title: Associations between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile depend on body fat in European adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study.
abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between macronutrient intake and serum lipid profile in adolescents from eight European cities participating in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) cross-sectional study (2006-7), and to assess the role of body fat-related variables in these associations. Weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol, TAG, apoB and apoA1 were measured in 454 adolescents (44% boys) aged 12.5-17.5 years. Macronutrient intake (g/4180 kJ per d (1000 kcal per d)) was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Associations were evaluated by multi-level analysis and adjusted for sex, age, maternal education, centre, sum of four skinfolds, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary behaviours and diet quality index for adolescents. Carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with HDL-C (β = - 0.189, P< 0.001). An inverse association was found between fat intake and TAG (β = - 0.319, P< 0.001). Associations between macronutrient intake and serum lipids varied according to adiposity levels, i.e. an inverse association between carbohydrate intake and HDL-C was only observed in those adolescents with a higher waist:height ratio. As serum lipids and excess body fat are the major markers of CVD, these findings should be considered when developing strategies to prevent the risk of CVD among adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza,C/Pedro Cerbuna 12,50009Zaragoza,Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bel-Serrat
authors.affiliation: Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza,C/Pedro Cerbuna 12,50009Zaragoza,Spain.
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mouratidou
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital, Ghent University,Ghent,Belgium.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza,C/Pedro Cerbuna 12,50009Zaragoza,Spain.
authors.forename: Idoia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Labayen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology,School of Medicine, University of Granada,Granada,Spain.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuenca-García
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Performance,Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Performance,Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Breidenassel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics,University of Pécs,Pécs,Hungary.
authors.forename: Dénes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molnár
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, INRAN,Rome,Italy.
authors.forename: Romana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roccaldo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics,Private Medical University Salzburg,Salzburg,Austria.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.affiliation: Inserm U995, Faculty of Medicine,University Lille 2,Lille,France.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.affiliation: Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, University of Crete School of Medicine,Heraklion,Greece.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Harokopio University,Athens,Greece.
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital, Ghent University,Ghent,Belgium.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vyncke
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute,Huddinge,Sweden.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn,Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Libuda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC),Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza,C/Pedro Cerbuna 12,50009Zaragoza,Spain.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000293:Adolescent; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D065927:Waist-Height Ratio
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D014280:Triglycerides