title: Harms of prescription opioid use in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumption levels of prescription opioids (POs) have increased substantially worldwide, particularly the United States. An emerging perspective implicates increasing consumption levels of POs as the primary system level driving factor behind the observed PO-related harms. As such, the present study aimed to assess the correlations between consumption levels of POs and PO-related harms, including non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU), PO-related morbidity and PO-related mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pearson's product-moment correlations were computed using published data from the United States (2001 - 2010). Consumption levels of POs were extracted from the technical reports published by the International Narcotics Control Board, while data for NMPOU was utilized from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Additionally, data for PO-related morbidity (substance abuse treatment admissions per 10,000 people) and PO-related mortality (PO overdose deaths per 100,000 people) were obtained from published studies. Consumption levels of POs were significantly correlated with prevalence of NMPOU in the past month (r =0.741, 95% CI =0.208-0.935), past year (r =0.638, 95% CI =0.014-0.904) and lifetime (r =0.753, 95% CI =0.235-0.938), as well as average number of days per person per year of NMPOU among the general population (r =0.900, 95% CI =0.625-0.976) and NMPOU users (r =0.720, 95% CI =0.165-0.929). Similar results were also obtained for PO-related morbidity and PO-related mortality measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that reducing consumption levels of POs at the population level may be an effective strategy to limit PO-related harms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. sameer.imtiaz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imtiaz
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Shield
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000506:poisoning; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality / Q000639:trends; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000506:poisoning; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D055553:Prescription Drugs