Pain sensitivity and healing of hot-iron cattle brands.
Hot-iron branding is painful for cattle, but little is known about the duration of or effective methods to control this pain. This work quantified pain sensitivity and healing in branded and unbranded animals. In addition, the effects of a single injection of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) were also considered; this has been suggested as practical method of mitigating pain in the hours after the procedure. Calves (mean±SE, 126±2.2 d and 112±2.8 kg) were hot-iron branded and allocated to 1 of 4 treatments: branded with or without flunixin meglumine (intravenous; 1.1 mg/kg) and unbranded with or without this NSAID (n=12/treatment). Pain sensitivity was assessed by applying a known and increasing force with a von Frey anesthesiometer in the center of the brand (or equivalent area in nonbranded treatments) until animals showed a behavioral response. Healing was measured with a 6-point scale (1=fresh brand and 6=no scabbing and fully repigmented). These measures, along with weight gain and surface temperature, were recorded 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, and 71 d after branding. Lying behavior was recorded with loggers from the day before to d 27 after branding. Brand wounds were more painful than nonbranded tissue (P<0.001). These differences were most pronounced in the days immediately after branding (e.g., d 7; 113±36 g of force for Brand vs. 449±23 g force for No brand, mean±SE) but persisted until d 71 (380±37 g force for Brand vs. 453±23 g of force for No brand, mean±SE); only 67% of brands were fully regimented or healed by this time. The first fully healed brand was identified 8 wk after the procedure. Giving a single injection of flunixin had no brand-specific effects on sensitivity, surface temperature, or healing but improved weight gain in the days after branding in all treated groups (flunixin×brand×day, P<0.001). Flunixin-treated animals also spent 0.7 h less time lying down on the day of branding but tended to spend more time lying on d 15 and 26 after the procedure. The magnitude of these differences is small, less than the day-to-day variation, and not brand specific. In summary, brand wounds take at least 8 wk to heal. These wounds remain painful for a least this long, and a single injection of NSAID has no measurable effect in mitigating pain associated with branding, even in days immediately after the procedure.
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616 cbtucker@ucdavis.edu.
C B
CB
Tucker
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
E M
EM
Mintline
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
J
J
Banuelos
Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
K A
KA
Walker
Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
B
B
Hoar
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
A
A
Varga
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
D
D
Drake
Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
D M
DM
Weary
D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002056:Burns / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003002:Clonixin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D007267:Injections / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; C014558:flunixin meglumine; D003002:Clonixin
animal welfare; branding; cattle; healing; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; wound sensitivity