title: Temporal artery thermometry in children younger than 5 years: a comparison with rectal thermometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Temporal artery (TA) thermometry has come as one of the new methods for temperature measurement, especially in children in whom accurate temperature monitoring can save lives. The device which is convenient and simple to use is yet to gain popularity in several parts of the world, as there are conflicting reports of its accuracy. This study compares the accuracy of the TA thermometry in children younger than 5 years using the rectal thermometry as the gold standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temperature was measured simultaneously in eligible children younger than 5 years from the forehead and rectum using the TA thermometer (TAT-2000C Exergen, USA) and standard mercury in glass rectal thermometer, respectively. The difference between the mean temperatures obtained by the 2 thermometry methods was tested using the paired t test. Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression, and Bland-Altman plot were also used to test the relationship and agreement between the 2 instruments. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the mean TA temperature (37.80°C ± 1.07°C) was significantly lower than the mean rectal temperature (38.07°C ± 0.95°C), P < 0.001. In neonates, however, the mean difference was not significant, 0.02 ± 0.59 (P = 0.810). There was a significant positive correlation between the rectal and the temporal temperatures (r = 0.80, P < 0.01). The Bland-Altman plot showed wide variation in the limit of agreement between the rectal and the TA temperatures which ranged from -1.02°C to +1.56°C. The sensitivity of the TA thermometer was 64.6% and 83.5%, respectively, at a TA fever cutoff of 38.0°C and 37.7°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporal artery thermometer is not accurate enough for the measurement of core body temperature in children younger than 5 years. However, it may be used as a tool for screening for fever in very busy clinics and emergency room at a fever cutoff of 37.7°C.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Centre, Owerri; †Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu; and ‡University of Jos Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Kelechi K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Odinaka
authors.forename: Benedict O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Edelu
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nwolisa
authors.forename: Ifeyinwa B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Amamilo
authors.forename: Seline N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Okolo
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D013699:Temporal Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D013821:Thermometers; D062125:Thermometry / Q000379:methods*