title: Lazy Updating of hubs can enable more realistic models by speeding up stochastic simulations.
abstract: To respect the nature of discrete parts in a system, stochastic simulation algorithms (SSAs) must update for each action (i) all part counts and (ii) each action's probability of occurring next and its timing. This makes it expensive to simulate biological networks with well-connected "hubs" such as ATP that affect many actions. Temperature and volume also affect many actions and may be changed significantly in small steps by the network itself during fever and cell growth, respectively. Such trends matter for evolutionary questions, as cell volume determines doubling times and fever may affect survival, both key traits for biological evolution. Yet simulations often ignore such trends and assume constant environments to avoid many costly probability updates. Such computational convenience precludes analyses of important aspects of evolution. Here we present "Lazy Updating," an add-on for SSAs designed to reduce the cost of simulating hubs. When a hub changes, Lazy Updating postpones all probability updates for reactions depending on this hub, until a threshold is crossed. Speedup is substantial if most computing time is spent on such updates. We implemented Lazy Updating for the Sorting Direct Method and it is easily integrated into other SSAs such as Gillespie's Direct Method or the Next Reaction Method. Testing on several toy models and a cellular metabolism model showed >10× faster simulations for its use-cases-with a small loss of accuracy. Thus we see Lazy Updating as a valuable tool for some special but important simulation problems that are difficult to address efficiently otherwise.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ehlert
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Loewe
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D008954:Models, Biological