title: Preparation and evaluation of a buflomedil hydrochloride niosomal patch for transdermal delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Niosomes are the non-ionic surfactant vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic non-ionic surfactants. These are the promising vehicles for effective transdermal drug delivery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present research work was aimed to develop niosomal-based transdermal buflomedil hydrochloride patch containing a stable formulation with improved drug permeation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Niosomes were prepared by solvent evaporation method using 32factorial design. All the formulations were evaluated for vesicle size, zeta potential and percent entrapment efficiency. Optimized niosomal and liposomal formulation were loaded into a patch system. All the patches were then characterized for drug-excipient interaction study, scanning electron microscopy, pharmacotechnical properties and in vitro permeation studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  F9 formulation having optimum vesicle size (10.09 ± 1.2 µm), highest zeta potential (-85.4 ± 0.56 mV) and maximum percent entrapment efficiency (97.09 ± 0.11%) was selected as optimized formulation. In case of liposomes, formulation F12 was selected. Patches loaded with niosomes showed 95.12 ± 1.19% cumulative amount of drug permeated as compared to liposomal vesicle-loaded patches which showed 82.21 ± 1.24% and control patches 70.10 ± 1.33%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flux, permeation rate and permeability coefficient were found to be higher in case of niosomal patches as compared to liposomal patches and control patches. Surfactant present in niosomes act as a penetration enhancer which contribute in the permeation enhancement of buflomedil hydrochloride from niosomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, it was concluded that niosomal vesicles represented to be an efficient and stable vesicular carrier for transdermal delivery of buflomedil hydrochloride.
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , IFTM University , Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad , Uttar Pradesh , India , and.
authors.forename: Nida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , IFTM University , Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad , Uttar Pradesh , India , and.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arkvanshi
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , IFTM University , Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad , Uttar Pradesh , India , and.
authors.forename: Shiv Sankar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.affiliation: a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , IFTM University , Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad , Uttar Pradesh , India , and.
authors.forename: Anurag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutics , Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy , P.O. Chhattikara, Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India.
authors.forename: Kamla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pathak
keywords: Cholesterol; drug; flux; permeability; systemic circulation