title: Toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic descriptors of combined chromium (VI) and nickel toxicity.
abstract: After repeated intraperitoneal injections of nickel and chromium (VI) salts to rats, we found, and confirmed by mathematical modeling, that their combined subchronic toxicity can either be of additive type or depart from it (predominantly toward subadditivity) depending on the effect assessed. Against the background of moderate systemic toxicity, the combination under study proved to possess a marked additive genotoxicity assessed by means of the random amplification of polymorphic DNA test. We also demonstrated that chromium and nickel reciprocally influenced the retention of these metals in some organs (especially in the spleen) but not their urinary excretion in this study.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Ilzira A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Minigaliyeva
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia bkaznelson@etel.ru honored_sci@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Boris A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Katsnelson
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Larisa I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Privalova
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Gurvich
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Ecology, the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Panov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Ecology, the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Anatoly N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Varaksin
authors.affiliation: The Ural State Medical University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Oleg H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Makeyev
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Marina P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sutunkova
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Nadezhda V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Loginova
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Ekaterina P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Kireyeva
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Ekaterina V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Grigoryeva
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Tatyana V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Slyshkina
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Eugenia V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Ganebnykh
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Svetlana V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Grebenkina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002857:Chromium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D009532:Nickel / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D011192:Potassium Dichromate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D066007:Toxicokinetics
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; C022838:nickel chloride; D009532:Nickel; D011192:Potassium Dichromate
keywords: chromium; combined nickel and chromium toxicity; nickel