Enzymatically synthesized inorganic polymers as morphogenetically active bone scaffolds: application in regenerative medicine.
In recent years a paradigm shift in understanding of human bone formation has occurred that starts to change current concepts in tissue engineering of bone and cartilage. New discoveries revealed that fundamental steps in biomineralization are enzyme driven, not only during hydroxyapatite deposition, but also during initial bioseed formation, involving the transient deposition and subsequent transformation of calcium carbonate to calcium phosphate mineral. The principal enzymes mediating these reactions, carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase, open novel targets for pharmacological intervention of bone diseases like osteoporosis, by applying compounds acting as potential activators of these enzymes. It is expected that these new findings will give an innovation boost for the development of scaffolds for bone repair and reconstruction, which began with the use of bioinert materials, followed by bioactive materials and now leading to functional regenerative tissue units. These new developments have become possible with the discovery of the morphogenic activity of bioinorganic polymers, biocalcit, bio-polyphosphate and biosilica that are formed by a biogenic, enzymatic mechanism, a driving force along with the development of novel rapid-prototyping three-dimensional (3D) printing methods and bioprinting (3D cell printing) techniques that may allow a fabrication of customized implants for patients suffering in bone diseases in the future.
ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
Xiaohong
X
Wang
ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
Heinz C
HC
Schröder
ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
Werner E G
WE
Müller
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D062028:Bioprinting; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
D020536:Enzyme Activators; D011108:Polymers; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases
Alkaline phosphatase; Alkaline phosphatase activators; Bone metabolism; Ca-carbonate; Carbonic anhydrase; Carbonic anhydrase activators; Hydroxyapatite; Osteoblasts; SaOS-2 cells; Tissue engineering