title: Use of prescribed opioids by children and adolescents: Differences between Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few studies on the use of opioids among children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the 1-year prevalence of prescribed opioid dispensing in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and to compare gender and age differences in the use of weak and strong opioids between the three countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the dispensing of opioids were collected from the websites of the complete national prescription databases in the three countries. All individuals aged 0-19 with at least one prescription of opioids during the study period were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-year prevalence of opioid use among young individuals aged 0-19 years increased during the study period (2006-2012) in Denmark from 2.5 to 3.4 per thousand, in Norway from 10.7 to 13.4 per thousand and in Sweden from 5.9 to 7.1 per thousand. In all three countries, more boys than girls used opioids between the ages of 0 and 10, whereas girls were the major users in the age range 11-19. Use of opioids in all three countries was dominated by weak opioids, codeine being the most dominant in Norway and Sweden and tramadol in Denmark.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 1-year prevalence of prescribed opioid use among children and adolescents in Norway was far higher than in Denmark and Sweden. During the study period, an increasing use of opioids among children and adolescents was observed in all three countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Division of Epidemiology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahic
authors.affiliation: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.|National Competence Centre for Complex Symptom Disorders, Department of Pain and Complex Disorders, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.|Department of Palliative Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Fredheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.|National Competence Centre for Complex Symptom Disorders, Department of Pain and Complex Disorders, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Borchgrevink
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Division of Epidemiology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skurtveit
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid