title: High-throughput RNA sequencing-based virome analysis of 50 lymphoma cell lines from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia project.
abstract: Using high-throughput RNA sequencing data from 50 common lymphoma cell culture models from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia project, we performed an unbiased global interrogation for the presence of a panel of 740 viruses and strains known to infect human and other mammalian cells. This led to the findings of previously identified infections by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). In addition, we also found a previously unreported infection of one cell line (DEL) with a murine leukemia virus. High expression of murine leukemia virus (MuLV) transcripts was observed in DEL cells, and we identified four transcriptionally active integration sites, one being in the TNFRSF6B gene. We also found low levels of MuLV reads in a number of other cell lines and provided evidence suggesting cross-contamination during sequencing. Analysis of HTLV-1 integrations in two cell lines, HuT 102 and MJ, identified 14 and 66 transcriptionally active integration sites with potentially activating integrations in immune regulatory genes, including interleukin-15 (IL-15), IL-6ST, STAT5B, HIVEP1, and IL-9R. Although KSHV and EBV do not typically integrate into the genome, we investigated a previously identified integration of EBV into the BACH2 locus in Raji cells. This analysis identified a BACH2 disruption mechanism involving splice donor sequestration. Through viral gene expression analysis, we detected expression of stable intronic RNAs from the EBV BamHI W repeats that may be part of long transcripts spanning the repeat region. We also observed transcripts at the EBV vIL-10 locus exclusively in the Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line, Hs 611.T, the expression of which were uncoupled from other lytic genes. Assessment of the KSHV viral transcriptome in BCP-1 cells showed expression of the viral immune regulators, K2/vIL-6, K4/vIL-8-like vCCL1, and K5/E2-ubiquitin ligase 1 that was significantly higher than expression of the latency-associated nuclear antigen. Together, this investigation sheds light into the virus composition across these lymphoma model systems and provides insights into common viral mechanistic principles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Viruses cause cancer in humans. In lymphomas the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 are major contributors to oncogenesis. We assessed virus-host interactions using a high throughput sequencing method that facilitates the discovery of new virus-host associations and the investigation into how the viruses alter their host environment. We found a previously unknown murine leukemia virus infection in one cell line. We identified cellular genes, including cytokine regulators, that are disrupted by virus integration, and we determined mechanisms through which virus integration causes deregulation of cellular gene expression. Investigation into the KSHV transcriptome in the BCP-1 cell line revealed high-level expression of immune signaling genes. EBV transcriptome analysis showed expression of vIL-10 transcripts in a Hodgkin's lymphoma that was uncoupled from lytic genes. These findings illustrate unique mechanisms of viral gene regulation and to the importance of virus-mediated host immune signaling in lymphomas.
authors.affiliation: Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Subing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-3578
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.affiliation: Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Walter N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.affiliation: Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Concha
authors.affiliation: Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.affiliation: Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Melody
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baddoo
authors.affiliation: Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fewell
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Renne
authors.affiliation: Tulane Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA eflemin@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Erik K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Flemington
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000821:virology*; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D016662:Virus Integration