title: The effect of fluorescent nanodiamonds on neuronal survival and morphogenesis.
abstract: Nanodiamond (ND) has emerged as a promising carbon nanomaterial for therapeutic applications. In previous studies, ND has been reported to have outstanding biocompatibility and high uptake rate in various cell types. ND containing nitrogen-vacancy centers exhibit fluorescence property is called fluorescent nanodiamond (FND), and has been applied for bio-labeling agent. However, the influence and application of FND on the nervous system remain elusive. In order to study the compatibility of FND on the nervous system, neurons treated with FNDs in vitro and in vivo were examined. FND did not induce cytotoxicity in primary neurons from either central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS); neither did intracranial injection of FND affect animal behavior. The neuronal uptake of FNDs was confirmed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. However, FND caused a concentration-dependent decrease in neurite length in both CNS and PNS neurons. Time-lapse live cell imaging showed that the reduction of neurite length was due to the spatial hindrance of FND on advancing axonal growth cone. These findings demonstrate that FNDs exhibit low neuronal toxicity but interfere with neuronal morphogenesis, and should be taken into consideration when applications involve actively growing neurites (e.g. nerve regeneration).
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan [2] Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan [2] Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuang-Kai
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan [2] Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10672, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hou-Syun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Han
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Ren
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Soo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10672, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Huan-Cheng
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan [2] Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzai-Wen
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan [2] Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jui-I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan [2] Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan [3] Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D058612:Nanodiamonds / Q000633:toxicity*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D058612:Nanodiamonds