title: Construction of a synthetic infectious cDNA clone of Grapevine Algerian latent virus (GALV-Nf) and its biological activity in Nicotiana benthamiana and grapevine plants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grapevine Algerian latent virus (GALV) is a tombusvirus first isolated in 1989 from an Algerian grapevine (Vitis spp.) plant and more recently from water samples and commercial nipplefruit and statice plants. No further reports of natural GALV infections in grapevine have been published in the last two decades, and artificial inoculations of grapevine plants have not been reported. We developed and tested a synthetic GALV construct for the inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana plants and different grapevine genotypes to investigate the ability of this virus to infect and spread systemically in different hosts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a phylogenetic analysis of all known GALV sequences and an epidemiological survey of grapevine samples to detect the virus. A GALV-Nf clone under the control of the T7 promoter was chemically synthesized based on the full-length sequence of the nipplefruit isolate GALV-Nf, the only available sequence at the time the project was conceived, and the infectious transcripts were tested in N. benthamiana plants. A GALV-Nf-based binary vector was then developed for the agroinoculation of N. benthamiana and grapevine plants. Infections were confirmed by serological and molecular analysis and the resulting ultrastructural changes were investigated in both species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sequence analysis showed that the GALV coat protein is highly conserved among diverse isolates. The first epidemiological survey of cDNAs collected from 152 grapevine plants with virus-like symptoms did not reveal the presence of GALV in any of the samples. The agroinoculation of N. benthamiana and grapevine plants with the GALV-Nf binary vector promoted efficient infections, as revealed by serological and molecular analysis. The GALV-Nf infection of grapevine plants was characterized in more detail by inoculating different cultivars, revealing distinct patterns of symptom development. Ultrastructural changes induced by GALV-Nf in N. benthamiana were similar to those induced by tombusviruses in other hosts, but the cytopathological alterations in grapevine plants were less severe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report describing the development of a synthetic GALV-Nf cDNA clone, its artificial transmission to grapevine plants and the resulting symptoms and cytopathological alterations.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lovato
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faoro
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambino
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maffi
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bracale
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy. annalisa.polverari@univr.it.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polverari
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santi
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000821:virology*; D017864:Tombusvirus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D027843:Vitis / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004279:DNA, Viral