Splicing variants of androgen receptor in prostate cancer.
Significant advances in our understanding of continued androgen receptor (AR) signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer have led to the development and FDA approval of two next-generation androgen-directed therapies, abiraterone and enzalutamide. These new therapies heralded a new era of prostate cancer therapy. However, disease progression during androgen-directed therapies remains the most critical challenge in the clinical management of prostate cancer. Accumulating evidence points to an important contribution of constitutively-active AR splice variants to AR-driven tumor progression during androgen-directed therapies. In this review, we will focus on the structure, activity, detection, clinical relevance, and mechanisms of production of AR splice variants.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA ; Department of Tulane Cancer Center New Orleans, LA.
Haitao
H
Zhang
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA.
Yang
Y
Zhan
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA.
Xichun
X
Liu
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA.
Yanfeng
Y
Qi
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA.
Guanyi
G
Zhang
Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA ; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA ; Department of Tulane Cancer Center New Orleans, LA.
Oliver
O
Sartor
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA ; Department of Tulane Cancer Center New Orleans, LA ; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University China.
Yan
Y
Dong
AR splice variants; Androgen receptor; castration resistance; prostate cancer