title: Occurrence of Stachybotrys chartarum chemotype S in dried culinary herbs.
abstract: Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum is an omnipresent cellulolytic mould which produces secondary metabolites, such as the highly toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes. While it is known to occur in animal feed like hay and straw as well as in water-damaged indoor environments, there is little knowledge about the occurrence of S. chartarum and its secondary metabolites in food. The objective of the present study was to examine selected dried culinary herbs for the presence of S. chartarum chemotype S, to assess the potential risk of a contamination of foods with macrocyclic trichothecenes. In total, 50 Stachybotrys isolates from different types of culinary herbs (n=100) such as marjoram (Origanum majorana Linné (L.)), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and savory (Satureja hortensis L.) were examined by MTT-cell culture test (effect-based bioassay), ELISA, and by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Selected toxic and non-toxic isolates (n=15) were genetically characterized by PCR and sequencing. Five isolates (10%) were highly toxic in the MTT-cell culture test, and the production of macrocyclic trichothecenes was proven by ELISA and LC-MS/MS. These five isolates were genetically confirmed as S. chartarum chemotype S. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about a contamination of dried culinary herbs with toxigenic S. chartarum.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Schoenleutnerstr. 8, D-85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany, Barbara.Biermaier@ls.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biermaier
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gareis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D031341:Origanum / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D031362:Satureja / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017365:Spices / Q000382:microbiology*; D013191:Stachybotrys / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D046930:Thymus Plant / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D009183:Mycotoxins