Nickel and cobalt release from children's toys purchased in Denmark and the United States.
BACKGROUND
Nickel is the most common allergen detected by patch testing in children. There is an increasing number of cases in children who have not had exposure to piercing. Although the clinical relevance of nickel patch test reactions in children is sometimes uncertain, continued vigilance to identify new sources of nickel exposure in this age group is important. Recent case reports have described allergic nickel contact dermatitis in children following exposure to toys, but the magnitude of this problem is unknown.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate nickel and cobalt release from children's toys.


METHODS
We purchased 212 toys in 18 different retail and online stores in the United States and Denmark. Nickel and cobalt release was tested using the dimethylglyoxime and cobalt screening spot tests.


RESULTS
A total of 73 toys (34.4%) released nickel, and none released cobalt.


CONCLUSIONS
Toys are a commonly overlooked source of nickel exposure and sensitization. Therefore, dermatologists, allergists, and pediatricians should consider the role of toys in their evaluation of children with dermatitis, and the parents of children with positive nickel patch test reactions should be told that toys may release nickel and be a potential chemical source in the manifestation of allergic contact dermatitis.
From the *Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark; †Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus ‡Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby ∥Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University, and ¶Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego.
Peter
P
Jensen
Dathan
D
Hamann
Carsten R
CR
Hamann
Morten S
MS
Jellesen
Sharon E
SE
Jacob
Jacob P
JP
Thyssen
D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003035:Cobalt / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D003718:Denmark; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D010988:Play and Playthings; D014481:United States
D000485:Allergens; D003035:Cobalt; D009532:Nickel