title: Implicit associations have a circadian rhythm.
abstract: The current study shows that people's ability to inhibit implicit associations that run counter to their explicit views varies in a circadian pattern. The presence of this rhythmic variation suggests the involvement of a biological process in regulating automatic associations--specifically, with the current data, associations that form undesirable social biases. In 1998, Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz introduced the Implicit Association Test as a means of measuring individual differences in implicit cognition. The IAT is a powerful tool that has become widely used. Perhaps most visibly, studies employing the IAT demonstrate that people generally hold implicit biases against social groups, which often conflict with their explicitly held views. The IAT engages inhibitory processes similar to those inherent in self-control tasks. Because the latter processes are known to be resource-limited, we considered whether IAT scores might likewise be resource dependent. Analyzing IAT performance from over a million participants across all times of day, we found a clear circadian pattern in scores. This finding suggests that the IAT measures not only the strength of implicit associations, but also the effect of variations in the physiological resources available to inhibit their undesirable influences on explicit behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zadra
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Proffitt
mesh_terms: D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception; D011581:Psychological Tests