Astigmatism among myopics and its changes from childhood to adult age: a 23-year follow-up study.
OBJECTIVE
To study the prevalence of and changes in astigmatism from the onset of myopia at school age.


METHODS
Two hundred and forty myopic schoolchildren (mean age 10.9 years), with no previous spectacles, were recruited during 1983-1984 to a randomized 3-year clinical trial of bifocal treatment of myopia. Three annual examinations with subjective cycloplegic refraction were performed for 237-238 subjects. Subsequent examinations were performed at the mean ages of 23.2 and 33.9 years for 178 and 163 subjects, and the last examination, including data from prescriptions of different ophthalmologists, for 32 subjects. Corneal topography was studied at baseline, at the 3-year follow-up and at the two adulthood follow-ups. Prevalence and changes in refractive astigmatism (RA), in its polar values J0 and J45, and corneal astigmatism (CA) were studied.


RESULTS
Mean RA of the right eye increased during follow-up from 0.26 D (SD) ± 0.30 to 0.79 D ± 0.74. Mean CA was 1.07 D ± 0.74 at study end. The prevalence of RA ≥0.25 or ≥1.00 D increased from 54.9 and 3.8% to 83.4 and 34.4%, respectively. The main direction of the axis of RA and its polar value J0 and CA changed mainly through sphericity, from against the rule (ATR) to with the rule during the follow-up. There was a negative correlation between RA and spherical refraction in the ATR group at end of follow-up. Changes in RA were associated with increase in myopia and with changes in CA.


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence and mean amount of RA associated with CA increased, and the axis of astigmatism changed among myopics during the 23-year follow-up.
Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland; Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Olavi
O
Pärssinen
Markku
M
Kauppinen
Anne
A
Viljanen
D001251:Astigmatism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D058452:Axial Length, Eye; D002648:Child; D003315:Cornea / Q000503:physiopathology; D019781:Corneal Topography; D018450:Disease Progression; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
astigmatism; axis; change; cornea; myopia; polar value; prevalence