The effect of intermittent preventive treatment on anti-malarial drug resistance spread in areas with population movement.
BACKGROUND
The use of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women (IPTp), children (IPTc) and infant (IPTi) is an increasingly popular preventive strategy aimed at reducing malaria risk in these vulnerable groups. Studies to understand how this preventive intervention can affect the spread of anti-malarial drug resistance are important especially when there is human movement between neighbouring low and high transmission areas. Because the same drug is sometimes utilized for IPTi and for symptomatic malaria treatment, distinguishing their individual roles on accelerating the spread of drug resistant malaria, with or without human movement, may be difficult to isolate experimentally or by analysing data. A theoretical framework, as presented here, is thus relevant as the role of IPTi on accelerating the spread of drug resistance can be isolated in individual populations and when the populations are interconnected and interact.


METHODS
A previously published model is expanded to include human movement between neighbouring high and low transmission areas, with focus placed on the malaria parasites. Parasite fitness functions, determined by how many humans the parasites can infect, are used to investigate how fast resistance can spread within the neighbouring communities linked by movement, when the populations are at endemic equilibrium.


RESULTS
Model simulations indicate that population movement results in resistance spreading fastest in high transmission areas, and the more complete the anti-malarial resistance the faster the resistant parasite will tend to spread through a population. Moreover, the demography of infection in low transmission areas tends to change to reflect the demography of high transmission areas. Additionally, when regions are strongly connected the rate of spread of partially resistant parasites (R1) relative to drug sensitive parasites (RS), and fully resistant parasites (R2) relative to partially resistant parasites (R1) tend to behave the same in both populations, as should be expected.


CONCLUSIONS
In fighting anti-malarial drug resistance, different drug resistance monitoring and management policies are needed when the area in question is an isolated high or low transmission area, or when it is close and interacting with a neighbouring high or low transmission area, with human movement between them.
Department of Mathematics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA. mit703@lehigh.edu.
Miranda I
MI
Teboh-Ewungkem
Jemal
J
Mohammed-Awel
Frederick N
FN
Baliraine
Scott M
SM
Duke-Sylvester
D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D063426:Human Migration; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000187:drug effects*
D000962:Antimalarials