title: New dry technology of environmentally friendly biomass refinery: glucose yield and energy efficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Today, most of pretreatments used to convert biomass into biofuels are based on expensive chemical processes that not only do not keep the major components intact after separation, but also consume water and generate many effluents. However, dry fractionation technologies are an important step for future biomass biorefineries since they do not require chemicals and do not generate wastewater. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using milling combined with an electrostatic fractionation (ES) of wheat straw (WS) as a way to separate fractions that are enriched in cellulose and more enzymatically accessible, from recalcitrant tissues enriched in lignin-hemicelluloses, in order to produce biofuels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After milling, WS particles are introduced into a tribo-electrostatic separator, where they are positively or negatively charged by tribo-electricity. Then they are introduced into a separation cell comprising two electrodes (+ and -). The negative electrode attracts the positively charged particles and the positive electrode attracts the negatively charged particles. Results show that amorphous cellulose rich particles were clearly more abundant in positively charged fractions (F+), and loose crystalline cellulose, lignin-xylan and ash-containing material were more abundant in negatively charged fractions (F-). Indeed, positively charged fractions (F+) are more accessible upon enzymatic hydrolysis, which resulted, for example, in sugars yield of 43.5% glucose (254 gKg(-1)) for F2B + compared to 25.2% (103 gKg(-1)) for F2A-, and 26.3% (130 gKg(-1)) for unfractionated WS F0, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination strategy of milling and ES fractionation could improve the economic feasibility by low energy consumption (10.5 WhKg(-1)) and it produces reactive lignocelluloses particles with different physicochemical structures, which can be converted easily into biofuels and biomaterials without generating toxic effluents.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1208 Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes 2, Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, cedex 1 France.
authors.forename: Abdellatif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1208 Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes 2, Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, cedex 1 France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rouau
keywords: Biofuels; Biorefinery; Milling and electrostatic fractionation; Wheat straw