title: Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular complications.
abstract: Cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death represent main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Pathogenesis includes close linkage between heart and kidneys and involves traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors. According to a well-established classification of cardiorenal syndrome, cardiovascular involvement in CKD is known as "type-4 cardiorenal syndrome" (chronic renocardiac). The following review makes an overview about epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular complications in CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi - Delfino Hospital, Piazza Aldo Moro, 1, 00034, Colleferro, Roma, Italy, dilulloluca69@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Lullo
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gorini
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santoboni
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ronco
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000150:complications; D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D004452:Echocardiography; D004719:Endomyocardial Fibrosis / Q000150:complications; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors