title: Genotoxicity of waterpipe smoke in buccal cells and peripheral blood leukocytes as determined by comet assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Waterpipe smoke causes DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes and in buccal cells of smokers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the exposure effect of waterpipe smoke on buccal cells and peripheral blood leukocytes in regard to DNA damage using comet assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  The waterpipe smoke condensates were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The study was performed on 20 waterpipe smokers. To perform comet assay on bucaal cells of smokers, 10 µl of cell suspension was mixed with 85 µl of pre-warmed 1% low melting agarose, applied to comet slide and electrophoresed. To analyze the effect of smoke condensate in vitro, 1 ml of peripheral blood was mixed with 10 µl of smoke condensate and subjected for comet assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4on, nicotine, hydroxymethyl furancarboxaldehyde and 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the smoke condensates. Waterpipe smoking caused DNA damage in vivo in buccal cells of smokers. The tail moment and tail length in buccal cells of smokers were 186 ± 26 and 456 ± 71, respectively, which are higher than control. The jurak and moassel smoke condensates were found to cause DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes. The moassel smoke condensate was more damaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is wide misconception that waterpipe smoking is not as harmful as cigarette smoking. This study demonstrated that waterpipe smoke induced DNA damage in exposed cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Waterpipe smokes cause DNA damage in buccal cells. The smoke condensate of both jurak and moassel caused comet formation suggesting DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia and.
authors.forename: Hadba Jar-Allah
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Al-Amrah
authors.forename: Osama Abdullah
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Aboznada
authors.forename: Mohammad Zubair
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: M-Zaki Mustafa
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: ElAssouli
authors.forename: Mohammad Ibrahim
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mujallid
authors.forename: Sufian Mohamad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: ElAssouli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D005663:Furans / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011753:Pyrones / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: C438025:5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D005663:Furans; D011753:Pyrones; D012906:Smoke; D009538:Nicotine; C045941:ethyl vanillin
keywords: Comet assay; DNA damage; genotoxicity; jurak; moassel; smoking; waterpipe