title: Ethnicity and the diagnosis gap in liver disease: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Large numbers of liver function tests (LFTs) are performed in primary care, with abnormal liver biochemistry a common finding. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver injury. Metabolic syndrome, common in people from South Asia, is an important risk factor for NAFLD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It is hypothesised that a large gap exists between numbers of patients with abnormal LFTs and those with recorded liver diagnoses, and that NAFLD is more common among adults of South Asian ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 690,683 adults in coterminous general practices in a region with high ethnic diversity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted on LFTs, liver disease, and process of care measures from computerised primary care medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LFTs were performed on 218,032 patients, of whom 31 627 had elevated serum transaminases. The prevalence of abnormal LFTs was highest among individuals of Bangladeshi ethnicity. Of the patients with abnormal LFTs, 88.4% did not have a coded liver diagnosis. NAFLD was the most frequently recorded liver disease and was most common among Bangladeshi patients. In a multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for NAFLD included Bangladeshi ethnicity, diabetes, raised BMI, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal LFTs are common in the population, but are underinvestigated and often remain undiagnosed. Bangladeshi ethnicity is an important independent risk factor for NAFLD.
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Alazawi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rohini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kushala
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abeysekera
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boomla
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.affiliation: The Liver Unit, The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Graham R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: NAFLD; ethnicity; liver; liver disease; population