title: Primary angioplasty for symptomatic atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical and angiographic outcomes after primary balloon angioplasty in patients with symptomatic middle cerebral artery (MCA, M1 segment) stenosis refractory to medical therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with intracranial stenosis were treated with primary balloon angioplasty. All patients had MCA stenosis with recurrent transient ischemic attack (TIA). The indication for balloon angioplasty was patients with significant MCA stenosis: 1) age older than 18 years with recurrent or progressive TIA or infarction despite optimal medical therapy, including anti-coagulation, dual anti-platelet, and anti-lipid medication; 2) previous ischemic events or asymptomatic severe stenosis (more than 50%) with poor collateral cerebral circulation, or diminished cerebral perfusion on single photon emission computed tomography before and after administration of the intravenous dosage of acetazolamide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of patients was 53 years (range 44-79). The technical success rate was 100%. Mean pretreatment stenosis degree was 83.63 ± 9.53% and 29.1 ± 15.4% before and after angioplasty, respectively. Procedural-related complications occurred in four of 11 patients (36%), but none of the patients had permanent neurological deficit. All patients were available for an average follow-up period of 19.4 ± 5.1 months. One patient had a stroke in the territory of angioplasty at two months after angioplasty. The stroke free survival rate at 30 days and 12 months was 100% and 91%, respectively. Restenosis over 50% was observed in three of 11 patients (27%); all were asymptomatic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracranial angioplasty for symptomatic MCA stenosis refractory to medical therapy can be a treatment option to reduce the risk of further TIA or stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Youn Hyuk
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Kyun
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5400-7126
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: O-Ki
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Kwon
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Balloon angioplasty; Intracranial stenosis; Middle cerebral artery