title: Robotic microsurgery: validating an assessment tool and plotting the learning curve.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical robot has emerged as a potentially useful tool in microsurgery. The purpose of this study was to develop a validated assessment instrument and assess the learning curve for robotic microsurgery. The authors hypothesized that subjects would demonstrate improvement across multiple domains of performance with repetition of robotic microsurgical tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  In part 1, a novel assessment instrument called the Structured Assessment of Robotic Microsurgical Skills was tested. Four blinded expert evaluators graded six robotic microsurgery videos and interrater reliability was determined. In part 2, a cohort of 10 participants at various skill levels performed five robotic microvascular anastomoses. All 50 sessions were subjected to blind evaluation using the assessment instrument. Primary outcome measures included changes in operative time over the five sessions, and changes in assessment scores for all skill areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interrater reliability for the Structured Assessment of Robotic Microsurgical Skills instrument was excellent for each skill area, demonstrated by Cronbach alpha scores greater than 0.9 in each category across evaluators. All skill areas improved significantly for all participants, and operative time decreased for all participants over the course of the study. The results showed an initial steep ascent in technical skill acquisition followed by more gradual improvement, and a steady decrease in operative time to as short as 9 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Structured Assessment of Robotic Microsurgery Skills is a valid instrument for assessing microsurgical skill. Subjects at all levels of training, ranging from minimal microsurgical experience to expert microsurgeons, gained proficiency over the course of five robotic sessions.
authors.affiliation: Houston, Texas From The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Taiba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alrasheed
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hanasono
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Jesse C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Selber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*