Neurostimulation for the treatment of axial back pain: a review of mechanisms, techniques, outcomes, and future advances.
BACKGROUND
The use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is well established in the treatment of neuropathic pain. This procedure has been approved in the United States for neuropathic pain of the trunk and limbs from various conditions. International use is variable based on governmental policy. Most studies showing efficacy have focused on pain primarily in the limbs for such conditions as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), sciatica, radiculitis, ischemic limb pain, and peripheral neuropathy. Data on success in neuropathic pain of the trunk and particularly of the axial back are limited. New understanding about the targets of neuromodulation and their treatment with novel neurostimulation approaches has led to a new dawn of enthusiasm for spinal cord stimulation for axial low back pain.


METHODS
The authors review mechanisms, current and future targets, techniques, and their outcomes for treating axial back pain with neurostimulation. The paper discusses many newer methods and targets that may substantially improve results for the treatment of this patient group. The continuing evolution of technology and new data may well change these recommendations over time and regular updates of this manuscript will be critical moving forward.


CONCLUSIONS
Improved technology and a better understanding of the goals of stimulation have led to a new ability to stimulate the axial low back and increase the effectiveness of these therapies to reduce pain. New paddle lead constructs, percutaneous paddle lead introduction, and other new technologies have led to an increased number of potential candidates for spinal cord stimulation. Optimizing the application of neurostimulation for chronic axial back pain will depend upon answering questions relating to patient selection, implantation technique, and stimulation parameters.
Center for Pain Relief, Charleston, WV, USA.
Timothy
T
Deer
Jason
J
Pope
Salim
S
Hayek
Samer
S
Narouze
Parag
P
Patil
Robert
R
Foreman
Ashwini
A
Sharan
Robert
R
Levy
D001416:Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy*; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation
Accelerometer; axial back pain; dorsal root ganglion; epiducer; high frequency stimulation; neurostimulation; paddle; percutaneous; review; spinal cord stimulation