title: Meta-analysis of high- versus low-chloride content in perioperative and critical care fluid resuscitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the relationship between the chloride content of intravenous resuscitation fluids and patient outcomes in the perioperative or intensive care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic searches were performed of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) databases in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Randomized clinical trials, controlled clinical trials and observational studies were included if they compared outcomes in acutely ill or surgical patients receiving either high-chloride (ion concentration greater than 111 mmol/l up to and including 154 mmol/l) or lower-chloride (concentration 111 mmol/l or less) crystalloids for resuscitation. Endpoints examined were mortality, measures of kidney function, serum chloride, hyperchloraemia/metabolic acidosis, blood transfusion volume, mechanical ventilation time, and length of hospital and intensive care unit stay. Risk ratios (RRs), mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) and confidence intervals were calculated using fixed-effect modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search identified 21 studies involving 6253 patients. High-chloride fluids did not affect mortality but were associated with a significantly higher risk of acute kidney injury (RR 1.64, 95 per cent c.i. 1.27 to 2.13; P < 0.001) and hyperchloraemia/metabolic acidosis (RR 2.87, 1.95 to 4.21; P < 0.001). High-chloride fluids were also associated with greater serum chloride (MD 3.70 (95 per cent c.i. 3.36 to 4.04) mmol/l; P < 0.001), blood transfusion volume (SMD 0.35, 0.07 to 0.63; P = 0.014) and mechanical ventilation time (SMD 0.15, 0.08 to 0.23; P < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses excluding heavily weighted studies resulted in non-statistically significant effects for acute kidney injury and mechanical ventilation time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A weak but significant association between higher chloride content fluids and unfavourable outcomes was found, but mortality was unaffected by chloride content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Krajewski
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raghunathan
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paluszkiewicz
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schermer
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis*; D003422:Critical Care; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D019990:Perioperative Care; D015532:Rehydration Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D015532:Rehydration Solutions