title: Pharmacological and toxicological profile of opioid-treated, chronic low back pain patients entering a mindfulness intervention randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Refractory chronic low back pain (CLBP) often leads to treatment with long-term opioids. Our goal was to describe the pharmaco-toxicological profile of opioid-treated CLBP patients and identify potential areas for care optimization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  CLBP patients prescribed ≥ 30 mg/d of morphine-equivalent dose (MED) for ≥3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported clinical, medication (verified) and substance use, and urine drug testing (UDT) data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants (N = 35) were 51.8 ± 9.7 years old, 80 percent female with CLBP for 14.2 ± 10.1 years, treated with opioids for 7.9 ± 5.7 years, with severe disability (Oswestry Disability Index score: 66.7 ± 11.4), and average pain score of 5.6 ± 1.5 (0-10 rating scale). Participants reported using tobacco (N = 14), alcohol (N = 9) and illicit drugs or unprescribed medications (N = 10). On average, participants took 13.4 ± 6.8 daily medications, including 4.7 ± 1.8 pain-modulating and 4.7 ± 2.0 sedating medications. Among prescribed opioids, 57.1 percent were long-acting and 91.4 percent were short-acting, with a total of 144.5 ± 127.8 mg/d of MED. Sixteen participants were prescribed benzodiazepines and/or zolpidem/ zaleplon. Fifteen participants had UDT positive for illicit drugs or unprescribed medications; in addition, eight tested positive for alcohol and 19 for cotinine. Compared to those with negative UDTs, those with positive UDTs (N = 15) received lower daily "total" and "extended release" opioid doses, and were more likely to test positive for cotinine (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings corroborate existing evidence for high medication burden and high likelihood of substance misuse among opioid-treated CLBP patients. Further research is needed to help understand causality and ways to optimize care and clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zgierska
authors.affiliation: Research Fellow, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: Assistant Researcher, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Cindy A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Burzinski
authors.affiliation: Research Specialist, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Clinical Research Company Lifetree, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Backonja
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000652:urine; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064866:Mindfulness
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid