title: Fundus imaging with a mobile phone: a review of techniques.
abstract: Fundus imaging with a fundus camera is an essential part of ophthalmic practice. A mobile phone with its in-built camera and flash can be used to obtain fundus images of reasonable quality. The mobile phone can be used as an indirect ophthalmoscope when coupled with a condensing lens. It can be used as a direct ophthalmoscope after minimal modification, wherein the fundus can be viewed without an intervening lens in young patients with dilated pupils. Employing the ubiquitous mobile phone to obtain fundus images has the potential for mass screening, enables ophthalmologists without a fundus camera to document and share findings, is a tool for telemedicine and is rather inexpensive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology, Sankara Eye Hospitals, Kundanahalli Gate, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Mahesh P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: Divyansh K C
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madhukumar
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramanjulu
authors.forename: Srinivasulu Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D004867:Equipment Design; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*