title: Ocular inflammation in neurorheumatic disease.
abstract: Neuroimmunologic and systemic rheumatic diseases are frequently accompanied by inflammation of the eye, ocular adnexa, and orbital tissues. An understanding of the diverse forms of ophthalmic pathology in these conditions aids the clinician in making appropriate preventative, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic decisions. In this review, the authors address ocular inflammation in neurorheumatic disease in three sections: first, they highlight current perspectives on immune mechanisms in the development of these disorders; next, they provide a framework for the recognition and evaluation of ophthalmologic inflammatory entities; finally, they discuss in detail several inflammatory conditions that affect the nervous system and the eye, emphasizing the features that should alert neurologists to initiate ophthalmologic evaluation. The conditions discussed include multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy, Susac syndrome, Cogan syndrome, acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Behçet disease, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis), polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis, IgG4-related disease, and Sjögren syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vodopivec
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ann-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sashank
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prasad
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000150:complications*