title: An inverse association between magnesium in 24-h urine and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged subjects in 50 CARDIAC Study populations.
abstract: Serum, plasma and dietary magnesium (Mg) have been reported to be inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors. We examined the associations between the 24-h urinary Mg/creatinine (Cre) ratio and cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), serum total cholesterol (TC) and prevalence of obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 4211 participants (49.7% women) aged 48-56 years in 50 population samples from 22 countries in the World Health Organization-coordinated Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study (1985-1994). In linear regression analyses, Mg/Cre ratio was inversely associated with BMI, systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and TC (P for linear trend <0.001 for each). These associations were not markedly altered by adjustment for traditional risk factors, urinary markers or cohort effects. Multivariate-adjusted mean values for the subjects in the highest Mg/Cre ratio quintile were 6.3, 3.4, 5.3 and 4.6% lower than those for the subjects in the lowest quintile for BMI, SBP, DBP and TC (P < 0.001, respectively). The prevalence of obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia was 2.10 (95% confidence interval: 1.50, 2.95), 1.55 (1.25, 1.92) and 2.06 (1.63, 2.62) times higher (P < 0.001, respectively) among the subjects in the lowest Mg/Cre ratio quintile than in the subjects in the highest quintile. These associations were not appreciably altered by adjustment for potential confounding variables. In conclusion, higher 24-h urinary Mg/Cre ratio was associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk factors, including BMI, BP, TC, obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan [2] Laboratory of Preventive Nutritional Medicine, Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto, Japan [3] International (Former WHO-Collaborating) Center for Research on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamori
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Preventive Nutritional Medicine, Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto, Japan [2] International (Former WHO-Collaborating) Center for Research on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sagara
authors.affiliation: 1] International (Former WHO-Collaborating) Center for Research on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyoto, Japan [2] Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shunsaku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizushima
authors.affiliation: 1] International (Former WHO-Collaborating) Center for Research on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyoto, Japan [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Longjian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1] International (Former WHO-Collaborating) Center for Research on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyoto, Japan [2] School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: International (Former WHO-Collaborating) Center for Research on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nara
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008274:Magnesium / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine; D008274:Magnesium