title: Conditioned medium derived from notochordal cell-rich nucleus pulposus tissue stimulates matrix production by canine nucleus pulposus cells and bone marrow-derived stromal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conditioned medium derived from notochordal cell-rich nucleus pulposus tissue (NCCM) was previously shown to have a stimulatory effect on bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) individually, in mixed species in vitro cell models. The objective of the current study was to assess the stimulatory effect of NCCM on NPCs in a homologous canine in vitro model and to investigate whether combined stimulation with NCCM and addition of BMSCs provides a synergistic stimulatory effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  BMSCs and NPCs were harvested from chondrodystrophic dogs with confirmed early intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. NCCM was produced from NP tissue of nonchondrodystrophic dogs with healthy IVDs. BMSCs or NPCs alone (3×10(6) cells/mL) and NPCs+BMSCs (6×10(6) cells/mL; mixed 1:1) were cultured for 4 weeks in 1.2% alginate beads under base medium (BM), NCCM, or with addition of 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) as a positive control. Beads were assessed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA contents by biochemical assays, GAG deposition by Alcian blue staining, and gene expression (aggrecan, versican, collagen 1 and 2, SOX9, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5), and matrix metalloproteinase 13 [MMP13]) with real-time quantitative RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NCCM increased NPC proliferation, proteoglycan production, and expression of genes associated with a healthy NP-like phenotype. BMSCs also showed increased proteoglycan production under NCCM, but these effects were not observed at the gene level. Combined stimulation of NPCs with NCCM and coculturing with BMSCs did not result in increased proteoglycan content compared to stimulation with NCCM alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCCM stimulates matrix production by both NPCs and BMSCs and directs NPCs toward a healthier phenotype. NCCM is therefore promising for IVD regeneration and identification of the bioactive components will be helpful to further develop this approach. In the current study, no synergistic effect of adding BMSCs was observed.
authors.affiliation: 1 Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Stefan A H
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Potier
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Doeselaar
authors.forename: Björn P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Meij
authors.forename: Marianna A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tryfonidou
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009672:Notochord / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D004247:DNA