title: Imiquimod for anogenital warts in non-immunocompromised adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  30% of people with anogenital warts (AGW) have spontaneous regression of lesions but there is no way to determine whether a specific lesion will remain. There are a wide range of options available for treating people with AGW and selection is based on clinician's experience, patient preferences and adverse effects. The imiquimod could offer the advantages of patient-applied therapies without incurring the limitations of provider-administered treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness and safety of imiquimod for the treatment of AGW in non-immunocompromised adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Sexually Transmitted Infections Group Specialized Register (15 April 2014), CENTRAL (1991 to 15 April 2014), MEDLINE (1946 to 15 April 2014), EMBASE (1947 to 15 April 2014), LILACS (1982 to 15 April 2014), World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry (ICTRP) (15 April 2014), ClinicalTrials.gov (15 April 2014), Web of Science (2001 to 15 April 2014) and OpenGrey (15 April 2014). We also handsearched conference proceedings, contacted trial authors and reviewed the reference lists of retrieved studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of imiquimod with placebo, any other patient-applied or any other provider-administered treatment (excluding interferon and 5-fluorouracil which are assessed in other Cochrane Reviews) for the treatment of AGW in non-immunocompromised adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We resolved any disagreements through consensus. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten RCTs (1734 participants) met our inclusion criteria of which six were funded by industry. We judged the risk of bias of the included trials as high. Six trials (1294 participants) compared the use of imiquimod versus placebo. There was very low quality evidence that imiquimod was superior to placebo in achieving complete and partial regression (RR 4.03, 95% CI 2.03 to 7.99; RR 2.56, 95% CI 2.05 to 3.20, respectively). When compared with placebo, the effects of imiquimod on recurrence (RR 2.76, 95% CI 0.70 to 10.91), appearance of new warts (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.00) and frequency of systemic adverse reactions (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.32) were imprecise. We downgraded the quality of evidence to low or very low. There was low quality evidence that imiquimod led to more local adverse reactions (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.53) and pain (RR 11.84, 95% CI 3.36 to 41.63).Two trials (105 participants) compared the use of imiquimod versus any other patient-applied treatment (podophyllotoxin and podophyllin). The estimated effects of imiquimod on complete regression (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.48), partial regression (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.47), recurrence (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.11) or the presence of local adverse reactions (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.54) were imprecise (very low quality evidence). There was low quality evidence that systemic adverse reactions were less frequent with imiquimod (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.98).Finally, two trials (335 participants) compared imiquimod with any other provider-administered treatment (ablative methods and cryotherapy). There was very low quality of evidence that imiquimod did not have a lower frequency of complete regression (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.28). There was very low quality evidence that imiquimod led to a lower rate of recurrence during six-month follow-up (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.56) but this did not translate in to a lower recurrence from six to 12 months (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.25; very low quality evidence). There was very low quality evidence that imiquimod was associated with less pain (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.54) and fewer local reactions (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefits and harms of imiquimod compared with placebo should be regarded with caution due to the risk of bias, imprecision and inconsistency for many of the outcomes we assessed in this Cochrane Review. The evidence for many of the outcomes that show imiquimod and patient-applied treatment (podophyllotoxin or podophyllin) confer similar benefits but fewer systematic reactions with the Imiquimod, is of low or very low quality. The quality of evidence for the outcomes assessing imiquimod and other provider-administered treatment were of very low quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No 45-03, Bogota, Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Grillo-Ardila
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angel-Müller
authors.forename: Luis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Salazar-Díaz
authors.forename: Hernando G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Gaitán
authors.forename: Ariel I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Parra
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lethaby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001004:Anus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D000077271:Imiquimod; D007121:Immunocompetence; D007369:Interferon Inducers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011033:Podophyllin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011034:Podophyllotoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D012646:Self Administration; D014860:Warts / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D007369:Interferon Inducers; D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D011033:Podophyllin; D011034:Podophyllotoxin; D000077271:Imiquimod