title: Foley balloon catheter to prevent or manage bleeding during treatment for cervical and Cesarean scar pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the efficacy of placement and inflation of Foley balloon catheters prophylactically to prevent, or as an adjuvant therapy to control, bleeding in women undergoing treatment for Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) or cervical pregnancy (CxP).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of 18 women with either CSP (n = 16) or CxP (n = 2), who underwent Foley balloon catheter placement under continuous transvaginal or transabdominal ultrasound guidance to prevent or manage bleeding following treatment, which in most cases comprised local (intragestational sac) and intramuscular (IM) methotrexate (MTX) injections. In eight cases, the balloon catheter was placed immediately following local and/or IM MTX treatment, either because of bleeding or prophylactically; in eight cases, the catheter was placed as part of a two-step protocol, with patients first treated with local and IM MTX injection, then suction aspiration on Day 4 or 5, followed by planned insertion of a balloon catheter; in one patient the balloon was placed on Day 21 after local and IM MTX treatment, due to sudden bleeding; and in one case of a heterotopic pregnancy, one intrauterine and one cervical, the balloon was placed due to severe bleeding. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels were evaluated weekly following MTX injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gestational ages at balloon placement ranged between 5 and 12 + 2 weeks. All embryos/fetuses, with the exception of the cervical heterotopic one, had heart activity and catheter placement was well-tolerated by all women. The balloon tamponade effectively reduced or prevented maternal vaginal bleeding in all except one patient; this woman had a heterotopic CxP and required abdominal robotic cerclage to control the bleeding. Catheters were kept in place for a mean of 3.6 (range, 1-6) days. hCG levels returned to low or zero levels within 19-82 days following MTX injection. Fifteen women required antibiotic treatment following the procedure. One woman with CSP developed an arteriovenous malformation requiring uterine artery embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-guided placement and inflation of Foley balloon catheters was easy to perform and well-tolerated by patients undergoing treatment for CSP or CxP, and successfully prevented or helped in the management of bleeding complications. Based on our experience and previous publications we suggest having the option of balloon catheter insertion available when local treatment of CSP or CxP is undertaken.
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Timor-Tritsch
authors.affiliation: Arnas Civico Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cali
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monteagudo
authors.affiliation: Rambam Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khatib
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Arnas Civico Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forlani
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Avizova
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D058738:Uterine Balloon Tamponade / Q000379:methods*; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Cesarean scar; Cesarean scar pregnancy; Foley; balloon tamponade; cervical pregnancy