title: Comparative measurement of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, EGF and IGF-1 in breast milk of mothers with overweight/obese and normal-weight infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obese infants are more susceptible to develop adulthood obesity and its related comorbidities. Previous studies have shown the presence of hormones and growth factors in maternal breast milk that may influence infant adiposity. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in concentrations of three hormones and two growth factors in the breast milk of mothers with obese and non-obese infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 40 mothers with overweight or obese infants (weight for length percentile >97) and 40 age-matched mothers with normal-weight infant (-10 < weight for length percentile < 85) who were between 2 and 5 months of age were enrolled. Anthropometric indices of infants and mothers were measured by routine methods. Breast milk concentrations of ghrelin and adiponectin, leptin, epithelial growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean breast milk concentration of ghrelin was higher in mothers with normal-weight infants, 137.50 pg/ml, than in mothers with obese infants, 132.00 pg/ml (P=0.001). This was also true regarding the concentration of EGF in mothers with (0/04 ng/ml) and without (0/038 ng/ml) normal-weight infants (P=0.01). No significant differences were observed in concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and IGF-1 between two groups (P > 0.05). There was also a significant positive correlation between EGF and ghrelin in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that there was a correlation between ghrelin and EGF level in breast milk of mothers with obese and non-obese infants, suggesting a possible regulatory effect of these two hormones on weight in infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khodabakhshi
authors.affiliation: 1] Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran [2] Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghayour-Mobarhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rooki
authors.affiliation: HTLV-I Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vakili
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Centre, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: S-I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Hashemy
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mirhafez
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: M-T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Shakeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kashanifar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pourbafarani
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Centre, Imam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mirzaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahri
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazidi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferns
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safarian
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001942:Breast Feeding; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D020738:Leptin / Q000032:analysis; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D054439:Ghrelin; D020738:Leptin; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I