title: Variation in absorption and half-life of hydrocortisone influence plasma cortisol concentrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hydrocortisone therapy should be individualized in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients to avoid over and under replacement. We have assessed how differences in absorption and half-life of cortisol influence glucocorticoid exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight patients (21 M) aged between 6·1 and 20·3 years with CAH due to CYP21A2 deficiency were studied. Each patient underwent a 24-h plasma cortisol profile with the morning dose used to calculate absorption parameters along with an intravenous (IV) hydrocortisone (15 mg/m(2) body surface area) bolus assessment of half-life. Parameters derived were maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ), time of maximum plasma concentration (tmax ), time to attaining plasma cortisol concentration <100 nmol/l and half-life of cortisol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean half-life was 76·5 ± 5·2 (range 40-225·3) min, Cmax 780·7 ± 61·6 nmol/l and tmax 66·7 (range 20-118) min. Time taken to a plasma cortisol concentration less than 100 nmol/l was 289 (range 140-540) min. Those with a fast half-life and slow tmax took longest to reach a plasma cortisol concentration less than 100 nmol/l (380 ± 34·6 min), compared to those with a slow half-life and fast tmax (298 ± 34·8 min) and those with a fast half-life and fast tmax (249·5 ± 14·4 min) (One-way anovaF = 4·52; P = 0·009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both rate of absorption and half-life of cortisol in the circulation play important roles in determining overall exposure to oral glucocorticoid. Dose regimens need to incorporate estimates of these parameters into determining the optimum dosing schedule for individuals.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hindmarsh
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charmandari
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006854:Hydrocortisone