title: Violent reinjury and mortality among youth seeking emergency department care for assault-related injury: a 2-year prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Violence is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among youth, with more than 700000 emergency department (ED) visits annually for assault-related injuries. The risk for violent reinjury among high-risk, assault-injured youth is poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare recidivism for violent injury and mortality outcomes among drug-using, assault-injured youth (AI group) and drug-using, non-assault-injured control participants (non-AI group) presenting to an urban ED for care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were enrolled in a prospective cohort study from December 2, 2009, through September 30, 2011, at an urban level I ED and followed up for 24 months. We administered validated measures of violence and substance use and mental health diagnostic interviews and reviewed medical records at baseline and at each point of follow-up (6, 12, 18, and 24 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  Follow-up over 24 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of ED services for assault or mortality measured from medical record abstraction supplemented with self-report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We followed 349 AI and 250 non-AI youth for 24 months. Youth in the AI group had almost twice the risk for a violent injury requiring ED care within 2 years compared with the non-AI group (36.7% vs 22.4%; relative risk [RR], 1.65 [95% CI, 1.25-2.14]; P<.001). Two-year mortality was 0.8%. Poisson regression modeling identified female sex (RR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.02-1.65]), assault-related injury (RR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.19-2.04), diagnosis of a drug use disorder (RR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.01-1.65]), and posttraumatic stress disorder (RR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.09-1.97]) at the index visit as predictive of ED recidivism or death within 24 months. Parametric survival models demonstrated that assault-related injury (P<.001), diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (P=.008), and diagnosis of a drug use disorder (P= .03) significantly shortened the expected waiting time until the first ED return visit for violence or death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Violent injury is a reoccurring disease, with one-third of our AI group experiencing another violent injury requiring ED care within 2 years of the index visit, almost twice the rate of a non-AI comparison group. Secondary violence prevention measures addressing substance use and mental health needs are needed to decrease subsequent morbidity and mortality due to violence in the first 6 months after an assault injury.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor2Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor3Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan Sc.
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor2Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor5Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of P.
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Injury Prevention Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranney
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor3Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor5Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor6Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor8National Serious Mental Illness Treatment, Resource and Ev.
authors.forename: Fred C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blow
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock.
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor5Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldstick
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor5Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor6Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University.
authors.forename: Maureen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Walton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014504:Urban Health; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult