title: Experimentation with aerosol bonsetan, pirfenidone, treprostinil and sidenafil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been identified either as a symptom or a primary entity. Several drugs are already on the market and other are being investigated. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is also a disease were several drugs are being investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three jet nebulizers and three ultrasound nebulizers were used for our experiments with seven different residual cups and four different loadings. Bonsetan, treprostinil, sidenafil and pirfenidone were modified in order to be produced as aerosol in an effort to identify parameters which influence the droplet size production size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The four-way ANOVA on droplet size using the jet nebulizers revealed two statistically significant factors, drug (F=6.326, P=0.0007) and residual cup (F=4.419, P=0.0007), and their interaction term (F=5.829, P<0.0001). Drugs bonsetan and pirfenidone produce equally the lowest mean droplet size (2.63 and 2.80 respectively) as compared to other two drug mean sizes. The ANOVA results, concerning the ultrasound nebulizers, revealed only the nebulizers as producing significant effect on droplet size (F=4.753, P=0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates the importance of the initial drug design formulation. Moreover, further investigation of the residual cup design is an additional parameter that can assist in the optimal droplet size production, indifferently of the drug formulation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lampaki
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Organtzis
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petridis
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Porpodis
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaiwannou
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karageorgiou
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pitsiou
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kioumis
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hohenforst-Schmidt
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Kaid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Darwiche
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freitag
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Aggeliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rapti
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanghai Hospital, II Military University Hospital, Shanghai, China ; 2 Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 3 Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; 5 II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Hospital, Coburg, Germany ; 6 Department of Interventional Pneumology, "Ruhrlandklinik", West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ; 7 Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital of Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarogoulidis
keywords: Pulmonary hypertension (PH); aerosol; bonsetan; interstitial lung fibrosis; pirfenidone