title: Patterns of initiation of second generation antipsychotics for bipolar disorder: a month-by-month analysis of provider behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) received FDA approval for bipolar disorder in the 2000s. Although efficacious, they have been costly and may cause significant side effects. Little is known about the factors associated with prescribers' decisions to initiate SGA prescriptions for this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  We gathered administrative data from the Department of Veterans Affairs on 170,713 patients with bipolar disorder between fiscal years 2003-2010. Patients without a prior history of taking SGAs were considered eligible for SGA initiation during the study (n =126,556). Generalized estimating equations identified demographic, clinical, and comorbidity variables associated with initiation of an SGA prescription on a month-by-month basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the number of patients with bipolar disorder using SGAs nearly doubled between 2003 and 2010, analyses controlling for patient characteristics and the rise in the bipolar population revealed a 1.2% annual decline in SGA initiation during this period. Most medical comorbidities were only modestly associated with overall SGA initiation, although significant differences emerged among individual SGAs. Several markers of patient severity predicted SGA initiation, including previous hospitalizations, psychotic features, and a history of other antimanic prescriptions; these severity markers became less firmly linked to SGA initiation over time. Providers in the South were somewhat more likely to initiate SGA treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of veterans with bipolar disorder prescribed SGAs is rising steadily, but this increase appears primarily driven by a corresponding increase in the bipolar population. Month-by-month analyses revealed that higher illness severity predicted SGA initiation, but that this association may be weakening over time.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Mingfei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Penfold
authors.forename: Austin F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Osser
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bajor
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents