title: Adolescents' self-esteem in single and two-parent families.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-esteem is one of the basic needs for all individuals especially in adolescence. The aim of this study was to determine associations between adolescents' self-esteem and perceived maternal parenting styles as well as its dimensions in terms of family type.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this analytic cross-sectional study, 356 high school students (250 two-parent nuclear family and 106 single-parent family) participated and filled out the Coppersmith self-esteem and the Robinson and colleagues (2001) perceived parenting styles questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 18. To assess the relationship between participants' self-esteem and parenting styles and dimensions, Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square test was used to adjust the effect of potential confounder variables. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a total of 370 questionnaires, 356 questionnaires were completed. The mean±SD of the participants' self-esteem score was 38.49±6.55. Mean±SD of self-esteem score among the two-parent and single-parent students was 39.06±6.36 and 37.42±7.28, respectively (P=0.034). Dominant parenting style in both families was authoritative style. There were significant associations between the respondents' self-esteem and their perceived parenting styles, after matching sex, family income, level of education, and parents job (P<0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this research can be used in educational interventions to modify the dimensions of parenting styles and improve self-esteem. Therefore, considering the relationship between child-rearing style and adolescent self-esteem, assessing other relating factors with adolescent self-esteem especially in single-parent family, such as father absence stigma, is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Social Determents of Health Research Centre, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran;
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alami
authors.affiliation: Social Determents of Health Research Centre, Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran;
authors.forename: Shahla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khosravan
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran;
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sadegh Moghadam
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Gonabad university of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
authors.forename: Fateme
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pakravan
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Gonabad university of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
authors.forename: Fateme
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hosseni
keywords: Adolescence; Nuclear Family; Parenting Behavior; Self-Esteem; Single-Parent Family