title: Associations of acrylamide intake with circulating levels of sex hormones and prolactin in premenopausal Japanese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been hypothesized that alteration of hormone systems is involved in the carcinogenesis of acrylamide. The aim of the present study was to examine the cross-sectional associations between dietary acrylamide intake and sex hormone levels in premenopausal Japanese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects were 393 women who had regular menstrual cycles less than 40 days long. Acrylamide intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire and was based on acrylamide concentration reported from analyses of Japanese foods. We measured the plasma concentrations of estradiol, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, sex hormone-binding globulin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age, the phase of the menstrual cycle, and other covariates, acrylamide intake was statistically significantly inversely associated with total and free estradiol levels and statistically significantly positively associated with follicle-stimulating hormone level. Total and free estradiol levels were 18.2% and 19.3% lower, respectively, in women in the highest quartile of acrylamide intake than in those in the lowest quartile of intake. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels were 23.5% higher in women in the highest quartile of acrylamide intake than in those in the lowest quartile of intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that acrylamide intake may alter estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High estradiol levels have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Although the results need confirmation, they highlight the need to investigate the relationships among dietary acrylamide, sex hormones, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(1); 249-54. ©2014 AACR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan. chisato@gifu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Kie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan. Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Matsunami General Hospital, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Murakami Memorial Hospital, Asahi University, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Matsunami General Hospital, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Keigo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D017697:Premenopause; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D020106:Acrylamide; D011388:Prolactin