Periodontal and peri-implant microbiota in patients with healthy and inflamed periodontal and peri-implant tissues.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the prevalence and levels of six bacterial pathogens within the subgingival/submucosal microbiota at teeth versus implants with various clinical conditions.


METHODS
Twenty-two Chinese were included. Four subgingival/submucosal sites were selected for microbiological sampling within each subject, that is, (1) healthy peri-implant tissues; (2) peri-implantitis [PPD ≥ 5 mm, presence of bleeding on probing (BOP) and confirmed radiographic bone loss]; (3) healthy gingiva; and (4) periodontitis (PPD ≥4 mm). Subgingival/submucosal plaque was sampled using paper points. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was used to quantify six pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.), Treponema denticola (T.d.), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n.), Prevotella intermedia (P.i.), and Staphylococcus aureus (S.a.). Counts were log10-transformed.


RESULTS
The most commonly detected species were S. a. and F. n., while A. a. and. P. i. had the lowest detection frequency. The detection frequencies of diseased tooth or implant sites for each of the six target species were either equal to or higher than the respective frequencies at the corresponding healthy sites. There were no statistically significant differences for any of the species or clinical sites (P > 0.05, Cochran's Q test). No statistically significant differences in the bacterial loads were found among the four clinical sites; with the exception of F. nucleatum. This was more abundant in periodontitis sites (P = 0.023, Friedman's 2-way anova). Both periodontal and peri-implant sites, irrespective of their health status, were revealed to harbor S. aureus cells. The log10-transformed loads of S. aureus were approximately 3.5 within each of the clinical sites (P = 0.232). This was the highest of the six species analyzed.


CONCLUSIONS
Within the same subjects, putative periodontal pathogens were common to both periodontal and peri-implant sites irrespective of health status. The prevalence and levels of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were significantly associated with periodontitis, but not with peri-implantitis. A. actinomycetemcomitans was associated with both disease conditions, periodontitis and peri-implantitis, but not with either gingival or mucosal health.
Implant Dentistry, Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Long-Fei
LF
Zhuang
Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Rory M
RM
Watt
Implant Dentistry, Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Nikos
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7358-7496
N
Mattheos
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Implantology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Mi-Si
MS
Si
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Implantology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Hong-Chang
HC
Lai
Implant Dentistry, Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.|School of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.|School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Niklaus P
NP
Lang
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification
etiology; implant dentistry; microbiota; peri-implantitis; periodontitis; periodontology; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; subgingival/submucosal plaque