title: Role of steroid hormone receptors in formation and progression of bladder carcinoma: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the expression rate of sex steroid hormone receptors of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and androgen (AR) in normal urothelium and urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) and to evaluate the possible associations of these receptors expression with cancer progression and patient's survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the clinical data and tumor specimens of 120 patients with pathologically confirmed primary UBC with 132 normal healthy controls. Both patients and controls selected from list of subjects who have been referred to Sina Urology clinic, and had a minimum of one year follow-up duration. Data collected from medical cords. For evaluation of expression, immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections using a monoclonal antibody for androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptors. Presence of at least 10% positive cells defined as positive expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the control subjects showed AR expression, while 22% of the patients were AR-positive. ER/PR expressions were observed in 4.2%/ and 2.5% of the cases and in 2.3% and 1.5% of the controls, respectively. A statistically significant correlation was found between AR expression and tumor stage and grade (P &lt; .001). AR-positive patients showed a significantly poorer prognosis than AR-negative cases (log-rank test, P = .02, hazard ratio = 2.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.36-4.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AR expression was significantly associated with higher grade and poorly differentiated tumors with unfavorable outcome. AR expression test might be useful as a diagnostic tool for determining the malignancy and outcome of UBC patients.&nbsp;
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. rh_mashhadi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rahil
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mashhadi
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. gh_pourman@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pourmand
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kosari
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdolrasoul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehrsai
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sepehr
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pourmand
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sudabeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alatab
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khonsari
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heydari
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Laleh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beladi
authors.affiliation: Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farimah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alizadeh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000378:metabolism*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D015996:Survival Rate; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone