title: Indicators used in livestock to assess unconsciousness after stunning: a review.
abstract: Assessing unconsciousness is important to safeguard animal welfare shortly after stunning at the slaughter plant. Indicators that can be visually evaluated are most often used when assessing unconsciousness, as they can be easily applied in slaughter plants. These indicators include reflexes originating from the brain stem (e.g. eye reflexes) or from the spinal cord (e.g. pedal reflex) and behavioural indicators such as loss of posture, vocalisations and rhythmic breathing. When physically stunning an animal, for example, captive bolt, most important indicators looked at are posture, righting reflex, rhythmic breathing and the corneal or palpebral reflex that should all be absent if the animal is unconscious. Spinal reflexes are difficult as a measure of unconsciousness with this type of stunning, as they may occur more vigorous. For stunning methods that do not physically destroy the brain, for example, electrical and gas stunning, most important indicators looked at are posture, righting reflex, natural blinking response, rhythmic breathing, vocalisations and focused eye movement that should all be absent if the animal is unconscious. Brain stem reflexes such as the cornea reflex are difficult as measures of unconsciousness in electrically stunned animals, as they may reflect residual brain stem activity and not necessarily consciousness. Under commercial conditions, none of the indicators mentioned above should be used as a single indicator to determine unconsciousness after stunning. Multiple indicators should be used to determine unconsciousness and sufficient time should be left for the animal to die following exsanguination before starting invasive dressing procedures such as scalding or skinning. The recording and subsequent assessment of brain activity, as presented in an electroencephalogram (EEG), is considered the most objective way to assess unconsciousness compared with reflexes and behavioural indicators, but is only applied in experimental set-ups. Studies performed in an experimental set-up have often looked at either the EEG or reflexes and behavioural indicators and there is a scarcity of studies that correlate these different readout parameters. It is recommended to study these correlations in more detail to investigate the validity of reflexes and behavioural indicators and to accurately determine the point in time at which the animal loses consciousness.
authors.affiliation: 1Wageningen University and Research Centre,Livestock Research,PO Box 65,8200 AB Lelystad,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M T W
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
authors.affiliation: 1Wageningen University and Research Centre,Livestock Research,PO Box 65,8200 AB Lelystad,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gerritzen
authors.affiliation: 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Utrecht University,PO Box 80154,3508 TD Utrecht,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hellebrekers
authors.affiliation: 2Adaptation Physiology Group,Department of Animal Sciences,Wageningen University,PO Box 338,6700 AH Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kemp
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000818:Animals; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary; D058751:Livestock / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: animal welfare; livestock; slaughter; stunning; unconsciousness