title: Intrathecal administration of clonidine or yohimbine decreases the nociceptive behavior caused by formalin injection in the marsh terrapin (Pelomedusa subrufa).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of noradrenergic system in the control of nociception is documented in some vertebrate animals. However, there are no data showing the role of this system on nociception in the marsh terrapins.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the antinociceptive action of intrathecal administration of the α 2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine and α 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine was evaluated in the African marsh terrapin using the formalin test. The interaction of clonidine and yohimbine was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrathecal administration of clonidine (37.5 or 65 μg/kg) caused a significant reduction in the mean time spent in pain-related behavior. Yohimbine, at a dose of 25 μg/kg, significantly blocked the effect of clonidine (65 μg/kg). However, administration of yohimbine (40 or 53 μg/kg) caused a significant reduction in the mean time spent in pain-related behavior. Intrathecal administration of yohimbine (53 μg/kg) followed immediately by intrathecal injection of the serotonergic methysergide maleate (20 μg/kg) resulted in a significant reversal of the antinociceptive effect of yohimbine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study documented the intrathecal administration of drugs in the marsh terrapin, a technique that can be applied in future studies on these animals. The data also suggest the involvement of both α 2-adrenoreceptors and 5HT receptors in the modulation of nociception in testudines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Makau
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Philemon K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Towett
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Klas S P
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Abelson
authors.affiliation: South Eastern Kenya University, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences P.O Box 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya.
authors.forename: Titus I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Kanui
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008784:Methysergide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011897:Random Allocation; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014426:Turtles; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000700:Analgesics; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D005557:Formaldehyde; D015016:Yohimbine; D003000:Clonidine; D008784:Methysergide
keywords: Antinociception; nociception; testudines; α2-adrenergic receptors