title: Effective Implementation of collaborative care for depression: what is needed?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the care model factors that were key for successful implementation of collaborative depression care in a statewide Minnesota primary care initiative.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a mixed-methods design incorporating both qualitative data from clinic site visits and quantitative measures of patient activation and 6-month remission rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Care model factors identified from the site visits were tested for association with rates of activation into the program and remission rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine factors were identified as important for successful implementation of collaborative care by the consultants who had trained and interviewed participating clinic teams, and rated according to a Likert Scale. Factors correlated with higher patient activation rates were: strong leadership support (0.63), well-defined and -implemented care manager roles (0.62), a strong primary care physician champion (0.60), and an on-site and accessible care manager (0.59). However, remission rates at 6 months were correlated with: an engaged psychiatrist (0.62), not seeing operating costs as a barrier to participation (0.56), and face-to-face communication (warm handoffs) between the care manager and primary care physician for new patients (0.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Care model factors most important for successful program implementation differ for patient activation into the program versus remission at 6 months. Knowing which implementation factors are most important for successful activation will be useful for those interested in adopting this evidence-based approach to improving primary care for patients with depression.
authors.affiliation: Health-Partners Institute for Education and Research, 8170 33rd Ave So, Mail Stop 23301A, Minneapolis, MN 55425. E-mail: robin.r.whitebird@healthpartners.com.
authors.forename: Robin R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Whitebird
authors.forename: Leif I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Solberg
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Jaeckels
authors.forename: Pamela B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Pietruszewski
authors.forename: Senka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadzic
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Unützer
authors.forename: Kris A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ohnsorg
authors.forename: Rebecca C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rossom
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Joslyn
authors.forename: Lisa V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D016730:Program Development; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012074:Remission Induction / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome