title: Innervation and function of rat tail muscles for modeling cauda equina injury and repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rat tail exhibits functional impairment after cauda equina injury. Our goal was to better understand the innervation and roles of muscles that control the tail.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult rats received either: (1) ventral root injury; (2) caudales nerve injury; or (3) mapping of sacrococcygeal myotomes. Activation of small muscles within the tail itself (intrinsics) was compared with that of larger lumbosacral muscles acting on the tail (extrinsics). Behavioral testing of tail movement was done 1 week later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats that received ventral root injury exhibited multiple behavioral deficits, whereas rats with injury to caudales nerves maintained more fully preserved tail movement. Mapping studies revealed much broader overlap of myotomes for extrinsic muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extrinsic tail muscles play a greater role in tail movement in the rat than their intrinsic counterparts and are innervated by multiple neurological segments. These findings have major implications for future research on cauda equina injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Human Performance, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA.
authors.forename: Juneyoung L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Human Performance, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Human Performance, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA.
authors.forename: Blair
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calancie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011128:Polyradiculopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000503:physiopathology; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology; D013623:Tail / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cauda equina; evoked EMG; mapping; nerve root; ventral