The cultural validation of two scales to assess social stigma in leprosy.
BACKGROUND
Stigma plays in an important role in the lives of persons affected by neglected tropical diseases, and assessment of stigma is important to document this. The aim of this study is to test the cross-cultural validity of the Community Stigma Scale (EMIC-CSS) and the Social Distance Scale (SDS) in the field of leprosy in Cirebon District, Indonesia.


RESULTS
Cultural equivalence was tested by assessing the conceptual, item, semantic, operational and measurement equivalence of these instruments. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted to increase our understanding of the concept of stigma in Cirebon District. A process of translation, discussions, trainings and a pilot study followed. A sample of 259 community members was selected through convenience sampling and 67 repeated measures were obtained to assess the psychometric measurement properties. The aspects and items in the SDS and EMIC-CSS seem equally relevant and important in the target culture. The response scales were adapted to ensure that meaning is transferred accurately and no changes to the scale format (e.g. lay out, statements or questions) of both scales were made. A positive correlation was found between the EMIC-CSS and the SDS total scores (r=0.41). Cronbach's alphas of 0.83 and 0.87 were found for the EMIC-CSS and SDS. The exploratory factor analysis indicated for both scales an adequate fit as unidimensional scale. A standard error of measurement of 2.38 was found in the EMIC-CSS and of 1.78 in the SDS. The test-retest reliability coefficient was respectively, 0.84 and 0.75. No floor or ceiling effects were found.


CONCLUSIONS
According to current international standards, our findings indicate that the EMIC-CSS and the SDS have adequate cultural validity to assess social stigma in leprosy in the Bahasa Indonesia-speaking population of Cirebon District. We believe the scales can be further improved, for instance, by adding, changing and rephrasing certain items. Finally, we provide suggestions for use with other neglected tropical diseases.
Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ruth M H
RM
Peters
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
Dadun
Netherlands Leprosy Relief, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Wim H
WH
Van Brakel
Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Marjolein B M
MB
Zweekhorst
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
Rita
R
Damayanti
Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Joske F G
JF
Bunders
Centre for Disability Studies, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
Irwanto
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007918:Leprosy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057545:Social Stigma; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult