title: Oncogenic BRAF induces chronic ER stress condition resulting in increased basal autophagy and apoptotic resistance of cutaneous melanoma.
abstract: The notorious unresponsiveness of metastatic cutaneous melanoma to current treatment strategies coupled with its increasing incidence constitutes a serious worldwide clinical problem. Moreover, despite recent advances in targeted therapies for patients with BRAF(V600E) mutant melanomas, acquired resistance remains a limiting factor and hence emphasises the acute need for comprehensive pre-clinical studies to increase the biological understanding of such tumours in order to develop novel effective and longlasting therapeutic strategies. Autophagy and ER stress both have a role in melanoma development/progression and chemoresistance although their real impact is still unclear. Here, we show that BRAF(V600E) induces a chronic ER stress status directly increasing basal cell autophagy. BRAF(V600E)-mediated p38 activation stimulates both the IRE1/ASK1/JNK and TRB3 pathways. Bcl-XL/Bcl-2 phosphorylation by active JNK releases Beclin1 whereas TRB3 inhibits the Akt/mTor axes, together resulting in an increase in basal autophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrate chemical chaperones relieve the BRAF(V600E)-mediated chronic ER stress status, consequently reducing basal autophagic activity and increasing the sensitivity of melanoma cells to apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest enhanced basal autophagy, typically observed in BRAF(V600E) melanomas, is a consequence of a chronic ER stress status, which ultimately results in the chemoresistance of such tumours. Targeted therapies that attenuate ER stress may therefore represent a novel and more effective therapeutic strategy for BRAF mutant melanoma.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corazzari
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rapino
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ciccosanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giglio
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonioli
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: 1] National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy [2] Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fimia
authors.affiliation: Dermatological Sciences Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lovat
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piacentini
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016086:Lentivirus / Q000235:genetics; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms; D000096142:Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
chemical_list: D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf