title: Evening expression of arabidopsis GIGANTEA is controlled by combinatorial interactions among evolutionarily conserved regulatory motifs.
abstract: Diurnal patterns of gene transcription are often conferred by complex interactions between circadian clock control and acute responses to environmental cues. Arabidopsis thaliana GIGANTEA (GI) contributes to photoperiodic flowering, circadian clock control, and photoreceptor signaling, and its transcription is regulated by the circadian clock and light. We used phylogenetic shadowing to identify three evolutionarily constrained regions (conserved regulatory modules [CRMs]) within the GI promoter and show that CRM2 is sufficient to confer a similar transcriptional pattern as the full-length promoter. Dissection of CRM2 showed that one subfragment (CRM2-A) contributes light inducibility, while another (CRM2-B) exhibits a diurnal response. Mutational analysis showed that three ABA RESPONSE ELEMENT LIKE (ABREL) motifs in CRM2-A and three EVENING ELEMENTs (EEs) in CRM2-B are essential in combination to confer a high amplitude diurnal pattern of expression. Genome-wide analysis identified characteristic spacing patterns of EEs and 71 A. thaliana promoters containing three EEs. Among these promoters, that of FLAVIN BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX1 was analyzed in detail and shown to harbor a CRM functionally related to GI CRM2. Thus, combinatorial interactions among EEs and ABRELs confer diurnal patterns of transcription via an evolutionarily conserved module present in GI and other evening-expressed genes.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-1082
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Berns
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nordström
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cremer
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Réka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartke
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Samson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Jonas R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Klasen
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bürstel
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany coupland@mpipz.mpg.de.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coupland
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D057906:Circadian Clocks; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D008027:Light; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D059372:Nucleotide Motifs / Q000235:genetics; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D020218:Response Elements / Q000235:genetics; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C114425:CCA1 protein, Arabidopsis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C121183:GI protein, Arabidopsis; C113192:LHY protein, Arabidopsis; D014157:Transcription Factors