title: Association of depression and sleep quality with complications of type 2 diabetes in geriatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is highly prevalent and increasing in geriatric population. Depression and sleep disorders occur at a higher rate in patients with diabetes compared with controls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether diabetic complications influence the sleep quality and depression in elderly patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  154 geriatric diabetic patients (male/female: 69/85) were enrolled in this study. Patients were investigated for microvascular and macrovascular complications. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were performed for assessment of sleep quality and depression, respectively. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify significant independent related factors for GDS and PSQI scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microvascular and macrovascular complications were found in 47.4 % and 29.2 of study population. PSQI and GDS scores of patients with microvascular complications were significantly higher than those of patients without microvascular complications (8.23 ± 3.83 vs 5.76 ± 3.04, p 0.001; 11.07 ± 6.07 vs 6.94 ± 5.35, p 0.001), respectively. There was no difference in GDS scores between the patients with and without macrovascular complications. There was a positive correlation between DM duration and PSQI, GDS scores. Neuropathy was an independent variable for poor sleep quality (OR 1.362, 95 % CI 0.032-2.692, p 0.045) and depression (OR 2.909, 95 % CI 0.610-5.209, p 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression status and sleep quality are strongly influenced by diabetic complications and DM duration in elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 27100, Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey, zaodr79@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zeynel Abidin
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yesil
authors.forename: Mehmet Emin
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kuyumcu
authors.forename: Esen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Savas
authors.forename: Özhan
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Uygun
authors.forename: Zeynel Abidin
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Sayıner
authors.forename: Yalçın
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kepekçi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology