title: Common gamma chain (γc) cytokines differentially potentiate TNFR family signaling in antigen-activated CD8(+) T cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several members of the common gamma chain (gc) cytokine family are already approved (IL-2) or actively being developed as vaccine adjuvants and cancer immunotherapies. Studies have indicated that co-administration of gc cytokines may enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies that function via direct activation of co-stimulatory T cell receptors. To define the specific influence of gc cytokines on the co-stimulatory capacity of CD8(+) T cells and identify combinations with synergistic potential, we investigated the direct impact of gc cytokines on the differentiation and transcriptional profile of recently antigen-primed CD8(+) T cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Naïve CD8(+) T cells were activated with peptide-pulsed APCs. After 48 hours, CD8(+) T cells were harvested and re-cultured in media supplemented with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-15 or IL-21. After 24 hours, cells were analyzed by cytokine bead array, flow cytometry, and mRNA micro-array. Gene networks responsible for specific CD8(+) T cell functions were constructed through literature-meta review and publicly available annotation databases. Gene expression data from the experimental groups was imported into this network to visualize the impact of each gc cytokine on the functional polarization of recently-activated CD8(+) T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the gc cytokines, IL-2 induced the greatest increase in the expression of co-stimulatory receptors in recently-activated CD8(+) T cells. IL-2 increased significantly expression of 4-1BB, GITR, ICOS and OX40, at both the transcriptional and protein level. IL-2 also drove the greatest increase in cellular proliferation and the most robust shift towards a pro-survival phenotype, compared with the other gc cytokines. Both IL-4 and IL-21 enhanced expression of cytotoxic effector proteins, but drove distinct phenotypic polarizations, Th2/Tc2 and NK-like, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these observations suggest that among gc cytokines, IL-2 may be uniquely capable of synergizing with therapeutic strategies that combine immunization with agonists of co-stimulatory T cell receptors. Previous studies have shown that the timing of IL-2 treatment relative to immunization plays a key role in defining the CD8(+) T cell response, and the findings from this study indicate that administration of exogenous IL-2 shortly after the initial antigen-priming event has concluded may augment the receptivity of these cells to subsequent TNFR co-stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.affiliation: Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kasiewicz
authors.affiliation: Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Stefanie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Linch
authors.affiliation: Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dubay
authors.affiliation: Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., 2 N35, Portland, 97213, OR, USA.
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Redmond
keywords: CD8+ T cell; Common gamma chain cytokines; IL-2; Immunotherapy; OX40; TNFR