GLP-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes mellitus: recent developments and emerging agents.
More than 26 million people in the United States have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Many treatment options exist, but achieving long-term glycemic control in patients with T2D remains challenging. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) offer a treatment option that improves glycemic control and reduces weight, with a low risk of hypoglycemia. They have emerged as attractive options for the treatment of T2D, and significant advances and developments continue to be published regarding these agents. To identify relevant literature on emerging issues related to GLP-1 RAs, a search of the MEDLINE database was performed. Studies published in English evaluating the safety and efficacy of GLP-1 RAs were analyzed. Because of their advantages and unique mechanism of action, GLP-1 RAs are currently being studied in new clinical areas, including in combination with basal insulin, as adjunctive therapy in type 1 diabetes, and for weight loss. In addition, there are several emerging agents in development. Lixisenatide is a once-daily GLP-1 RA that targets postprandial glucose and may be most useful when added to basal insulin as an alternative to rapid-acting insulin. Albiglutide and dulaglutide are once-weekly GLP-1 RAs that may offer more convenient dosing. The most common adverse effects of all GLP-1 RA agents are gastrointestinal (e.g., nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting), but the rates of occurrence vary among agents. Due to the differences in pharmacokinetics, efficacy, rates of adverse effects, and administration requirements within the GLP-1 RA class, each agent should be evaluated independently. The future of GLP-1 RAs offers broader treatment options for T2D as well as potential in other treatment areas.
University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado.
Jennifer M
JM
Trujillo
Wesley
W
Nuffer
D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor
D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D004763:Glucagon-Like Peptides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; D007328:Insulin; D010455:Peptides; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; C534611:rGLP-1 protein; C479460:lixisenatide; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor; C555680:dulaglutide
GLP-1 receptor agonist; type 2 diabetes