Biomarkers for bladder cancer management: present and future.
Accurate and sensitive detection of bladder cancer is critical to diagnose this deadly disease at an early stage, estimate prognosis, predict response to treatment, and monitor recurrence. In past years, laboratory diagnosis and surveillance of urinary bladder cancer have improved significantly. Although urine cytology remains the gold standard test, many new urinary biomarkers have been identified. Furthermore, recent advances in genomic studies of bladder cancer have helped to refine our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, the biological basis for outcome disparities, and to inform more efficient treatment and surveillance strategies. In this article, the established diagnostic tests, newly identified biomarkers and genomic landscape of bladder cancer will be reviewed.
Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York.
Fei
F
Ye
Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York.
Li
L
Wang
Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York.
Mireia
M
Castillo-Martin
Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York ; The Institute for Translational E pidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York.
Russell
R
McBride
Division of Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York.
Matthew D
MD
Galsky
Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York.
Jun
J
Zhu
The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York.
Paolo
P
Boffetta
Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York.
David Y
DY
Zhang
Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York.
Carlos
C
Cordon-Cardo
Bladder cancer; biomarkers; disparities