title: Effects of pond salinization on survival rate of amphibian hosts infected with the chytrid fungus.
abstract: The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline and extinction of amphibian populations worldwide, but management options are limited. Recent studies show that sodium chloride (NaCl) has fungicidal properties that reduce the mortality rates of infected hosts in captivity. We investigated whether similar results can be obtained by adding salt to water bodies in the field. We increased the salinity of 8 water bodies to 2 or 4 ppt and left an additional 4 water bodies with close to 0 ppt and monitored salinity for 18 months. Captively bred tadpoles of green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) were released into each water body and their development, levels of B. dendrobatidis infection, and survival were monitored at 1, 4, and 12 months. The effect of salt on the abundance of nontarget organisms was also investigated in before and after style analyses. Salinities remained constant over time with little intervention. Hosts in water bodies with 4 ppt salt had a significantly lower prevalence of chytrid infection and higher survival, following metamorphosis, than hosts in 0 ppt salt. Tadpoles in the 4 ppt group were smaller in length after 1 month in the release site than those in the 0 and 2 ppt groups, but after metamorphosis body size in all water bodies was similar . In water bodies with 4 ppt salt, the abundance of dwarf tree frogs (Litoria fallax), dragonfly larvae, and damselfly larvae was lower than in water bodies with 0 and 2 ppt salt, which could have knock-on effects for community structure. Based on our results, salt may be an effective field-based B. dendrobatidis mitigation tool for lentic amphibians that could contribute to the conservation of numerous susceptible species. However, as in all conservation efforts, these benefits need to be weighed against negative effects on both target and nontarget organisms.
authors.affiliation: Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. michelle.stockwell@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Michelle Pirrie
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stockwell
authors.forename: Lachlan James
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Storrie
authors.forename: Carla Jean
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clulow
authors.forename: Michael Joseph
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mahony
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura; D008411:Chytridiomycota / Q000502:physiology*; D008136:Longevity; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D009517:New South Wales; D061005:Ponds / Q000737:chemistry*; D054712:Salinity; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; amphibian decline; chytridiomycosis; cloruro de sodio; declinación de anfibios; disease management; fungicida; fungicide; habitat manipulation; manejo de enfermedades; manipulación de hábitat; quitridiomicosis; refuge; refugio; sodium chloride