title: Toward an artificial sensory feedback system for prosthetic mobility rehabilitation: examination of sensorimotor responses.
abstract: People with lower-limb amputation have reduced mobility due to loss of sensory information, which may be restored by artificial sensory feedback systems built into prostheses. For an effective system, it is important to understand how humans sense, interpret, and respond to the feedback that would be provided. The goal of this study was to examine sensorimotor responses to mobility-relevant stimuli. Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of location of stimuli, frequency of stimuli, and means for providing the response. Stimuli, given as vibrations, were applied to the thigh region, and responses involved leg movements. Sensorimotor reaction time (RT) was measured as the duration between application of the stimulus and initiation of the response. Accuracy of response was also measured. Overall average RTs for one response option were 0.808 +/- 0.142 s, and response accuracies were >90%. Higher frequencies (220 vs 140 Hz) of vibration stimulus provided in anterior regions of the thigh produced the fastest RTs. When participants were presented with more than one stimulus and response option, RTs increased. Findings suggest that long sensorimotor responses may be a limiting factor in the development of an artificial feedback system for mobility rehabilitation applications; however, feed-forward techniques could potentially help to address these limitations.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torres-Moreno
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zabjek
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrysek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000674:Amputees / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D004576:Electromyography; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000379:methods*; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: amputation; biofeedback; lower-limb amputation; mobility rehabilitation; proprioception; reaction time; sensorimotor responses; sensory feedback; transfemoral; vibration