title: Rovers minimize human disturbance in research on wild animals.
abstract: Investigating wild animals while minimizing human disturbance remains an important methodological challenge. When approached by a remote-operated vehicle (rover) which can be equipped to make radio-frequency identifications, wild penguins had significantly lower and shorter stress responses (determined by heart rate and behavior) than when approached by humans. Upon immobilization, the rover-unlike humans-did not disorganize colony structure, and stress rapidly ceased. Thus, rovers can reduce human disturbance of wild animals and the resulting scientific bias.
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France. [3] Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), LIA-647 BioSensib, Monaco.
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Maho
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France. [3] Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), LIA-647 BioSensib, Monaco. [4] Nordic Centre for Research on Marine Ecosystems and Resources under Climate Change, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. [5] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Whittington
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanuise
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boureau
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brucker
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chatelain
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Courtecuisse
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crenner
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grosbellet
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Laëtitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kernaléguen
authors.affiliation: 1] John Downer Productions Ltd, Bristol, UK. [2] Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France. [3] Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Sète, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saraux
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Nathanaël
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France. [3] Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5158, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Vincent A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Viblanc
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thierry
authors.affiliation: Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), LIA-647 BioSensib, Monaco.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: 1] Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire International Associé LIA-647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-UdS), Strasbourg, France. [2] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, LIA-647 BioSensib, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Groscolas
authors.affiliation: Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), LIA-647 BioSensib, Monaco.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Bohec
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D012371:Robotics; D046429:Spheniscidae / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological