title: Impact of three commercial feed formulations on farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) metabolism as inferred from liver and blood serum proteomics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The zootechnical performance of three different commercial feeds and their impact on liver and serum proteins of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) were assessed in a 12 week feeding trial. The three feeds, named A, B, and C, were subjected to lipid and protein characterization by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feed B was higher in fish-derived lipids and proteins, while feeds C and A were higher in vegetable components, although the largest proportion of feed C proteins was represented by pig hemoglobin. According to biometric measurements, the feeds had significantly different impacts on fish growth, producing a higher average weight gain and a lower liver somatic index in feed B over feeds A and C, respectively. 2D DIGE/MS analysis of liver tissue and Ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA) highlighted differential changes in proteins involved in key metabolic pathways of liver, spanning carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and oxidative metabolism. In addition, serum proteomics revealed interesting changes in apolipoproteins, transferrin, warm temperature acclimation-related 65 kDa protein (Wap65), fibrinogen, F-type lectin, and alpha-1-antitrypsin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the contribution of proteomics for understanding and improving the metabolic compatibility of feeds for marine aquaculture, and opens new perspectives for its monitoring with serological tests.
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghisaura
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anedda
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pagnozzi
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biosa
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spada
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Elia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonaglini
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cappuccinelli
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Tonina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roggio
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uzzau
authors.affiliation: Porto Conte Ricerche, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia Km 8.400, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Filippa
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Addis
keywords: 2D DIGE; Aquaculture; Farmed fish; Fish feed; Gilthead sea bream; Ingenuity pathway analysis; Liver proteins; Mass spectrometry; Proteomics; Serum proteins