An all-in-one nanopore battery array.
A single nanopore structure that embeds all components of an electrochemical storage device could bring about the ultimate miniaturization in energy storage. Self-alignment of electrodes within each nanopore may enable closer and more controlled spacing between electrodes than in state-of-art batteries. Such an 'all-in-one' nanopore battery array would also present an alternative to interdigitated electrode structures that employ complex three-dimensional geometries with greater spatial heterogeneity. Here, we report a battery composed of an array of nanobatteries connected in parallel, each composed of an anode, a cathode and a liquid electrolyte confined within the nanopores of anodic aluminium oxide, as an all-in-one nanosize device. Each nanoelectrode includes an outer Ru nanotube current collector and an inner nanotube of V₂O₅ storage material, forming a symmetric full nanopore storage cell with anode and cathode separated by an electrolyte region. The V₂O₅ is prelithiated at one end to serve as the anode, with pristine V₂O₅ at the other end serving as the cathode, forming a battery that is asymmetrically cycled between 0.2 V and 1.8 V. The capacity retention of this full cell (relative to 1 C values) is 95% at 5 C and 46% at 150 C, with a 1,000-cycle life. From a fundamental point of view, our all-in-one nanopore battery array unveils an electrochemical regime in which ion insertion and surface charge mechanisms for energy storage become indistinguishable, and offers a testbed for studying ion transport limits in dense nanostructured electrode arrays.
1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Chanyuan
C
Liu
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Eleanor I
EI
Gillette
1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [3] Lam Research Corporation, Tualatin, Oregon 97062, USA.
Xinyi
X
Chen
1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Alexander J
AJ
Pearse
1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Alexander C
AC
Kozen
1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Marshall A
MA
Schroeder
1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [3] CIC nanoGUNE, 20012 Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
Keith E
KE
Gregorczyk
1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Sang Bok
SB
Lee
1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA [2] Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Gary W
0000000219013982
GW
Rubloff