Green areas around homes reduce atopic sensitization in children.
BACKGROUND
Western lifestyle is associated with high prevalence of allergy, asthma and other chronic inflammatory disorders. To explain this association, we tested the 'biodiversity hypothesis', which posits that reduced contact of children with environmental biodiversity, including environmental microbiota in natural habitats, has adverse consequences on the assembly of human commensal microbiota and its contribution to immune tolerance.


METHODS
We analysed four study cohorts from Finland and Estonia (n = 1044) comprising children and adolescents aged 0.5-20 years. The prevalence of atopic sensitization was assessed by measuring serum IgE specific to inhalant allergens. We calculated the proportion of five land-use types--forest, agricultural land, built areas, wetlands and water bodies--in the landscape around the homes using the CORINE2006 classification.


RESULTS
The cover of forest and agricultural land within 2-5 km from the home was inversely and significantly associated with atopic sensitization. This relationship was observed for children 6 years of age and older. Land-use pattern explained 20% of the variation in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria on the skin of healthy individuals, supporting the hypothesis of a strong environmental effect on the commensal microbiota.


CONCLUSIONS
The amount of green environment (forest and agricultural land) around homes was inversely associated with the risk of atopic sensitization in children. The results indicate that early-life exposure to green environments is especially important. The environmental effect may be mediated via the effect of environmental microbiota on the commensal microbiota influencing immunotolerance.
Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
L
L
Ruokolainen
L
L
von Hertzen
N
N
Fyhrquist
T
T
Laatikainen
J
J
Lehtomäki
P
P
Auvinen
A M
AM
Karvonen
A
A
Hyvärinen
V
V
Tillmann
O
O
Niemelä
M
M
Knip
T
T
Haahtela
J
J
Pekkanen
I
I
Hanski
D000293:Adolescent; D000383:Agriculture; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004777:Environment; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004957:Estonia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D065928:Forests; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
D000485:Allergens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
Proteobacteria; allergen-specific IgE; biodiversity hypothesis; farming environment; skin microbiota