title: Consenting for current genetic research: is Canadian practice adequate?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to ensure an adequate and ongoing protection of individuals participating in scientific research, the impacts of new biomedical technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), need to be assessed. In this light, a necessary reexamination of the ethical and legal structures framing research could lead to requisite changes in informed consent modalities. This would have implications for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), who bear the responsibility of guaranteeing that participants are verifiably informed, and in sufficient detail, to understand the reality of genetic research as it is practiced now. Current literature allowed the identification of key emergent themes related to the consent process when NGS was used in a research setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the subjects of secondary use, sharing of materials and data, and recontacting participants as outlined in the Canadian Informed Consent templates and the accompanying IRB instructions for the conduct of genetic research. The research ethics policy applied by the three Canadian research agencies (Tri-Council Policy Statement, 2nd Edition) was used to frame our content analysis. We also obtained IRB-approved consent forms for genetic research projects on brain and mental health disorders as an example of a setting where participants might present higher-than-average vulnerability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty percent of documents addressed different modalities for the secondary use of material and/or data, although the message was not conveyed in a systematic way. Information on the sharing of genetic sequencing data in a manner completely independent of the material from which it originated was absent. Grounds for recontacting participants were limited, and mainly mentioned to obtain consent for secondary use. A feature of the IRB-approved consent documents for genetic studies on brain and mental health disorders using NGS technologies, offered a complete explanation on sharing material and data and the use of databases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our work show that in Canada, many NGS research needs are already dealt with. Our analysis led us to propose the addition of well-defined categories for future use, adding options on the sharing of genetic data, and widening the grounds on which research participants could consent to be recontacted.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jaitovich Groisman
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Egalite
authors.affiliation: Omics-Ethics Research Group, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, C,P, 6128, succ, Centre-ville, Montreal H3C 3 J7, Canada. beatrice.godard@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Godard
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D002170:Canada; D032962:Consent Forms / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards; D033002:Duty to Recontact / Q000941:ethics*; D028744:Ethics Committees, Research / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D032984:Ethics, Research; D036281:Genetic Research / Q000941:ethics*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000941:ethics; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000941:ethics*; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D035842:Research Subjects; D035862:Vulnerable Populations