title: Bioresorbable zinc hydroxyapatite guided bone regeneration membrane for bone regeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the bone regenerative properties of a heat treated cross-linked GBR membrane with zinc hydroxyapatite powders in the rat calvarial defect model over a 6-week period.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro physio-chemical characterization involved X-ray diffraction analysis, surface topology by scanning electron microscopy, and zinc release studies in physiological buffers. Bilateral rat calvarial defects were used to compare the Zn-HAp membranes against the commercially available collagen membranes and the unfilled defect group through radiological and histological evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The synthesized Zn-MEM (100 μm thick) showed no zinc ions released in the phosphate buffer solution (PBS) buffer, but zinc was observed under acidic conditions. At 6 weeks, both the micro-CT and histological analyses revealed that the Zn-MEM group yielded significantly greater bone formation with 80 ± 2% of bone filled, as compared with 60 ± 5% in the collagen membrane and 40 ± 2% in the unfilled control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the use of heat treatment as an alternative method to cross-linking the Zn-MEM to be applied as a GBR membrane. Its synthesis and production are relatively simple to fabricate, and the membrane had rough surface features on one side, which might be beneficial for cellular activities. In a rat calvarial defect model, it was shown that new bone formation was accelerated in comparison with the collagen membrane and the unfilled defect groups. These results would suggest that Zn-MEM has the potential for further development in dental applications.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Science, P.O.Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komuro
authors.affiliation: Oral Implantology and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Oral Implantology and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Besim
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ben-Nissan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Milthorpe
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otsuka
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D003094:Collagen; D017886:Durapatite; D015032:Zinc
keywords: GBR membrane; bone augmentation; bone regeneration; hydroxyapatite; implant therapy