title: Low ankle-brachial index is associated with early-stage chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetic patients independent of albuminuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of low ankle-brachial index (ABI) in early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not fully known. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of low ABI in early-stage CKD defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 60-89 ml/min/1.73 m2 of type 2 diabetic patients without albuminuria and to determine the association between the low ABI and mildly decreased eGFR.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study enrolled 448 type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria. The patients were stratified into two groups according to the CKD-EPI eGFR level: the normal group with eGFR level ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the lower group with eGFR of 60-89. ABI was categorized as normal (1.0-1.39), low-normal (0.9-0.99), and low (<0.9). Both stepwise forward multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between ABI categories and eGFR levels and to assess the relation of low ABI and early-stage CKD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of low ABI in early-stage CKD of type 2 diabetic patients without albuminuria was 39.5%. Low ABI was associated with an approximate 3-fold greater risk of early-stage CKD in bivariate logistic regression analysis, and remained significantly associated with a 2.2 fold risk (95% confidence interval: 1.188-4.077; P = 0.012) after adjusting traditional chronic kidney disease risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high prevalence of low ABI in early-stage CKD patients of type 2 diabetes with normoalbuminuria and a close relation between low ABI and early-stage CKD, suggesting that we should pay much more attention to the patients who have only mildly decreased eGFR and normoalbuminuria but have already had a low ABI in clinic work and consider the preventive therapy in early stage.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xuehong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Dingting
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chengfang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaocheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Guoxing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lianxi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors