title: 18F-GE-180: a novel TSPO radiotracer compared to 11C-R-PK11195 in a preclinical model of stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in various neuropathological conditions, and hence there is renewed interest in the translocator protein (TSPO) as a biomarker of microglial activation and macrophage infiltration in the brain. This is reflected in the large amount of research conducted seeking to replace the prototypical PET radiotracer (11)C-R-PK11195 with a TSPO ligand with higher performance. Here we report the in vivo preclinical investigation of the novel TSPO tracer (18)F-GE-180 in a rat model of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focal cerebral ischaemia was induced in Wistar rats by 60-min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Brain damage was assessed 24 h after MCAO by T2 MRI. Rats were scanned with (11)C-R-PK11195 and (18)F-GE-180 5 or 6 days after MCAO. Specificity of binding was confirmed by injection of unlabelled R-PK11195 or GE-180 20 min after injection of (18)F-GE-180. In vivo data were confirmed by ex vivo immunohistochemistry for microglial (CD11b) and astrocytic biomarkers (GFAP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  (18)F-GE-180 uptake was 24 % higher in the core of the ischaemic lesion and 18 % lower in the contralateral healthy tissue than that of (11)C-R-PK11195 uptake (1.5 ± 0.2-fold higher signal to noise ratio). We confirmed this finding using the simplified reference tissue model (BPND = 3.5 ± 0.4 and 2.4 ± 0.5 for (18)F-GE-180 and (11)C-R-PK11195, respectively, with R 1 = 1). Injection of unlabelled R-PK11195 or GE-180 20 min after injection of (18)F-GE-180 significantly displaced (18)F-GE-180 (69 ± 5 % and 63 ± 4 %, respectively). Specificity of the binding was also confirmed by in vitro autoradiography, and the location and presence of activated microglia and infiltrated macrophages were confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vivo binding characteristics of (18)F-GE-180 demonstrate a better signal to noise ratio than (11)C-R-PK11195 due to both a better signal in the lesion and lower nonspecific binding in healthy tissue. These results provide evidence that (18)F-GE-180 is a strong candidate to replace (11)C-R-PK11195.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, herve.boutin@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boutin
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pradillo
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maroy
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smigova
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerhard
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Trigg
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C504060:(R)-(11C)1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide; D000577:Amides; D002227:Carbazoles; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C571664:GE-180; D007546:Isoquinolines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; C069997:Tspo protein, rat