title: Graduated Driver Licensing: An international review.
abstract: Graduated driver licensing (GDL) aims to gradually increase the exposure of new drivers to more complex driving situations and typically consists of learner, provisional and open licence phases. The first phase, the learner licence, is designed to allow novice drivers to obtain practical driving experience in lower risk situations. The learner licence can delay licensure, encourage novice drivers to learn under supervision, mandate the number of hours of practice required to progress to the next phase and encourage parental involvement. The second phase, the provisional licence, establishes various driving restrictions and thereby reduces exposure to situations of higher risk, such as driving at night, with passengers or after drinking alcohol. Parental involvement with a GDL system appears essential in helping novices obtain sufficient practice and in enforcing compliance with restrictions once the new driver obtains a provisional licence. Given the significant number of young drivers involved in crashes within Oman, GDL is one countermeasure that may be beneficial in reducing crash risk and involvement for this group.
authors.affiliation: School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; ; Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Lyndel J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Siobhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety, School of Psychology & Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davey
keywords: Accident Prevention; Automobile Driving; Public Health; Safety; Traffic Accidents