title: Relationship between fine particulate air pollution and ischaemic heart disease morbidity and mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A time-series study conducted in Beijing from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012. Data on 369,469 IHD cases and 53,247 IHD deaths were collected by the Beijing Monitoring System for Cardiovascular Diseases, which covers all hospital admissions and deaths from IHD from Beijing's population of 19.61 million.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean daily PM2.5 concentration was 96.2 μg/m(3) with a range from 3.9 to 493.9 μg/m(3). Only 15.3% of the daily PM2.5 concentrations achieved WHO Air Quality Guidelines target (25 μg/m(3)) in the study period. The dose-response relationships between PM2.5 and IHD morbidity and mortality were non-linear, with a steeper dose-response function at lower concentrations and a shallower response at higher concentrations. A 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 0.27% (95% CI 0.21 to 0.33%, p<2.00×10(-16)) increase in IHD morbidity and a 0.25% (95% CI 0.10 to 0.40%, p=1.15×10(-3)) increase in mortality on the same day. During the 3 years, there were 7703 cases and 1475 deaths advanced by PM2.5 pollution over expected rates if daily levels had not exceeded the WHO target.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PM2.5 concentration was significantly associated with IHD morbidity and mortality in Beijing. Our findings provide a rationale for the urgent need for stringent control of air pollution to reduce PM2.5 concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wuxiang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Information Statistics Center, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Public Health Information Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xueqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Information Statistics Center, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zaihua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Guoxing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Public Health Information Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wanru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jiayi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhangrong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002681:China; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter