title: Template-guided vs. non-guided drilling in site preparation of dental implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical success of oral implants is related to primary stability and osseointegration. These parameters are associated with delicate surgical techniques. We herein studied whether template-guided drilling has a significant influence on drillholes diameter and accuracy in an in vitro model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh cadaveric porcine mandibles were used for drilling experiments of four experimental groups. Each group consisted of three operators, comparing guide templates for drilling with free-handed procedure. Operators without surgical knowledge were grouped together, contrasting highly experienced oral surgeons in other groups. A total of 180 drilling actions were performed, and diameters were recorded at multiple depth levels, with a precision measuring instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Template-guided drilling procedure improved accuracy on a very significant level in comparison with free-handed drilling operation (p ≤ 0.001). Inaccuracy of free-handed drilling became more significant in relation to measurement depth. High homogenic uniformity of template-guided drillholes was significantly stronger than unguided drilling operations by highly experienced oral surgeons (p ≤ 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Template-guided drilling procedure leads to significantly enhanced accuracy. Significant results compared to free-handed drilling actions were achieved, irrespective of the clinical experience level of the operator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Template-guided drilling procedures lead to a more predictable clinical diameter. It shows that any set of instruments has to be carefully chosen to match the specific implant system. The current in vitro study is implicating an improvement of implant bed preparation but needs to be confirmed in clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany, uta.scherer@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stoetzer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruecker
authors.forename: Nils-Claudius
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gellrich
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von See
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016348:Osseointegration; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants