Urine drug screening: opioid risks preclude complete patient autonomy.
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Beth D
BD
Darnall
Michael E
ME
Schatman
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000652:urine*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D028701:Patient Rights / Q000941:ethics*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods*
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid