title: Interaction between genetic predisposition to adiposity and dietary protein in relation to subsequent change in body weight and waist circumference.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic predisposition to adiposity may interact with dietary protein in relation to changes of anthropometry.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the interaction between genetic predisposition to higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) or waist-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRBMI) and dietary protein in relation to subsequent change in body weight (ΔBW) or change in WC (ΔWC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different Danish cohorts were used. In total 7,054 individuals constituted the study population with information on diet, 50 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BMI, WC or WHRBMI, as well as potential confounders. Mean follow-up time was ∼5 years. Four genetic predisposition-scores were based on the SNPs; a complete-score including all selected adiposity- associated SNPs, and three scores including BMI, WC or WHRBMI associated polymorphisms, respectively. The association between protein intake and ΔBW or ΔWC were examined and interactions between SNP-score and protein were investigated. Analyses were based on linear regressions using macronutrient substitution models and meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When protein replaced carbohydrate, meta-analyses showed no associations with ΔBW (41.0 gram/y/5 energy% protein, [95% CI: -32.3; 114.3]) or ΔWC (<-0.1 mm/y/5 energy % protein, [-1.1; 1.1]). Similarly, there were no interactions for any SNP-scores and protein for either ΔBW (complete SNP-score: 1.8 gram/y/5 energy% protein/risk allele, [-7.0; 10.6]) or ΔWC (complete SNP-score: <0.1 mm/y/5 energy% protein/risk allele, [-0.1; 0.1]). Similar results were seen when protein replaced fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the genetic predisposition to general and abdominal adiposity, assessed by gene-scores, does not seem to modulate the influence of dietary protein on ΔBW or ΔWC.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mikkel Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Ankarfeldt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sofus C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ängquist
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lise Lotte N
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Husemoen
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roswall
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marianne Uhre
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jytte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjær
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linneberg
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Berit L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Heitmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, NEXS, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins