title: Consistent intensity inhomogeneity correction in water-fat MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the water-signal performance of the consistent intensity inhomogeneity correction (CIIC) method to correct for intensity inhomogeneities
  
  
  METHODS
  Water-fat volumes were acquired using 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3.0T symmetrically sampled 2-point Dixon three-dimensional MRI. Two datasets: (i) 10 muscle tissue regions of interest (ROIs) from 10 subjects acquired with both 1.5T and 3.0T whole-body MRI. (ii) Seven liver tissue ROIs from 36 patients imaged using 1.5T MRI at six time points after Gd-EOB-DTPA injection. The performance of CIIC was evaluated quantitatively by analyzing its impact on the dispersion and bias of the water image ROI intensities, and qualitatively using side-by-side image comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIIC significantly ( P1.5T≤2.3×10-4,P3.0T≤1.0×10-6) decreased the nonphysiological intensity variance while preserving the average intensity levels. The side-by-side comparisons showed improved intensity consistency ( Pint⁡≤10-6) while not introducing artifacts ( Part=0.024) nor changed appearances ( Papp≤10-6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CIIC improves the spatiotemporal intensity consistency in regions of a homogenous tissue type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thord
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Romu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Department of Radiology and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Norén
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Department of Radiation Physics and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Forsgren
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Department of Radiology and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Örjan
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Smedby
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stergios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kechagias
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Division of Gastroenterology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Almer
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Department of Radiation Physics and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borga
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olof Dahlqvist
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Leinhard
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013382:Subtraction Technique
keywords: Dixon imaging; fat quantification; inhomogeneity correction; intensity correction; water; water-fat imaging