A literature review on self-care of chronic illness: definition, assessment and related outcomes.
BACKGROUND
Chronic illnesses care represents a challenging issue for people well-being and future health systems' sustainability. Promotion of self-care is considered a key point for chronically ill patients' care. The aim of this literature was to explore: how self-care of chronic illness has been theoretically defined; how self-care can be assessed in clinical and research settings; what associations exist between self-care and health outcomes of chronically ill patients.


RESULTS
A wide range of definitions and terminologies related to self-care of chronic illness has been found in the literature. Although some common elements useful to explain the concept of self-care have been identified, the physical, cognitive, emotional and social processes underlying self-care remain controversial and poorly defined. Valid and reliable disease-specific assessment tools have been developed and used in a growing number of studies; however, the lack of utilization of standardized instruments in clinical practice has been referred by many authors. Significant correlations between self-care of chronic illness and outcome measures e.g. general health status, quality of life and healthcare costs, are reported by a limited number of studies.


CONCLUSIONS
Supporting patient self-care is recognized as a crucial factor in chronic illness care. A deeper analysis of variables and processes influencing self-care could help for a full description of the phenomenon. A systematic evaluation of self-care in health professionals' everyday clinical practice is strongly recommended. The development of general non-disease-specific assessment tools could facilitate the evaluation of complex patients, especially those with multiple co-morbidities. Although self-care has been recognized as a vital intermediate outcome, further large-scale studies clarifying the association between self-care and patients' and health systems' outcomes are needed.
RN, MSN, Ph.D, Ricercatore, Area Ricerca Infermieristica, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni. Corrispondence: davideausili@gmail.com.
Davide
D
Ausili
RN, MSN, Infermiere Libero Professionista, Assistenza Domiciliare Integrata, Monza e Brianza.
Matteo
M
Masotto
RN, MSN, Ph.D Student, Centre for Innovation and Leadership in Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton.
Chiara
C
Dall'Ora
RN, MSN, Tutor Corso di Laurea in Infermieristica, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza.
Lorena
L
Salvini
RN, MSN, Professore Associato in Scienze Infermieristiche, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Monza.
Stefania
S
Di Mauro
D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000451:nursing*; D003071:Cognition; D017281:Cost of Illness; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D020377:Self Efficacy