title: Characterization of a genotoxicity biomarker in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.): Biotic variability and integration in a battery of biomarkers for environmental monitoring.
abstract: As a large array of hazardous substances exhibiting genotoxicity are discharged into surface water, this work aimed at assessing the relevance of adding a genotoxicity biomarker in a battery of biomarkers recently developed in the model fish three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). First the confounding influence of gender, body length, and season (used as a proxy of age and of the fish reproductive status, respectively) on the level of primary DNA damage in erythrocytes was investigated in wild sticklebacks. Then, the genotoxity biomarker was included in a large battery of biomarkers assessing xenobiotic biotransformation, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, and implemented in five sites. Gender, age and reproductive status did not influence DNA damage level in fish from the reference site. A significant relationship between the level of primary DNA damage and fish length (as a proxy of age also correlated to the season) was highlighted in the contaminated site. Among all biomarkers investigated in the field, the level of DNA damage was one of the four most discriminating biomarkers with EROD, catalase activity and the level of lipid peroxidation representing together 75.40% of the discriminating power in sampled fish. The level of DNA damage was correlated to the EROD activity and to the level of peroxidation, which mainly discriminated fish from sites under urban pressure. Finally, Integrated Biomarker Response indexes (IBRv2), which were calculated with the whole biomarker response dataset exhibited higher values in the Reveillon (9.62), the Scarpe and Rhonelle contaminated sites (5.11 and 4.90) compared with the two reference sites (2.38 and 2.55). The present work highlights that integration of a genotoxicity biomarker in a multiparametric approach is relevant to assess ecotoxicological risk in freshwater aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, BP 2, F-60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France.|Université de Lyon, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, BP 2, F-60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joyeux
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, BP 2, F-60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France.|UMR-I 02 Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, INERIS, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Université du Havre, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Palluel
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, BP 2, F-60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Mélissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palos-Ladeiro
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés, campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34 293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Besnard
authors.affiliation: Office National de l'Eau et des Milieux Aquatiques, Délégation Inter-Régionale Nord-Ouest, 60200, Compiègne, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, BP 2, F-60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France.|UMR-I 02 Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, INERIS, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Université du Havre, France.
authors.forename: Jean Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Porcher
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.|INRA, USC LEHNA 1369, ENTPE, F-69518, Vaulx en Velin, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bony
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.|INRA, USC LEHNA 1369, ENTPE, F-69518, Vaulx en Velin, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devaux
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité d'écotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, BP 2, F-60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France.|UMR-I 02 Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, INERIS, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Université du Havre, France.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D023701:Smegmamorpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009153:Mutagens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002374:Catalase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
keywords: biomarker; comet assay; environmental monitoring; genotoxicity; pollution; three-spined stickleback