title: Competition influence in the segregation of the trophic niche of otariids: a case study using isotopic Bayesian mixing models in Galapagos pinnipeds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The feeding success of predators is associated with the competition level for resources, and, thus, sympatric species are exposed to a potential trophic overlap. Isotopic Bayesian mixing models should provide a better understanding of the contribution of preys to the diet of predators and the feeding behavior of a species over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures from pup hair samples of 93 Galapagos sea lions and 48 Galapagos fur seals collected between 2003 and 2009 in different regions (east and west) of the archipelago were analyzed. A PDZ Europa ANCA-GSL elemental analyzer interfaced with a PDZ Europa 20-20 continuous flow gas source mass spectrometer was employed. Bayesian models, SIAR and SIBER, were used to estimate the contribution of prey to the diet of predators, the niche breadth, and the trophic overlap level between the populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical differences in the isotopic values of both predators were observed over the time. The mixing model determined that Galapagos fur seals had a primarily teutophagous diet, whereas the Galapagos sea lions fed exclusively on fish in both regions of the archipelago. The SIBER analysis showed differences in the trophic niche between the two sea lion populations, with the western rookery of the Galapagos sea lion being the population with the largest trophic niche area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A trophic niche partitioning between Galapagos fur seals and Galapagos sea lions in the west of the archipelago is suggested by our results. At intraspecific level, the western population of the Galapagos sea lion (ZwW) showed higher trophic breadth than the eastern population, a strategy adopted by the ZwW to decrease the interspecific competition levels in the western region.
authors.affiliation: Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ) and Galapagos Science Center, Galápagos, Ecuador; Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, Unidad Técnica Operativa San Cristóbal, Galápagos, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Páez-Rosas
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Pérez
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riofrío-Lazo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004484:Ecuador; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D046069:Fur Seals / Q000502:physiology*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008954:Models, Biological; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D046070:Sea Lions / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes