title: Elevated levels of monocyte activation markers are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in men with and those without HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heightened immune activation among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons may contribute to atherosclerosis. We assessed associations of serologic markers of monocyte activation, soluble CD163 (sCD163) and soluble CD14 (sCD14), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (CCL2) with subclinical atherosclerosis among men with and those without HIV infection in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed noncontrast computed tomography on 906 men (566 HIV-infected men and 340 HIV-uninfected men), 709 of whom also underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography. Associations between each biomarker and the prevalence of coronary plaque, the prevalence of stenosis of ≥50%, and the extent of plaque were assessed by logistic and linear regression, adjusting for age, race, HIV serostatus, and cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of all biomarkers were higher among HIV-infected men, of whom 81% had undetectable HIV RNA, and were associated with lower CD4(+) T-cell counts. In the entire population and among HIV-infected men, higher biomarker levels were associated with a greater prevalence of coronary artery stenosis of ≥50%. Higher sCD163 levels were also associated with greater prevalences of coronary artery calcium, mixed plaque, and calcified plaque; higher CCL2 levels were associated with a greater extent of noncalcified plaque.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sCD163, sCD14, and CCL2 levels were elevated in treated HIV-infected men and associated with atherosclerosis. Monocyte activation may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease in individuals with HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Rebeccah A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McKibben
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Margolick
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grinspoon
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Xiuhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Palella
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California.
authors.forename: Mallory D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Lisa P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Budoff
authors.affiliation: University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington.
authors.forename: Russell P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Todd T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015995:Prevalence; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D015415:Biomarkers; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D002118:Calcium
keywords: atherosclerosis; human immunodeficiency virus; inflammation; monocyte activation; plaque