title: Peri-operative morbidity associated with radical cystectomy in a multicenter database of community and academic hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the frequency and timing of complications following radical cystectomy in a cohort of patients treated at community and academic hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radical cystectomy patients captured from NSQIP hospitals from January 1 2006 to December 31 2012 were included. Baseline information and complications were abstracted by study surgical clinical reviewers through a validated process of medical record review and direct patient contact. We determined the incidence and timing of each complication and calculated their associations with patient and operative characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2303 radical cystectomy patients met inclusion criteria. 1115 (48%) patients were over 70 years old and 1819 (79%) were male. Median hospital stay was 8 days (IQR 7-13 days). 1273 (55.3%) patients experienced at least 1 post-operative complication of which 191 (15.6%) occurred after hospital discharge. The most common complication was blood transfusion (n = 875; 38.0%), followed by infectious complications with 218 (9.5%) urinary tract infections, 193 (8.4%) surgical site infections, and 223 (9.7%) sepsis events. 73 (3.2%) patients had fascial dehiscence, 82 (4.0%) developed a deep vein thrombosis, and 67 (2.9%) died. Factors independently associated with the occurrence of any post-operative complication included: age, female gender, ASA class, pre-operative sepsis, COPD, low serum albumin concentration, pre-operative radiotherapy, pre-operative transfusion >4 units, and operative time >6 hours (all p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications remain common following radical cystectomy and a considerable proportion occur after discharge from hospital. This study identifies risk factors for complications and quality improvement needs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Luke T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Lavallée
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Witiuk
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ranjeeta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mallick
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fergusson
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morash
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cagiannos
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rodney H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Breau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D059035:Perioperative Period; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors