congressional staff members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Facility and regional leaders were interviewed by telephone, followed by a two-day site visit where employees, patients and family members were interviewed face-to-face. National leaders and congressional staff also completed telephone interviews. Interviews were analyzed using rapid qualitative assessment processes. Themes were mapped to the stages of the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication model: pre-crisis, initial event, maintenance, resolution and evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many areas for improvement during disclosure were identified, such as preparing facilities better (pre-crisis), creating rapid communications, modifying disclosure language, addressing perceptions of harm, reducing complexity, and seeking assistance from others (initial event), managing communication with other stakeholders (maintenance), minimizing effects on staff and improving trust (resolution), and addressing facilities' needs (evaluation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through the partnership, five recommendations to improve disclosures during each stage of communication have been widely disseminated throughout the VA using non-academic strategies. Some improvements have been made; other recommendations will be addressed through implementation of a large-scale adverse event disclosure toolkit. These toolkit strategies will enable leaders to provide timely and transparent information to patients and families, while reducing the burden on employees and the healthcare system during these events.
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, 200 Springs Road (Mailstop152), Bedford, MA, 01730, USA, Rani.Elwy@va.gov.
authors.forename: A Rani
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Elwy
authors.forename: Barbara G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bokhour
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: Todd H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.forename: Allen L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gifford
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Durfee
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Martinello
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiffner
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jesse
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007857:Leadership; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs / Q000592:standards*