title: Development, validation, and use of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for assessing protein intake in Papua New Guinean Highlanders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article was to develop a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and evaluate its validity to estimate habitual protein intake, and investigate current dietary protein intakes of Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlanders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 32-item FFQ was developed and tested among 135 healthy male and female volunteers. The FFQ-estimated daily total and animal protein intakes were compared with biomarkers and 3-day Weighed Food Records (WFR) by correlation analyses, Bland-Altman plot analyses and joint classification analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FFQ-estimated total protein intake significantly correlated with urinary nitrogen in the first morning void after adjusting urinary creatinine concentration (r = 0.28, P < 0.01) and the FFQ-estimated animal protein intake significantly correlated with the hair δ(15) N (Spearman's r = 0.34, P < 0.001). The limits of agreement were ±2.39 Z-score residuals for total protein intake and ±2.19 Z-score for animal protein intake, and intra-individual differences increased as protein intake increased. The classification into the same and adjacent quartiles was 66.0% for total protein intake and 73.6% for animal protein intake. Median daily total and animal protein intake estimates from the FFQ and the 3-day WFR showed a good agreement with differences of 0.2 and 4.9 g, respectively. None of the studied communities in the PNG Highlands met the biologically required protein intake; although the community closer to an urban center showed higher protein intake than the more remote communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newly developed 32-item FFQ for PNG Highlanders is applicable for evaluation of protein intake at the individual level. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:349-357, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Department of Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Natsuhara
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tomitsuka
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Odani
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tadokoro
authors.forename: Katsura
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Igai
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Greenhill
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Horwood
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Soli
authors.forename: Suparat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phuanukoonnon
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Siba
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umezaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002648:Child; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002149:Energy Intake; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins