title: Non-digestible oligosaccharides modulate intestinal immune activation and suppress cow's milk allergic symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cow's milk allergy is a common food allergy in childhood and no effective preventive or curative treatment is available. This study aimed at comparing single short-chain galacto- (scGOS), long-chain fructo- (lcFOS) or pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS) and/or mixtures of scGOS/lcFOS (GF) or scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS (GFA) to prevent or treat food allergy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the preventive protocol, C3H/HeOuJ mice were fed diets containing single oligosaccharides or mixtures GF or GFA throughout the study protocol. In the treatment protocol, GF or GFA was provided for 4 wk starting after the last sensitization. The allergic skin response and anaphylaxis scores were determined, after oral challenge whey-specific immunoglobulins were measured, and qPCR for T-cell markers and Foxp3 counts using immunohistochemistry were performed on the small intestine and colon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only in the preventive setting, the GF or GFA mixture, but not the single oligosaccharides, reduced the allergic skin response and whey-IgG(1) levels in whey-sensitized mice, compared to the control diet. Both GF and GFA increased the number of Foxp3+ cells in the proximal small intestine of whey - compared to sham-sensitized mice. Expression of Th2 and Th17 mRNA markers increased in the middle part of the small intestine of whey-sensitized mice, which was prevented by GF. By contrast, GFA enhanced Tbet (Th1), IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA expression compared to GF which was maintained in the distal small intestine and/or colon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary supplementation with scGOS/lcFOS or scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS during sensitization, both effectively reduce allergic symptoms but differentially affect mucosal immune activation in whey-sensitized mice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kerperien
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Jeurink
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wehkamp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Veer
authors.forename: H J G
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van de Kant
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: E C A M
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: van Esch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garssen
authors.forename: L E M
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: L M J
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Knippels
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004063:Digestion; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007114:Immunization; D056747:Immunomodulation; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008892:Milk / Q000276:immunology; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: cow's milk allergy; intestinal mucosa; non-digestible oligosaccharides; prevention; regulatory T cells