Timing in talking: what is it used for, and how is it controlled?
In the first part of the paper, we summarize the linguistic factors that shape speech timing patterns, including the prosodic structures which govern them, and suggest that speech timing patterns are used to aid utterance recognition. In the spirit of optimal control theory, we propose that recognition requirements are balanced against requirements such as rate of speech and style, as well as movement costs, to yield (near-)optimal planned surface timing patterns; additional factors may influence the implementation of that plan. In the second part of the paper, we discuss theories of timing control in models of speech production and motor control. We present three types of evidence that support models of speech production that involve extrinsic timing. These include (i) increasing variability with increases in interval duration, (ii) evidence that speakers refer to and plan surface durations, and (iii) independent timing of movement onsets and offsets.
Linguistics and English Language, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, UK turk@ling.ed.ac.uk.
Alice
A
Turk
Speech Communication Group, Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
Stefanie
S
Shattuck-Hufnagel
D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010507:Periodicity; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
extrinsic speech timing; optimal control theory; phonetic implementation; prosodic structure; smooth signal redundancy; speech production