title: Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens in the patients of urinary tract infection reporting at a tertiary care hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from January to December 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 440 culture positive bacterial isolates from 1110 urine samples; submitted over a period of one year were included in this study. Identification of bacterial isolates was done by standard biochemical profile of the organisms. The antimicrobial susceptibility of culture positive bacterial isolates was performed by disk diffusion method as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines (CLSI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 440 culture positive urine samples, 152 (34.6%) were from indoor patients whereas 288 (65.4%) from outdoor patients. Gram negative bacteria accounted for 414 (94%) of the total isolates while rest of the 26 (6%) were Gram positive bacteria. The most prevalent bacterial isolate was Escherichia (E.) coli 270 (61.3%) followed by Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa 52 (12%) and Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae 42 (9.5%). The susceptibility pattern of E. coli showed that 96.2% of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem, 85.1% to amikacin, 80.7% to piperacillin/tazobactam and 72.6% to nitrofurantoin. In case of P. aeruginsosa, 73% bacterial isolates were sensitive to tazobactam/piperacillin, 69.2% to sulbactam/cefoperazone and 65.38% to imipenem. The antibiogram of K. pneumoniae has revealed that 76.1% of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem and 52.3% to piperacillin/tazobactam. Nitrofurantoin and imipenem were the most effective antimicrobials amongst the Enterococcus spp. as 92.3% showed susceptibility to this bacterial isolate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Majority of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam while susceptibility to most of the commonly used oral antibiotics was very low. Among the oral antimicrobials, nitrofurantoin showed good susceptibility against Enterobacteriaceae family and Gram positive organisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Inam Ullah
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Irfan Ali
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Aamer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Amna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afzal
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Shamshad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Aamir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fayyaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghafoor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents