title: Appearance of drug resistance-associated mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and reverse transcriptase derived from drug-treated Indonesian patients.
abstract: Although HIV-1 drug resistance is a major obstacle in Indonesia, information on drug resistance is limited. In this study, the viral subtype and appearance of drug resistance mutations in the HIV-1 protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes were determined among drug-treated, HIV-1-infected patients in Surabaya. HIV-1 patients who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) more than 2 years were randomly recruited regardless of the viral load or ART failure. Fifty-eight HIV-1 PR genes and 53 RT genes were sequenced. CRF01_AE viruses were identified as the predominant strain. Major drug resistance mutations were not detected in the PR genes. In contrast, 37.7% (20/53) of the participants had one or more major drug resistance mutations in the RT genes, predominantly M184V (28.3%), K103N (11.3%), and thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) (20.8%). The high prevalence of drug resistance mutations in RT genes indicated the necessity of monitoring the effectiveness of ART in Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: 1 Indonesian-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University , Surabaya, Indonesia .
authors.forename: Siti Qamariyah
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Khairunisa
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotaki
authors.forename: Adiana Mutamsari
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Witaningrum
authors.forename: Muhammad Qushai
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Yunifiar M
authors.forename: Septhia Dwi
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sukartiningrum
authors.lastname: Nasronudin
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kameoka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease; C514803:p16 protease, Human immunodeficiency virus 1