title: Fungal biogeography. Global diversity and geography of soil fungi.
abstract: Fungi play major roles in ecosystem processes, but the determinants of fungal diversity and biogeographic patterns remain poorly understood. Using DNA metabarcoding data from hundreds of globally distributed soil samples, we demonstrate that fungal richness is decoupled from plant diversity. The plant-to-fungus richness ratio declines exponentially toward the poles. Climatic factors, followed by edaphic and spatial variables, constitute the best predictors of fungal richness and community composition at the global scale. Fungi show similar latitudinal diversity gradients to other organisms, with several notable exceptions. These findings advance our understanding of global fungal diversity patterns and permit integration of fungi into a general macroecological framework.
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. leho.tedersoo@ut.ee.
authors.forename: Leho
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tedersoo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahram
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Põlme
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Urmas
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kõljalg
authors.affiliation: Faculté d'Agronomie, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Benin.
authors.forename: Nourou S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Yorou
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wijesundera
authors.affiliation: Postgrado en Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Genética, LARGEMBIO, Colegio de Postgraduados-Líneas Prioritarias de Investigación 6, México City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villarreal Ruiz
authors.affiliation: The Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures-Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aída M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vasco-Palacios
authors.affiliation: Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Pham Quang
authors.initials: PQ
authors.lastname: Thu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Ave
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suija
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Erki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saluveer
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saitta
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Taavi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riit
authors.affiliation: Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ratkowsky
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pritsch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kadri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Põldmaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piepenbring
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Cherdchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phosri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kaarin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parts
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kadri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pärtel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Eveli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otsing
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nouhra
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon.
authors.forename: André L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Njouonkou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: R Henrik
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luis N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Morgado
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mayor
authors.affiliation: Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Tom W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Luiza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Majuakim
authors.affiliation: Center for Forest Mycology Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture--Forest Service, Luquillo, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: D Jean
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lodge
authors.affiliation: Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Su See
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Karl-Henrik
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kohout
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosaka
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Indrek
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hiiesalu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Terry W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Henkel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Helery
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harend
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liang-dong
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Facultad de Cs. Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia SJB, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina.
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greslebin
authors.affiliation: Ecosystems and Global Change team, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Gwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grelet
authors.affiliation: Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jozsef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geml
authors.affiliation: Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Rein
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Drenkhan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dearnaley
authors.affiliation: Botanic Garden Meise, Meise, Belgium.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Kesel
authors.affiliation: Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiag University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buegger
authors.affiliation: School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Francis Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Brearley
authors.affiliation: Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonito
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anslan
authors.affiliation: School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abell
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kessy
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authors.lastname: Abarenkov
mesh_terms: D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D065928:Forests; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005843:Geography; D065948:Grassland; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D065929:Tundra
chemical_list: D012987:Soil