title: Enhanced thermic effect of food, postprandial NEFA suppression and raised adiponectin in obese women who eat slowly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Meal duration may influence cardiometabolic health. The aim of this study was to explore postprandial effects of meal duration on human metabolism and appetite.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postprandial comparisons following a standard meal eaten slowly over 40 min ('D40') and the same meal eaten quickly over 10 min ('D10') on a different day. Each participant therefore acted as their own control, thereby limiting confounding factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obese premenopausal Caucasian women (n = 10) with confirmed normoglycaemia were recruited from an obesity clinic at UHCW, Coventry UK. Subjects underwent whole-body calorimetry (8-h) on two separate days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following standard lunch (D40 vs D10), 4-h postprandial analysis included thermic effect of food (TEF) and bloods taken at predefined times (including baseline fasting). Analytes included lipid profile, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, ghrelin, leptin, endotoxin, gut and pancreatic hormones. Appetite was measured using visual-analogue scales and ad libitum food intake at subsequent meal. Paired sample t-tests [including area under the curve (AUC)] were used to compare D40 and D10 trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postprandial TEF (over 240-min) was significantly greater for D40 than D10 [mean (SEM): 80·9 kcal (3·8) vs 29·9 kcal (3·4); 10·6% vs 3·9%, respectively, P = 0·006; AUC 71·7 kcal.h vs 22·4 kcal.h, respectively, P = 0·02]. Postprandial plasma NEFA was significantly lower, and adiponectin levels were significantly higher for D40 than D10 [AUC (SEM): NEFA 627 μmol.h/l (56) vs 769 μmol.h/l (60), respectively, P = 0·02; adiponectin 33·4 μg.h/ml (3·9) vs 27·3 μg.h/ml (3·8), respectively, P = 0·04]. Other postprandial analytes and appetite measures were equivalent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In obese women, eating slowly associates with enhanced TEF, elevated serum adiponectin and suppressed NEFA.
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.|Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Narendra L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Chenjing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcos C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Carreira
authors.affiliation: Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.affiliation: Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hattersley
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.|Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Milan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Piya
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Gyanendra
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.|Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Harpal S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Randeva
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.|Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Felipe F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Casanueva
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: McTernan
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.|Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Sudhesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.|Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Barber
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002151:Calorimetry / Q000379:methods; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified