title: Evidence for cost-effectiveness of lifestyle primary preventions for cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Countries of the Asia Pacific region account for a major share of the global burden of disease due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and this burden is rising over time. Modifiable behavioural risk factors for CVD are considered a key target for reduction in incidence but their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness tend to depend on country context. However, no systematic assessment of cost-effectiveness of interventions addressing behavioural risk factors in the region exists.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the published literature on cost-effectiveness of interventions targeting modifiable behavioural risk factors for CVD was undertaken. Inclusion criteria were (a) countries in Asia and the Pacific, (b) studies that had conducted economic evaluations of interventions (c) published papers in major economic and public health databases and (d) a comprehensive list of search words to identify appropriate articles. All authors independently examined the final list of articles relating to methodology and findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under our inclusion criteria a total of 28 studies, with baseline years ranging from 1990 to 2012, were included in the review, 19 conducted in high-income countries of the region. Reviewed studies assessed cost-effectiveness of interventions for tobacco control, alcohol reduction, salt intake control, physical activity and dietary interventions. The majority of cost-effectiveness analyses were simulation analyses mostly relying on developed country data, and only 6 studies used effectiveness data from RCTs in the region. Other than for Australia, no direct conclusions could be drawn about cost-effectiveness of interventions targeting behavioural risk factors due to the small number of studies, interventions that varied widely in design, and varied methods for measurement of costs associated with interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good quality cost-effectiveness information on interventions targeting behavioural interventions for the Asia-Pacific region remains a major gap in the literature.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. lainie.sutton@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Lainie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Sardar Patel Institute Campus, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380 054, India. anup.karan@iiphg.org.|Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. anup.karan@iiphg.org.
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. ajay.mahal@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahal
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000517:prevention & control; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D014943:Global Health; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary