title: Scalp hair and blood cadmium levels in association with chewing gutkha, mainpuri, and snuff, among patients with oral cancer in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that smokeless tobacco (SLT) chewing can lead to caners of oral cavity. In this study, the relationship between cadmium exposure via consumption of different SLT products by patients with oral cancer with related to referents belongs to different cities of Pakistan are investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cadmium in different types of SLT products (gutkha, mainpuri and snuff) consumed by studied population and biological samples (scalp hair and blood) of cancerous and healthy subjects were analyzed. Both referents and patients with cancer have same age group (ranged 30-60 years), socioeconomic status, localities, and dietary habits. The concentrations of cadmium in SLT products and biological samples were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked by certified reference materials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was estimated that 10 g intake of different types of gutkha, mainpuri, and snuff could contribute, 18-40%, 15.7-33.6%, and 14-68% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of cadmium, respectively for adults (60 kg). The results of present study showed that the mean value of cadmium was significantly higher in scalp hair and blood samples of patients with oral cancer as compared to those results obtained for referents (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high exposure of cadmium due to consuming different SLT products may have synergistic effects with other risk factors associated for oral cancer.
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sadaf Sadia
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tasneem Gul
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farah Naz
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Talpur
authors.affiliation: Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Atif Gul
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kapil Dev
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Brahman
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul Haleem
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Panhwar
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mariam Shahzadi
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Arain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012535:Scalp / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000378:metabolism*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium
keywords: atomic absorption spectrophotometer; biological samples; cadmium; oral cancer; smokeless tobacco products