title: A method to describe the pharyngeal airway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and to assess reproducibility of a method to model the lumen of the pharyngeal airway using anatomic structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-center, institutional review board-approved retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple structural landmarks (hard palate, palatal aponeurosis, genu, velum, and lateral wall; pharyngeal and vallecular tongue base; and epiglottis) were used as reference points to score the associated airway. These characteristics were then combined to create a luminal model of the pharyngeal airway. Retrospective assessment by two independent observers of 117 sedated endoscopies from a convenience sample (81% male, aged 51.4 years; apnea hypopnea index 38.5 events/hr) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scoring of individual landmarks demonstrated a good or better agreement (kappa of 0.42-0.79). Agreement on whether the airway was constricted/obstructed was very high (kappa > 0.77). Based on differences in airway measures at different levels, multiple patterns of luminal shape and narrowing were observed. The upper pharyngeal lumen was classified into different shapes based on findings at different levels of the soft palate (oblique, 52%; intermediate, 23%; vertical, 25%). Similarly, the lower pharynx was classified into three shapes based on the structure of the tongue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple pharyngeal luminal configurations describing airway phenotypes can be described using landmarks identifiable on endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
authors.forename: B Tucker
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Woodson
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014059:Tongue / Q000033:anatomy & histology
keywords: DISE; Sleep apnea; airway phenotypes; endoscopy; examination; hypopharynx; obstructive sleep apnea; palate; pharynx; surgery; tongue; upper airway