title: Artificial chemical and magnetic structure at the domain walls of an epitaxial oxide.
abstract: Progress in nanotechnology requires new approaches to materials synthesis that make it possible to control material functionality down to the smallest scales. An objective of materials research is to achieve enhanced control over the physical properties of materials such as ferromagnets, ferroelectrics and superconductors. In this context, complex oxides and inorganic perovskites are attractive because slight adjustments of their atomic structures can produce large physical responses and result in multiple functionalities. In addition, these materials often contain ferroelastic domains. The intrinsic symmetry breaking that takes place at the domain walls can induce properties absent from the domains themselves, such as magnetic or ferroelectric order and other functionalities, as well as coupling between them. Moreover, large domain wall densities create intense strain gradients, which can also affect the material's properties. Here we show that, owing to large local stresses, domain walls can promote the formation of unusual phases. In this sense, the domain walls can function as nanoscale chemical reactors. We synthesize a two-dimensional ferromagnetic phase at the domain walls of the orthorhombic perovskite terbium manganite (TbMnO3), which was grown in thin layers under epitaxial strain on strontium titanate (SrTiO3) substrates. This phase is yet to be created by standard chemical routes. The density of the two-dimensional sheets can be tuned by changing the film thickness or the substrate lattice parameter (that is, the epitaxial strain), and the distance between sheets can be made as small as 5 nanometres in ultrathin films, such that the new phase at domain walls represents up to 25 per cent of the film volume. The general concept of using domain walls of epitaxial oxides to promote the formation of unusual phases may be applicable to other materials systems, thus giving access to new classes of nanoscale materials for applications in nanoelectronics and spintronics.
authors.affiliation: Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farokhipoor
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA) - ARAID, and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain [2] Transpyrenean Advanced Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (TALEM), CEMES - INA, CNRS - Universidad de Zaragoza, 30155 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magén
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-11 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venkatesan
authors.affiliation: Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Íñiguez
authors.affiliation: Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Daumont
authors.affiliation: Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rubi
authors.affiliation: 1] Transpyrenean Advanced Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (TALEM), CEMES - INA, CNRS - Universidad de Zaragoza, 30155 Toulouse, France [2] CEMES - CNRS, 30155 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Snoeck
authors.affiliation: Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mostovoy
authors.affiliation: 1] Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain [3] Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-11 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-11 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Döblinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-11 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheu
authors.affiliation: Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Noheda