title: Glypican-3-targeting F(ab')2 for 89Zr PET of hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasingly lethal malignancy for which management is critically dependent on accurate imaging. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface receptor overexpressed in most HCCs and provides a unique target for molecular diagnostics. The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target GPC3 (αGPC3) in PET imaging has shown promise but comes with inherent limitations associated with mAbs such as long circulation times. This study used (89)Zr-conjugated F(ab')2 fragments directed against GPC3 ((89)Zr-αGPC3-F(ab')2) to evaluate the feasibility of the fragments as a diagnostic immuno-PET imaging probe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immobilized ficin was used to digest αGPC3, creating αGPC3-F(ab')2 fragments subsequently conjugated to (89)Zr. In vivo biodistribution and PET studies were performed on GPC3-expressing HepG2 and GPC3-nonexpressing RH7777 orthotopic xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliable αGPC3-F(ab')2 production via immobilized ficin digestion was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (89)Zr-αGPC3-F(ab')2 demonstrated F(ab')2-dependent, antigen-specific cell binding. HepG2 tumor uptake was higher than any other tissue, peaking at 100 ± 21 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) 24 h after injection, a value 33- to 38-fold higher than GPC3-nonexpressing RH7777 tumors. The blood half-life of the (89)Zr-αGPC3-F(ab')2 conjugate was approximately 11 h, compared with approximately 115 h for historic mAb controls. This shorter half-life enabled clear tumor visualization on PET 4 h after administration, with a resultant peak tumor-to-liver contrast ratio of 23.3. Blocking antigen-expressing tumors with an excess of nonradiolabeled αGPC3 resulted in decreased tumor uptake similar to native liver. The kidneys exhibited high tissue uptake, peaking at 24 h with 83 ± 12 %ID/g. HepG2 tumors ranging from 1.5 to 7 mm were clearly visible on PET, whereas larger RH7777 tumors displayed signal lower than background liver tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the feasibility of using (89)Zr-αGPC3-F(ab')2 for intrahepatic tumor localization with small-animal PET. Faster blood clearance and lower background liver uptake enable excellent signal-to-noise ratios at early time points. Increased renal uptake is similar to that as has been seen with clinical radioactive peptide imaging. (89)Zr-αGPC3-F(ab')2 addresses some of the shortcomings of whole-antibody immuno-PET probes. Further optimization is warranted to maximize probe sensitivity and specificity in the process of clinical translation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Forrest M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Kievit
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Grierson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Chiarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Miyaoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Miqin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Raymond S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minoshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington jopark@uw.edu.
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D053673:Glypicans / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011868:Radioisotopes; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D051598:Whole Body Imaging; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D053673:Glypicans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D011868:Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015040:Zirconium
keywords: 89Zr; F(ab′)2; glypican-3; hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); positron emission tomography (PET)