title: Saliva urea nitrogen dipstick - a novel bedside diagnostic tool for acute kidney injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Measurement of saliva urea nitrogen (SUN) may be valuable in the screening of kidney failure. Here we evaluate the diagnostic performance of SUN dipsticks in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured SUN and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in hospitalized patients diagnosed with AKI based on Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN)-criteria. After collection, saliva was transferred to a colorimetric SUN dipstick. We then compared the resultant test-pad color to six standardized color fields indicating SUN of 5 - 14 (#1), 15 - 24 (#2), 25 - 34 (#3), 35 - 54 (#4), 55 - 74 (#5), and ≥ 75 (#6) mg/dL, respectively. We assessed the performance of SUN and BUN to discriminate AKIN 3 from earlier stages by the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC ROC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 44 patients (59.5 ± 18 years, 58% female; pre-renal AKI: 67%; renal 24%; post-renal 9%) in AKIN stages 1 (59%), 2 (16%), and 3 (25%). SUN and BUN levels were correlated (Spearman rank Rs = 0.69; p < 0.001, n = 44) with the highest correlation in AKIN 1 (Rs = 0.63, p = 0.001, n = 26). SUN allowed a significant discrimination of AKIN 3 from earlier stages (AUC ROC 0.91; 95% CI 0.80 - 1.0), which was comparable to the diagnostic performance of BUN (AUC ROC 0.90; 95% CI 0.78 - 1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SUN dipsticks allow the discrimination of AKIN 3 from earlier AKI stages. This low-technology approach may aid the screening of severe AKI in areas where laboratory resources are scarce.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calice-Silva
authors.forename: Marcos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Jochen G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Raimann
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Callegari
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kotanko
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pecoits-Filho
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D011934:Reagent Strips; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips; D014508:Urea; D009584:Nitrogen