title: Autophagy occurs within an hour of adenosine triphosphate treatment after nerve cell damage: the neuroprotective effects of adenosine triphosphate against apoptosis.
abstract: After hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammatory injuries to the central nervous system, the damaged cells release a large amount of adenosine triphosphate, which may cause secondary neuronal death. Autophagy is a form of cell death that also has neuroprotective effects. Cell Counting Kit assay, monodansylcadaverine staining, flow cytometry, western blotting, and real-time PCR were used to determine the effects of exogenous adenosine triphosphate treatment at different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mmol/L) over time (1, 2, 3, and 6 hours) on the apoptosis and autophagy of SH-SY5Y cells. High concentrations of extracellular adenosine triphosphate induced autophagy and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. The enhanced autophagy first appeared, and peaked at 1 hour after treatment with adenosine triphosphate. Cell apoptosis peaked at 3 hours, and persisted through 6 hours. With prolonged exposure to the adenosine triphosphate treatment, the fraction of apoptotic cells increased. These data suggest that the SH-SY5Y neural cells initiated autophagy against apoptosis within an hour of adenosine triphosphate treatment to protect themselves against injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Baoying
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Honggang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Dongliang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Bax; Bcl-2; Beclin 1; NSFC grant; SH-SY5Y cells; adenosine triphosphate; apoptosis; autophagy; cell culture; cell viability; flow cytometry; monodansylcadaverine; nerve regeneration; neural regeneration; neuronal damage; neurons