title: Regulation of the nongenomic actions of retinoid X receptor-α by targeting the coregulator-binding sites.
abstract: Retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα), a unique member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, represents an intriguing and unusual target for pharmacologic interventions and therapeutic applications in cancer, metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the fact that the RXR-based drug Targretin (bexarotene) is currently used for treating human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and the fact that RXRα ligands (rexinoids) show beneficial effects in the treatment of cancer and diseases, the therapeutic potential of RXRα remains unexplored. In addition to its conventional transcription regulation activity in the nucleus, RXRα can act in the cytoplasm to modulate important biological processes, such as mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, inflammation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT-mediated cell survival. Recently, new small-molecule-binding sites on the surface of RXRα have been identified, which mediate the regulation of the nongenomic actions of RXRα by a class of small molecules derived from the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Sulindac. This review discusses the emerging roles of the nongenomic actions of RXRα in the RXRα signaling network, and their possible implications in cancer, metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as our current understanding of RXRα regulation by targeting alternate binding sites on its surface.
authors.affiliation: 1] School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China [2] Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao-kun
authors.initials: XK
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1] School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China [2] Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000187:drug effects*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D047495:PPAR gamma; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha