Innate Defense against Fungal Pathogens.
Human fungal infections have been on the rise in recent years and proved increasingly difficult to treat as a result of the lack of diagnostics, effective antifungal therapies, and vaccines. Most pathogenic fungi do not cause disease unless there is a disturbance in immune homeostasis, which can be caused by modern medical interventions, disease-induced immunosuppression, and naturally occurring human mutations. The innate immune system is well equipped to recognize and destroy pathogenic fungi through specialized cells expressing a broad range of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This review will outline the cells and PRRs required for effective antifungal immunity, with a special focus on the major antifungal cytokine IL-17 and recently characterized antifungal inflammasomes.
Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
Rebecca A
RA
Drummond
Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261.
Sarah L
SL
Gaffen
Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
Amy G
AG
Hise
Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
Gordon D
GD
Brown
D000818:Animals; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005658:Fungi / Q000276:immunology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000276:immunology; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000276:immunology; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000276:immunology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D009181:Mycoses / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology; D011951:Receptors, Complement / Q000276:immunology; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000276:immunology; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000276:immunology; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin
D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D058847:Inflammasomes; D020381:Interleukin-17; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011951:Receptors, Complement; D000099215:DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin