Viscosupplementation of synovial fluid with xanthan gum for treatment of osteoarthritis and its clearance kinetics in the rabbit knee joint.
BACKGROUND
Injection of xanthan gum (XG) has been demonstrated to reduce the symptoms and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in experimental models. Due to its high viscosity and stability, it may restore the rheological homeostasis of osteoarthritic synovial fluid (SF), and avoid numerous intra-articular injections.


OBJECTIVE
The present study investigated the effect of XG on the rheological properties of SF, and determined its residence time in the rabbit joint cavity.


METHODS
Rabbit knees were subject to intra-articular injection with XG or XG labeled with green fluorescence, and the SF was collected at different time. Rheological properties of SF with XG injected were compared with those with sodium hyaluronate injected. Resistance to oxidant damage was tested by adding H2O2 to the viscosupplement. Fluorescence intensity was measured for the SF with XG labeled with green fluorescence.


RESULTS
Results showed that XG could significantly improve the SF viscosity at 24, 96, 168 h, and increase the storage moduli (G') and loss moduli (G″) tested at frequency of 0.5 and 2.5 Hz. SF with XG injection exhibited a gel-like behavior at 24 h, in that G' exceed G″ over the entire oscillation frequency range. XG preparation had a high resistance to oxidant damage. Half-life of XG in the joint cavity was 35.9 h, with clearance obeying first-order kinetics.


CONCLUSIONS
Intra-articular injection of XG could improve the rheological properties of SF, and this effect could last for several days.
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China Key Laboratory of Glycoengineering, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China.
H R
HR
Shao
Key Laboratory of Glycoengineering, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China.
Y
Y
Jin
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China Key Laboratory of Glycoengineering, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
G Y
GY
Han
Bone and Joint Department of Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China.
P
P
Jiang
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China Key Laboratory of Glycoengineering, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China.
X Q
XQ
Zhu
Key Laboratory of Glycoengineering, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China.
F
F
Liu
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China Key Laboratory of Glycoengineering, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China.
Z G
ZG
Song
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China Key Laboratory of Glycoengineering, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China.
M
M
Li
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China Key Laboratory of Glycoengineering, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China.
P X
PX
Ling
D000818:Animals; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011817:Rabbits; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D014783:Viscosity
D016877:Oxidants; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C002563:xanthan gum
Xanthan gum; intra-articular injection; kinetics; osteoarthritis; viscosupplementation