Rapid analysis of deoxynivalenol in durum wheat by FT-NIR spectroscopy.
Fourier-transform-near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy has been used to develop quantitative and classification models for the prediction of deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in durum wheat samples. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression analysis was used to determine DON in wheat samples in the range of <50-16,000 µg/kg DON. The model displayed a large root mean square error of prediction value (1,977 µg/kg) as compared to the EU maximum limit for DON in unprocessed durum wheat (i.e., 1,750 µg/kg), thus making the PLS approach unsuitable for quantitative prediction of DON in durum wheat. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was successfully used to differentiate wheat samples based on their DON content. A first approach used LDA to group wheat samples into three classes: A (DON ≤ 1,000 µg/kg), B (1,000 < DON ≤ 2,500 µg/kg), and C (DON > 2,500 µg/kg) (LDA I). A second approach was used to discriminate highly contaminated wheat samples based on three different cut-off limits, namely 1,000 (LDA II), 1,200 (LDA III) and 1,400 µg/kg DON (LDA IV). The overall classification and false compliant rates for the three models were 75%-90% and 3%-7%, respectively, with model LDA IV using a cut-off of 1,400 µg/kg fulfilling the requirement of the European official guidelines for screening methods. These findings confirmed the suitability of FT-NIR to screen a large number of wheat samples for DON contamination and to verify the compliance with EU regulation.
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy. annalisa.degirolamo@ispa.cnr.it.
Annalisa
A
De Girolamo
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy. salvatore.cervellieri@ispa.cnr.it.
Salvatore
S
Cervellieri
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy. angelo.visconti@ispa.cnr.it.
Angelo
A
Visconti
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy. michelangelo.pascale@ispa.cnr.it.
Michelangelo
M
Pascale
D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005062:European Union; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005506:Food Contamination; D005513:Food Inspection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D007558:Italy; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008954:Models, Biological; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013997:Time Factors; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development
D014255:Trichothecenes; C007262:deoxynivalenol