Hepatic proteome analysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after exposure to environmental concentrations of human pharmaceuticals.
Pharmaceuticals are pseudopersistent aquatic pollutants with unknown effects at environmentally relevant concentrations. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed to Acetaminophen: 54.77 ± 34.67; Atenolol: 11.08 ± 7.98, and Carbamazepine: 7.85 ± 0.13 μg·L(-1) for 5 days. After Acetaminophen treatment, 19 proteins were differently expressed, of which 11 were significant with respect to the control group (eight up-regulated and three down-regulated). After Atenolol treatment, seven differently expressed proteins were obtained in comparison with the control, of which six could be identified (four up-regulated and two down-regulated). Carbamazepine exposure resulted in 15 differently expressed proteins compared with the control, with 10 of them identified (seven up-regulated and three down-regulated). Out of these, three features were common between Acetaminophen and Carbamazepine and one between Carbamazepine and Atenolol. One feature was common across all treatments. Principal component analysis and heat map clustering showed a clear grouping of the variability caused by the applied treatments. The obtained data suggest (1) that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the pharmaceuticals alters the hepatic protein expression profile of the Atlantic salmon; and (2) the existence of treatment specific processes that may be useful for biomarker development.
From the ‖Department for Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; ¶¶Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; ‡‡Andalusian Institute for Marine Sciences (ICMAN), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; miriam.hampel@uca.es.
Miriam
M
Hampel
§Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 741011 Seville, Spain;
Esteban
E
Alonso
§Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 741011 Seville, Spain;
Irene
I
Aparicio
§Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 741011 Seville, Spain;
Juan Luis
JL
Santos
‡Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK.
Michael
M
Leaver
D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010449:Peptide Mapping; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000378:metabolism*
D029941:Fish Proteins; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D020543:Proteome