title: Investing in health systems for universal health coverage in Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study focused on the 47 Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. The specific objectives were to prepare a synthesis on the situation of health systems' components, to analyse the correlation between the interventions related to the health Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and some health systems' components and to provide overview of four major thrusts for progress towards universal health coverage (UHC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The WHO health systems framework and the health-related MDGs were the frame of reference. The data for selected indicators were obtained from the WHO World Health Statistics 2014 and the Global Health Observatory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Region's average densities of physicians, nursing and midwifery personnel, dentistry personnel, pharmaceutical personnel, and psychiatrists of 2.6, 12, 0.5, 0.9 and 0.05 per 10 000 population were about five-fold, two-fold, five-fold, five-fold and six-fold lower than global averages. Fifty-six percent of the reporting countries had fewer than 11 health posts per 100 000 population, 88% had fewer than 11 health centres per 100 000 population, 82% had fewer than one district hospital per 100 000 population, 74% had fewer than 0.2 provincial hospitals per 100 000 population, and 79% had fewer than 0.2 tertiary hospitals per 100 000 population. Some 83% of the countries had less than one MRI per one million people and 95% had fewer than one radiotherapy unit per million population. Forty-six percent of the countries had not adopted the recommendation of the International Taskforce on Innovative Financing to spend at least US$ 44 per person per year on health. Some of these gaps in health system components were found to be correlated to coverage gaps in interventions for maternal health (MDG 5), child health (MDG 4) and HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria (MDG 6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial gaps exist in health systems and access to MDG-related health interventions. It is imperative that countries adopt the 2014 Luanda Commitment on UHC in Africa as their long-term vision and back it with sound policies and plans with clearly engrained road maps for strengthening national health systems and addressing the social determinants of health.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06, Brazzaville, Congo. sambol@who.int.
authors.forename: Luis Gomes
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Sambo
authors.affiliation: Research, Publications and Library Services Programme, Health Systems and Services Cluster, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06, Brazzaville, Congo. kirigiaj@who.int.
authors.forename: Joses Muthuri
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kirigia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D006078:Government Programs / Q000191:economics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000628:therapy; D006262:Health / Q000191:economics*; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006282:Health Personnel; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D061889:Healthcare Financing; D006801:Humans; D007449:Investments; D008288:Malaria / Q000628:therapy; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D008483:Medical Assistance / Q000191:economics*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000628:therapy; D019472:Universal Health Insurance; D000078329:Workforce; D014944:World Health Organization