title: Is Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy a Risk Factor for Cigarette Smoking in Offspring? A Longitudinal Controlled Study of ADHD Children Grown Up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined whether exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy in children with and without ADHD is associated with smoking in offspring and whether this association is selective to ADHD children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-six exposed and 400 unexposed participants were derived from two longitudinal studies of boys and girls with and without ADHD. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was defined by interviews with participants' mothers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant association was observed between exposure to maternal smoking in pregnancy and cigarette smoking in offspring ( p = .02). Exposed offspring were also more likely to have higher rates of major depression ( p = .04), bipolar disorder ( p = .04), and conduct disorder ( p = .04), and lower IQ ( p = .01), lower Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score ( p = .02), and more impaired Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents (SAICA) scores versus unexposed offspring, adjusting for social class.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal smoking during pregnancy was found to increase the risk for smoking and a wide range of adverse psychiatric, cognitive, and functional outcomes in youth.
authors.affiliation: 1 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.|2 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.affiliation: 1 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: MaryKate
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martelon
authors.affiliation: 1 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: K Yvonne
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Woodworth
authors.affiliation: 1 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.|2 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: 3 State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class
keywords: ADHD; children; risk; smoking