Fetal growth and maternal glomerular filtration rate: a systematic review.
OBJECTIVE
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may influence concentrations of biomarkers of exposure and their etiologic significance in observational studies of associations between environmental contaminants and fetal growth. It is unknown whether the size of a developing fetus affects maternal GFR such that a small fetus leads to reduced plasma volume expansion (PVE), reduced GFR and subsequent higher concentrations of biomarkers in maternal serum. Our objective was to answer the question: "Is there an association between fetal growth and maternal GFR in humans?"


METHODS
We adapted and applied the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology to assess the evidence of an association between fetal growth and GFR, either directly or indirectly via reduction in PVE.


RESULTS
We identified 35 relevant studies. We rated 31 human and two non-human observational studies as "low" quality and two experimental non-human studies as "very low" quality. We rated all three evidence streams as "inadequate". The association between fetal growth and GFR was "not classifiable" according to pre-specified definitions.


CONCLUSIONS
There is currently insufficient evidence to support the plausibility of a reverse causality hypothesis for associations between exposure to environmental chemicals during pregnancy and fetal growth. Further research would be needed to confirm or disprove this hypothesis.
a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA .
Hanna M
HM
Vesterinen
a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA .|b California Department of Public Health , Occupational Health Branch , Richmond , CA , USA .
Paula I
PI
Johnson
a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA .
Dylan S
DS
Atchley
a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA .
Patrice
P
Sutton
c Department of Health , Policy and Management, John Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA .
Juleen
J
Lam
d Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, UCSF , San Francisco , CA , USA , and.
Marya G
MG
Zlatnik
e Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , UCSF , San Francisco , CA , USA.
Saunak
S
Sen
a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA .
Tracey J
TJ
Woodruff
D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*
Fetal growth; glomerular filtration rate; perfluorooctanoic acid; plasma volume expansion; reproductive environmental health; reverse causality; the navigation guide