title: High-resolution mass spectrometry associated with data mining tools for the detection of pollutants and chemical characterization of honey samples.
abstract: Analytical methods for food control are mainly focused on restricted lists of well-known contaminants. This paper shows that liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-HRMS) associated with the data mining tools developed for metabolomics can address this issue by enabling (i) targeted analyses of pollutants, (ii) detection of untargeted and unknown xenobiotics, and (iii) detection of metabolites useful for the characterization of food matrices. A proof-of-concept study was performed on 76 honey samples. Targeted analysis indicated that 35 of 83 targeted molecules were detected in the 76 honey samples at concentrations below regulatory limits. Furthermore, untargeted metabolomic-like analyses highlighted 12 chlorinated xenobiotics, 1 of which was detected in lavender honey samples and identified as 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, a metabolite of dichlobenil, a pesticide banned in France since 2010. Lastly, multivariate statistical analyses discriminated honey samples according to their floral origin, and six discriminating metabolites were characterized thanks to the MS/MS experiments.
authors.affiliation: CEA, iBiTec-S, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB Paris, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Broudin
authors.forename: Mylène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marie
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Corman
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tabet
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ducruix
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Junot
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D057225:Data Mining; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D055432:Metabolomics
keywords: bees; data mining; electrospray; food analysis; high-resolution mass spectrometry; honey; liquid chromatography; metabolite; metabolomics; multiresidue; pesticides; pollutants; veterinary drugs; xenobiotics