title: [Clostridium difficile in visceral surgery].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For surgeons the early identification of patients with clostridium difficile infections (CDI) is important, because the incidence and virulence of this potentially life-threatening disease are increasing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of CDI among surgical patients, to analyze which treatment was successful and to define which factors were associated with mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of patients with CDI was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 2004 to June 2012 the overall incidence of CDI among all departments at the St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum was 0.6 % (1669 out of 301,919 patients). In 2004 the number of surgical patients with CDI was 1 which increased to 41 in 2011. Before the diagnosis of CDI was made 84 % (151 out of 179) of patients had received an antibiotic treatment. Conservative management of CDI was performed with metronidazole in 75 % (134 out of 179), 60 % (107 out of 179) received vancomycin, while 44 % (79 out of 179) received a combination of metronidazole and vancomycin, tygecycline or fidaxomidin. The overall mortality was 7 % (12 out of 179). There was a significant association with mortality for patients with sepsis, readmission to the intensive care unit (ICU), requirement for vasopressor therapy and intubation with mechanical ventilation. In 4 % of patients (7 out of 179) colectomy was carried out. Despite maximum intensive care management, 86 % (6 out of 7) of patients who underwent colectomy ultimately died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although conservative management is successful for most patients with CDI, the mortality is high for patients who require intensive care management secondary to CDI. Mortality after colectomy for CDI is almost 100 %, mostly because the operation is usually only performed as a last resort in patients with sepsis. The most important risk factor for CDI is a prior antibiotic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, St. Josef Hospital, Klinikum der Ruhr Universität Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Deutschland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deleites
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Belyaev
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chromik
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uhl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D000077732:Fidaxomicin; D005858:Germany; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D008911:Minocycline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010359:Patient Readmission; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D000078304:Tigecycline; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D014640:Vancomycin; D000078304:Tigecycline; D008911:Minocycline; D000077732:Fidaxomicin