title: An ecological paradox: high species diversity and low position of the upper forest line in the Andean Depression.
abstract: Systematic investigations of the upper forest line (UFL) primarily concentrate on mid and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, whereas studies of Neotropical UFLs are still fragmentary. This article outlines the extraordinary high tree diversity at the UFL within the Andean Depression and unravels the links between the comparatively low position of the local UFL, high tree-species diversity, and climate. On the basis of Gentry's rapid inventory methodology for the tropics, vegetation sampling was conducted at 12 UFL sites, and local climate (temperature, wind, precipitation, and soil moisture) was investigated at six sites. Monotypic forests dominated by Polylepis were only found at the higher located margins of the Andean Depression while the lower situated core areas were characterized by a species-rich forest, which lacked the elsewhere dominant tree-species Polylepis. In total, a remarkably high tree-species number of 255 tree species of 40 different plant families was found. Beta-diversity was also high with more than two complete species turnovers. A non-linear relationship between the floristic similarity of the investigated study sites and elevation was detected. Temperatures at the investigated study sites clearly exceeded 5.5°C, the postulated threshold value for the upper tree growth limit in the tropics. Instead, quasi-permanent trade winds, high precipitation amounts, and high soil water contents affect the local position of the UFL in a negative way. Interestingly, most of the above-mentioned factors are also contributing to the high species richness. The result is a combination of a clearly marked upper forest line depression combined with an extraordinary forest line complexity, which was an almost unknown paradox.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braeuning
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muenchow
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richter
keywords: Andean Depression; Andes; climate; forest structure; plant diversity; tree diversity; upper forest line