title: Intermittent episodes of bright light suppress myopia in the chicken more than continuous bright light.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bright light has been shown a powerful inhibitor of myopia development in animal models. We studied which temporal patterns of bright light are the most potent in suppressing deprivation myopia in chickens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight-day-old chickens wore diffusers over one eye to induce deprivation myopia. A reference group (n = 8) was kept under office-like illuminance (500 lux) at a 10:14 light:dark cycle. Episodes of bright light (15 000 lux) were super-imposed on this background as follows. Paradigm I: exposure to constant bright light for either 1 hour (n = 5), 2 hours (n = 5), 5 hours (n = 4) or 10 hours (n = 4). Paradigm II: exposure to repeated cycles of bright light with 50% duty cycle and either 60 minutes (n = 7), 30 minutes (n = 8), 15 minutes (n = 6), 7 minutes (n = 7) or 1 minute (n = 7) periods, provided for 10 hours. Refraction and axial length were measured prior to and immediately after the 5-day experiment. Relative changes were analyzed by paired t-tests, and differences among groups were tested by one-way ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the reference group, exposure to continuous bright light for 1 or 2 hours every day had no significant protective effect against deprivation myopia. Inhibition of myopia became significant after 5 hours of bright light exposure but extending the duration to 10 hours did not offer an additional benefit. In comparison, repeated cycles of 1:1 or 7:7 minutes of bright light enhanced the protective effect against myopia and could fully suppress its development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective effect of bright light depends on the exposure duration and, to the intermittent form, the frequency cycle. Compared to the saturation effect of continuous bright light, low frequency cycles of bright light (1:1 min) provided the strongest inhibition effect. However, our quantitative results probably might not be directly translated into humans, but rather need further amendments in clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Graduate School of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Weizhong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feldkaemper
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaeffel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry; D002645:Chickens; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017440:Photoperiod; D012029:Refraction, Ocular