title: Thermoacoustic imaging over large field of view for three-dimensional breast tumor localization: a phantom study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies demonstrated that thermoacoustic imaging (TAI) has great potential for breast tumor detection. However, large field of view (FOV) imaging remains a long-standing challenge for three-dimensional (3D) breast tumor localization. Here, the authors propose a practical TAI system for noninvasive 3D localization of breast tumors with large FOV through the use of ultrashort microwave pulse (USMP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A USMP generator was employed for TAI. The energy density required for quality imaging and the corresponding microwave-to-acoustic conversion efficiency were compared with that of conventional TAI. The microwave energy distribution, imaging depth, resolution, and 3D imaging capabilities were then investigated. Finally, a breast phantom embedded with a laboratory-grown tumor was imaged to evaluate the FOV performance of the USMP TAI system, under a simulated clinical situation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A radiation energy density equivalent to just 1.6%-2.2% of that for conventional submicrosecond microwave TAI was sufficient to obtain a thermoacoustic signal with the required signal-to-noise ratio. This result clearly demonstrated a significantly higher microwave-to-acoustic conversion efficiency of USMP TAI compared to that of conventional TAI. The USMP TAI system achieved 61 mm imaging depth and 12 × 12 cm(2) microwave radiation area. The volumetric image of a copper target measured at depth of 4-6 cm matched well with the actual shape and the resolution reaches 230 μm. The TAI of the breast phantom was precisely localized to an accuracy of 0.1 cm over an 8 × 8 cm(2) FOV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental results demonstrated that the USMP TAI system offered significant potential for noninvasive clinical detection and 3D localization of deep breast tumors, with low microwave radiation dose and high spatial resolution over a sufficiently large FOV.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Wenzheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Fanghao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Cunguang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lou
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000465:Algorithms; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D060733:Electromagnetic Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008872:Microwaves; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio