title: Skeletal dysplasias: A radiographic approach and review of common non-lethal skeletal dysplasias.
abstract: Skeletal dysplasias are not uncommon entities and a radiologist is likely to encounter a suspected case of dysplasia in his practice. The correct and early diagnosis of dysplasia is important for management of complications and for future genetic counselling. While there is an exhaustive classification system on dysplasias, it is important to be familiar with the radiological features of common dysplasias. In this article, we enumerate a radiographic approach to skeletal dysplasias, describe the essential as well as differentiating features of common non-lethal skeletal dysplasias and conclude by presenting working algorithms to either definitively diagnose a particular dysplasia or suggest the most likely differential diagnoses to the referring clinician and thus direct further workup of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Ananya Panda, Shivanand Gamanagatti, Manisha Jana, Arun Kumar Gupta, Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Ananya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.affiliation: Ananya Panda, Shivanand Gamanagatti, Manisha Jana, Arun Kumar Gupta, Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Shivanand
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gamanagatti
authors.affiliation: Ananya Panda, Shivanand Gamanagatti, Manisha Jana, Arun Kumar Gupta, Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jana
authors.affiliation: Ananya Panda, Shivanand Gamanagatti, Manisha Jana, Arun Kumar Gupta, Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
authors.forename: Arun Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
keywords: Achondroplasia; Algorithm; Approach; Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia; Radiograph; Review; Rhizomelia; Short limb dwarfism; Skeletal dysplasia; Skeletal survey; Spondylopepiphyseal dysplasia