title: Red blood cell distribution width is a significant prognostic marker in advanced heart failure, independent of hemoglobin levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced heart failure (HF) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality; traditionally used prognostic factors often fail to predict the outcome. Increased red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has recently been recognized as an important unfavorable prognostic factor in HF, independent of anemia; however, the role of RDW in patients with advanced HF has not yet been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty consecutive patients with stage D heart failure, recently hospitalized for HF decompensation, were enrolled. A Cox proportional-hazard model was used to determine whether RDW was independently associated with outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At study entry, ejection fraction (EF), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), hemoglobin (Hb) and RDW were 25 ± 8.6%, 27.5 ± 8 mmHg, 12.5 ± 1.9 mg/dL and 18 ± 3.5% (normal <14.5%) respectively. At 6 months, 44 patients (55%) had died. In this patient population, EF (p=0.45), PCWP (p=0.106), age (p=0.54), albumin (0.678), iron (p=0.37), creatinine (p=0.432), iron deficiency defined by bone marrow aspiration (p=0.37), bilirubin (p=0.422), peak VO2 (p=0.057) and Hb (p=0.95) were not significant predictors of a worse outcome. However, RDW was a significant marker for adverse prognosis (p=0.007, HR: 1.14, CI: 1.04-1.24) and retained its prognostic significance even when corrected for Hb values (HR: 1.15, CI: 1.05-1.27, p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RDW is a significant prognostic factor for an adverse outcome in patients with advanced stage heart failure who have experienced recent decompensation, independent of the presence of anemia or malnutrition, and is superior to more traditionally used indices. RDW may be associated with severe disease by reflecting subtle metabolic and proinflammatory abnormalities in HF.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Cardiology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tseliou
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Terrovitis
authors.forename: Elisabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Kaldara
authors.forename: Argyrios S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ntalianis
authors.forename: Evaggelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Repasos
authors.forename: Lampros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Katsaros
authors.forename: Zafeiria J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Margari
authors.forename: Charis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matsouka
authors.forename: Savvas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toumanidis
authors.forename: Serafim N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Nanas
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nanas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins