Nicotine during pregnancy: changes induced in neurotransmission, which could heighten proclivity to addict and induce maladaptive control of attention.
Prenatal exposure to nicotine, occurring either via maternal smoking or via use of transdermal nicotine patches to facilitate cigarette abstinence by pregnant women, is associated with ∼ 13% of pregnancies worldwide. Nicotine exposure during gestation has been correlated with several negative physiological and psychosocial outcomes, including heightened risk for aberrant behaviors involving alterations in processing of attention as well as an enhanced liability for development of drug dependency. Nicotine is a terotogen, altering neuronal development of various neurotransmitter systems, and it is likely these alterations participate in postnatal deficits in attention control and facilitate development of drug addiction. This review discusses the alterations in neuronal development within the brain's major neurotransmitter systems, with special emphasis placed on alterations within the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, in light of the role this cholinergic nucleus plays in attention and addiction. Changes induced within this nucleus by gestational exposure to nicotine, in combination with changes induced in other brain regions, are likely to contribute to the transgenerational burden imposed by nicotine. Although neuroplastic changes induced by nicotine are not likely to act in isolation, and are expected to interact with epigenetic changes induced by preconception exposure to drugs of abuse, unraveling these changes within the developing brain will facilitate eventual development of targeted treatments for the unique vulnerability for arousal disorders and development of addiction within the population of individuals who have been prenatally exposed to nicotine.
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark.
K A
KA
Kohlmeier
D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000139:chemically induced; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
D013723:Teratogens; D009538:Nicotine
LDT; arousal; cholinergic; laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; reticular activating system; smoking