title: Influence of 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, in the evaluation of the genotoxicity of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and zidovudine in female mice.
abstract: Testing new chemical entities for genotoxicity is an integral part of the preclinical drug-development process. Lowering the detection limit and enhancing the sensitivity of genotoxicity assays is required, as the standard test-battery fails to detect some carcinogens (non-genotoxic) and weak genotoxins. One of the mechanisms that affect the detection of weak genotoxins is related with the DNA-repair efficiency of the cell system used. In the present study, 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB, 30 mg/kg body-weight), a poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor, was used to evaluate the DNA-damaging potential of zidovudine (AZT, 400 mg/kg bw), doxorubicin (DOX, 5 mg/kg bw) and cyclophosphamide (CP, 50 mg/kg bw, as a positive control) and sucrose (SUC, 3 g/kg bw, as a negative control) in Swiss female mice. The endpoints considered included micronucleus formation, DNA breakage (in peripheral blood lymphocytes, bone marrow and liver; comet assay) and chromosome aberrations, as well as immunohistochemistry of PARP-1 and phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). The results clearly indicate that the genotoxicity of zidovudine (AZT), doxorubicin (DOX) and cyclophosphamide (CP) was significantly increased in the combination treatments (3-AB+AZT, 3-AB+DOX, 3-AB+CP) as compared with the respective controls (treatment with AZT, DOX and CP alone). There was no increase in the genotoxicity per se after treatment with SUC, 3-AB or 3-AB+SUC, compared with the control (saline). Correlation analysis suggests that all genotoxicity parameters are well correlated with each other. The results clearly show that the genotoxicity of weak genotoxins can be enhanced and detected in the presence of 3-AB in mice. Thus, this approach can be used in the pre-clinical genotoxicity screening of weak genotoxins.
authors.affiliation: Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India. Electronic address: yadav.lokesh52@gmail.com.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India. Electronic address: ksabbir25@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India. Electronic address: kamran.shekh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shekh
authors.affiliation: Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India. Electronic address: gbjena@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Jena
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000633:toxicity*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010766:Phosphorylation; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D013395:Sucrose / Q000633:toxicity; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D015215:Zidovudine; D013395:Sucrose; D004317:Doxorubicin; C025160:3-aminobenzamide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide
keywords: Chromosome aberration; Comet; Genotoxicity; Micronucleus; PARP inhibitor; Weak genotoxins