title: Anticipation and frequency of feeding affect heart reactions in domestic pigs.
abstract: Measuring heart reactions has become a widely used method for the assessment of emotions. Heart rate and its variability, which can quite easily be noninvasively recorded, reflect the inputs of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomous nervous system. We tested the hypothesis that frequent anticipation of a positive event results in an increased state of welfare in pigs, expressed as positive arousal in anticipation of announced feeding as well as lowered heart rate and augmented heart rate variability during resting periods. We used a controlled paradigm with 3 groups of young domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). We compared frequent acoustic announcement of feed delivery (group 1: 3 feedings between 0730 h and 1030 h plus 3 feedings between 1200 h and 1530 h) with the same number of feedings as in group 1 but without a temporal relation to the sound (group 2) and with a fixed-schedule feeding (group 3: 2 feedings at 0600 h and 1500 h). Specific cardiac and behavioral reactions indicated short-term (1 min) anticipation in the conditioned group. In this group, heart rate increased (P < 0.001) mainly through vagal withdraw and behavior became more active (P < 0.001). Only the conditioned group displayed changing heart rate characteristics during the sound. Pigs in the frequent unpredictable feed group reacted to feed delivery with increased heart rates (P < 0.001), whereas the heart-rate characteristics of pigs with the fixed schedule were unchanged during the sound and while the other 2 treatment groups were feeding. Clear evidence for long-term anticipation (over the course of hours) was not present in the data. Comparisons between the 3 treatment groups suggested that in housing conditions where pigs cannot obtain feed by their actions but must wait for feed delivery, feeding at 2 fixed times would be preferred. Animals in this treatment group presented lower resting heart rates at the end of the experiment than animals in the other 2 groups (P < 0.01). Therefore, merely announcing a positive stimulus without giving control to its access is apparently not suitable for increasing welfare.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahnhardt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brietzke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kanitz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Schön
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuchscherer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany gimsa@fbn-dummerstorf.de.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gimsa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manteuffel
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Sus scrofa; animal welfare; behavior; feeding rate; heart rate; heart rate variability