Prices of second-line antiretroviral treatment for middle-income countries inside versus outside sub-Saharan Africa.
BACKGROUND
Antiretrovirals are available at low prices in sub-Saharan Africa, but these prices may not be consistently available for middle-income countries in other regions with large HIV epidemics. Over 30% of HIV infected people live in countries outside sub-Saharan Africa. Several key antiretrovirals are still on patent, with generic production restricted. We assessed price variations for key antiretroviral drugs inside versus outside sub-Saharan Africa.


METHODS
HIV drug prices used in national programmes (2010-2014) were extracted from the WHO Global Price Reporting Mechanism database for all reporting middle-income countries as classified by the World Bank. Treatment costs (branded and generic) were compared for countries inside sub-Saharan Africa versus those outside. Five key second-line antiretrovirals were analysed: abacavir, atazanavir, darunavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, raltegravir.


RESULTS
Prices of branded antiretrovirals were significantly higher outside sub-Saharan Africa (p<0.001, adjusted for year of purchase) (see Table 1). For example, the median (interquartile range) price of darunavir from Janssen was $732 (IQR $732-806) per person-year in sub-Saharan Africa versus $4689 (IQR $4075-5717) in non-African middle-income countries, an increase of 541%. However, when supplied by generic companies, most antiretrovirals were similarly priced between countries in sub-Saharan Africa and other regions.


CONCLUSIONS
Pharmaceutical companies are selling antiretrovirals to non-African middle-income countries at prices 74-541% higher than African countries with similar gross national incomes. However, generic companies are selling most of these drugs at similar prices across regions. Mechanisms to ensure fair pricing for patented antiretrovirals across both African and non-African middle-income countries need to be improved, to ensure sustainable treatment access.
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Bryony
B
Simmons
Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Andrew
A
Hill
Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
Nathan
N
Ford
Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Kiat
K
Ruxrungtham
Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Jintanat
J
Ananworanich