title: The role of intracochlear drug delivery devices in the management of inner ear disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diseases of the inner ear include those of the auditory and vestibular systems, and frequently result in disabling hearing loss or vertigo. Despite a rapidly expanding pipeline of potential cochlear therapeutics, the inner ear remains a challenging organ for targeted drug delivery, and new technologies are required to deliver these therapies in a safe and efficacious manner. In addition to traditional approaches for direct inner ear drug delivery, novel microfluidics-based systems are under development, promising improved control over pharmacokinetics over longer periods of delivery, ultimately with application towards hair cell regeneration in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Advances in the development of intracochlear drug delivery systems are reviewed, including passive systems, active microfluidic technologies and cochlear prosthesis-mediated delivery. This article provides a description of novel delivery systems and their potential future clinical applications in treating inner ear disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent progresses in microfluidics and miniaturization technologies are enabling the development of wearable and ultimately implantable drug delivery microsystems. Progress in this field is being spurred by the convergence of advances in molecular biology, microfluidic flow control systems and models for drug transport in the inner ear. These advances will herald a new generation of devices, with near-term applications in preclinical models, and ultimately with human clinical use for a range of diseases of the inner ear.
authors.affiliation: Harvard University , Cambridge, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ayoob
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Borenstein
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000737:chemistry; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000503:physiopathology; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007759:Labyrinth Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D044085:Microfluidics; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D005782:Gels
keywords: drug delivery; hair cells; implantable devices; inner ear; intracochlear; local delivery; microelectronics; microfluidics; regeneration; sensory cells