title: Acquiring chondrocyte phenotype from human mesenchymal stem cells under inflammatory conditions.
abstract: An inflammatory milieu breaks down the cartilage matrix and induces chondrocyte apoptosis, resulting in cartilage destruction in patients with cartilage degenerative diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. Because of the limited regenerative ability of chondrocytes, defects in cartilage are irreversible and difficult to repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are expected to be a new tool for cartilage repair because they are present in the cartilage and are able to differentiate into multiple lineages of cells, including chondrocytes. Although clinical trials using MSCs for patients with cartilage defects have already begun, its efficacy and repair mechanisms remain unknown. A PubMed search conducted in October 2014 using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: mesenchymal stromal cells, chondrogenesis, and cytokines resulted in 204 articles. The titles and abstracts were screened and nine articles relevant to "inflammatory" cytokines and "human" MSCs were identified. Herein, we review the cell biology and mechanisms of chondrocyte phenotype acquisition from human MSCs in an inflammatory milieu and discuss the clinical potential of MSCs for cartilage repair.
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan. Kondo.Masahiro@mc.mt-pharma.co.jp.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan. yamaoka@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaoka
authors.affiliation: The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan. tanaka@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002356:Cartilage / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D010641:Phenotype