title: Response gene to complement 32 (RGC-32) expression on M2-polarized and tumor-associated macrophages is M-CSF-dependent and enhanced by tumor-derived IL-4.
abstract: Response gene to complement 32 (RGC-32) is a cell cycle regulator involved in the proliferation, differentiation and migration of cells and has also been implicated in angiogenesis. Here we show that RGC-32 expression in macrophages is induced by IL-4 and reduced by LPS, indicating a link between RGC-32 expression and M2 polarization. We demonstrated that the increased expression of RGC-32 is characteristic of alternatively activated macrophages, in which this protein suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and promotes the production of the anti-inflammatory mediator TGF-β. Consistent with in vitro data, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) express high levels of RGC-32, and this expression is induced by tumor-derived ascitic fluid in an M-CSF- and/or IL-4-dependent manner. Collectively, these results establish RGC-32 as a marker for M2 macrophage polarization and indicate that this protein is a potential target for cancer immunotherapy, targeting tumor-associated macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Biotherapy Center, Qingdao Central Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Daiqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Qingjie
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Bingfeng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Qianqian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Jintang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Xingang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qu
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C115049:RGCC protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015847:Interleukin-4; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate