An empiric antibiotic protocol using risk stratification improves antibiotic selection and timing in critically ill children.
BACKGROUND
Timely and appropriate empiric antibiotics can improve outcomes in critically ill patients with infection. Evidence and guidelines to guide empiric antibiotic decisions are lacking for critically ill children.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the impact of an empiric antibiotic protocol on appropriateness of initial antibiotics and time to appropriate antibiotics in critically ill children with suspected infection.


METHODS
A computer order entry-based, pediatric intensive care unit-specific, empiric antibiotic protocol including risk stratification for healthcare-associated infections was implemented in a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit. Antibiotic and culture data were evaluated for a total of 556 infectious episodes in 491 patients from 2004 (preprotocol, n = 252) and 2007 (protocol, n = 304) with suspected infection. Antibiotics appropriateness based on risk factors and culture results was assessed, as was time from initial culture to appropriate antibiotics.


RESULTS
Patients treated using the protocols were more likely to receive appropriate empiric antibiotics based on risk factors (76 vs. 15%; P < 0.0001) and culture results (89 vs. 64%; P < 0.0001). Patients treated after protocol implementation had a shorter time to appropriate antibiotics (median, 5.9 vs. 9.6 h; P < 0.0001), particularly in those who grew healthcare-associated pathogens (5.8 vs. 24 h; P = 0.0001). No significant baseline characteristic differences were seen.


CONCLUSIONS
An empiric antibiotic protocol in the pediatric intensive care unit incorporating risk stratification for healthcare-associated infections resulted in increased appropriateness of empiric antibiotics and in decreased time to appropriate antibiotics in critically ill children with infection.
1 Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and.
Todd J
TJ
Karsies
Cheryl L
CL
Sargel
David J
DJ
Marquardt
Nadeem
N
Khan
Mark W
MW
Hall
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D036262:Empirical Research; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
antibiotic resistance; pediatric intensive care unit; treatment protocol