title: Vitamin D therapy in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: the DAYLIGHT trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large body of epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency may promote hypertension. This raises the possibility that vitamin D supplementation could be a simple intervention to reduce blood pressure, but data from prospective, randomized trials are limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at 4 sites in the United States. We enrolled 534 individuals 18 to 50 years of age with low vitamin D status (25-hydroxyvitamin D levels ≤25 ng/mL) and systolic blood pressure of 120 to 159 mm Hg. Participants were randomized to high-dose (4000 IU/d) versus low-dose (400 IU/d) oral vitamin D3 for 6 months. The primary end point was change in mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure. Secondary end points included change in ambulatory diastolic blood pressure and clinic systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The median age was 38 years, and 62% of participants were men. Forty-six percent of participants were white, and 48% were black. The median 25-hydroxyvitamin D level at baseline was 15.3 ng/mL. Four-hundred fifty-five participants (85%) had at least 1 follow-up blood pressure measurement; 383 participants (72%) completed the full 6-month study. At the end of the study, there was no significant difference in the primary end point (change in mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure, -0.8 versus -1.6 mm Hg in the high-dose and low-dose arms; P=0.71) or in any of the secondary end points. Furthermore, there was no evidence of association between change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and change in 24-hour systolic blood pressure at 6 months (Spearman correlation coefficient, -0.05, P=0.34). Results were consistent across prespecified subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D supplementation did not reduce blood pressure in individuals with prehypertension or stage I hypertension and vitamin D deficiency. Our findings suggest that the association between vitamin D status and elevated blood pressure noted in observational studies is not causal.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01240512.
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Yanna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dusek
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plotnikoff
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sabatine
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valcour
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swales
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guanaga
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karol
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Atum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azzahir
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Semerit M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Dillon C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Myles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.).
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Newton-Cheh
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.); Department of Biostatistics (Y.S., F.H.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.C.O., T.J.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Integrative Health Research Center, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN (J.D., G.P.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.S.S., S.C.); Esoterix Clinical Lab Services, LabCorp, Research Triangle Park, NC (A.V.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT (H.S., B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.C., D.G., J.R.Y., C.K., M.T., C.N.-C.); Division of Cardiology, Cultural Wellness Center, Minneapolis, MN (A.A., S.M.S.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (M.W.). thomas.j.wang@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058246:Prehypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D002762:Cholecalciferol
keywords: blood pressure; dietary supplements; hypertension; vitamin D deficiency