title: Oral surgery during therapy with anticoagulants-a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) with vitamin K inhibitors protects the patients from thromboembolic events. It may however lead to excessive hemorrhage during and after an oral surgery procedure. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the justifications to reduce, withdraw, or alter OATs prior to minor oral surgery procedures to manage bleeding events.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic MEDLINE search was conducted for clinical studies in English or German language from 1994 to 2014 comparing patients treated with OAT, without OAT, as well as patients with altered OAT for oral surgery purposes. Relevant outcome parameters were: postoperative local hemostasis, bleeding episodes, occurrence of thromboembolic events, and other complications due to the anticoagulation medication. A hand search for references cited in the identified publications completed the review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After screening of 1755 abstracts, 16 clinical studies were identified according to the selection criteria. Due to the heterogeneity of the obtained data, aggregation and synthesis were not possible. There was no significant difference in bleeding events comparing patients under continued OAT to those with reduced, altered, and/or discontinued OAT medications. Minor bleeding events in the test and control groups were successfully stopped with local measures. However, no superiority of a single hemostatic measure could be identified. Neither the international normalized ratio (INR), within the therapeutic range (2-4), nor the extent of the minor oral surgery procedure had an influence on postoperative bleeding episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is strong evidence that OAT patients undergoing minor oral surgery should not discontinue their medication in order to prevent thromboembolic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonetheless, INR should be less than 4, local hemostatic measures are of high importance and patients need to be instructed and closely monitored as minor bleedings might occur more often in OAT patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre of Rostock, Schillingallee, 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany, peer.kaemmerer@uni-rostock.de.
authors.forename: Peer W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kämmerer
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frerich
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liese
authors.forename: Eik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schiegnitz
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Al-Nawas
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D013515:Surgery, Oral
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants