title: Fluctuation-induced pressures in fluids in thermal nonequilibrium steady states.
abstract: Correlations in fluids in nonequilibrium steady states are long range. Hence, finite-size effects have important consequences in the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of fluids. One consequence is that nonequilibrium temperature fluctuations induce nonequilibrium Casimir-like pressures proportional to the square of the temperature gradient. Hence, fluctuations cause a breakdown of the concept of local thermal equilibrium. Furthermore, transport coefficients become dependent on boundary conditions and on gravity. Thus nonequilibrium fluctuations affect some traditional concepts in nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20877, USA and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J M Ortiz
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Zárate
authors.affiliation: Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20877, USA.
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Sengers