title: Factors influencing the quality of preconception healthcare in China: applying a preconceptional instrument to assess healthcare needs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preconception care is defined as the promotion of the health and well-being of a woman and her partner before pregnancy. Improving preconception health can result in improved reproductive health outcomes. China has issued latest version official guideline for preconception care in 2011. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to determine whether there is a variation in the quality of preconception healthcare services in distinct eastern and northern populations of China, and what factors are associated with such variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey using our previously developed preconception instrument was conducted. Women at reproductive age planning for pregnancy were surveyed along with their partners at hospitals during their pre-pregnancy health examination. Data collected include general health/life profiles, pregnancy history, alcohol/tobacco/drug exposures, immunizations, micronutrient supplements and the demands in preconception care. After quality assessment, statistical analysis were applied to evaluate the variations in preconception factors between people from Hebei and Jiangsu Provinces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3202 women of reproductive age in from eastern province, Jiangsu, and in a northern province, Hebei, participated this study. 2806 of them and their partners have completed the questionnaire, at a rate of 87.6%, 1011 were from Jiangsu and 1795 were from Hebei. Statistical significance was obtained for maternal age (P < 0.001), body mass index (u =13.590, P <0.001), education (χ2 = 916.33, P < 0.001), occupation (χ2 = 901.78, P < 0.001), health status/common disease, immunization status, and need for preconception care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For a country as large as China, the centralized guideline for standardized preconception healthcare does have a very crucial positive role in reproductive healthcare, but it may not be suited for all populations. Regional authorities should consider the demographics and healthcare needs of the local population and modify the centralized guideline accordingly, as well as provide a better education and professional services for the public, to improve the quality of preconception services at both the regional and the national level.
authors.forename: Xinliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Junzhen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Guozheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Fengying
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Qinying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yucui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Howson
authors.affiliation: Chinese PLA General Hospital/Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China. nanbert.zhong@opwdd.ny.gov.
authors.forename: Nanbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health; D016742:Preconception Care / Q000592:standards*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000592:standards; D034121:Reproductive Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health