title: Giving patients a starring role in their own care: a bibliometric analysis of the on-going literature debate.
abstract: Patient-centred care has been advocated as a key component of high-quality patient care, yet its meanings and related actions have been difficult to ascertain.
  
  
  
  To map the use of different terms related to the process of giving patients a starring role in their own care and clarify the possible boundaries between terms that are often mixed.
  
  
  
  A literature search was conducted using different electronic databases. All records containing the search terms 'patient engagement', 'patient activation', 'patient empowerment', 'patient involvement', 'patient adherence', 'patient compliance' and 'patient participation' were collected. Identified literature was then analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The number of yearly publications, most productive countries, cross-concepts articles and various scientific fields dealing with the multidisciplinary concepts were identified.
  
  
  
  Overall, 58 987 papers were analysed. Correspondence analysis revealed three temporal trends. The first period (2002-2004) focused on compliance and adherence, the second period (2006-2009) focused on the relationship between participation and involvement, and the third one (2010-2013) emphasized empowerment. Patient activation and patient engagement followed the temporal development trend connected to the 'immediate future'.
  
  
  
  The bibliometric trend suggests that the role of patient in the health-care system is changing. In the last years, the patient was viewed as a passive receptor of medical prescription. To date, the need to consider patients as active partners of health-care planning and delivery is growing. In particular, the term patient engagement appears promising, not only for its increasing growth of interest in the scholarly debate, but also because it offers a broader and better systemic conceptualization of the patients' role in the fruition of health care. To build a shared vocabulary of terms and concepts related to the active role of patients in the health-care process may be envisaged as the first operative step towards a concrete innovation of health-care organizations and systems.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menichetti
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Libreri
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lozza
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Guendalina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graffigna
mesh_terms: D015706:Bibliometrics; D006281:Health Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000639:trends; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D011209:Power, Psychological
keywords: bibliometric analysis; health care; patient activation; patient adherence; patient compliance; patient empowerment; patient engagement; patient involvement; patient participation; patient-centred