title: Gendered career considerations consolidate from the start of medical education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore changes in specialty preferences and work-related topics during the theoretical phase of Dutch medical education and the role of gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of medical students at Radboudumc, the Netherlands, was surveyed at start (N=612, 69.1% female) and after three years (N=519, 69.2% female), on specialty preferences, full-time or part-time work, motivational factors, and work-life issues. Chi square tests were performed to analyze gender-differences, and logistic regression to explore the influence of gender on considerations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 214 female and 78 male students completed both surveys. After three years, the male students remained highly interested in surgery, but the female students increasingly preferred gynecology. These initial preferences were predictive. Four out of five male students versus three out of five female students continued to show a full-time preference. Women increasingly preferred part-time work. After three years, the combination of work, care, and patient contact motivated female students more, whereas salary remained more important to male students. Female students indicated that their future careers would influence their family life; male students assumed having a family would only affect their partners' careers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Against an international background of the feminization of medicine, our study shows that career considerations are reinforced early in medical studies. Women prefer to work fewer hours and anticipate care tasks more often. Students' preferences reflect Dutch cultural norms about working men and women. Therefore, guidance in choice-making much earlier in medical education can create opportunities.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women's Health Unit, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alers
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Humanities, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, School of Medical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verdonk
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women's Health Unit, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bor
authors.affiliation: Umeå University, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamberg
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women's Health Unit, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lagro-Janssen
mesh_terms: D002321:Career Choice; D003625:Data Collection; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009426:Netherlands; D012737:Sex Factors; D013038:Specialization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gender; career; full time; medical education; part time; specialty
  preferenc; worklife balance