title: Haptic biofeedback for improving compliance with lower-extremity partial weight bearing.
abstract: After lower-extremity orthopedic trauma and surgery, patients are often advised to restrict weight bearing on the affected limb. Conventional training methods are not effective at enabling patients to comply with recommendations for partial weight bearing. The current study assessed a novel method of using real-time haptic (vibratory/vibrotactile) biofeedback to improve compliance with instructions for partial weight bearing. Thirty healthy, asymptomatic participants were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: verbal instruction, bathroom scale training, and haptic biofeedback. Participants were instructed to restrict lower-extremity weight bearing in a walking boot with crutches to 25 lb, with an acceptable range of 15 to 35 lb. A custom weight bearing sensor and biofeedback system was attached to all participants, but only those in the haptic biofeedback group were given a vibrotactile signal if they exceeded the acceptable range. Weight bearing in all groups was measured with a separate validated commercial system. The verbal instruction group bore an average of 60.3±30.5 lb (mean±standard deviation). The bathroom scale group averaged 43.8±17.2 lb, whereas the haptic biofeedback group averaged 22.4±9.1 lb (P<.05). As a percentage of body weight, the verbal instruction group averaged 40.2±19.3%, the bathroom scale group averaged 32.5±16.9%, and the haptic biofeedback group averaged 14.5±6.3% (P<.05). In this initial evaluation of the use of haptic biofeedback to improve compliance with lower-extremity partial weight bearing, haptic biofeedback was superior to conventional physical therapy methods. Further studies in patients with clinical orthopedic trauma are warranted.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Levi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DeLuke
authors.forename: Rafael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Buerba
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Ying Jean
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Baumgaertner
authors.forename: Jonathan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Grauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016474:Weight-Bearing