title: Effect of heating rate and kinetic model selection on activation energy of nonisothermal crystallization of amorphous felodipine.
abstract: The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of amorphous materials is routinely analyzed by statistically fitting the crystallization data to kinetic models. In this work, we systematically evaluate how the model-dependent crystallization kinetics is impacted by variations in the heating rate and the selection of the kinetic model, two key factors that can lead to significant differences in the crystallization activation energy (Ea ) of an amorphous material. Using amorphous felodipine, we show that the Ea decreases with increase in the heating rate, irrespective of the kinetic model evaluated in this work. The model that best describes the crystallization phenomenon cannot be identified readily through the statistical fitting approach because several kinetic models yield comparable R(2) . Here, we propose an alternate paired model-fitting model-free (PMFMF) approach for identifying the most suitable kinetic model, where Ea obtained from model-dependent kinetics is compared with those obtained from model-free kinetics. The most suitable kinetic model is identified as the one that yields Ea values comparable with the model-free kinetics. Through this PMFMF approach, nucleation and growth is identified as the main mechanism that controls the crystallization kinetics of felodipine. Using this PMFMF approach, we further demonstrate that crystallization mechanism from amorphous phase varies with heating rate.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Sayantan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chattoraj
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Development, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Chandan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bhugra
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Development, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Zheng Jane
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Electronic address: sunx0053@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Changquan Calvin
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods; D015736:Felodipine / Q000737:chemistry*; D006361:Heating / Q000379:methods; D007700:Kinetics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D015736:Felodipine
keywords: Calorimetry (DSC); Kinetics; Physical Stability; Thermal analysis; activation energy; amorphous; crystallization; heating rate; nonisothermal