title: Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of flavonoids and triterpenes isolated from the extracts of Ficus sansibarica Warb. subsp. sansibarica (Moraceae) extracts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ficus species are used in African traditional medicine in the treatment of a wide variety of ailments and diseases such as convulsive disorder, wound healing, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, diabetes, diarrhoeal infections, dysentery, malaria and HIV. The aim of this study was to isolate the phytochemical constituents in the plant and test them for their antibacterial activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fruits, leaves and stem bark were extracted with organic solvents and the compounds in the extracts separated and purified by column chromatography before being identified by NMR spectroscopy and by comparison of the NMR data against values reported in the literature. The antibacterial activity of the pure compounds and extracts were tested using the disk diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three triterpenes and three flavonoids: lupeol acetate (1); cycloart-23-ene-3,25-diol (2); β-sitosterol (3); 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-3-ol (4); epicatechin (5); and isovitexin (6) were isolated in this study. Antimicrobial activity was observed at 8 mg mL(-1) for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 with four of the six isolated compounds, with no activity being observed at 1 - 4 mg mL(-1) against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218 and S. aureus ATCC 43300. Epicatechin (5) was found to decrease adhesion of E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213. Decreased adhesion of S. aureus ATCC 29213 was also observed with 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-3-ol (4) and isovitexin (6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study provide baseline information on F. sansibarica's potential validity in the treatment of infections associated with Gram-positive microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Gbonjubola V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Awolola
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Koorbanally
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hafizah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chenia
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, 3886, South Africa.
authors.forename: Francis O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Shode
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Himansu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baijnath
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D030681:Ficus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes
keywords: Ficus sansibarica; Moraceae; anti-adhesion properties; antimicrobial; flavonoids; triterpenoids