title: PM₂.₅-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil impacted by emissions of light-duty vehicles fueled by ethanol-blended gasoline.
abstract: The aim of this study was to characterize the PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and their diagnostic ratios in an area impacted by light-duty vehicles fueled by neat ethanol and ethanol-blended gasoline. Samples were collected using a high-volume sampler, extracted, and analyzed for all 16 EPA-priority PAHs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) following the EPA 3550B Method. The most abundant PAHs were benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene. The total mean concentration was 3.80 ± 2.88 ng m(-3), and the contribution of carcinogenic species was 58 ± 16 % of the total PAHs. The cumulative health hazard from the PAH mixture was determined, and the carcinogenic equivalents and mutagenic equivalents were 0.80 ± 0.82 and 1.17 ± 1.04 ng m(-3), respectively. Diagnostic ratios and normalized ratios were calculated for the individual samples.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A, Sala 408, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Lopes
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Josiane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loyola
authors.forename: Alan Silva
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Minho
authors.forename: Simone Lorena
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Quiterio
authors.forename: Débora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Almeida Azevedo
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arbilla
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D000431:Ethanol