title: Pharmacotherapy update on the use of vasopressors and inotropes in the intensive care unit.
abstract: This paper summarizes the pharmacologic properties of vasoactive medications used in the treatment of shock, including the inotropes and vasopressors. The clinical application of these therapies is discussed and recent studies describing their use and associated outcomes are also reported. Comprehension of hemodynamic principles and adrenergic and non-adrenergic receptor mechanisms are salient to the appropriate therapeutic utility of vasoactive medications for shock. Vasoactive medications can be classified based on their direct effects on vascular tone (vasoconstriction or vasodilation) and on the heart (presence or absence of positive inotropic effects). This classification highlights key similarities and differences with respect to pharmacology and hemodynamic effects. Vasopressors include pure vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine and vasopressin) and inoconstrictors (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine). Each of these medications acts as vasopressors to increase mean arterial pressure by augmenting vascular tone. Inotropes include inodilators (dobutamine and milrinone) and the aforementioned inoconstrictors. These medications act as inotropes by enhancing cardiac output through enhanced contractility. The inodilators also reduce afterload from systemic vasodilation. The relative hemodynamic effect of each agent varies depending on the dose administered, but is particularly apparent with dopamine. Recent large-scale clinical trials have evaluated vasopressors and determined that norepinephrine may be preferred as a first-line therapy for a broad range of shock states, most notably septic shock. Consequently, careful selection of vasoactive medications based on desired pharmacologic effects that are matched to the patient's underlying pathophysiology of shock may optimize hemodynamics while reducing the potential for adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Jacob C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jentzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA coonsjc@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Coons
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Link
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Institute, UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidhofer
mesh_terms: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D020105:Milrinone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000502:physiology; D012769:Shock / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004280:Dobutamine; D020105:Milrinone
keywords: Vasoactive medications; inotropes; shock; vasopressors