title: Protective effect of thymoquinone against high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa (Linn.) seed, which is commonly used as a spice in Asian food, has been reported to possess a wide range of biological effects. The present study evaluated the effect of TQ on high-fructose diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in male Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  MetS was induced by 60% HFD over 42 days. TQ (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o. once daily) was administered along with HFD for 42 days. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg, p.o. once daily) was used as a standard drug. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were estimated on days 0 and 42. Change in blood pressure, oral glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were measured. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels were estimated as measures of hepatic oxidative stress. Hepatic mRNA of PPAR-α and PPAR-γ was also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TQ prevented the characteristic features of HFD-induced MetS, such as hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolaemia and elevated systolic blood pressure. TQ also prevented impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. It also ameliorated HFD-induced increase in hepatic TBARS and depletion of SOD, catalase and GSH. TQ prevented reduction in hepatic mRNA of PPAR-α and PPAR-γ in HFD rats, and the effects were comparable to those of pioglitazone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates protective effect of TQ against HFD-induced MetS on rats which might have been mediated via PPAR mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India. reetakh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Reeta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dinda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016227:Benzoquinones; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014280:Triglycerides; D005632:Fructose; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; C003466:thymoquinone
keywords: High-fructose diet; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Oxidative stress; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs); Thymoquinone