BMI is an important driver of β-cell loss in type 1 diabetes upon diagnosis in 10 to 18-year-old children.
OBJECTIVE
Body weight-related insulin resistance probably plays a role in progression to type 1 diabetes, but has an uncertain impact following diagnosis. In this study, we investigated whether BMI measured at diagnosis was an independent predictor of C-peptide decline 1-year post-diagnosis.


METHODS
Multicentre longitudinal study carried out at diagnosis and up to 1-year follow-up.


METHODS
Data on C-peptide were collected from seven diabetes centres in Europe. Patients were grouped according to age at diagnosis (<5 years, n=126; >5 years <10 years, n=295; >10 years <18 years, n=421; >18 years, n=410). Linear regression was used to investigate whether BMI was an independent predictor of change in fasting C-peptide over 1 year. Models were additionally adjusted for baseline insulin dose and HbA1c.


RESULTS
In individuals diagnosed between 0 and 5 years, 5 and 10 years and those diagnosed >18 years, we found no association between BMI and C-peptide decline. In patients aged 10-18 years, higher BMI at baseline was associated with a greater decline in fasting C-peptide over 1 year with a decrease (β 95% CI; P value) of 0.025 (0.010, 0.041) nM/kg per m(2) higher baseline BMI (P=0.001). This association remained significant after adjusting for gender and differences in HbA1c and insulin dose (β=0.026, 95% CI=0.0097, 0.042; P=0.002).


CONCLUSIONS
These observations indicate that increased body weight and increased insulin demand are associated with more rapid disease progression after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in an age group 10-18 years. This should be considered in studies of β-cell function in type 1 diabetes.
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lauria
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Barker
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Schloot
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hosszufalusi
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ludvigsson
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mathieu
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mauricio
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartme
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Nordwall
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Van der Schueren
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartme
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Mandrup-Poulsen
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Scherbaum
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartme
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Weets
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartme
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Gorus
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wareham
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Leslie
Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartment EndocrinologyHospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, SpainPediatric ClinicVrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Rheumatology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanyDiabetes Research Center and Academic Hospital (UZ Brussel)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, BelgiumBelgian Diabetes Registry (BDR)Brussels, BelgiumCentre of DiabetesBlizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Rome 21 00128, ItalyMRC Epidemiology UnitCambridge, UKInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Centre, Leibniz-Institute for Diabetes Research and Clinic for Metabolic Diseases Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, GermanySemmelweis University3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping, SwedenDivision of PediatricsDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SwedenLaboratory for Experimental Medicine and EndocrinologyKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDepartme
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Pozzilli
D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood*; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male
D015415:Biomarkers; D002096:C-Peptide