The effects of dietary polyphenols on reproductive health and early development.
BACKGROUND
Emerging evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies suggests that dietary polyphenols play an important role in the prevention of chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. Although these beneficial health claims are supported by experimental data for many subpopulation groups, some studies purport that excessive polyphenol consumption may have negative health effects in other subpopulations. The ever-growing interest and public awareness surrounding the potential benefits of natural health products and polyphenols, in addition to their widespread availability and accessibility through nutritional supplements and fortified foods, has led to increased consumption throughout gestation. Therefore, understanding the implications of polyphenol intake on obstetrical health outcomes is of utmost importance with respect to safe consumption during pregnancy.


METHODS
Using relevant keywords, a literature search was performed to gather information regarding polyphenol pharmacology and the molecular mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their biological effects. The primary focus of this paper is to understand the relevance of these findings in the context of reproductive physiology and medicine.


RESULTS
Evidence from both in vitro experiments and in vivo studies using animals and humans demonstrates that polyphenols regulate key targets related to oxidative stress, inflammation and advanced glycation end products. Although the majority of these studies have been conducted in the context of chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, several of the key targets influenced by polyphenols are also related to a variety of obstetrical complications, including pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth. Polyphenols have also been shown to influence fertility and sexual development, fetal health and the bioavailability of nutrients.


CONCLUSIONS
Further research leading to a thorough understanding of the physiological roles and potential clinical value that polyphenol consumption may play in pregnancy is urgently needed to help inform patient safety.
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5 Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9 cly032@uottawa.ca.
Christina
C
Ly
Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9.
Julien
J
Yockell-Lelièvre
Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6.
Zachary M
ZM
Ferraro
Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
John T
JT
Arnason
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5 Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9 Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5 Bruker BioSpin Corp., Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
Jonathan
J
Ferrier
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5 Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9 Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6.
Andrée
A
Gruslin
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000378:metabolism; D060728:Reproductive Health
D059808:Polyphenols
beneficial and adverse effects; molecular targets; polyphenols; pregnancy; reproduction