Do increasing rates of loss to follow-up in antiretroviral treatment programs imply deteriorating patient retention?
In several studies of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs for persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection, investigators have reported that there has been a higher rate of loss to follow-up (LTFU) among patients initiating ART in recent years than among patients who initiated ART during earlier time periods. This finding is frequently interpreted as reflecting deterioration of patient retention in the face of increasing patient loads. However, in this paper we demonstrate by simulation that transient gaps in follow-up could lead to bias when standard survival analysis techniques are applied. We created a simulated cohort of patients with different dates of ART initiation. Rates of ART interruption, ART resumption, and mortality were assumed to remain constant over time, but when we applied a standard definition of LTFU, the simulated probability of being classified LTFU at a particular ART duration was substantially higher in recently enrolled cohorts. This suggests that much of the apparent trend towards increased LTFU may be attributed to bias caused by transient interruptions in care. Alternative statistical techniques need to be used when analyzing predictors of LTFU--for example, using "prospective" definitions of LTFU in place of "retrospective" definitions. Similar considerations may apply when analyzing predictors of LTFU from treatment programs for other chronic diseases.
Leigh F
LF
Johnson
Janne
J
Estill
Olivia
O
Keiser
Morna
M
Cornell
Haroon
H
Moolla
Michael
M
Schomaker
Anna
A
Grimsrud
Mary-Ann
MA
Davies
Andrew
A
Boulle
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015982:Bias; D003198:Computer Simulation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D059012:Lost to Follow-Up; D055118:Medication Adherence; D012107:Research Design; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
HIV; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; antiretroviral treatment; loss to follow-up; survival analysis