Current models of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation by growth factors and amino acids.
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is now referred to as mechanistic target of rapamycin, integrates many signals, including those from growth factors, energy status, stress, and amino acids, to regulate cell growth and proliferation, protein synthesis, protein degradation, and other physiological and biochemical processes. The mTOR-Rheb-TSC-TBC complex co-localizes to the lysosome and the phosphorylation of TSC-TBC effects the dissociation of the complex from the lysosome and activates Rheb. GTP-bound Rheb potentiates the catalytic activity of mTORC1. Under conditions with growth factors and amino acids, v-ATPase, Ragulator, Rag GTPase, Rheb, hVps34, PLD1, and PA have important but disparate effects on mTORC1 activation. In this review, we introduce five models of mTORC1 activation by growth factors and amino acids to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation for future research.
College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China. dong2186@163.com.
Xu
X
Zheng
College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China. xixils@163.com.
Yan
Y
Liang
College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China. qbr2010@126.com.
Qiburi
Q
He
College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China. 18647808043@163.com.
Ruiyuan
R
Yao
College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China. bwlnhm@sina.com.
Wenlei
W
Bao
College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China. baolili1203@126.com.
Lili
L
Bao
College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China. wangyf@life.imu.edu.cn.
Yanfeng
Y
Wang
College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China. lswzg@imu.edu.cn.
Zhigang
Z
Wang
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D008954:Models, Biological; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
D000596:Amino Acids; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D000076222:Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases