title: Self-reported sleep bruxism and nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: relationship to gender and ethnicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nocturnal bruxism is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and GERD is strongly associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Gender and ethnic differences in the prevalence and clinical presentation of these often overlapping sleep disorders have not been well documented. Our aim was to examine the associations between, and the symptoms associated with, nocturnal GERD and sleep bruxism in patients with OSA, and to examine the influence of gender and ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed of patients diagnosed with OSA at an academic sleep center. The patients completed a sleep questionnaire prior to undergoing polysomnography. Patients with confirmed OSA were evaluated based on gender and ethnicity. Associations were determined between sleep bruxism and nocturnal GERD, and daytime sleepiness, insomnia, restless legs symptoms, and markers of OSA severity in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In these patients with OSA, the prevalence of nocturnal GERD (35%) and sleep bruxism (26%) were higher than the general population. Sleep bruxism was more common in Caucasians than in African Americans or Hispanics; there was no gender difference. Nocturnal GERD was similar among all gender and ethnic groups. Bruxism was associated with nocturnal GERD in females, restless legs symptoms in all subjects and in males, sleepiness in African Americans, and insomnia in Hispanics. Nocturnal GERD was associated with sleepiness in males and African Americans, insomnia in females, and restless legs symptoms in females and in Caucasians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with OSA commonly have comorbid sleep bruxism and nocturnal GERD, which may require separate treatment. Providers should be aware of differences in clinical presentation among different ethnic and gender groups.
authors.affiliation: Sentara Healthcare, Virginia Beach, VA, USA ; Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hesselbacher
authors.affiliation: Mercy Health System, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Shweta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Lata
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casturi
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Surani
keywords: Gastroesophageal reflux; obstructive sleep apnea; sleep bruxism.