Chronic kidney disease and risk of renal cell carcinoma: differences by race.
BACKGROUND
The incidence of renal cell carcinoma in the United States differs by race/ethnicity. To better understand these disparities, we conducted a nested case-control study investigating renal cell carcinoma risk factors across racial/ethnic groups within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health care network.


METHODS
Our study included 3136 renal cell carcinoma cases (2152 whites, 293 blacks, 425 Hispanics, and 255 Asians) diagnosed between 1998 and 2008 and 31031 individually matched controls (21478 whites, 2836 blacks, 4147 Hispanics, and 2484 Asians). Risk of renal cell carcinoma was assessed in relation to smoking status, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using conditional logistic regression, and population attributable risk (PAR) to estimate by race the proportion of cases attributable to hypertension and chronic kidney disease.


RESULTS
The association between chronic kidney disease and renal cell carcinoma differed markedly by race (Pinteraction < 0.001), with associations observed among blacks (OR = 10.4 [95% CI = 6.0-17.9]), Asians (5.1 [2.2-11.7]), and Hispanics (2.3 [1.1-4.6]) but not whites (1.1 [0.6-1.9]). Hypertension, high BMI, and smoking were associated with renal cell carcinoma, but findings generally did not differ by race. Relative to other racial/ethnic groups, blacks had the highest proportion of renal cell carcinoma incidence attributable to hypertension and chronic kidney disease (combined, PAR = 37%; hypertension only, PAR = 27%; chronic kidney disease, PAR = 10%).


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that hypertension and chronic kidney disease likely have contributed to the observed excess in renal cell carcinoma incidence among blacks compared with whites.
From the aOccupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; bDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; cDepartment of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; dDepartment of Epidemiology, The University of Texas, Houston, TX; and eOntario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Jonathan N
JN
Hofmann
Douglas A
DA
Corley
Wei K
WK
Zhao
Joanne S
JS
Colt
Brian
B
Shuch
Wong-Ho
WH
Chow
Mark P
MP
Purdue
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult