The same microbiota and a potentially discriminant metabolome in the saliva of omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and Vegan individuals.
The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three "salivary types" that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using (1)H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis.
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
Francesca
F
De Filippis
Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.
Lucia
L
Vannini
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
Antonietta
A
La Storia
Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.
Luca
L
Laghi
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
Paola
P
Piombino
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
Giuseppina
G
Stellato
Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.
Diana I
DI
Serrazanetti
Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Giorgia
G
Gozzi
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Silvia
S
Turroni
Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy.
Ilario
I
Ferrocino
Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Camilla
C
Lazzi
Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
Raffaella
R
Di Cagno
Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
Marco
M
Gobbetti
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
Danilo
D
Ercolini
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067269:Diet, Vegan; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology*; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D000066989:Vegans