title: Virus-induced alterations in primary metabolism modulate susceptibility to Tobacco rattle virus in Arabidopsis.
abstract: During compatible virus infections, plants respond by reprogramming gene expression and metabolite content. While gene expression studies are profuse, our knowledge of the metabolic changes that occur in the presence of the virus is limited. Here, we combine gene expression and metabolite profiling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) infected with Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) in order to investigate the influence of primary metabolism on virus infection. Our results revealed that primary metabolism is reconfigured in many ways during TRV infection, as reflected by significant changes in the levels of sugars and amino acids. Multivariate data analysis revealed that these alterations were particularly conspicuous at the time points of maximal accumulation of TRV, although infection time was the dominant source of variance during the process. Furthermore, TRV caused changes in lipid and fatty acid composition in infected leaves. We found that several Arabidopsis mutants deficient in branched-chain amino acid catabolism or fatty acid metabolism possessed altered susceptibility to TRV. Finally, we showed that increments in the putrescine content in TRV-infected plants correlated with enhanced tolerance to freezing stress in TRV-infected plants and that impairment of putrescine biosynthesis promoted virus multiplication. Our results thus provide an interesting overview for a better understanding of the relationship between primary metabolism and virus infection.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernández-Calvino
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: M Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: Ignacio B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: del Toro
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Donaire
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: Agnés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: Regla
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bustos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: Alisdair R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fernie
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.).
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez-Rivas
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain (L.F.-C., I.B.H., F.J.d.T., L.D., C.L.);Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany (S.O., A.R.F.);Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (M.L.H., J.M.M.-R.);Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057 Evry cedex, France (A.Y.); andCentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain (R.B.) cesarllave@cib.csic.es.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Llave
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D010942:Plant Viruses / Q000502:physiology; D011700:Putrescine / Q000378:metabolism; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids; D011700:Putrescine