title: Pentoxifylline associated to hypertonic saline solution attenuates inflammatory process and apoptosis after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate intestinal inflammatory and apoptotic processes after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, modulated by pentoxifylline and hypertonic saline.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was allocated into four groups (n=6), 24 male Wistar rats (200 to 250 g) and submitted to intestinal ischemia for 40 min and reperfusion for 80 min: IR (did not receive any treatment); HS group (Hypertonic Saline, 4 ml/kg-IV); PTX group (Pentoxifylline, 30 mg/kg-IV); HS+PTX group (Hypertonic Saline and Pentoxifylline). All animals were heparinized (100 U/kg). At the end of reperfusion, ileal fragments were removed and stained on hematoxylin-eosin and histochemical studies for COX-2, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values of sO2 were higher on treated groups at 40 minutes of reperfusion (p=0.0081) and 80 minutes of reperfusion (p=0.0072). Serum lactate values were lower on treated groups after 40 minutes of reperfusion (p=0.0003) and 80 minutes of reperfusion (p=0.0098). Morphologic tissue injuries showed higher grades on IR group versus other groups: HS (p=0.0006), PTX (p=0.0433) and HS+PTX (p=0.0040). The histochemical study showed lesser expression of COX-2 (p=0.0015) and Bcl-2 (p=0.0012) on HS+PTX group. A lower expression of cleaved caspase-3 was demonstrated in PTX (p=0.0090; PTXvsIR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined use of pentoxifylline and hypertonic saline offers best results on inflammatory and apoptotic inhibitory aspects after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geraldo Magela Nogueira
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Medical School, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rasslan
authors.affiliation: Medical School, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandro Rodrigo
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Belon
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Gonçalves
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, USP.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Felice Neto
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical School, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edivaldo Massazo
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Utiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical School, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edna Frasson de Souza
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Montero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012016:Reference Values; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D019344:Lactic Acid; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D053148:Caspase 3; D010100:Oxygen; D010431:Pentoxifylline