title: A preliminary safety evaluation of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride.
abstract: Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) is used worldwide as an antimicrobial agent with broad spectra of activity and also for treating pool water. This non-GLP preliminary study aims at investigating in a subchronic toxicity study possible effects at supra-optimal doses of this biocide. Both acute and subchronic toxicity studies were conducted. LD(50) for PHMGH was estimated to be 600 mg/kg (ie LC(50) 2 ml of 7.5% solution) when administered as a single dose by gavage via a stomach tube in accordance with the expected route of administration. The acute studies showed that the median lethal dose (LD(50)) of 600 mg/kg was accompanied by signs of neurotoxicity. Haematological and biochemical parameters of subchronic toxicity studies were non-significant. Subchronic doses of 0.006 mg/kg, 0.012 mg/kg and 0.036 mg/kg were administered. 20% of the animals at a dose of 0.006 mg/kg and 0.036 mg/kg showed mild degrees of hydropic changes in proximal tubules while 10% of animals at all the doses had their liver tissues showing local areas of mild pericentral hepatocytes degeneration. PHMGH did not produce any major organ defect with regard to the kidney, heart, and liver. The LD(50) was much higher than the recommended dosage by a factor of about 50,000. The recommended residual concentration is far less than the median lethal dose using rats as test subjects. These results could serve as a basis for investigating the full toxicological profile if it is to be used for the treatment of raw water to make it potable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Accra, Ghana asiedugyekye@yahoo.co.uk ijagyekye@ug.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Isaac Julius
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Asiedu-Gyekye
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Seidu Abdulai
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Awortwe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Alexander Kwadwo
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nyarko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006146:Guanidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000139:chemically induced; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D059550:Toxicity Tests, Subchronic
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D006146:Guanidines; C060540:polyhexamethyleneguanidine
keywords: LD50; biochemical hematology; histopathology; polyhexamethylene guanidine; subchronic toxicity