title: Electronic data capture in a rural African setting: evaluating experiences with different systems in Malawi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As hardware for electronic data capture (EDC), such as smartphones or tablets, becomes cheaper and more widely available, the potential for using such hardware as data capture tools in routine healthcare and research is increasing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aim to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of four EDC systems being used simultaneously in rural Malawi: two for Android devices (CommCare and ODK Collect), one for PALM and Windows OS (Pendragon), and a custom-built application for Android (Mobile InterVA--MIVA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on the personal field and development experience of fieldworkers, project managers, and EDC system developers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fieldworkers preferred using EDC to paper-based systems, although some struggled with the technology at first. Highlighted features include in-built skip patterns for all systems, and specifically the 'case' function that CommCare offers. MIVA as a standalone app required considerably more time and expertise than the other systems to create and could not be customised for our specific research needs; however, it facilitates standardised routine data collection. CommCare and ODK Collect both have user-friendly web-interfaces for form development and good technical support. CommCare requires Internet to build an application and download it to a device, whereas all steps can be done offline with ODK Collect, a desirable feature in low connectivity settings. Pendragon required more complex programming of logic, using a Microsoft Access application, and generally had less technical support. Start-up costs varied between systems, and all were considered more expensive than setting up a paper-based system; however running costs were generally low and therefore thought to be cost-effective over the course of our projects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EDC offers many opportunities for efficient data collection, but brings some issues requiring consideration when designing a study; the decision of which hardware and software to use should be informed by the aim of data collection, budget, and local circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK; c.king@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: MaiMwana Project, Mchinji, Malawi.
authors.forename: Masford
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banda
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, City University London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.affiliation: MaiMwana Project, Mchinji, Malawi; Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kazembe
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fottrell
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D008491:Medical Informatics Applications; D012423:Rural Health
keywords: CommCare; MIVA; ODK Collect; Pendragon; Sub-Saharan Africa; electronic data capture; mHealth