Are residents of mountain-top mining counties more likely to have infants with birth defects? The West Virginia experience.
BACKGROUND
Pooled 1996 to 2003 birth certificate data for four central states in Appalachia indicated higher rates of infants with birth defects born to residents of counties with mountain-top mining (MTM) than born to residents of non-mining-counties (Ahern 2011). However, those analyses did not consider sources of uncertainty such as unbalanced distributions or quality of data. Quality issues have been a continuing problem with birth certificate analyses. We used 1990 to 2009 live birth certificate data for West Virginia to reassess this hypothesis.


METHODS
Forty-four hospitals contributed 98% of the MTM-county births and 95% of the non-mining-county births, of which six had more than 1000 births from both MTM and nonmining counties. Adjusted and stratified prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) were computed both by using Poisson regression and Mantel-Haenszel analysis.


RESULTS
Unbalanced distribution of hospital births was observed by mining groups. The prevalence rate of infants with reported birth defects, higher in MTM-counties (0.021) than in non-mining-counties (0.015), yielded a significant crude PRR (cPRR = 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36-1.52) but a nonsignificant hospital-adjusted PRR (adjPRR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.97-1.20; p = 0.16) for the 44 hospitals. So did the six hospital data analysis ([cPRR = 2.39; 95% CI = 2.15-2.65] and [adjPRR = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.89-1.14; p = 0.87]).


CONCLUSIONS
No increased risk of birth defects was observed for births from MTM-counties after adjustment for, or stratification by, hospital of birth. These results have consistently demonstrated that the reported association between birth defect rates and MTM coal mining was a consequence of data heterogeneity. The data do not demonstrate evidence of a "Mountain-top Mining" effect on the prevalence of infants with reported birth defects in WV.
Consultants in Epidemiology and Occupational Health (CEOH), LLC, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
Steven H
SH
Lamm
Ji
J
Li
Shayhan A
SA
Robbins
Elisabeth
E
Dissen
Rusan
R
Chen
Manning
M
Feinleib
D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D001719:Birth Certificates; D003031:Coal; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006771:Hospitals, Maternity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D050498:Live Birth; D008297:Male; D008906:Mining; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D016008:Statistical Distributions; D014903:West Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology
D003031:Coal
West Virginia; birth certificates; birth defects; data heterogeneity; mountain-top mining