Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in the nervous system.
Information exchange executed by extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, is a newly described form of intercellular communication important in the development and physiology of neural systems. These vesicles can be released from cells, are packed with information including signaling proteins and both coding and regulatory RNAs, and can be taken up by target cells, thereby facilitating the transfer of multilevel information. Recent studies demonstrate their critical role in physiological processes, including nerve regeneration, synaptic function, and behavior. These vesicles also have a sinister role in the propagation of toxic amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative conditions, including prion diseases and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, in inducing neuroinflammation by exchange of information between the neurons and glia, as well as in aiding tumor progression in the brain by subversion of normal cells. This article provides a summary of topics covered in a symposium and is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the subject.
Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Division of Psychiatry Research and Graduate Schools of Zurich Neuroscience Center and Integrative Physiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, breakefield@hms.harvard.edu Rajendran@bli.uzh.ch.
Lawrence
L
Rajendran
Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Division of Psychiatry Research and Graduate Schools of Zurich Neuroscience Center and Integrative Physiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
Jitin
J
Bali
Human Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.
Maureen M
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4483-2952
MM
Barr
Millenium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile.
Felipe A
FA
Court
Department of Molecular Cell Biology, and Focus Programme of Translational Neuroscience, University of Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany.
Eva-Maria
EM
Krämer-Albers
Millenium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Frederic
F
Picou
Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75248 Paris, France, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris F-75248, France.
Graça
G
Raposo
Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and.
Kristan E
KE
van der Vos
Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75248 Paris, France, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris F-75248, France.
Guillaume
G
van Niel
Human Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.
Juan
J
Wang
Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 breakefield@hms.harvard.edu Rajendran@bli.uzh.ch.
Xandra O
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6036-0399
XO
Breakefield
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002923:Cilia / Q000502:physiology; D055354:Exosomes / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000503:physiopathology; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology