Nosocomial infections in ambulances and effectiveness of ambulance fumigation techniques in Saudi Arabia. Phase I study.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate infection control and the incidence of bacterial pathogens in Emergency Medical Service (EMS) ambulances in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The effectiveness of fumigation techniques used for these ambulances to minimize the spread of infection to transported patients and pre-hospital care providers was also assessed.


METHODS
Based on previous literature review indicating a higher propensity of microbial load, 3 areas within the ambulance, such as, stretcher handle, oxygen flow meter knob, and interior handle of the rear door were selected for specimen collection. Swab samples were collected both in the day and night shift, after the intended disinfection and cleaning (before and after fumigation). Micro-organisms were identified using standard procedures. This phase-I study was conducted at the Emergency Medical Services Department, Prince Sultan Bin AbdulAziz College of Emergency Medical Services, Al Malaz, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between October and November 2013, wherein a total of 10 ambulances from the Saudi Red Crescent Authority in Riyadh were selected for inclusion in the study.


RESULTS
The specimens from all 10 ambulances showed similar results. In post disinfection and before fumigation, swab samples showed positive cultures that grew moderate to large quantities of environmental and skin flora. However, almost all organisms were susceptible to the fumigation technique.


CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms the importance of evaluating the frequency and efficiency of various fumigation techniques as an ambulance is a potential reservoir for microbial transmission to patients and staff.
Prince Sultan Bin AbdulAziz College of Emergency Medical Services, Al-Malaz, King Saud University, PO Box 25063, Riyadh 11466, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tel. +966 (11) 2097928. E-mail. dalrazeeni@ksu.edu.sa.
Daifallah
D
Alrazeeni
Mohammed S
MS
Al Sufi
D000552:Ambulances; D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050456:Fomites / Q000382:microbiology*; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058254:Stretchers / Q000382:microbiology*
D004202:Disinfectants