title: Absolute or relative? A comparative analysis of the relationship between poverty and mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine the cross-national and cross-temporal association between poverty and mortality, in particular differentiating the impact of absolute and relative poverty.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed pooled cross-sectional time series analysis. Our measure of relative poverty was based upon the standard 60% of median income. The measure of absolute, or fixed, poverty was based upon the US poverty threshold. Our analyses were conducted on data for 30 countries between 1978 and 2010, a total of 149 data points. We separately studied infant, child, and adult mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings highlight the importance of relative poverty for mortality. Especially for infant and child mortality, we found that our estimates of fixed poverty is close to zero either in the crude models, or when adjusting for gross domestic product. Conversely, the relative poverty estimates increased when adjusting for confounders. Our results seemed robust to a number of sensitivity tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If we agree that risk of death is important, the public policy implication of our findings is that relative poverty, which has close associations to overall inequality, should be a major concern also among rich countries.
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Gävlegatan 16, SE-113 30, Stockholm, Sweden, johan.fritzell@ki.se.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fritzell
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehnberg
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacchus Hertzman
authors.forename: Jenni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blomgren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult