title: Pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in developing nations.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the prevalence or incidence, risk factors, and costs of pressure ulcers among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), specifically in the context of the developing world. To highlight important targets for intervention and research for pressure ulcer management the world over.
  
  
  METHODS
  World Bank 'low-income' and 'middle-income' countries with a gross national income per capita <$12 746.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCI-associated pressure ulcers are very prevalent in developing nations; however, reported prevalence and incidence numbers are highly variable. Risk factors for pressure ulcers are similar in developed and developing countries however many of the risk factors are more prevalent in developing nations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCI-associated pressure ulcers are common but can be prevented in the developing world. Key targets for interventions include acute care, nurse-to-patient ratios, support surfaces and education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Zakrasek
authors.affiliation: 1] Spinal Cord Injury Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Creasey
authors.affiliation: Spinal Cord Injury Service, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Crew
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D039781:PubMed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*