title: Incidence, predictors, and procedural results of upgrade to resynchronization therapy: the RAFT upgrade substudy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The resynchronization-defibrillation for ambulatory heart failure trial (RAFT) study demonstrated that adding cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in selected patients requiring de novo implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD) reduced mortality as compared with ICD therapy alone, despite an increase in procedure-related adverse events. Data are lacking regarding the management of patients with ICD therapy who develop an indication for CRT upgrade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participating RAFT centers provided data regarding de novo CRT-D (CRT with ICD) implant, upgrade to CRT-D during RAFT (study upgrade), and upgrade within 6 months after presentation of study results (substudy). Substudy centers enrolled 1346 (74.9%) patients in RAFT, including 644 de novo, 80 study upgrade, and 60 substudy CRT attempts. The success rate (initial plus repeat attempts) was 95.2% for de novo versus 96.3% for study upgrade and 90.0% for substudy CRT attempts (P=0.402). Acute complications occurred among 26.2% of de novo versus 18.8% of study upgrade and 3.4% of substudy CRT implantation attempts (P<0.001). The most common complication was left ventricular lead dislodgement. The principal reasons for not yet attempting upgrade in the substudy were patient preference (31.9%), New York Heart Association Class I (17.0%), and a QRS<150 ms (13.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among a broad group of implant physicians, CRT upgrades were performed in patients with an ICD in situ with no difference in implant success rate and a reduced acute complication rate as compared with a de novo CRT implant. Decisions to upgrade were influenced by predictors of benefit in subgroup analyses of the RAFT study and other trials.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.). vidal.essebag@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Vidal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Essebag
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joza
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Birnie
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sapp
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Laurence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sterns
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Philippon
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crystal
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kus
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rinne
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Magdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sami
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thibault
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Derek V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Exner
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coutu
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Chris S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Zaev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wulffhart
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yetisir
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., J.J., M.S.); Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.H.B., E.Y., G.W., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (J.L.S.); Division of Cardiology, Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, BC, Canada (L.D.S.); Division of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P.); Division of Cardiology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada (R.Y., A.S.L.T.); Division of Cardiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada (E.C.); Division of Cardiology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (V.E., T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's General Hospital, Kitchener, ON, Canada (C.R.); Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada (J.S.H.); Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.T.); Division of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada (D.V.E.); Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (B.C.); Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada (C.S.S.); and Division of Cardiology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada (Z.W.).
authors.forename: Anthony S L
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D058409:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057240:Patient Preference; D018579:Patient Selection; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: cardiac resynchronization therapy; complication; implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; implantation