title: Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The benefits of antioxidant micronutrients in slowing progression to advanced stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was supported by the 4/day tablet form investigated in the Age-related Eye Disease Study 1 (AREDS1) and the 2/day softgel form in the Age-related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2). However, the choices of excipient, dosage form, and ingredient chemistry as well as the patient physiologies and pathologies can influence bioavailability and efficacy. The objective of the study was to explore the influence of dosage form on the bioavailability of the five primary AREDS1 and Tier-2 AREDS2 micronutrients: the metals zinc and copper, β-carotene, and vitamins E and C. The intent was to establish by chemical analysis the relative bioavailabilities of these five micronutrients in plasma, or serum for the metals, as well as to identify any opportunities for improvements.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 15 healthy men (5) and women (10) were recruited for a controlled, randomized, three-arm, crossover trial of the AREDS1 micronutrients. The study investigated responses in bioabsorption to a single dose of either four tablets or two softgels at the full dose level, or one softgel at the half-dose level. The bioavailability of each micronutrient was based on the pharmacokinetic profiles established through 15 samplings for each ingredient/dosage form in plasma/serum over the course of one week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioavailability was estimated using model-independent and model-dependent procedures. A statistical advantage of the dosage form was observed in only two cases from the exaggerated effects using the half-dose softgel and for the tablet dosage form for β-carotene and vitamin E. An unanticipated complexity was suggested by the bimodal absorption of zinc. For these micronutrients, no disadvantage (though potential advantage) was inferred for the water-soluble components presented in a softgel formulation. Increased fractional absorption was observed for the smaller dose (one capsule versus two), but it was not sufficient to reach the level achieved by the full dose of either four tablets or two softgels. A model-dependent analysis permitted an estimation of the percentage of micronutrients absorbed, with zinc, the single most important ingredient, absorbed at about a 10% level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest modestly contradictory requirements in the dosage form for water-soluble and lipid-soluble ingredients, as based on a goal of improved bioavailability. Comparative consistency in bioavailability was observed across dosage forms, and most nutrients between AREDS1 and AREDS2 (full dose) formulations relative to the significant variations observed within this controlled population. The results emphasize the importance of defining the requisite bioavailability of each micronutrient and the influence of the dosage form that provides it. With the recognition of global and population-specific micronutrient deficiencies, notably in the elderly populations afflicted with AMD and their significant metabolic and health consequences, establishing efficient means of supplementation are of continuing epidemiologic interest.
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Rohini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vishwanathan
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002214:Capsules; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013607:Tablets; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002214:Capsules; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D018977:Micronutrients; D013607:Tablets; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc; D001205:Ascorbic Acid