title: A better way to evaluate remote monitoring programs in chronic disease care: receiver operating characteristic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This foundational study applies the process of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate utility and predictive value of a disease management (DM) model that uses RM devices for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The literature identifies a need for a more rigorous method to validate and quantify evidence-based value for remote monitoring (RM) systems being used to monitor persons with a chronic disease. ROC analysis is an engineering approach widely applied in medical testing, but that has not been evaluated for its utility in RM. Classifiers (saturated peripheral oxygen [SPO2], blood pressure [BP], and pulse), optimum threshold, and predictive accuracy are evaluated based on patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parametric and nonparametric methods were used. Event-based patient outcomes included inpatient hospitalization, accident and emergency, and home health visits. Statistical analysis tools included Microsoft (Redmond, WA) Excel(®) and MedCalc(®) (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium) version 12 © 1993-2013 to generate ROC curves and statistics. Persons with COPD were monitored a minimum of 183 days, with at least one inpatient hospitalization within 12 months prior to monitoring. Retrospective, de-identified patient data from a United Kingdom National Health System COPD program were used. Datasets included biometric readings, alerts, and resource utilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SPO2 was identified as a predictive classifier, with an optimal average threshold setting of 85-86%. BP and pulse were failed classifiers, and areas of design were identified that may improve utility and predictive capacity. Cost avoidance methodology was developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RESULTS can be applied to health services planning decisions. Methods can be applied to system design and evaluation based on patient outcomes. This study validated the use of ROC in RM program evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, Information Systems, and Computing, Brunel University , Uxbridge, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Brown Connolly
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D006296:Health Services; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D019451:Information Management; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000191:economics; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000628:therapy; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: e-health; home health monitoring; information management; telehealth