title: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3): regulation, actions, and diseases.
abstract: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) may be the busiest kinase in most cells, with over 100 known substrates to deal with. How does GSK3 maintain control to selectively phosphorylate each substrate, and why was it evolutionarily favorable for GSK3 to assume such a large responsibility? GSK3 must be particularly adaptable for incorporating new substrates into its repertoire, and we discuss the distinct properties of GSK3 that may contribute to its capacity to fulfill its roles in multiple signaling pathways. The mechanisms regulating GSK3 (predominantly post-translational modifications, substrate priming, cellular trafficking, protein complexes) have been reviewed previously, so here we focus on newly identified complexities in these mechanisms, how each of these regulatory mechanism contributes to the ability of GSK3 to select which substrates to phosphorylate, and how these mechanisms may have contributed to its adaptability as new substrates evolved. The current understanding of the mechanisms regulating GSK3 is reviewed, as are emerging topics in the actions of GSK3, particularly its interactions with receptors and receptor-coupled signal transduction events, and differential actions and regulation of the two GSK3 isoforms, GSK3α and GSK3β. Another remarkable characteristic of GSK3 is its involvement in many prevalent disorders, including psychiatric and neurological diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and others. We address the feasibility of targeting GSK3 therapeutically, and provide an update of its involvement in the etiology and treatment of several disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
authors.forename: Eleonore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beurel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Grieco
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States. Electronic address: rjope@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Jope
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Depression; G protein-coupled receptors; Glycogen synthase kinase-3; Lithium; Neuroinflammation