title: Effects of mixing and covering with mature compost on gaseous emissions during composting.
abstract: This study investigated effects of mature compost on gaseous emissions during composting using pig manure amended with corn stalks. Apart from a control treatment, three treatments were conducted with the addition of 5% (wet weight of raw materials) of mature compost: (a) mixing raw materials with mature compost at the beginning of composting; (b) covering raw materials with mature compost throughout the experimental period; and (c) covering raw materials with mature compost at the start of composting, but incorporating it into composting pile on day 6 of composting. Mature compost used for the last treatment was inoculated with 2% (wet weight) of raw materials of strain M5 (a methanotrophic bacterium) solution. During 30-d of composting, three treatments with the addition of mature compost could reduce CH4 emission by 53-64% and N2O emission by 43-71%. However, covering with mature compost throughout the experimental period increased cumulative NH3 emission by 61%, although it could reduce 34% NH3 emission in the first 3d. Inoculating strain M5 in mature compost covered on the top of composting pile within first 6d enhanced CH4 oxidation, but simultaneously increased N2O emission. In addition, mixing with mature compost could improve compost maturity. Given the operational convenience in practice, covering with mature compost and then incorporating it into composting pile is a suitable approach to mitigate gaseous emissions during composting.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Wen Hai
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Beijing Monitoring Station for Animal Husbandry Environment, Beijing 102200, China.
authors.forename: Yi Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: ligx@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guo Xue
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Long D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Nghiem
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D034421:Sus scrofa; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D000641:Ammonia; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008697:Methane
keywords: Composting; Greenhouse gases; Inoculation; Mature compost; Pig manure