Relationships between drinking motives and smoking expectancies among daily smokers who are also problem drinkers.
OBJECTIVE
There is a high co-occurrence of problem drinking and regular cigarette smoking, and cognitive processes (e.g., motivation to use, expectations about the consequences of use) related to each are positively associated with one another. We explored drinking motives in relation to cognitive-based smoking processes among smokers with problematic drinking. We expected that drinking coping motives would be associated with smoking consequences related to negative reinforcement and negative personal outcomes and inflexibility of smoking behavior; observed effects for coping motives would be unique from shared variance with other motives and incrementally evident beyond the variance accounted for by tobacco-related health problems, smoking rate, negative affectivity, cannabis use, and gender.


METHODS
The sample included 195 individuals recruited into a larger study of smoking cessation treatments (i.e., they were interested in quitting), who were heavy drinkers and smoked daily. Participants were primarily male (n = 122, 63%), fairly young (Mage = 30.3 years; SD = 12.46), and predominantly White/Caucasian (n = 175, 80%). Roughly 57% (n = 111) had at least one comorbid Axis I disorder, the most common being social anxiety (n = 21, 11%) and generalized anxiety disorder (n = 12, 6%).


RESULTS
Coping drinking motives predicted negative smoking consequences, negative reinforcement, and smoking inflexibility. Enhancement drinking motives marginally predicted positive reinforcement. Conformity drinking motives predicted smoking consequences related to appetite/weight control. Social drinking motives predicted negative reinforcement and barriers to cessation and marginally predicted positive reinforcement.


CONCLUSIONS
Theoretical models and clinical activities focused on smoking cessation among problem drinkers may benefit from considering the role of drinking motives, particularly coping-oriented motives, to better understanding cognitive-based smoking processes.
a Harvard University , Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.
Dawn W
DW
Foster
Michael J
MJ
Zvolensky
Lorra
L
Garey
Joseph W
JW
Ditre
Norman B
NB
Schmidt
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D009042:Motivation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy
alcohol; cognition; motivation; smoking