Age, insulin requirements, waist circumference, and triglycerides predict hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in patients with type 1 diabetes.
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is higher than in the general population and leads to detrimental effects on metabolic control, lipid profile, and body composition. Few studies have examined its role in type 1 diabetes mellitus.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of HH in patients with type 1 diabetes and associated risk factors.


METHODS
Clinical and biochemical parameters were gathered on initial evaluation. An HH score creating different experimental models was devised to calculate the risk of HH for an individual with type 1 diabetes.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study of 181 male patients with type 1 diabetes consecutively admitted to the Diabetes outpatient clinics of three urban hospitals. All participants were Caucasians aged ≥ 18 years with type 1 diabetes duration of more than 6 months.


RESULTS
One hundred and eighty-one male patients with a mean age of 44.2 ± 13.2 years and a type 1 diabetes duration of 18.9 ± 12.7 years were included. Fifteen patients had HH, representing a prevalence of 8.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.3-12.3%). Age (odds ratio [OR] 1.066 [95% CI: 1.002-1.134]), waist circumference (OR 1.112 [95% CI: 1028-1203]), and insulin requirements ([IU/Kg] ×10 [OR 1.486 {95% CI: 1052-2.098}]) were independently associated with the presence of HH. The model that best predicted HH generated this formula: HH-score = (1.060 × age) + (1.084 × waist circumference) + (14.00 × insulin requirements) + triglycerides, where age was expressed in years, waist circumference in cm, insulin requirements in IU/kg/d, and triglycerides in mg/dL. An HH score > 242.4 showed 100% sensitivity and 53.2% specificity for HH diagnosis; positive and negative predictive values were 17.0 % and 100%, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
One in 10 men with type 1 diabetes presents HH. This condition is associated with age, waist circumference, and insulin requirements. A simple formula based on clinical parameters can rule out its presence.
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
Juan J
JJ
Chillarón
Mercè
M
Fernández-Miró
Mercè
M
Albareda
Lluís
L
Vila
Cristina
C
Colom
Sara
S
Fontserè
Juan
J
Pedro-Botet
Juana A
JA
Flores-Le Roux
D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014505:Urban Population; D055105:Waist Circumference
D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
Diabetes Complications; Hypogonadism; Low Testosterone in Men with Diabetes; Metabolic Syndrome; Type 1 Diabetes