title: Toll-like receptor 3 activation drives the inflammatory response in oxygen-induced retinopathy in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischaemia is one of the most important causes of blindness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role and mechanisms by which toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) influences the progression of the inflammatory response in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR).
  
  
  METHODS
  OIR rat models were successfully established and received single intravitreal injections of polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) and anti-TLR3 antibody, respectively, on postnatal day 17 (P17). Pathological retinal neovascularisation was evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry with Isolectin B4 FITC (fluorescein isothyocyanate). Retinal expressions of TLR3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were measured using real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot. Furthermore, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) expression levels were assessed with real-time PCR and ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both gene and protein expression levels of TLR3 and NF-κB were significantly elevated in the retinas of OIR rats compared to the controls. Increased IL-6 and TNFα expression levels were also observed in the retinas of OIR rats. Furthermore, TLR3 signalling pathway components, including NF-κB and IL-6/TNFα, were markedly upregulated upon stimulation with poly(I:C). In addition, the pre-treatment of TLR3 neutralising antibody in OIR models significantly decreased TLR3 and NF-κB expressions, as well as related inflammatory factors IL-6/TNFα expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that upregulation of the TLR3 signalling pathway is involved in the pro-inflammatory response in OIR rat retinas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xuedong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yingyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000633:toxicity*; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects; D015861:Retinal Neovascularization / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011070:Poly I-C; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Experimental &#8211 animal models; Inflammation; Retina