title: Cytogenetics of Melitoma segmentaria (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) reveals differences in the characteristics of heterochromatin in bees.
abstract: To date, more than 65 species of Brazilian bees (of the superfamily Apoidea) have been cytogenetically studied, but only a few solitary species have been analyzed. One example is the genus Melitoma Lepeletier & Serville, 1828, for which there is no report in the literature with regard to cytogenetic studies. The objective of the present study is to analyze the chromosome number and morphology of the species Melitoma segmentaria (Fabricius, 1804), as well as to determine the pattern of heterochromatin distribution and identify the adenine-thymine (AT)- and guanine-cytosine (GC)-rich regions. Melitoma segmentaria presents chromosome numbers of 2n=30 (females) and n=15 (males). With C-banding, it is possible to classify the chromosomes into seven pseudo-acrocentric pairs (A(M)), seven pseudo-acrocentric pairs with interstitial heterochromatin (A(Mi)), and one totally heterochromatic metacentric pair (M(h)). Fluorochrome staining has revealed that heterochromatin present in the chromosomal arms is rich in GC base pairs (CMA3 (+)) and the centromeric region is rich in AT base pairs (DAPI(+)). The composition found for Melitoma diverges from the pattern observed in other bees, in which the heterochromatin is usually rich in AT. In bees, few heterochromatic regions are rich in GC and these are usually associated with or localized close to the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). Silver nitrate impregnation marks the heterochromatin present in the chromosome arms, which makes identification of the NOR in the chromosomes impossible. As this technique reveals proteins in the NOR, the observation that is made in the present study suggests that the proteins found in the heterochromatin are qualitatively similar to those in the NOR.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 35400-000 ; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36570-000.
authors.forename: Maykon Passos
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cristiano
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36570-000.
authors.forename: Talitta Guimarães
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36570-000.
authors.forename: Denilce Meneses
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36570-000.
authors.forename: Silvia das Graças
authors.initials: Sd
authors.lastname: Pompolo
keywords: cytogenetic characterization; fluorochromes; heterochromatin; karyotype evolution; solitary bees