title: The patient's perspective on the link between ADHD and substance use: a qualitative interview study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of this study was to investigate how adult individuals with ADHD perceive the role of alcohol and drugs in their lives. A secondary aim was to identify factors that those individuals consider useful in the treatment and prevention of co-occurring ADHD and substance use disorders (SUDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative interview study with ADHD outpatients (n = 14) at a psychiatric clinic. Data were analyzed based on pre-defined areas of interest using a deductive content analysis method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The yearning for belongingness was identified as an important driving force underlying substance use. The participants felt that alcohol/drugs helped them being normal and thus respected and accepted. Early diagnosis of ADHD was perceived essential to avoid SUD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults with ADHD may have strong rational and emotional reasons for the use of alcohol and drugs. When planning for the treatment of adult ADHD, investigation of personal reasons for alcohol/drug use deserves a place.
authors.affiliation: Uppsala University, Sweden Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden christina.nehlin.gordh@neuro.uu.se.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nehlin
authors.affiliation: Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.affiliation: Uppsala University, Sweden Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Caisa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Öster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D013548:Sweden
keywords: adult ADHD; qualitative; reasons for co-occurrence; substance abuse