Fresh versus frozen engineered bone-ligament-bone grafts for sheep anterior cruciate ligament repair.
Surgical intervention is often required to restore knee instability in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The most commonly used grafts for ACL reconstruction are tendon autografts or allografts. These current options, however, have shown failure rates requiring revision and continued instability in the long term. The mismatched biomechanical properties of the current tendon grafts compared with native ACL tissue are thought to contribute to these poor outcomes and potential risk of early onset osteoarthritis. As a possible solution to these issues, our laboratory has fabricated tissue-engineered ligament constructs that exhibit structural and functional properties similar to those of native ACL tissue after 6 months implantation. In addition, these tissue-engineered grafts achieve vascular and neural development that exceeds those of patellar tendon grafts. However, the utility of our tissue-engineered grafts is limited by the labor-intensive method required to produce the constructs and the need to use the constructs fresh, directly from the cell culturing system. Ideally, these constructs would be fabricated and stored until needed. Thus, in this study, we investigated the efficacy of freezing our tissue-engineered constructs as a method of preservation before use for ACL reconstruction. We hypothesized that frozen constructs would have similar histological and biomechanical outcomes compared with our fresh model. Our results showed that 6 months postimplantation as an ACL replacement graft, both our tissue-engineered fresh and frozen grafts demonstrated similar mechanical and histological outcomes, indicating that freezing is a suitable method for preserving and storing our graft before ACL reconstruction. The ability to use frozen constructs significantly increases the versatility of our graft technology expanding the clinical utility of our graft.
1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Vasudevan D
VD
Mahalingam
1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Nilofar
N
Behbahani-Nejad
1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Elizabeth A
EA
Ronan
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Tyler J
TJ
Olsen
3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Michael J
MJ
Smietana
4Medsport Sports Medicine Program, Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Edward M
EM
Wojtys
5Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.|6Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Deneen M
DM
Wellik
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.|3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.|7Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Ellen M
EM
Arruda
1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.|3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Lisa M
LM
Larkin
D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D005615:Freezing; D006085:Graft Survival; D011309:Preservation, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods