title: Differential hemodynamic effects of exercise and volume expansion in people with and without heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive hemodynamic exercise testing is commonly used in the evaluation of patients with suspected heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or pulmonary hypertension. Saline loading has been suggested as an alternative provocative maneuver, but the hemodynamic changes induced by the 2 stresses have not been compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six subjects (aged, 67±10 years; n=14 HFpEF; n=12 control) underwent right heart catheterization at rest, during supine exercise, and with acute saline loading in a prospective study. Exercise and saline each increased cardiac output and pressures in the right atrium, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillary wedge positions. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, rate-pressure product, and cardiac output were greater with exercise compared with saline. In controls subjects, right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure increased similarly with saline and exercise, whereas in HFpEF subjects, exercise led to ≈2-fold greater increases in right atrial pressure (10±4 versus 6±3 mm Hg; P=0.02), pulmonary arterial pressure (22±8 versus 11±4 mm Hg; P=0.0001), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (18±5 versus 10±4 mm Hg; P<0.0001) compared with saline. Systolic reserve assessed by stroke work and cardiac power output was lower in HFpEF subjects with both exercise and saline. Systemic and pulmonary arterial compliances were enhanced with saline but reduced with exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise elicits greater pulmonary capillary wedge pressure elevation compared with saline in HFpEF but not controls, suggesting that hemodynamic stresses beyond passive stiffness and increased venous return explain the development of pulmonary venous hypertension in HFpEF. Exercise testing is more sensitive than saline loading to detect hemodynamic derangements indicative of HFpEF.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01418248.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN (M.J.A., T.P.O., G.C.K., B.A.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.J.A.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (V.M.).
authors.forename: Mads J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN (M.J.A., T.P.O., G.C.K., B.A.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.J.A.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (V.M.).
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN (M.J.A., T.P.O., G.C.K., B.A.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.J.A.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (V.M.).
authors.forename: Vojtech
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Melenovsky
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN (M.J.A., T.P.O., G.C.K., B.A.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.J.A.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (V.M.).
authors.forename: Garvan C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN (M.J.A., T.P.O., G.C.K., B.A.B.); Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.J.A.); and Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (V.M.). borlaug.barry@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Barry A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Borlaug
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: exercise nutrition physiology; heart failure; hemodynamics