Evaluation of PAH contamination in soil treated with solid by-products from shale pyrolysis.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils to which solid shale materials (SSMs) were added as soil conditioners. The SSMs were derived from the Petrosix pyrolysis process developed by Petrobras (Brazil). An improved ultrasonic agitation method was used to extract the PAHs from the solid samples (soils amended with SSMs), and the concentrations of the compounds were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The procedure provided satisfactory recoveries, detection limits, and quantification limits. The two-, three-, and four-ring PAHs were most prevalent, and the highest concentration was obtained for phenanthrene (978 ± 19 μg kg(-1) in a pyrolyzed shale sample). The use of phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene ratios revealed that the PAHs were derived from petrogenic rather than pyrogenic sources. The measured PAH concentrations did not exceed national or international limit values, suggesting that the use of SSMs as soil conditioners should not cause environmental damage.
Federal Institute of Paraná (IFPR), Câmpus Palmas, PRT 280, Palmas, PR, 85555-000, Brazil.
Jaqueline
J
Nicolini
Muhammad Y
MY
Khan
M
M
Matsui
Lílian C
LC
Côcco
Carlos I
CI
Yamamoto
Wilson A
WA
Lopes
Jailson B
JB
de Andrade
Clenio N
CN
Pillon
Gregorio G Carbajal
GG
Arizaga
Antonio S
AS
Mangrich
D001938:Brazil; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D017745:Incineration; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
D008903:Minerals; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants