Anogenital distance plasticity in adulthood: implications for its use as a biomarker of fetal androgen action.
Androgen action during the fetal masculinization programming window (MPW) determines the maximum potential for growth of androgen-dependent organs (eg, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, and perineum) and is reflected in anogenital distance (AGD). As such, determining AGD in postnatal life has potential as a lifelong easily accessible biomarker of overall androgen action during the MPW. However, whether the perineum remains androgen responsive in adulthood and thus responds plastically to perturbed androgen drive remains unexplored. To determine this, we treated adult male rats with either the antiandrogen flutamide or the estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) for 5 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout period of no treatment. We determined AGD and its correlate anogenital index (AGI) (AGD relative to body weight) at weekly intervals across this period and compared these with normal adult rats (male and female), castrated male rats, and appropriate vehicle controls. These data showed that, in addition to reducing circulating testosterone and seminal vesicle weight, castration significantly reduced AGD (by ∼17%), demonstrating that there is a degree of plasticity in AGD in adulthood. Flutamide treatment increased circulating testosterone yet also reduced seminal vesicle weight due to local antagonism of androgen receptor. Despite this suppression, surprisingly, flutamide treatment had no effect on AGD at any time point. In contrast, although DES treatment suppressed circulating testosterone and reduced seminal vesicle weight, it also induced a significant reduction in AGD (by ∼11%), which returned to normal 1 week after cessation of DES treatment. We conclude that AGD in adult rats exhibits a degree of plasticity, which may be mediated by modulation of local androgen/estrogen action. The implications of these findings regarding the use of AGD as a lifelong clinical biomarker of fetal androgen action are discussed.
MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
Rod T
RT
Mitchell
Will
W
Mungall
Chris
C
McKinnell
Richard M
RM
Sharpe
Lyndsey
L
Cruickshanks
Laura
L
Milne
Lee B
LB
Smith
D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005485:Flutamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010502:Perineum / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D015415:Biomarkers; D004967:Estrogens; D013739:Testosterone; D005485:Flutamide; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone