title: Efficacy and safety of umbilical cord milking at birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Umbilical cord milking (UCM) is suggested to improve neonatal outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of UCM in full-term and preterm neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Database of Clinical Trials, the clinicaltrials.gov database, and the reference list of retrieved articles from 1940 to 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trials comparing UCM with other strategies of handling the umbilical cord at birth in full-term and preterm infants. Seven of the 18 initially identified studies were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the risk for bias in included trials using the criteria outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal mortality before discharge from the hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 7 randomized clinical trials involving 501 infants. Infants with a gestational age of less than 33 weeks allocated to UCM compared with control conditions showed no difference in the risk for mortality (risk ratio [RR], 0.75 [95% CI, 0.35 to 1.64]; risk difference [RD], -0.02 [95% CI, -0.09 to 0.04]), hypotension requiring volume expanders (RR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.41 to 1.25]; RD, -0.09 [95% CI, -0.22 to 0.05]), or inotrope support (RR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.51 to 1.17]; RD, -0.10 [95% CI, -0.25 to 0.05]). Higher initial levels of hemoglobin (mean difference, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.3-2.7] g/dL) and hematocrit (mean difference, 4.5% [95% CI, 1.5%-7.4%]) were identified in the UCM groups. We found a reduced risk for oxygen requirement at 36 weeks (RR, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.21 to 0.83]; RD, -0.14 [95% CI, -0.25 to -0.04]) and for intraventricular hemorrhage of all grades (RR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.41 to 0.93]; RD, -0.12 [95% CI, -0.22 to -0.02]) in infants assigned to UCM. Among infants with a gestational age of at least 33 weeks, UCM was associated with higher hemoglobin levels in the first 48 hours in 224 infants (mean difference, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.8-1.5] g/dL) and at 6 weeks of life in 170 infants (mean difference, 1.1 [95% CI, 0.7-1.5] g/dL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Umbilical cord milking was associated with some benefits and no adverse effects in the immediate postnatal period in preterm infants (gestational age, <33 weeks); however, further studies are warranted to assess the effect of UCM on neonatal and long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Wassia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Prakesh S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D021041:Placental Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014470:Umbilical Cord
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins