title: Phylogenetic and genome-wide deep-sequencing analyses of canine parvovirus reveal co-infection with field variants and emergence of a recent recombinant strain.
abstract: Canine parvovirus (CPV), a fast-evolving single-stranded DNA virus, comprises three antigenic variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) with different frequencies and genetic variability among countries. The contribution of co-infection and recombination to the genetic variability of CPV is far from being fully elucidated. Here we took advantage of a natural CPV population, recently formed by the convergence of divergent CPV-2c and CPV-2a strains, to study co-infection and recombination. Complete sequences of the viral coding region of CPV-2a and CPV-2c strains from 40 samples were generated and analyzed using phylogenetic tools. Two samples showed co-infection and were further analyzed by deep sequencing. The sequence profile of one of the samples revealed the presence of CPV-2c and CPV-2a strains that differed at 29 nucleotides. The other sample included a minor CPV-2a strain (13.3% of the viral population) and a major recombinant strain (86.7%). The recombinant strain arose from inter-genotypic recombination between CPV-2c and CPV-2a strains within the VP1/VP2 gene boundary. Our findings highlight the importance of deep-sequencing analysis to provide a better understanding of CPV molecular diversity.
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calleros
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marandino
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarute
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Gregorio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iraola
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grecco
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vignuzzi
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Isakov
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shomron
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carrau
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Francia
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomás
authors.affiliation: Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Yanina
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Panzera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004285:Dogs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017993:Parvovirus, Canine / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic