Removal of alizarin red from aqueous solution by ethyl acetate green nanoemulsions.
The objective of the present study was to develop ethyl acetate (EA) green nanoemulsions for removal of alizarin red (AR) from water. Developed formulations were characterized in terms of thermodynamic stability, self-nanoemulsification efficiency, droplet size, polydispersity, viscosity, refractive index and per cent transmittance. Adsorption studies were performed by mixing small amounts of green nanoemulsions (1 ml) with relatively large amounts of AR solution (10 ml). It was observed that the droplet size, viscosity and % AR removal efficiency were influenced significantly by EA concentration of green nanoemulsions. However, contact time had negligible influence on % AR removal. Based on lowest droplet size (21.3 nm), lowest viscosity (19.3 Pa.s) and highest % AR removal efficiency (72.5%), green nanoemulsion E(1) containing 4.0% w/w of EA, 16.0% w/w of Triton-X100, 8.0% w/w of ethylene glycol and 72% w/w of water was optimized as the best green nanoemulsion composition for removal of AR from its bulk aqueous solution.
Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia and Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia E-mail: faiyazs@fastmail.fm.
Faiyaz
F
Shakeel
Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia and Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia E-mail: faiyazs@fastmail.fm.
Nazrul
N
Haq
Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia and Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia E-mail: faiyazs@fastmail.fm.
Fars K
FK
Alanazi
Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia and Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia E-mail: faiyazs@fastmail.fm.
Ibrahim A
IA
Alsarra
D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000327:Adsorption; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014783:Viscosity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
D000085:Acetates; D000880:Anthraquinones; D004655:Emulsions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C010078:alizarin; C007650:ethyl acetate