title: Evaluation of orthodontic mini-implant placement: a CBCT study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal positioning of orthodontic mini-implants is essential for a successful treatment with skeletal anchorage. This study aims to compare the accuracy of two-dimensional radiographs with a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for mini-implant placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ideal site for mini-implant placement at the buccal interradicular space between the second premolar and the first molar was determined for 40 sites (in 13 patients aged 14 to 28 years) by using CBCT data. The mini-implant placement procedure was then divided into two groups. In CBCT group, mini-implants were placed at the sites determined from CBCT data. In RVG group, mini-implants were placed with the help of two-dimensional digital radiographs and a custom made guide. Postplacement CBCT scans were obtained to determine the accuracy of the mini-implant placement. The results were statistically analyzed with a Mann-Whitney test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant difference (p value=0.02) was observed between the two groups for deviation from an ideal height of placement of the mini-implants. Deviations in mesiodistal positioning and angular deviation showed a statistically non-significant difference. Three out of twenty mini-implants in the RVG group showed root contact in the mandibular arch that may be attributed to the narrower interradicular space and reduced accessibility in the mandibular posterior region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although CBCT provides an accurate three-dimensional visualization of the interradicular space, the two-dimensional intraoral radiograph of the interradicular area provides sufficient information for mini-implant placement. Considering the amount of radiation exposure and cost with the two techniques, it is recommended to use two-dimensional radiographs with a surgical guide for a routine mini-implant placement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi 110002, India. shilpa26kalra@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shilpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: Tulika
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Priyank
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanase
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008904:Miniaturization; D008963:Molar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016300:Radiography, Bitewing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants