title: Tics and tourette syndrome.
abstract: Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a common neuropsychiatric disorder spectrum with tics as the defining feature. Comorbidities such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder often complicate clinical presentation. Their recognition is paramount for the introduction of efficient treatment strategies to promote healthy development and good quality of life. Here, knowledge on the movement disorder of tics, the spectrum of associated comorbidities, and the list of differential diagnoses of tic disorders are summarized. Also, an account of the prevailing pathophysiologic models of tic generation is provided, and a concise update on contemporary treatment strategies is presented.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52 D, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ganos
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 9th Floor, Ruskin Wing, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, Stadium Road, London SE18 4QH, UK. Electronic address: davidemartino@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martino
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D020323:Tics / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Functional anatomy; Gilles de la Tourette syndrome; Tic pathophysiology; Tic treatment; Tics