title: Single use of tetracycline with and without diclofenac sodium as local drug delivery in pocket therapy: a clinico-microbiological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Local drug delivery is a non-surgical method in the treatment of periodontitis. Different chemotherapeutic agents are used for local drug delivery; one such agent is tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Recent studies have also shown that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and acts as host modulator. Thus, an attempt was made to compare and evaluate the efficacy of tetracycline alone and in combination with diclofenac sodium as a local drug delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 36 sites with chronic periodontitis were divided into three groups with 12 sites each (i.e. group A, antibiotics alone; group B, antibiotics in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; and group C, control group). For all the groups, the following parameters (plaque index, papillary bleeding index, probing pocket depth, and microbial analysis) were assessed and statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The antibiotic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug combination group showed a statistically-significant improvement in clinical parameters and a shift in microbial flora when compared to the group with antibiotics alone. However, the control group failed to show any statistically-significant improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiotics in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are more efficient than using antibiotics alone as local drug delivery for the treatment of periodontal pockets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Al-Ameen Dental College, Karnataka, India Department of Periodontology, Sri Hasanamba Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Karnataka, India Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Hasanamba Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Khizer
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mohiuddin
authors.forename: Shivamurthy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravindra
authors.forename: Mohammed Gulzar
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Sarvani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Byadarahalli Raju
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Smitha
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000379:methods; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D010919:Placebos; D016745:Root Planing / Q000379:methods; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010919:Placebos; D004008:Diclofenac; D048271:Chitosan; D013752:Tetracycline
keywords: antibiotic; diclofenac sodium; local drug delivery; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; periodontal pocket