title: The low level of glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, regulates glucose metabolism by inducing insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon secretion. The aim of the study is to assess the levels of fasting and post-prandial GLP-1 and their risk for T2DM. A case control study was conducted at the diabetes clinic Sanglah Hospital Denpasar Bali, involving 40 subjects who were native Indonesian citizens and 18-70 years of age. Twenty subjects were allocated as the case group (subjects with T2DM) and 20 subjects were allocated as the control group (subjects with normal glucose tolerance [NGT]). Both fasting intact GLP-1 (FGLP-1) and 60 minutes post-75 gram glucose loading intact GLP-1 (1hGLP-1) levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both fasting and post-prandial GLP-1 levels were significantly lower in subjects with T2DM than those with NGT (2.06 ± 0.43 vs. 2.87 ± 0.67 pg/L, p < 0.01; and 2.49 ± 0.60 vs. 3.42 ± 0.85 pg/L, p = 0.02; respectively). Low levels of FGLP-1 (OR, 13.5; p = 0.001) and 1hGLP-1 (OR, 5.667, p = 0.018), with no response after glucose loading (∆GLP-1), were a significant risk for T2DM. According to the ∆GLP-1, there was a tendency of decreasing response of GLP-1 after glucose loading among subjects with T2DM (∆ = 0.43 pg/L) compared to subjects with NGT (∆ = 0.55 pg/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From this study it can be concluded that levels of intact GLP-1 are an important risk factor for T2DM in the Indonesian population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University-Sanglah Hospital, Kamboja Street, Dangin Puri Kangin, No 8, 80233, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. aguszhuras@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Agus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lastya
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University-Sanglah Hospital, Kamboja Street, Dangin Puri Kangin, No 8, 80233, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. dragusratna@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Made Ratna
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Saraswati
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University-Sanglah Hospital, Kamboja Street, Dangin Puri Kangin, No 8, 80233, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. ksuas@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ketut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suastika
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1