title: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in children with cytomegalovirus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among infants and immunocompromised children cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review describes the clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir for the treatment and prevention of CMV infection in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 24-h ganciclovir area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC₀₋₂₄) of 40 - 60 μg h/ml decreased the risk of CMV infection for adults undergoing CMV prophylaxis. For adults undergoing treatment for active CMV disease, a target AUC₀₋₁₂ of 40 - 60 μg h/ml has been suggested. The applicability of these targets to children remains uncertain; however, with the most sophisticated dosing regimens developed to date only 21% of patients are predicted to reach these targets. Moving forward, identification of optimal pediatric ganciclovir and valganciclovir dosing regimens may involve the use of an externally validated pediatric population pharmacokinetic model for empirical dosing, an optimal sampling strategy for collecting a minimal number of blood samples for each patient and Bayesian updating of the dosing regimen based on an individual patient's pharmacokinetic profile.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 , USA +1 801 587 7404 ; +1 801 585 9410 ; Catherine.Sherwin@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stockmann
authors.forename: Jessica K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Knackstedt
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Spigarelli
authors.forename: Catherine Mt
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sherwin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007223:Infant; D000077562:Valganciclovir
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000077562:Valganciclovir; D015774:Ganciclovir
keywords: antiviral; cytomegalovirus; pediatric; population pharmacokinetics