title: Supplementing antioxidants to pigs fed diets high in oxidants: I. Effects on growth performance, liver function, and oxidative status.
abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of a dietary antioxidant blend (ethoxyquin and propyl gallate) and vitamin E on growth performance, liver function, and oxidative status in pigs fed diets high in oxidants. Crossbred barrows (n=100, 10.91±0.65 kg BW, 36±2 d of age, Landrace×Duroc) were allotted to 5 treatments on the basis of BW (5 replicate pens per treatment, 4 pigs per pen). Treatments included 1) HO, high-oxidant diet containing 5% oxidized soybean oil and 10% PUFA source (providing 2.05% docosahexaenoic acid in the diet), 2) VE, the HO diet with 11 IU/kg of added vitamin E, 3) AOX, the HO diet with antioxidant blend (135 mg/kg), 4) VE+AOX, the HO diet with both vitamin E and antioxidant blend, and 5) SC, a standard corn-soy control diet. The trial lasted for 118 d; on d 83, the HO diet pigs were switched to the SC diet because the animals were displaying very poor health. Compared with SC pigs, HO pigs had decreased ADG (0.92 vs. 0.51 kg for d 26 to 55, 1.29 vs. 0.34 kg for d 56 to 82; P<0.05) and ADFI (1.84 vs. 0.96 kg for d 26 to 55, 3.41 vs. 1.14 kg for d 56 to 82; P<0.05). However, switching the HO pigs to the SC diet resulted in HO pigs having a greater ADG than VE-fed pigs from d 83 to 118 (0.90 vs. 0.60 kg; P<0.05). The antioxidant blend restored pig performance to a level similar that of pigs fed the SC diet (P>0.05) with greater G:F for the entire period (0.44 vs. 0.38; P<0.05). A greater liver to BW ratio was found in HO compared with other treatments on d 55 and in VE on d 118. Total bilirubin concentration in plasma of HO pigs on d 55 was greater than that in VE+AOX pigs (P<0.05), whereas on d 118, bilirubin concentration in VE was higher than those in VE+AOX and SC (P<0.05). A similar trend was observed in aspartate transaminase. Plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and carbonyl were elevated (P<0.05) in the HO pigs compared with the SC pigs on d 55 but not on d 118. Liver TBARS and carbonyl concentrations showed a similar trend, except that HO pigs had the greatest carbonyl concentration on d 118. Pigs fed AOX diets had plasma and liver TBARS and carbonyl concentrations similar to those fed SC diets. In the oxidative stress model used in this study, dietary addition of antioxidant blend or antioxidant blend+vitaimin E was effective in improving growth, liver function, and plasma markers of oxidative stress, but VE alone was not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061 alharper@vt.edu.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.affiliation: Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO 63304.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Estienne
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dalloul
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013024:Soybean Oil; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000254:growth & development*; D013552:Swine; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016877:Oxidants; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014810:Vitamin E; D013024:Soybean Oil
keywords: TBARS; antioxidant; carbonyl; growth performance; liver function; pig