title: Effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity in healthy postmenopausal women: the SHAPE study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for several types of cancer. A proposed pathway through which exercise influences cancer risk is via insulin. We aim to investigate the effect of a one-year exercise intervention on insulin sensitivity, and the role of body fat in this association, in healthy, normal to overweight/obese, postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Sex Hormones And Physical Exercise (SHAPE) study, 189 healthy, inactive and postmenopausal women [ages, 50-69 years; body mass index (BMI), 22-40 kg/m(2)] were randomly assigned to a one-year aerobic and strength exercise intervention (150 min/wk), or a control group. Between-group differences in fasting insulin, glucose, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2) over time were estimated using linear mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up measurements of insulin sensitivity were available for 181 (95.8%) and 182 (96.3%) women at 4 and 12 months, respectively. The intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant differences between the two study groups [treatment effect ratio of the exercise group vs. control (β; 95% confidence interval): insulin, β, 1.07 (0.96-1.19); glucose, β, 1.01 (0.99-1.02); and HOMA2, β, 1.07 (0.96-1.20)]. Similar results were found in a per protocol analysis in compliant women, and in a subgroup of women who lost >2% body fat [measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participation in a one-year aerobic and strength exercise intervention program did not result in changes in insulin sensitivity in healthy postmenopausal and inactive women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that 150 min/wk of exercise, as recommended by current guidelines, is not enough to achieve improvements in insulin sensitivity and subsequent cancer risk, in healthy postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. w.vangemert@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Willemijn A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: van Gemert
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Evelyn M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Monninkhof
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petra H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Center for Nutrition, Prevention, and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albertine J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schuit
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016387:Women's Health