Early-life risk factors for chronic nonrespiratory diseases.
We have witnessed a change in disease patterns contributing to the global burden of disease, with a shift from early childhood deaths due to the classic infectious communicable diseases to years lived with disability from chronic noncommunicable diseases. In both developing and developed countries, the years lived with disability attributable to chronic disease have increased: cardiovascular diseases by 17.7%; chronic respiratory disease by 8.5%; neurological conditions by 12.2%; diabetes by 30.0%; and mental and behavioural disorders by 5.0% over the past 20 years. Recognition of the contribution made by adverse environmental exposures in early life to noncommunicable diseases in later life is increasing. These early-life exposures appear to contribute to both chronic respiratory and chronic nonrespiratory diseases. In this State of the Art article, we aim to examine early-life environmental exposures that have an epidemiological association with chronic nonrespiratory diseases, such as obesity and type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurocognitive and behavioural problems. We will highlight the potential overlap in environmental risks with respiratory diseases, and point out knowledge gaps and research opportunities.
World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Children's Health and Environment, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Archana
A
Chacko
World Health Organization Collaborating Centre in Environmental Health, Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
David O
DO
Carpenter
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Leonie
L
Callaway
World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Children's Health and Environment, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia peter@ichr.uwa.edu.au.
Peter D
PD
Sly
D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors