Meal types as sources for intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains among Norwegian adults.
OBJECTIVE
To study how different meals contribute to intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains in a group of Norwegian adults and in subgroups of this population. Moreover, to investigate the consequences of skipping the meal contributing most to the intake of each food group (main contributing meal).


METHODS
Cross-sectional dietary survey in Norwegian adults. Dietary data were collected using two non-consecutive telephone-administered 24 h recalls. The recorded meal types were breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper/evening meal and snacks.


METHODS
Nationwide, Norway (2010-2011).


METHODS
Adults aged 18-70 years (n 1787).


RESULTS
Dinner was the main contributing meal for fish and vegetables, while snacks were the main contributing meal for fruit intake. For whole grains, breakfast was the main contributing meal. The main contributing meal did not change for any of the food groups when studying subgroups of the participants according to intake of each food group, educational level or age. A substantially lower intake of the food groups in question was found on days when the main contributing meal was skipped.


CONCLUSIONS
Intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains largely depend on one meal type. Inclusion of these foods in other meals in addition to the main contributing meal, preferably replacing energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, should be promoted.
Department of Nutrition,Institute for Basic Medical Sciences,University of Oslo,PO Box 1046 Blindern,0317 Oslo,Norway.
Jannicke B
JB
Myhre
Department of Nutrition,Institute for Basic Medical Sciences,University of Oslo,PO Box 1046 Blindern,0317 Oslo,Norway.
Elin B
EB
Løken
Department of Nutrition,Institute for Basic Medical Sciences,University of Oslo,PO Box 1046 Blindern,0317 Oslo,Norway.
Margareta
M
Wandel
Department of Nutrition,Institute for Basic Medical Sciences,University of Oslo,PO Box 1046 Blindern,0317 Oslo,Norway.
Lene F
LF
Andersen
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D062408:Breakfast; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D017747:Seafood; D062410:Snacks; D014675:Vegetables; D000067348:Whole Grains; D055815:Young Adult
Fish; Fruits; Meals; Vegetables; Whole grains