title: Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on renal injury in type 2 diabetic rats.
abstract: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is known to be an effective natural polyphenol capable of removing free radicals in vivo. It has been reported that GSPE has biological functions including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-radiation, and prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to investigate the effects of GSPE on renal injury in type 2 diabetic rats induced with low-dose streptozotocin and a high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet. Rats (n=12 per group) were administered GSPE at either a low (125 mg/kg · bw), medium (250 mg/kg · bw) or high (500 mg/kg · bw) dose, while control rats and diabetes mellitus group rats received no specific treatment. After 16 weeks, GSPE slightly increased body weight and decreased food consumption, water intake and urine volume in rats. Diabetic rats treated with GSPE demonstrated decreased fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, HbA1c and systolic blood pressure (P<0.05). GSPE significantly improved renal function parameters, reduced the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and also increased the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Moreover, GSPE (particularly at a dose of 500 mg/kg · bw) increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the levels of c-reactive proteins (P<0.01) in serum and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (P<0.05) in the kidney. These findings suggest that GSPE ameliorates renal injury in type 2 diabetic rats through its antioxidative activity and anti-inflammatory effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhaofeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yanfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D013311:Streptozocin / Q000009:adverse effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002374:Catalase; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D007328:Insulin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D013311:Streptozocin; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins