title: Are gloves sufficiently protective when hairdressers are exposed to permanent hair dyes? An in vivo study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of permanent hair dyes exposes hairdressers to contact allergens such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD), and the preventive measures are insufficient.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform an in vivo test to study the protective effect of gloves commonly used by hairdressers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six gloves from Sweden, Italy and Germany were studied: two vinyl, one natural rubber latex, two nitrile, and one polyethylene. The hair dye used for the provocation was a dark shade permanent dye containing PPD. The dye was mixed with hydrogen peroxide, and 8 PPD-sensitized volunteers were tested with the gloves as a membrane between the hair dye and the skin in a cylindrical open chamber system. Three exposure times (15, 30 and 60 min) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eczematous reactions were found when natural rubber latex, polyethylene and vinyl gloves were tested with the dye. The nitrile gloves gave good protection, even after 60 min of exposure to the hair dye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many protective gloves used by hairdressers are unsuitable for protection against the risk of elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis caused by PPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 18, SE 20502, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Unit of Dermatology, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Annarita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antelmi
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svedman
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zimerson
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engfeldt
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruze
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001461:Barbering; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007840:Latex / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D010328:Patch Tests; D010539:Permeability; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006202:Hair Dyes; D007840:Latex; D009570:Nitriles; D010655:Phenylenediamines; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; D020959:Polyethylene; C029728:4-phenylenediamine
keywords: hairdressers; p-phenylenediamine; permanent hair dyes; protective gloves