Role of resistin in the inflammatory response induced by nicotine plus lipopolysaccharide in human periodontal ligament cells in vitro.
OBJECTIVE
Resistin was recently reported to play a role in inflammation-related diseases such as arthritis. However, the precise role of resistin in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as periodontal disease, remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of nicotine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of resistin and to assess whether resistin expression influences the levels of inflammatory cytokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and MMPs in human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) stimulated with both nicotine and LPS.


METHODS
PDLCs were pretreated with isoproterenol or resistin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), stimulated with LPS plus nicotine for 24 h, and then monitored for the production of inflammatory mediators. The concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by radioimmunoassay and the Griess method, respectively. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to measure the levels of mRNA and protein, respectively. Western blot analysis was also used to assess the activation of various signal-transduction pathways.


RESULTS
Treatment with nicotine plus LPS up-regulated the expression of resistin mRNA and the production of resistin protein in PDLCs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Isoproterenol-mediated interference with the function of resistin, or siRNA-mediated knockdown of resistin expression, markedly attenuated the LPS plus nicotine-mediated stimulation of PGE2 and NO production, the production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase proteins and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-12] and MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9); however, these treatments restored the expression of ECM molecules. Furthermore, pretreatment with isoproterenol or resistin-specific siRNA blocked nicotine plus LPS-induced activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, β-catenin, p38, ERK, JNK and nuclear factor-κB.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study to show that the inhibition of resistin, by either a pharmacological or a genetic silencing approach, has anti-inflammatory effects. These effects include decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines and the prevention of ECM breakdown in a nicotine plus LPS-stimulated PDLC model.
Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
S K
SK
Kang
Department of Preventive and Society Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
Y D
YD
Park
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
S I
SI
Kang
Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
D K
DK
Kim
Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
K L
KL
Kang
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
S Y
SY
Lee
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
H J
HJ
Lee
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
E C
EC
Kim
D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009538:Nicotine; D010513:Periodontal Ligament; D052243:Resistin
D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D052243:Resistin; D009538:Nicotine; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
MMPs; inflammatory cytokine; lipopolysaccharide; nicotine; periodontitis; resistin