title: Direct renin inhibitor therapy and swimming training: hemodynamic and cardiac effects in hypertensive and normotensive rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to analyze the hemodynamic and cardiac effects of direct renin inhibitor (DRI) treatment and swimming training in hypertensive rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven rats were divide into eight groups: sedentary normotensive (SN), trained normotensive (TN), sedentary normotensive treated with DRI (SN_DRI), trained normotensive treated with DRI (TN_DRI), sedentary hypertensive (SH), trained hypertensive (TH), sedentary hypertensive treated with DRI (SH_DRI), trained hypertensive treated with DRI (TH_DRI). Swimming training occurred for up to 60 min, five times a week for four weeks. The hypertensive animals were treated with 20 mg ċ kg(-1) ċ day(-1) L-NAME for four weeks. Groups treated with DRI received 10 mg ċ kg(-1) ċ day(-1) of aliskiren for four weeks. After the treatment period, all the animals underwent femoral artery catheterization surgery for direct measurement of cardiovascular variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SH group presented hypertension (136.4 ± 5.0 mmHg) compared to the SN (107.1 ± 1.7 mmHg). The TH group showed lower mean arterial pressure (MAP) than the SH (121.1 ± 1.3 mmHg), but the treatment with DRI did not attenuate hypertension (128.2 ± 4.9 mmHg). The analysis of collagen areas demonstrated that treatment with DRI may attenuate cardiac remodeling in situations of hypertension, in the condition of treatment alone or combined with physical training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both interventions in combination may be more effective at reducing cardiovascular risk in hypertensive subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Physical Education and Sports Center, State University of Londrina , Londrina-PR , Brazil .
authors.forename: Karla Fabiana
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Goessler
authors.forename: Marli Cardoso
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Martins-Pinge
authors.forename: Natalia Veronez
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.forename: Marlusa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karlen-Amarante
authors.forename: Fábio Goulart
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.forename: Marcos Doederlein
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Polito
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005650:Fumarates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D000092502:Renin Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005650:Fumarates; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D012083:Renin; D000092502:Renin Inhibitors; C446481:aliskiren
keywords: Arterial blood pressure; direct renin inhibitor; hypertension; physical training