title: Carvacrol ameliorates the PPAR-A and cytochrome P450 expression on D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carvacrol (2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-phenol) is a predominant monoterpenic phenol which occurs in many essential oils of the family Labiatae including Origanum, Satureja, Thymbra, Thymus, and Corydothymus species. It is well known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities. The present study investigates the influence of carvacrol on CYP2E1 and PPAR-α on D-Galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mRNA and protein expression levels of CYP2E1 and PPAR-α have been assayed by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expressions of CYP2E1(p=0.012; p=0.015) significantly up-regulated while the mRNA and protein expressions of PPAR-α (p=0.026; p=0.03) significantly down-regulated on D-galactosamine induced hepatotoxic rats and treatment with carvacrol significantly suppressed the mRNA and protein (CYP2E1, p=0.010; p=0.011) (PPAR-α, p=0.033; p=0.037) expressions of these genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the present results have shown that carvacrol has the hepatoprotective effect and also alleviates liver damage associated with GalN induced hepatotoxic rats by down-regulating the CYP2E1 and up-regulating the PPAR-α expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Balakrishnan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aristatile
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdullah H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Al-Assaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Kodukkur Viswanathan
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Pugalendi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000081007:Cymenes; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000081007:Cymenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D047493:PPAR alpha; D010938:Plant Oils; D020011:Protective Agents; D005688:Galactosamine; C073316:carvacrol; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1
keywords: CYP2E1; Carvacrol; D-GalN; PPAR-α; hepatotoxic rats