title: Development and pilot testing of an online case-based approach to shared decision making skills training for clinicians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although research suggests that patients prefer a shared decision making (SDM) experience when making healthcare decisions, clinicians do not routinely implement SDM into their practice and training programs are needed. Using a novel case-based strategy, we developed and pilot tested an online educational program to promote shared decision making (SDM) by primary care clinicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-phased approach was used: 1) development of a conceptual model of the SDM process; 2) development of an online teaching case utilizing the Design A Case (DAC) authoring template, a well-tested process used to create peer-reviewed web-based clinical cases across all levels of healthcare training; and 3) pilot testing of the case. Participants were clinician members affiliated with several primary care research networks across the United States who answered an invitation email. The case used prostate cancer screening as the clinical context and was delivered online. Post-intervention ratings of clinicians' general knowledge of SDM, knowledge of specific SDM steps, confidence in and intention to perform SDM steps were also collected online.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine clinicians initially volunteered to participate in the study, of which 49 completed the case and provided evaluations. Forty-three clinicians (87.8%) reported the case met all the learning objectives, and 47 (95.9%) indicated the case was relevant for other equipoise decisions. Thirty-one clinicians (63.3%) accessed supplementary information via links provided in the case. After viewing the case, knowledge of SDM was high (over 90% correctly identified the steps in a SDM process). Determining a patient's preferred role in making the decision (62.5% very confident) and exploring a patient's values (65.3% very confident) about the decisions were areas where clinician confidence was lowest. More than 70% of the clinicians intended to perform SDM in the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive model of the SDM process was used to design a case-based approach to teaching SDM skills to primary care clinicians. The case was favorably rated in this pilot study. Clinician skills training for helping patients clarify their values and for assessing patients' desire for involvement in decision making remain significant challenges and should be a focus of future comparative studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Unit 1444, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA. bvolk@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: Navkiran K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Shokar
authors.forename: Viola B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bulik
authors.forename: Suzanne K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: Patricia Dolan
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: Gurjeet S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Shokar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care / Q000193:education*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation