Social stressors and air pollution across New York City communities: a spatial approach for assessing correlations among multiple exposures.
BACKGROUND
Recent toxicological and epidemiological evidence suggests that chronic psychosocial stress may modify pollution effects on health. Thus, there is increasing interest in refined methods for assessing and incorporating non-chemical exposures, including social stressors, into environmental health research, towards identifying whether and how psychosocial stress interacts with chemical exposures to influence health and health disparities. We present a flexible, GIS-based approach for examining spatial patterns within and among a range of social stressors, and their spatial relationships with air pollution, across New York City, towards understanding their combined effects on health.


METHODS
We identified a wide suite of administrative indicators of community-level social stressors (2008-2010), and applied simultaneous autoregressive models and factor analysis to characterize spatial correlations among social stressors, and between social stressors and air pollutants, using New York City Community Air Survey (NYCCAS) data (2008-2009). Finally, we provide an exploratory ecologic analysis evaluating possible modification of the relationship between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and childhood asthma Emergency Department (ED) visit rates by social stressors, to demonstrate how the methods used to assess stressor exposure (and/or consequent psychosocial stress) may alter model results.


RESULTS
Administrative indicators of a range of social stressors (e.g., high crime rate, residential crowding rate) were not consistently correlated (rho = - 0.44 to 0.89), nor were they consistently correlated with indicators of socioeconomic position (rho = - 0.54 to 0.89). Factor analysis using 26 stressor indicators suggested geographically distinct patterns of social stressors, characterized by three factors: violent crime and physical disorder, crowding and poor access to resources, and noise disruption and property crimes. In an exploratory ecologic analysis, these factors were differentially associated with area-average NO2 and childhood asthma ED visits. For example, only the 'violent crime and disorder' factor was significantly associated with asthma ED visits, and only the 'crowding and resource access' factor modified the association between area-level NO2 and asthma ED visits.


CONCLUSIONS
This spatial approach enabled quantification of complex spatial patterning and confounding between chemical and non-chemical exposures, and can inform study design for epidemiological studies of separate and combined effects of multiple urban exposures.
Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. jlcarr@pitt.edu.
Jessie L C
JL
Shmool
Laura D
LD
Kubzansky
Ogonnaya Dotson
OD
Newman
John
J
Spengler
Peggy
P
Shepard
Jane E
JE
Clougherty
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D013315:Stress, Psychological
D000393:Air Pollutants; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide