title: Validation of an immunochromatographic D-dimer test to presumptively identify menstrual fluid in forensic exhibits.
abstract: Identifying the biological source of a crime scene stain can be crucial for police investigations in many scenarios. Blood is one of the most common fluids found, and accurate differentiation between peripheral blood and menstrual fluid could provide valuable information regarding the issue of consent in sexual assault cases. For the detection of menstrual fluid, no easy-to-use presumptive test is available to date. Therefore, this study aimed to validate a simple immunochromatographic test for the indication of menstrual fluid, focusing on a D-dimer assay. The Clearview® rapid D-dimer test provides a diagnostic assay for the detection of fibrin degradation products. We validated the sensitivity and robustness of the assay using fresh and dried menstrual fluid samples, body fluid mixtures, diluted samples, and casework swabs. Cross reactivity was tested for saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, and blood. No false positive results were obtained; it was possible to successfully analyze mixtures, highly diluted samples, and casework swabs. The results of this study indicate that the D-dimer assay reliably detects menstrual fluid in forensic exhibits and is easy to implement into the current workflow of body fluid identification.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstr. 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holtkötter
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dierig
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schürenkamp
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sibbing
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: Marielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vennemann
mesh_terms: D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002582:Cervix Mucus / Q000737:chemistry; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008598:Menstruation; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D