title: Aerosolized GLP-1 for treatment of diabetes mellitus and irritable bowel syndrome.
abstract: Diabetes is a global burden and the prevalence of the disease, in particular diabetes mellitus type 2 is rapidly increasing worldwide. After introduction of insulin into clinical therapy about 90 years ago a major number of pharmaceuticals has been developed for treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. One of these, the incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), like insulin, needs subcutaneous administration causing inconvenience to patients. However, administration of GLP-1 plays also a role for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). To improve patient convenience inhaled insulin (Exubera(®)) was developed and approved but failed market acceptance some years ago. Recently, another inhalative insulin (Afrezza(®)) received market approval and GLP-1 may serve as another candidate drug for inhalative administration. This review analyzes the current literature investigating alternative administration of GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs focusing on inhalation. Several formulations for inhalative administration of GLP-1 and analogs were investigated in animal studies, whereas there are only few clinical data. However, feasibility of GLP-1 inhalation has been shown and should be further investigated as such type of drug administration may serve for improvement of therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus or irritable bowel syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Drug Regulatory Affairs, Pharmaceutical Institute, Bonn University, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany, Ruediger.Siekmeier@bfarm.de.
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siekmeier
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scheuch
authors.forename: Mieczyslaw
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pokorski
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1