Mitochondrial effectors of cellular senescence: beyond the free radical theory of aging.
Cellular senescence is a process that results from a variety of stresses, leading to a state of irreversible growth arrest. Senescent cells accumulate during aging and have been implicated in promoting a variety of age-related diseases. Mitochondrial stress is an effective inducer of cellular senescence, but the mechanisms by which mitochondria regulate permanent cell growth arrest are largely unexplored. Here, we review some of the mitochondrial signaling pathways that participate in establishing cellular senescence. We discuss the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion), the electron transport chain (ETC), bioenergetic balance, redox state, metabolic signature, and calcium homeostasis in controlling cellular growth arrest. We emphasize that multiple mitochondrial signaling pathways, besides mitochondrial ROS, can induce cellular senescence. Together, these pathways provide a broader perspective for studying the contribution of mitochondrial stress to aging, linking mitochondrial dysfunction and aging through the process of cellular senescence.
Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, 69007, France; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
Dorian V
DV
Ziegler
Christopher D
CD
Wiley
Michael C
MC
Velarde
D000818:Animals; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D004579:Electron Transport; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D063154:Mitochondrial Dynamics; D008954:Models, Biological
D005609:Free Radicals
NAD; aging; bioenergetics; cellular senescence; electron transport chain; metabolism; mitochondria; reactive oxygen species