Reabsorption of soft x-ray emission at high x-ray free-electron laser fluences.
We report on oxygen K-edge soft x-ray emission spectroscopy from a liquid water jet at the Linac Coherent Light Source. We observe significant changes in the spectral content when tuning over a wide range of incident x-ray fluences. In addition the total emission yield decreases at high fluences. These modifications result from reabsorption of x-ray emission by valence-excited molecules generated by the Auger cascade. Our observations have major implications for future x-ray emission studies at intense x-ray sources. We highlight the importance of the x-ray pulse length with respect to the core-hole lifetime.
Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany and Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
Simon
S
Schreck
Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
Martin
M
Beye
Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden and SUNCAT, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Jonas A
JA
Sellberg
SUNCAT, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Trevor
T
McQueen
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Hartawan
H
Laksmono
Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
Brian
B
Kennedy
Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
Sebastian
S
Eckert
Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Daniel
D
Schlesinger
SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Dennis
D
Nordlund
SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Hirohito
H
Ogasawara
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Raymond G
RG
Sierra
SUNCAT, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA and Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
Vegard H
VH
Segtnan
FS-Structural Dynamics in (Bio)chemistry, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
Katharina
K
Kubicek
LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
William F
WF
Schlotter
LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Georgi L
GL
Dakovski
LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Stefan P
SP
Moeller
LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Uwe
U
Bergmann
FS-Structural Dynamics in (Bio)chemistry, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany and Institute for X-ray Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
Simone
S
Techert
Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Lars G M
LG
Pettersson
Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
Philippe
P
Wernet
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Michael J
MJ
Bogan
Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan and Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Sayo-cho, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan.
Yoshihisa
Y
Harada
Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden and SUNCAT, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA and SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
Anders
A
Nilsson
Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany and Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
Alexander
A
Föhlisch
D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D007834:Lasers; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods*; D014965:X-Rays