title: Identification of surgically-induced longitudinal lesions of the equine deep digital flexor tendon in the digital flexor tendon sheath using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography: an ex-vivo pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Longitudinal tears in the lateral aspect of the deep digital flexor tendon are the most common causes of pain localised to the equine digital flexor tendon sheath. However conventional ultrasonographic techniques provide limited information about acute lesions. Ultrasonographic contrast agents are newly developed materials that have contributed to advancement in human diagnostic imaging. They are currently approved for intravenous use in human and animal models. In this study we described intrathecal use in the horse. This study was undertaken to evaluate the reliability of standard and angle contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to detect and characterize surgically-induced longitudinal lesions in the deep digital flexor tendons.In this pilot study surgically-induced lesions were created in the lateral aspect of the deep digital flexor tendon within the digital flexor tendon sheath in 10 isolated equine limbs to generate a replicable model for naturally occurring lesions. Another 10 specimens were sham operated. All the limbs were examined ultrasonographically before and shortly after the intrasynovial injection of an ultrasound contrast agent containing stabilised microbubbles. The images were blindly evaluated to detect the ability to identify surgically-created lesions. The deep digital flexor tendons were dissected and a series of slices were obtained. The depth of longitudinal defects identified with contrast-enhanced ultrasound scans was compared to the real extent of the lesions measured in the corresponding gross tendon sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with both angle and standard approach provided a significant higher proportion of correct diagnoses compared to standard and angle contrast ultrasonography (p < 0.01). Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography reliably estimated the depth of surgically-induced longitudinal lesions in the deep digital flexor tendons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the digital flexor tendon sheath could be an effective tool to detect intrasynovial longitudinal tears of the deep digital flexor tendon, although an in vivo study is required to confirm these results for naturally occurring lesions.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Science Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Leonardo da Vinci 44, Grugliasco, 10095, TO, Italy. andrea.bertuglia@unito.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertuglia
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mollo
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bullone
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riccio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D005552:Forelimb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011897:Random Allocation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media