title: Satsurblia: new insights of human response and survival across the Last Glacial Maximum in the southern Caucasus.
abstract: The region of western Georgia (Imereti) has been a major geographic corridor for human migrations during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic (MP/UP). Knowledge of the MP and UP in this region, however, stems mostly from a small number of recent excavations at the sites of Ortvale Klde, Dzudzuana, Bondi, and Kotias Klde. These provide an absolute chronology for the Late MP and MP-UP transition, but only a partial perspective on the nature and timing of UP occupations, and limited data on how human groups in this region responded to the harsh climatic oscillations between 37,000-11,500 years before present. Here we report new UP archaeological sequences from fieldwork in Satsurblia cavein the same region. A series of living surfaces with combustion features, faunal remains, stone and bone tools, and ornaments provide new information about human occupations in this region (a) prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) at 25.5-24.4 ka cal. BP and (b) after the LGM at 17.9-16.2 ka cal. BP. The latter provides new evidence in the southern Caucasus for human occupation immediately after the LGM. The results of the campaigns in Satsurblia and Dzudzuana suggest that at present the most plausible scenario is one of a hiatus in the occupation of this region during the LGM (between 24.4-17.9 ka cal. BP). Analysis of the living surfaces at Satsurblia offers information about human activities such as the production and utilisation of lithics and bone tools, butchering, cooking and consumption of meat and wild cereals, the utilisation of fibers, and the use of certain woods. Microfaunal and palynological analyses point to fluctuations in the climate with consequent shifts in vegetation and the faunal spectrum not only before and after the LGM, but also during the two millennia following the end of the LGM.
authors.affiliation: Earth Institute and School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinhasi
authors.affiliation: Georgian State Museum, Department of Prehistory, Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Tengiz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meshveliani
authors.affiliation: Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Zinovi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Matskevich
authors.affiliation: Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bar-Oz
authors.affiliation: Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Lior
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weissbrod
authors.affiliation: Institute for Archaeological Sciences, and Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Georgian State Museum, Department of Prehistory, Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lordkipanidze
authors.affiliation: Georgian State Museum, Department of Prehistory, Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jakeli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Paleobiology, National Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Eliso
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kvavadze
authors.affiliation: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas F G
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.affiliation: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belfer-Cohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D059552:Caves; D029624:Ferns / Q000502:physiology; D005580:Fossils; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D005846:Georgia (Republic); D006801:Humans; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000502:physiology; D011058:Pollen / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013170:Spores / Q000302:isolation & purification