title: Association between patellar cartilage defects and patellofemoral geometry: a matched-pair MRI comparison of patients with and without isolated patellar cartilage defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the geometry of the patellofemoral joint on magnetic resonance images (MRI) between patients with isolated cartilage defects of the patella and a gender- and age-matched control group of patients without patellar cartilage defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 43 patients (17 female, 26 male) with arthroscopically verified grade III and IV patellar cartilage defects (defect group) were compared with a matched-pair control group of patients with isolated traumatic rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament without cartilage defects of the patellofemoral joint. Preoperative MRI images were analysed retrospectively with regard to patellar geometry (width, thickness, facet angle), trochlear geometry (dysplasia according to Dejour, sulcus angle, sulcus depth, lateral condyle index, trochlea facet asymmetry, lateral trochlea inclination) and patellofemoral alignment (tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance, patella height, lateral patella displacement, lateral patellofemoral angle, patella tilt, congruence angle). In addition to the comparison of group values, the measured values were compared to normal values reported in the literature, and the frequency of patients with pathologic findings was compared between both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The defect group demonstrated a significantly higher proximal chondral sulcus angle (p < 0.001), a significantly higher distal osseal sulcus angle (p = 0.004), a significantly lower distal sulcus depth (p = 0.047), a significantly lower lateral condyle index (p = 0.045), a significantly lower Caton-Deschamps index (p = 0.020) and a significantly higher Insall-Salvati index (p = 0.010). A major trochlear dysplasia (grade B-D) was significantly more common in the defect group (54 vs. 19%; p < 0.001). Eighty-eight per cent of patients in the defect group demonstrated at least one pathologic finding, compared to 63% in the control group (p = 0.006). Two or more pathologic findings were observed in 42% of the defect group and in 19% of the control group (p = 0.019). There was no significant correlation between the localization of the chondral defects and the results of the measured parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cartilage defects of the patella are associated with the geometry of the patellofemoral joint. In particular, a flat and shallow trochlea, trochlea dysplasia and patella alta seem to contribute to the development of patellar cartilage defects, which must be taken into consideration when planning to do surgical cartilage repair at the patella.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79095, Freiburg, Germany. julian.mehl@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mehl
authors.affiliation: Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79095, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Feucht
authors.affiliation: Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79095, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.affiliation: Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79095, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dovi-Akue
authors.affiliation: Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79095, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Südkamp
authors.affiliation: Department for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79095, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Niemeyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Cartilage defect; MRI; Patellofemoral; Patellofemoral malalignment