The rationale and design of the Beta-blocker to LOwer CArdiovascular Dialysis Events (BLOCADE) Feasibility Study.
OBJECTIVE
The Beta-blocker to LOwer CArdiovascular Dialysis Events (BLOCADE) Feasibility Study aims to determine the feasibility of a large-scale randomized controlled trial with clinical endpoints comparing the beta-blocking agent carvedilol with placebo in patients receiving dialysis.


METHODS
The BLOCADE Feasibility Study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group feasibility study comparing the beta-blocking agent carvedilol with placebo. Patients receiving dialysis for ≥3 months and who are aged ≥50 years, or who are ≥18 years and have diabetes or cardiovascular disease, were eligible. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who complete a 6-week run-in phase in which all participants received carvedilol titrated from 3.125 mg twice daily to 6.25 mg twice daily. Other measures included how many patients are screened, the proportion recruited, the overall recruitment rate, the proportion of participants who remain on study drug for 12 months and the incidence of intra-dialytic hypotension while on randomized treatment.


RESULTS
The BLOCADE Feasibility Study commenced recruiting in May 2011 and involves 11 sites in Australia and New Zealand.


CONCLUSIONS
The BLOCADE Feasibility Study will inform the design of a larger clinical endpoint study to determine whether beta-blocking agents provide benefit to patients receiving dialysis, and define whether such a study is feasible.
Department of Renal Medicine, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Matthew A
MA
Roberts
Helen L
HL
Pilmore
Francesco L
FL
Ierino
Sunil V
SV
Badve
Alan
A
Cass
Amit X
AX
Garg
Carmel M
CM
Hawley
Nicole M
NM
Isbel
Henry
H
Krum
Elaine M
EM
Pascoe
Andrew M
AM
Tonkin
Liza A
LA
Vergara
Vlado
V
Perkovic
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001315:Australia; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D018579:Patient Selection; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol
beta-blocking agent; feasibility study; haemodialysis; peritoneal dialysis; randomized controlled trial