title: Gamma Knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma: clinical results at long-term follow-up in a series of 379 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since the 1990 s, Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has become the first-line treatment option for small- to medium-size vestibular schwannomas (VSs), especially in patients without mass effect-related symptoms and with functional hearing. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of GKRS, in terms of tumor control, hearing preservation, and complications, in a series of 379 consecutive patients treated for VS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 523 patients treated at the authors' institution for VS between 2001 and 2010, the authors included 379 who underwent GKRS as the primary treatment. These patients were not affected by Type 2 neurofibromatosis and had clinical follow-up of at least 36 months. Clinical follow-up (mean and median 75.7 and 69.5 months, respectively) was performed for all patients, whereas audiometric and quantitative radiological follow-up examinations were obtained for only 153 and 219 patients, respectively. The patients' ages ranged from 23 to 85 years (mean 59 years). The mean tumor volume was 1.94 ± 2.2 cm(3) (median 1.2 cm(3), range 0.013-14.3 cm(3)), and the median margin dose was 13 Gy (range 11-15 Gy). Parameters considered as determinants of the clinical outcome were long-term tumor control, hearing preservation, and complications. A statistical analysis was performed to correlate clinical outcomes with the radiological features of the tumor, dose-planning parameters, and patient characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control of the tumor with GKRS was achieved in 97.1% of the patients. In 82.7% of the patients, the tumor volume had decreased at the last follow-up, with a mean relative reduction of 34.1%. The rate of complications was very low, with most consisting of a transient worsening of preexisting symptoms. Patients who had vertigo, balance disorders, or facial or trigeminal impairment usually experienced a complete or at least significant symptom relief after treatment. However, no significant improvement was observed in patients previously reporting tinnitus. The overall rate of preservation of functional hearing at the long-term follow-up was 49%; in patients with hearing classified as Gardner-Robertson (GR) Class I, this value was 71% and reached 93% among cases of GR Class I hearing in patients younger than 55 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gamma Knife radiosurgery is a safe and effective treatment for VS, achieving tumor control in 97.1% of cases and resulting in a very low morbidity rate. Younger GR Class I patients had a significantly higher probability of retaining functional hearing even at the 10-year follow-up; for this reason, the time between symptom onset, diagnosis, and treatment should be shortened to achieve better outcomes in functional hearing preservation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boari
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bailo
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franzin
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gemma
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: del Vecchio
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolognesi
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Picozzi
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mortini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005155:Facial Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006309:Hearing; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009464:Neuroma, Acoustic / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014717:Vertigo / Q000209:etiology; D014725:Vestibular Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CN = cranial nerve; GKRS = Gamma Knife radiosurgery; GR = Gardner-Robertson; Gamma Knife; HB = House-Brackmann; IAC = internal acoustic canal; IAM = internal acoustic meatus; NF2 = Type 2 neurofibromatosis; PTA = pure tone average; VS = vestibular schwannoma; acoustic neuroma; hearing preservation; mobile phone; oncology; radiosurgery; stereotactic radiosurgery; vestibular schwannoma