Implementation of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography screening and primary stroke prevention in urban and rural sickle cell disease populations.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography identifies children with sickle cell disease (SCD) at increased risk of stroke. Initiation of chronic transfusions as primary stroke prevention in children with abnormal TCD significantly reduces stroke risk. Here, we report the results describing the implementation of TCD screening and primary stroke prevention in both urban and rural clinical practices.



Retrospective chart review identified children ages 2-16 years with Hgb SS or Sß0-thalassemia and no history of stroke followed in either the local urban or rural SCD clinics at Georgia Regents University. We defined standard of care (SOC) as having one TCD performed annually between January 2010 and December 2012 starting at age 2 years.



A total of 195 patients were included in the evaluation of SOC screening, overall 41% achieved SOC. There was no difference in SOC between the two clinics (35% urban and 47.4% rural). The majority of patients with abnormal TCDs are on chronic transfusions (83%), and none have experienced a stroke. Monitoring of effects of transfusion was difficult with 38% and 31% of rural patients lacking documentation of Hgb S% and ferritin levels, respectively, in the past year.



We report here data describing primary stroke prophylaxis in rural patients. SOC rates are similar between the two clinical settings. While implementation of primary stroke prevention in rural patients was difficult, rural TCD screening is feasible and can achieve SOC equal to that in an urban setting. This suggests that barriers exist in provided primary stroke prevention to all patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:219-223. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
Samiya
S
Hussain
Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
Fenwick
F
Nichols
Sickle Cell Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
Latanya
L
Bowman
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
Hongyan
H
Xu
Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.|Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
Cindy
C
Neunert
D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013789:Thalassemia / Q000150:complications; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*; D014505:Urban Population
D006451:Hemoglobin, Sickle; D005293:Ferritins
chronic transfusion therapy; sickle cell disease; transcranial Doppler ultrasonography; treatment adherence