title: Age-related association of refractive error with intraocular pressure in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) and refractive errors according to age group in a representative sample of non-glaucomatous Korean adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 7,277 adults (≥ 19 years) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 to 2011 underwent ophthalmic examination were divided into three groups according to age: the young- (19-39 years), middle- (40-59 years), and old- (≥ 60 years) age groups. Simple and multiple regression analyses between IOP and various parameters (including the refractive error) were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean IOP of the total population was 14.0 ± 0.1 mmHg [young: 13.9 ± 0.1 mmHg; middle: 14.1 ± 0.1 mmHg; old: 13.8 ± 0.2 mmHg (P for trend = 0.085)]. Myopia and high myopia were more prevalent in the young- (70.8% and 16.1%, respectively), compared to the middle- (44.6% and 10.9%) and old- (8.9% and 2.2%) age groups. Univariate analysis in the total population showed that higher IOP was associated with myopic refractive error, the female gender, higher body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia (all P<0.05). In the young- and middle-age groups, higher IOP was associated with myopic refractive error, the female gender, higher BMI, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes (all P<0.05). In the old-age group, the association between IOP and refractive error was not significant (P = 0.828). In multiple linear regression analysis, similar significant relationships between the refractive error and IOP were found in the young- and middle-age groups (beta =  -0.08 and -0.12; P = 0.002 and <0.001 for young- and middle-age group, respectively), but not in the old-age group (beta = 0.03; P = 0.728), after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, region of habitation, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Myopic refractive error was an independent predictor of higher IOP in non- glaucomatous eyes, and the association between refractive error and IOP differed according to age.
authors.affiliation: St. Vincent's Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyungdo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yong-Moon
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chan Kee
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult