title: Influence of the Flushing Response in the Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease Risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cardiovascular disease risk and alcohol consumption according to facial flushing after drinking among Korean men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 1,817 Korean men (non-drinker group, 283 men; drinking-related facial flushing group, 662 men; non-flushing group, 872 men) >30 years who had undergone comprehensive health examinations at the health promotion center of a Chungnam National University Hospital between 2007 and 2009. Alcohol consumption and alcohol-related facial flushing were assessed through a questionnaire. Cardiovascular disease risk was investigated based on the 2008 Framingham Heart Study. With the non-drinker group as reference, logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between weekly alcohol intake and cardiovascular disease risk within 10 years for the flushing and non-flushing groups, with adjustment for confounding factors such as body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and exercise patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals in the non-flushing group with alcohol consumption of ≤4 standard drinks (1 standard drink = 14 g of alcohol) per week had significantly lower moderate or high cardiovascular disease risk than individuals in the nondrinker group (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.37 to 0.71). However, no significant relationship between the drinking amount and cardiovascular disease risk was observed in the flushing group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular disease risk is likely lowered by alcohol consumption among non-flushers, and the relationship between the drinking amount and cardiovascular disease risk may differ according to facial flushing after drinking, representing an individual's vulnerability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hae Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Gyu
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Bum
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ahn
keywords: Alcohol; Cardiovascular Diseases; Flushing; Risk