Work and Non-Work Physical Activity Predict Real-Time Smoking Level and Urges in Young Adults.
BACKGROUND
Physical activity (PA) and smoking are inversely related. However, evidence suggests that some types of PA, namely work-related PA, may show an opposite effect. Despite growing knowledge, there remains a paucity of studies examining the context of these behaviors in naturalistic settings or in young adults, a high-risk group for escalation.


METHODS
Participants were 188 young adults (mean age = 21.32; 53.2% female; 91% current smokers) who participated in an electronic diary week to assess daily smoking and urges and a PA recall to examine daily PA. PA was coded into non-work-related and work-related activity to examine differential effects. We considered both participants' weekly average PA and their daily deviations from their average.


RESULTS
Mixed-effects regression models revealed that higher weekly average non-work PA was associated with lower smoking level and urges. Daily deviations in non-work PA did not predict urges; however, increased daily non-work PA relative to participants' weekly average was associated with lower smoking for females but higher levels for males. Regarding work PA, only higher weekly average work PA was associated with higher smoking level for both genders; work PA did not predict urges.


CONCLUSIONS
Results extend previous literature by documenting differential associations between non-work and work PA and young adult smoking and suggest that young adults engaged in work PA should be considered a high-risk group for escalation. Findings provide theoretical and clinical implications for the use of PA in intervention and highlight the necessity of considering PA as a multidimensional construct when examining its links to health behavior.
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; melaniejnadell@gmail.com.
Melanie J
MJ
Nadell
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL;
Robin J
RJ
Mermelstein
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL;
Donald
D
Hedeker
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
David X
DX
Marquez
D034201:Computers, Handheld / Q000639:trends; D066249:Craving / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014937:Work / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult