title: Managing hospital doctors and their practice: what can we learn about human resource management from non-healthcare organisations?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improved management of clinicians' time and practice is advocated to address increasing demands on healthcare provision in the UK National Health Service (NHS). Human resource management (HRM) is associated with improvements in organisational performance and outcomes within and outside of healthcare, but with limited use in managing individual clinicians. This may reflect the absence of effective and transferrable models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current systems of managing the performance of individual clinicians in a secondary healthcare organisation were reviewed through the study of practice in 10 successful partnership organisations, including knowledge worker predominant, within commercial, public and voluntary sector operating environments. Reciprocal visits to the secondary healthcare environment were undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six themes in performance related HRM were identified across the external organisations representing best practice and considered transferrable to managing clinicians in secondary care organisations. These included: performance measurement through defined outcomes at the team level with decision making through local data interpretation; performance improvement through empowered formal leadership with organisational support; individual performance review (IPR); and reward, recognition and talent management. The role of the executive was considered essential to support and implement effective HRM, with management of staff performance, behaviour and development integrated into organisational strategy, including through the use of universally applied values and effective communication. These approaches reflected many of the key aspects of high performance work systems and strategic HRM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is the potential to develop systems of HRM of individual clinicians in secondary healthcare to improve practice. This should include both performance measurement and performance improvement but also engagement at an organisational level. This suggests that effective HRM and performance management of individual clinicians may be possible but requires an alternative approach for the NHS.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Trebble
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heyworth
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hockey
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D010559:Personnel Management / Q000379:methods*; D010820:Physicians / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006113:United Kingdom