title: Simultaneous co-ingestion of prescription stimulants, alcohol and other drugs: a multi-cohort national study of US adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the past-year prevalence rates and correlates of simultaneous co-ingestion of prescription stimulants and other substances among US high school seniors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally representative probability samples of US high school seniors were surveyed as a part of the Monitoring the Future study. The sample consisted of five cohorts including a total of 12,431 high school seniors (modal age: 18 years) and represented a population that was 53% female.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among past-year nonmedical users of prescription stimulants (n = 835), the estimated prevalence of any past-year simultaneous co-ingestion of prescription stimulants and other substances was 64.4%. The substances most commonly co-ingested with prescription stimulants included marijuana (51.1%) and alcohol (48.4%). Nonmedical users who co-ingested prescription stimulants with other substances were more likely to report non-oral routes of administration, recreational motives and greater subjective high when using prescription stimulants than nonmedical users who did not co-ingest prescription stimulants with other substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of past-year nonmedical users of prescription stimulants reported simultaneous co-ingestion of prescription stimulants and other substances. The findings indicate that co-ingestion of prescription stimulants and other substances is a pervasive behavior among US adolescents who engage in nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and should be carefully considered in future clinical practice and research.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sean Esteban
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: Brady T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Ty S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Schepis
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Teter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: adolescents; co-ingestion; polydrug use; prescription stimulants; simultaneous use