title: A debate on the proposition that self-report is the gold standard in assessment of pediatric pain intensity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-report is often represented as "the gold standard" in assessment of pain intensity in children. We evaluate arguments for and against this claim and consider its implications for pain management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those in the support of the proposition argue that, when children are able to self-report, treatment decisions should be made based on these scores in line with current evidence-based recommendations. Pain is a subjective phenomenon and can be assessed only via self-report. Treating self-report scores as the gold standard is the only valid way for health care professionals to decide on appropriate treatment.Those against the proposition contend that reliance on self-reported pain scores for analgesic treatment decisions is inappropriate as they oversimplify the pain experience, yield only marginal information on which to base treatment decisions, and potentially place children at significant risk for adverse events. Self-reports of pain intensity sometimes contradict well-founded estimates based on other evidence. Wide variation between children in the meaning of pain scores precludes easy interpretation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that self-report, when available, can be considered a primary source of evidence about pain intensity. However, it cannot be treated as an unquestioned gold standard. Instead, hierarchical or bundled approaches should be used, taking into account self-report as well as the many individual and contextual factors that influence pain including clinical history, patient preferences, and response to previous treatments. Alternate models are presented to guide further practice and research.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Children's Nursing, School of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK †Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI ‡Women, Children, & Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL §Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA ∥Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK ¶Departments of Clinical Health Psychology, and Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Twycross
authors.forename: Terri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Voepel-Lewis
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Carl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: von Baeyer
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D032921:Consensus; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D057566:Self Report
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics