title: Heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter microsatellite polymorphism is associated with progressive atherosclerosis and incident cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) exerts cytoprotective effects in response to various cellular stressors. A variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in the HO-1 gene promoter region has previously been linked to cardiovascular disease. We examined this association prospectively in the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death was registered between 1995 and 2010 in 812 participants of the Bruneck Study aged 45 to 84 years (49.4% males). Carotid atherosclerosis progression was quantified by high-resolution ultrasound. HO-1 variable number tandem repeat length was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Subjects with ≥32 tandem repeats on both HO-1 alleles compared with the rest of the population (recessive trait) featured substantially increased cardiovascular disease risk (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 5.45 [2.39, 12.42]; P<0.0001), enhanced atherosclerosis progression (median difference in atherosclerosis score [interquartile range], 2.1 [0.8, 5.6] versus 0.0 [0.0, 2.2] mm; P=0.0012), and a trend toward higher levels of oxidized phospholipids on apolipoprotein B-100 (median oxidized phospholipids/apolipoprotein B level [interquartile range], 11364 [4160, 18330] versus 4844 [3174, 12284] relative light units; P=0.0554). Increased cardiovascular disease risk in those homozygous for ≥32 repeats was also detected in a pooled analysis of 7848 participants of the Bruneck, SAPHIR, and KORA prospective studies (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 3.26 [1.50, 7.33]; P=0.0043).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found a strong association between the HO-1 variable number tandem repeat polymorphism and cardiovascular disease risk confined to subjects with a high number of repeats on both HO-1 alleles and provides evidence for accelerated atherogenesis and decreased antioxidant defense in this vascular high-risk group.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pechlaner
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Willeit
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Summerer
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santer
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kronenberg
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Egon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demetz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsimikas
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Witztum
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Willeit
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Iglseder
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paulweber
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Lyudmyla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kedenko
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haun
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gieger
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller-Nurasyid
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.).
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willeit
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (R.P., P.W., K.W., J.W., S.K.) and Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology (M.S., F.K., M.H.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (P.W.); Departments of Laboratory Medicine (P.S.) and Internal Medicine (G.E.), Hospital of Bruneck, Bruneck, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (E.D., G.W.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.T., J.L.W.); Department of Geriatric Medicine (B.I.) and First Department of Internal Medicine (B.P., L.K.), Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Epidemiology II (C.M., A.P.), Institute of Genetic Epidemiology (C.G., M.M.-N.), Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (C.G.), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (M.M.-N., A.P.). stefan.kiechl@i-med.ac.at.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiechl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000097:blood; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010641:Phenotype; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: C569471:APOB protein, human; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D005819:Genetic Markers; D010743:Phospholipids; C496541:HMOX1 protein, human; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1
keywords: atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; genetic polymorphism; risk factor