Roles of autophagy in HIV infection.
Autophagy is a major cellular pathway, which at basal levels regulates and maintains the cytoplasmic environment through the capture, isolation and digestion of intracellular materials in a specialized structure called an autophagosome. The unique ability of autophagy to degrade large targets, such as damaged and surplus organelles, intracellular microbes and protein aggregates, has made it a prime focus in inflammation and microbial research. Indeed, autophagy has been shown to be involved in a number of infectious and inflammatory pathologies, by which it may confer protection against intracellular microbes, be targeted by microbes for evasion or be hijacked for microbe biogenesis. In addition, autophagy helps regulate the intracellular and global immune response to both extracellular and intracellular pathogens. Here we review the current literature on the interactions between autophagy and HIV among different immune cells and discuss new research that re-emphasizes the role of inflammation in HIV-mediated CD4(+) T cell death.
Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Christina
C
Dinkins
Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Manohar
M
Pilli
Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
John H
JH
Kehrl
D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; D000071186:Beclin-1; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D025801:Ubiquitin; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C484754:ULK1 protein, human