title: Update on radiation therapy in patients with Cushing's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiation therapy is an important therapy for patients with Cushing's disease who are not in remission or relapse after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery and are not considered surgical candidates. The development of stereotactic radiation therapy, using gamma knife, linear accelerators or proton beam based methods, has enabled selective radiation delivery to the target while minimizing exposure of healthy tissues. In patients whose tumors are sufficiently distant from the optic apparatus, stereotactic radiation therapy can be delivered in a single session, a procedure termed radiosurgery, which significantly improves patient convenience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original articles on radiation therapy in Cushing's disease, published during the past 12 months (2013-2014), were identified and pertinent data extracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent studies have reported on the outcomes of patients with Cushing's disease who received mostly stereotactic radiation therapy. While tumor control has been excellent, biochemical remission was less consistently achieved. Some studies suggested that stereotactic radiation may lead to biochemical remission faster than conventional radiation therapy. In addition, retrospective data have suggested that withdrawing medical therapy around the time stereotactic radiation therapy is administered might lead to a faster biochemical response. Regardless of the radiation therapy method, biochemical recurrences may develop and these patients are at long-term risk of developing anterior hypopituitarism and require lifelong periodic endocrine follow-up. Other, less frequent complications may include cranial neuropathies, secondary tumor formation or temporal lobe necrosis. It is plausible that complications may be less frequent after stereotactic radiation therapy, but this requires confirmation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation therapy is an effective second line therapy in patients with Cushing's disease. Ongoing refinements in delivery of radiation therapy are anticipated to lead to improved patient outcomes, but long-term follow-up data, including adequate control groups, are needed to fully investigate this possibility.
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrine Unit, Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Tumor Clinical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Zero Emerson Place # 112, Boston, MA, 02114, USA, ntritos@partners.org.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Tritos
authors.forename: Beverly M K
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Biller
mesh_terms: D049913:ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000236:Adenoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016371:Cranial Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000601:surgery; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012074:Remission Induction; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome