title: Coxsackievirus A16 infection induces neural cell and non-neural cell apoptosis in vitro.
abstract: Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) is one of the main causative pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Viral replication typically results in host cell apoptosis. Although CA16 infection has been reported to induce apoptosis in the human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line, it remains unclear whether CA16 induces apoptosis in diverse cell types, especially neural cells which have important clinical significance. In the current study, CA16 infection was found to induce similar apoptotic responses in both neural cells and non-neural cells in vitro, including nuclear fragmentation, DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine translocation. CA16 generally is not known to lead to serious neurological symptoms in vivo. In order to further clarify the correlation between clinical symptoms and cell apoptosis, two CA16 strains from patients with different clinical features were investigated. The results showed that both CA16 strains with or without neurological symptoms in infected patients led to neural and muscle cell apoptosis. Furthermore, mechanistic studies showed that CA16 infection induced apoptosis through the same mechanism in both neural and non-neural cells, namely via activation of both the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway-related caspase 9 protein and the Fas death receptor (extrinsic) pathway-related caspase 8 protein. Understanding the mechanisms by which CA16 infection induces apoptosis in both neural and non-neural cells will facilitate a better understanding of CA16 pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Zhaolong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Jinghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Zhenhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elana S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Guanchen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Jingliang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiao-fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
authors.forename: Wenyan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000737:chemistry; D056189:Viral Tropism
chemical_list: D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D020169:Caspases