Cognitive Task Analysis: Bringing Olympic Athlete Style Training to Surgical Education.
BACKGROUND
Surgical training is changing and evolving as time, pressure, and legislative demands continue to mount on trainee surgeons. A paradigm change in the focus of training has resulted in experts examining the cognitive steps needed to perform complex and often highly pressurized surgical procedures.


OBJECTIVE
To provide an overview of the collective evidence on cognitive task analysis (CTA) as a surgical training method, and determine if CTA improves a surgeon's performance as measured by technical and nontechnical skills assessment, including precision, accuracy, and operative errors.


METHODS
A systematic literature review was performed. PubMed, Cochrane, and reference lists were analyzed for appropriate inclusion.


RESULTS
A total of 595 surgical participants were identified through the literature review and a total of 13 articles were included. Of these articles, 6 studies focused on general surgery, 2 focused on practical procedures relevant to surgery (central venous catheterization placement), 2 studies focused on head and neck surgical procedures (cricothyroidotomy and percutaneous tracheostomy placement), 2 studies highlighted vascular procedures (endovascular aortic aneurysm repair and carotid artery stenting), and 1 detailed endovascular repair (abdominal aorta and thoracic aorta). Overall, 92.3% of studies showed that CTA improves surgical outcome parameters, including time, precision, accuracy, and error reduction in both simulated and real-world environments.


CONCLUSIONS
CTA has been shown to be a more effective training tool when compared with traditional methods of surgical training. There is a need for the introduction of CTA into surgical curriculums as this can improve surgical skill and ultimately create better patient outcomes.
University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Laura R
LR
Wingfield
St. George's Hospital, London, UK.
Myutan
M
Kulendran
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK.
Andre
A
Chow
Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
Jean
J
Nehme
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK s.purkayastha@imperial.ac.uk.
Sanjay
S
Purkayastha
D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D066231:Surgeons / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
colorectal surgery; evidence-based medicine/surgery; gastric surgery; orthopedic surgery; simulation; surgical education