title: Male-to-female vaginoplasty: Preecha's surgical technique.
abstract: The inverted peno-scrotal flap is considered the standard technique for vaginoplasty in male-to-female transsexuals. Nowadays, great importance is also given by patients to the reconstruction of the clitoro-labial complex; this is also reconstructed with tissue coming from glans penis, penile skin envelop and scrotal skin. Since the first sex reassignment surgery for biological males performed in Thailand in 1975, Dr Preecha and his team developed the surgical technique for vaginoplasty; many refinements have been introduced during the past 40 years, with nearly 3000 patients operated on. The scope of this paper is to present the surgical technique currently in use for vaginoplasty and clitoro-labioplasty and the refinements introduced at the Chulalongkorn University and at the Preecha Aesthetic Institute, Bangkok, Thailand. These refinements consist of cavity dissection with blunt technique, the use of skin graft in addition to the penile flap, shaping of the clitoris complex from penis glans and clitoral hood, and the use of the urethral mucosa to line the anterior fourchette of the neo-vagina. With the refinements introduced, it has been possible to achieve a result that is very close to the biological female genitalia.
authors.affiliation: Preecha Aesthetic Institute (PAI) , Bangkok , Thailand.
authors.forename: Burin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wangjiraniran
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Selvaggi
authors.forename: Prayuth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chokrungvaranont
authors.forename: Sirachai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jindarak
authors.forename: Sutin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khobunsongserm
authors.forename: Preecha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tiewtranon
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D000068116:Gender Dysphoria / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057829:Gender-Affirming Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery*; D014844:Vulva / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: gender dysphoria; gender reassignment surgery; male-to-female transsexualism; sex reassignment surgery; surgical technique; vaginoplasty