title: Synthetic cannabimimetic agents metabolized by carboxylesterases.
abstract: Synthetic cannabimimetic agents are a large group of diverse compounds which act as agonists at cannabinoid receptors. Since 2004, synthetic cannabinoids have been used recreationally, although several of the compounds have been shown to cause severe toxicity in humans. In this study, the metabolism of two indazole carboxamide derivatives, AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA, was investigated by using human liver microsomes (HLM). For both compounds, a major metabolic pathway was the enzymatic hydrolysis of the primary amide, resulting in the major metabolites AB-PINACA-COOH and AB-FUBINACA-COOH. Other major metabolic pathways were mono-hydroxylation of the N-pentyl chain in AB-PINACA and mono-hydroxylation of the 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutane moiety in AB-FUBINACA. To identify the enzyme(s) responsible for the amide hydrolysis, incubations with recombinant carboxylesterases and human serum, as well as inhibition studies in HLM and human pulmonary microsomes (HPM) were performed. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) was identified as the major human hepatic and pulmonary enzyme responsible for the amide hydrolysis.We employed similar studies to identify the esterase(s) involved in the previously described hydrolytic metabolism of two quinolineindole synthetic cannabinoids, PB-22 and 5F-PB-22, as well as the closely related compound, BB-22. Our investigations again revealed CES1 to be the key enzyme catalyzing these reactions. The identified major metabolites of AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA are likely to be useful in documenting drug usage in forensic and clinical screening. Additionally, the identification of CES1 as the main enzyme hydrolyzing these compounds improves our knowledge in the emerging field of xenobiotic metabolism by esterases.
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ragnar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Line M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Boserupvej 2, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linnet
mesh_terms: D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
keywords: carboxylesterase; human liver microsomes; metabolism; synthetic cannabinoids