title: Recess physical activity and school-related social factors in Finnish primary and lower secondary schools: cross-sectional associations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Participation in physical activities provides students with opportunities for social interaction and social skills development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of students' recess physical activity with school-related social factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in 19 schools countrywide in autumn 2010, and 1463 students from grades 4 and 5 (primary school) and from grades 7 and 8 (lower secondary school) completed an anonymous questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate whether self-reported physical activity at recess was associated with peer relationships at school, relatedness to school and school climate. Analyses were adjusted for self-reported overall physical activity and conducted for primary and lower secondary schools. Multi-group analysis was used to test sex differences among the associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In primary school, physical activity at recess was positively associated with peer relationships at school (boys: b = 0.17, p = 0.007 and girls: b = 0.21, p <0.001), relatedness to school (boys: b = 0.18, p = 0.002 and girls: b = 0.24, p <0.001) and school climate (girls: b = 0.17, p = 0.001), after adjusting for overall physical activity. In lower secondary school, physical activity at recess was positively associated with peer relationships at school (boys: b = 0.09, p = 0.006 and girls: b = 0.12, p = 0.010) but not with other school-related social factors. No sex differences were observed in these associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that students' participation in physical activities during school recess is positively associated with students' school-related social factors. In the future, it would be worthwhile to study how physical activity at recess should be organised in order to support the development of school-related social factors.
authors.affiliation: LIKES - Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland. henna.haapala@likes.fi.
authors.forename: Henna L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Haapala
authors.forename: Mirja H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hirvensalo
authors.forename: Kaarlo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: Harto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakonen
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kankaanpää
authors.forename: Taru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lintunen
authors.forename: Tuija H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tammelin
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010379:Peer Group; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012572:School Health Services; D012574:Schools; D012922:Social Change; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires