title: Impact of target volume segmentation accuracy and variability on treatment planning for 4D-CT-based non-small cell lung cancer radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate target volume segmentation is crucial for success in image-guided radiotherapy. However, variability in anatomical segmentation is one of the most significant contributors to uncertainty in radiotherapy treatment planning. This is especially true for lung cancer where target volumes are subject to varying magnitudes of respiratory motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study aims to analyze multiple observer target volume segmentations and subsequent intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment plans defined by those segmentations against a reference standard for lung cancer patients imaged with four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT). Target volume segmentations of 10 patients were performed manually by six physicians, allowing for the calculation of ground truth estimate segmentations via the simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) algorithm. Segmentation variability was assessed in terms of distance- and volume-based metrics. Treatment plans defined by these segmentations were then subject to dosimetric evaluation consisting of both physical and radiobiological analysis of optimized 3D dose distributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were noticed amongst observers in comparison to STAPLE segmentations and this variability directly extended into the treatment planning stages in the context of all dosimetric parameters used in this study. Mean primary tumor control probability (TCP) ranged from (22.6±11.9)% to (33.7±0.6)%, with standard deviation ranging from 0.5% to 11.9%. However, mean normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) based on treatment plans for each physician-derived target volume well as the NTCP derived from STAPLE-based treatment plans demonstrated no discernible trends and variability appeared to be patient-specific. This type of variability demonstrated the large-scale impact that target volume segmentation uncertainty can play in IMRT treatment planning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant target volume segmentation and dosimetric variability exists in IMRT treatment planning amongst experts in the presence of a reference standard for 4D-CT-based lung cancer radiotherapy. Future work is needed to mitigate this uncertainty and ensure highly accurate and effective radiotherapy for lung cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: Spencer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brophy
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Beauchemin
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yaremko
authors.forename: Belal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaede
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009068:Movement; D015588:Observer Variation; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000592:standards; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration; D047368:Tumor Burden; D035501:Uncertainty