title: Nitrate and nitrite ingestion and risk of ovarian cancer among postmenopausal women in Iowa.
abstract: Nitrate and nitrite are precursors in the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC), potential human carcinogens. We evaluated the association of nitrate and nitrite ingestion with postmenopausal ovarian cancer risk in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Among 28,555 postmenopausal women, we identified 315 incident epithelial ovarian cancers from 1986 to 2010. Dietary nitrate and nitrite intakes were assessed at baseline using food frequency questionnaire data. Drinking water source at home was obtained in a 1989 follow-up survey. Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 -N) and total trihalomethane (TTHM) levels for Iowa public water utilities were linked to residences and average levels were computed based on each woman's duration at the residence. We computed multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox proportional hazards regression. We tested interactions of nitrate with TTHMs and dietary factors known to influence NOC formation. Ovarian cancer risk was 2.03 times higher (CI = 1.22-3.38, ptrend  = 0.003) in the highest quartile (≥2.98 mg/L) compared with the lowest quartile (≤0.47 mg/L; reference) of NO3 -N in public water, regardless of TTHM levels. Risk among private well users was also elevated (HR = 1.53, CI = 0.93-2.54) compared with the same reference group. Associations were stronger when vitamin C intake was <median (pinteraction  = 0.01 and 0.33 for private well and public supplies, respectively). Dietary nitrate was inversely associated with ovarian cancer risk (ptrend  = 0.02); whereas, dietary nitrite from processed meats was positively associated with the risk (ptrend  = 0.04). Our findings indicate that high nitrate levels in public drinking water and private well use may increase ovarian cancer risk among postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue-Choi
authors.forename: Rena R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Kenneth P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cerhan
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krasner
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robien
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weyer
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000077216:Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000633:toxicity*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017698:Postmenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000009:adverse effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: diet; disinfection byproducts; drinking water; nitrate; nitrite; ovarian cancer