title: Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Postconcussion Recovery in Youth Athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) influences postconcussion recovery, as measured by computerized neurocognitive testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective case control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computer laboratories across 10 high schools in the greater Atlanta, Georgia area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immediate postconcussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) scores of 70 athletes with a self-reported diagnosis of ADHD and who sustained a sport-related concussion were compared with a randomly selected age-matched control group. Immediate postconcussion assessment and cognitive testing scores over a 5-year interval were reviewed for inclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postconcussion recovery was defined as a return to equivalent baseline neurocognitive score on the ImPACT battery, and a concussion symptom score of ≤7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Athletes with ADHD had on average a longer time to recovery when compared with the control group (16.5 days compared with 13.5 days), although not statistically significant. The number of previous concussions did not have any effect on the rate of recovery in the ADHD or the control group. In addition, baseline neurocognitive testing did not statistically differ between the 2 groups, except in verbal memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not statistically significant, youth athletes with ADHD took on average 3 days longer to return to baseline neurocognitive testing compared with a control group without ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youth athletes with ADHD may have a marginally prolonged recovery as indexed by neurocognitive testing and should be considered when prognosticating time to recovery in this subset of student athletes.
authors.affiliation: *Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Emory Sports Medicine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; †Department of Rehabilitation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; ‡Spectrum Health Medical Group, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan; §Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; and ¶Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mautner
authors.forename: Walter I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Sussman
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Axtman
authors.forename: Yahya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Al-Farsi
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Adawi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors