title: Phase I/II randomized double-blind study of the safety and immunogenicity of a nonadjuvanted vero cell culture-derived whole-virus H9N2 influenza vaccine in healthy adults.
abstract: Studies on candidate pandemic vaccines against avian influenza viruses have focused on H5N1, but viruses of other subtypes, such as A/H9N2, are also considered to have pandemic potential. We investigated the safety and immunogenicity of two immunizations with one of five different antigen doses (ranging from 3.75 to 45 μg of hemagglutinin antigen) of a nonadjuvanted whole-virus G9 lineage H9N2 influenza virus vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 to 49 years. The antibody responses were measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization (MN), and single radial hemolysis (SRH) assays. To investigate a hypothesis that previous exposure to H2N2 viruses in subjects born in or before 1968 might prime for more robust antibody responses to H9N2 vaccination than that in subjects born after 1968, a post hoc age-stratified analysis of antibody responses was done. Both vaccinations in all dose groups were safe and well tolerated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported, and the majority of the adverse reactions were rated as mild. The rates of injection site reactions were lower in the 3.75-μg- and 7.5-μg-dose groups than those in the higher-dose groups; the rates of systemic reactions were similar across all dose groups. The seroprotection rates among the different dose groups 21 days after the second immunization ranged from 52.8% to 88.9% as measured by HI assay, from 88.7% to 98.1% or 82.7% to 96.2% as measured by MN assay (MN titer cutoffs, 1:40 and 1:80, respectively), and from 94.2% to 100% as measured by SRH assay. Higher antibody responses were not induced in subjects born in or before 1968. These data indicate that a nonadjuvanted whole-virus H9N2 vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy adults. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01320696.).
authors.affiliation: Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Vienna, Austria gerald_aichinger@baxter.com.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aichinger
authors.affiliation: Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grohmann-Izay
authors.affiliation: Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Maikel V W
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.affiliation: Global R&D, Baxter BioScience, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Sandor
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.affiliation: Global R&D, Baxter BioScience, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koska
authors.affiliation: Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Orth/Donau, Austria.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Portsmouth
authors.affiliation: DynPort Vaccine Company, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Kate
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: DynPort Vaccine Company, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Amin
authors.affiliation: Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Orth/Donau, Austria.
authors.forename: Otfried
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kistner
authors.affiliation: Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Orth/Donau, Austria.
authors.forename: P Noel
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D005779:Immunodiffusion; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines