title: Increased micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridge, and nuclear bud frequencies in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of diesel engine exhaust-exposed workers.
abstract: The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently reclassified diesel engine exhaust (DEE) as a Group 1 carcinogen. Micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB), and nuclear bud (NBUD) frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) are associated with cancer risk. However, the impact of DEE exposure on MN frequency has not been thoroughly elucidated due to mixed exposure and its impact on NPB and NBUD frequencies has never been explored in humans. We recruited 117 diesel engine testing workers with exclusive exposure to DEE and 112 non-DEE-exposed workers, and then we measured urinary levels of 4 mono-hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as well as MN, NPB, and NBUD frequencies in PBLs using cytokinesis-block MN assay. The DEE-exposed workers exhibited significantly higher MN, NPB, and NBUD frequencies than the non-DEE-exposed workers (P < 0.05). Among all study subjects, increasing levels of all 4 urinary OH-PAHs, on both quartile and continuous scales, were associated with increased MN, NPB, and NBUD frequencies (all P < 0.05). When the associations were analyzed separately in DEE-exposed and non-DEE-exposed workers, we found that the association between increasing quartiles of urinary 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (9-OHPh) and MN frequencies persisted in DEE-exposed workers (P = 0.001). The percent of MN frequencies increased, on average, by 23.99% (95% confidential interval, 9.64-39.93) per 1-unit increase in ln-transformed 9-OHPh. Our results clearly show that exposure to DEE can induce increases in MN, NPB, and NBUD frequencies in PBLs and suggest that DEE exposure level is associated with MN frequencies.
authors.affiliation: *Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA, and Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Kangfuxi Street, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: *Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA, and Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Kangfuxi Street, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
authors.forename: Huawei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: *Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA, and Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Kangfuxi Street, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: *Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA, and Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Kangfuxi Street, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: *Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA, and Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Kangfuxi Street, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
authors.forename: Chuanfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: *Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA, and Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Kangfuxi Street, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: *Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA, and Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Kangfuxi Street, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: *Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA, and Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Kangfuxi Street, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
authors.forename: Shanfa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: *Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA, and Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Kangfuxi Street, Zhengzhou 450052, China zhengyx@chinacdc.cn.
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000633:toxicity*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005784:Gene Amplification / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000652:urine; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Diesel engine exhaust; micronucleus; nuclear bud; nucleoplasmic bridge; urinary mono-hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons