Ethical Tensions in the Pain Management of an End-Stage Cancer Patient with Evidence of Opioid Medication Diversion.
At the end of life, pain management is commonly a fundamental part of the treatment plan for patients where curative measures are no longer possible. However, the increased recognition of opioid diversion for secondary gain coupled with efforts to treat patients in the home environment towards the end of life creates the potential for ethical dilemmas in the palliative care management of terminal patients in need of continuous pain management. We present the case of an end-stage patient with rectal cancer who required a continuous residential narcotic infusion of fentanyl for pain control due to metastatic disease. His functional status was such that he had poor oral intake and ability to perform other activities of daily living, but was able to live at home with health agency nursing care. The patient presented to this institution with a highly suspect history of having lost his fentanyl infusion in a residential accident and asking for a refill to continue home therapy. The treating physicians had concerns of diversion of the infusion medication by caregivers and were reluctant to continue the therapeutic relationship with the patient. This case exemplifies the tension that can exist between wanting to continue with palliative care management of an end-stage patient and the fear of providers when confronted by evidence of potential diversion of opioid analgesic medications. We elucidate how an ethical framework based on a combination of virtue and narrative/relationship theories with reference to proportionality can guide physicians to a pragmatic resolution of these difficult situations.
Department of Emergency Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA. avenkat@wpahs.org.
Arvind
A
Venkat
Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
David
D
Kim
D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000066479:Criminal Behavior; D004358:Drug Therapy; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods; D010820:Physicians / Q000941:ethics; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl
Clinical ethics; End-of-life care; Narrative/relationship theories; Opioid diversion; Proportionality; Virtue theory