title: Comparison of trace element concentration in bone and intervertebral disc tissue by atomic absorption spectrometry techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trace element (TE) analysis in human tissue has the dual purpose of assessing environmental pollution and metabolism. In literature, bone TE analysis is common, but studies in intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue are lacking. The aim of the study was evaluation of the difference of TE concentration in intervertebral disc and bone in patients with degenerative changes. The comparison of the tissues differing in metabolism, blood perfusion, or separateness from adjoining tissues but playing similar biomechanical role and presenting some common morphological traits may shed new light on metabolism nuances, degenerative process, as well as accumulation potential of IVD in respect to bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the study, we analyzed two types of samples: intervertebral disc (n =30, from 22 patients operated due to degenerative disc disease) and femoral bone (n =26, separately femoral head and neck, from 26 patients, acquired in total hip arthroplasty procedure in course of idiopathic osteoarthritis of the hip joint). In the samples we analyzed, with atomic absorption spectrometry, the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Mo, Cu, Mg, and Zn.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The element concentrations identified in bone are comparable to those presented in the literature. In the case of Pb, Ni, Mo, Mg, and Zn, the concentration in the bone was 2 to 25.8 times higher than that observed in the disc. Only the Cu concentration was higher in disc tissue than in bone. In disc tissue, fewer samples had TE concentrations below the detection threshold. We found significant differences in TE profiles in the compared tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the disc could serve as a more stable compartment for evaluating TE concentration, especially for TEs that are environmentally related.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, University of Medical Science Poznan, 28 Czerwca 1956r St., Poznań, 61-545, Poland. pismiennictwo1@gmail.com.|Clinic and Polyclinic of Neuroorthopedic and Neurology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Spartańska 1, Warsaw, 02-637, Poland. pismiennictwo1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Kubaszewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Water and Soil Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, Poznań, 61-614, Poland. ziola.a@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anetta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zioła-Frankowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Water and Soil Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, Poznań, 61-614, Poland. marcin.frankowski@amu.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frankowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Oncologic Orthopaedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, University of Medical Science Poznan, 28 Czerwca 1956r St., Poznań, 61-545, Poland. gabinet.rogala@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rogala
authors.affiliation: Clinic and Polyclinic of Neuroorthopedic and Neurology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Spartańska 1, Warsaw, 02-637, Poland. zuzanna.gasik@poczta.onet.pl.
authors.forename: Zuzanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gasik
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, University of Medical Science Poznan, 28 Czerwca 1956r St., Poznań, 61-545, Poland. dr.kaczmarczyk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaczmarczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Oncologic Orthopaedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, University of Medical Science Poznan, 28 Czerwca 1956r St., Poznań, 61-545, Poland. BeataDeckert@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowakowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Oncologic Orthopaedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, University of Medical Science Poznan, 28 Czerwca 1956r St., Poznań, 61-545, Poland. md@twt.net.pl.
authors.forename: Mikolaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dabrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, W. Dega University Hospital, University of Medical Science Poznan, 28 Czerwca 1956r St., Poznań, 61-545, Poland. wlabedz@poczta.onet.pl.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Labedz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Specialist Medical Center, Polanica-Zdroj, Poland. gmiekisiak@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miękisiak
authors.affiliation: Clinic and Polyclinic of Neuroorthopedic and Neurology, Institute of Rheumatology, Warsaw, Spartańska 1, Warsaw, 02-637, Poland. robert.gasik@ir.ids.pl.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gasik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000737:chemistry*; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000737:chemistry; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000032:analysis; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000378:metabolism; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013131:Spine / Q000737:chemistry*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D008982:Molybdenum; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc