title: The importance of the derivative in sex-hormone cycles: a reason why behavioural measures in sex-hormone studies are so mercurial.
abstract: To study the dynamic changes in cognition across the human menstrual cycle, twenty, healthy, naturally-cycling women undertook a lateralized spatial figural comparison task on twelve occasions at approximately 3-4 day intervals. Each session was conducted in laboratory conditions with response times, accuracy rates, eye movements, salivary estrogen and progesterone concentrations and Profile of Mood states questionnaire data collected on each occasion. The first two sessions of twelve for the response variables were discarded to avoid early effects of learning thereby providing 10 sessions spread across each participant's complete menstrual cycle. Salivary progesterone data for each participant was utilized to normalize each participant's data to a standard 28 day cycle. Data was analysed categorically by comparing peak progesterone (luteal phase) to low progesterone (follicular phase) to emulate two-session repeated measures typical studies. Neither a significant difference in reaction times or accuracy rates was found. Moreover no significant effect of lateral presentation was observed upon reaction times or accuracy rates although inter and intra individual variance was sizeable. We demonstrate that hormone concentrations alone cannot be used to predict the response times or accuracy rates. In contrast, we constructed a standard linear model using salivary estrogen, salivary progesterone and their respective derivative values and found these inputs to be very accurate for predicting variance observed in the reaction times for all stimuli and accuracy rates for right visual field stimuli but not left visual field stimuli. The identification of sex-hormone derivatives as predictors of cognitive behaviours is of importance. The finding suggests that there is a fundamental difference between the up-surge and decline of hormonal concentrations where previous studies typically assume all points near the peak of a hormonal surge are the same. How contradictory findings in sex-hormone research may have come about are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kaylee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moakes
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aston
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gavin
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sterr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000502:physiology*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000502:physiology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011374:Progesterone