title: When the going gets tough...: Self-motivation is associated with invigoration and fun.
abstract: Personality systems interaction (PSI) theory postulates two executive control modes in volitional action: Self-control and self-regulation (self-motivation). Self-control should deplete energy whereas self-motivation should maintain energy and result in invigoration. There were three groups of participants: Self-control, self-motivation, and pretend, who performed a resource-demanding Stroop-Shift and an anagram task. Performance and energy expenditure were examined in each task. Compared to the other groups, the self-motivation group showed increments in blood glucose throughout the experiment, indicating invigoration, and had better performance on the difficult Stroop-Shift task than the self-control group. Additionally, for the self-motivation group anagram performance correlated with less effort and ease of concentration and was moderated by fun in the task. These results are consonant with the predictions of PSI and self-determination theories. It is concluded that self-control depletes resources whereas self-motivation is associated with invigoration in carrying resource-demanding tasks.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabrück, 49074, Osnabrück, Germany. mikazen@uos.de.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kazén
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabrück, 49074, Osnabrück, Germany. jkuhl@uos.de.
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuhl
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabrück, 49074, Osnabrück, Germany. eleicht@uos.de.
authors.forename: Eva-Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Leicht
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001290:Attitude; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002605:Character; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D011674:Pulse; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology*; D057190:Stroop Test; D014836:Volition / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose