title: A three-stage approach to measuring health inequalities and inequities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurement of health inequities is fundamental to all health equity initiatives. It is complex because it requires considerations of ethics, methods, and policy. Drawing upon the recent developments in related specialized fields, in this paper we incorporate alternative definitions of health inequity explicitly and transparently in its measurement. We propose a three-stage approach to measuring health inequities that assembles univariate health inequality, univariate health inequity, and bivariate health inequities in a systematic and comparative manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  We illustrate the application of the three-stage approach using the Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health, measuring health by the Health Utilities Index (HUI). Univariate health inequality is the distribution of the observed HUI across individuals. Univariate health inequity is the distribution of unfair HUI--components of HUI associated with ethically unacceptable factors--across individuals. To estimate the unfair HUI, we apply two popular definitions of inequity: "equal opportunity for health" (health outcomes due to factors beyond individual control are unfair), and "policy amenability" (health outcomes due to factors amenable to policy interventions are unfair). We quantify univariate health inequality and inequity using the Gini coefficient. We assess bivariate inequities using a regression-based decomposition method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our analysis reveals that, empirically, different definitions of health inequity do not yield statistically significant differences in the estimated amount of univariate inequity. This derives from the relatively small explanatory power common in regression models describing variations in health. As is typical, our model explains about 20% of the variation in the observed HUI. With regard to bivariate inequities, income and health care show strong associations with the unfair HUI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measurement of health inequities is an excitingly multidisciplinary endeavour. Its development requires interdisciplinary integration of advances from relevant disciplines. The proposed three-stage approach is one such effort and stimulates cross-disciplinary dialogues, specifically, about conceptual and empirical significance of definitions of health inequities.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asada
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Ole Frithjof
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Norheim
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johri
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036262:Empirical Research; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012107:Research Design; D014481:United States