Ocular complications in robotic surgery.
BACKGROUND
The penetration of robotic technology in various surgical fields may increase ocular complications.


METHODS
A systematic search was performed in both PubMed and Scopus databases.


RESULTS
Eight articles were retrieved by the literature search. In total, 142 patients were included in the study. The most frequent complication was increased intra-ocular pressure. Corneal abrasion, ischaemic optic neuropathy and postoperative visual loss were also reported. The duration of operations was 1.7-9.9 h; mean intra-ocular pressure was 3.6-13.3 mmHg; estimated blood loss was 29.7-1200 ml; and administered intravenous fluids were 1.600-4.300 ml.


CONCLUSIONS
Meticulous preoperative ophthalmological assessment, restriction of intravenous fluids, 'rest stops', eyelid taping and ocular dressings are the major protective measures suggested by the literature. Collaboration between the surgical team and the anaesthetist is also essential. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Attica 'KAT', Athens, Greece.
Ioannis D
ID
Gkegkes
Bristol University Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Department, Bristol, UK.
Andreas
A
Karydis
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Urology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Centre of Minimally Invasive Urological Surgery, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece.
Stavros I
SI
Tyritzis
Gynaecological Oncology Department, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
Christos
C
Iavazzo
Trendelenburg position; corneal abrasion; intra-ocular pressure; ocular complications; robotic surgery