title: Kennedy, the early sixties, and visitation by the angel of death.
abstract: The inaugural issue of Pathologia Veterinaria in 1964 contained the first detailed account of lesions in aborted fetuses following natural, experimental, and postvaccinal infection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). The article, written by pathologists Kennedy and Richards, described diagnostic gross and histologic features in 13 bovine fetuses. The authors provided clinical and epidemiologic features of 1 postvaccination outbreak, including the absence of clinical signs in infected dams and the propensity for abortions to occur after 6 months' gestation. Subsequent field and experimental studies corroborated and expanded these observations. As a result of this and later reports, veterinarians became alert to the association between infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and abortion, including the risks of exposing pregnant cattle to live vaccinal BoHV-1. Methods were developed to corroborate a morphologic diagnosis of herpetic abortion in cattle, including immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction methods. Outbreaks of postvaccinal BoHV-1 abortion in the United States began to be reported with apparently increased frequency in the early 2000s. This coincided with licensure in 2003 of modified live BoHV-1 vaccines intended for use in pregnant cattle, which are now sold by 3 manufacturers. Ten recent herd episodes of postvaccinal BoHV-1 abortion are reported. All 10 BoHV-1 isolates had single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) profiles previously identified in a group of BoHV-1 isolates that contains vaccine strains, based on a BoHV-1 SNP classification system. They lacked SNP features typical of those in characterized field-type strains of BoHV-1.
authors.affiliation: Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA DOT@uwyo.edu.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
authors.forename: C C L
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.affiliation: Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: H Van
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Campen
mesh_terms: D037881:Aborted Fetus / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000662:veterinary*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007241:Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: abortion; bovine herpesvirus 1; cattle disease; iatrogenic disease; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis; postmarketing surveillance; preemption; single nucleotide polymorphism; vaccines