title: The risk to import ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus through chicken meat trade in Gabon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A main export market for chicken meat from industrialized countries is sub-Saharan Africa. We hypothesized that antibiotic resistant bacteria could be exported to developing countries through chicken meat trade. The objective was to investigate the occurrence and molecular types of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus in chicken meat in Gabon and to assess their dissemination among humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frozen chicken meat samples imported from industrialized countries to Gabon (n = 151) were screened for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus. Genotypes and resistance genes (SHV, TEM, CTX-M, CMY-2) of isolates from meat were compared with isolates derived from humans. The contamination rate per chicken part (i. e. leg, wing) with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli, no other ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were found) and S. aureus was 23% and 3%, respectively. The beta-lactamase CTX-M 1 was predominant in ESBL E. coli from meat samples but was not found in isolates from cases of human colonization or infection. S. aureus belonging to spa type t002 (multilocus sequence type ST5) were found both in chicken meat and humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a risk to import ESBL E. coli to Gabon but molecular differences between isolates from humans and chicken meat argue against a further dissemination. No MRSA isolate was detected in imported chicken meat.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstr, 10, Münster, 48149, Germany. frieder.schaumburg@ukmuenster.de.
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schaumburg
authors.forename: Abraham S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Alabi
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frielinghaus
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Grobusch
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Köck
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Saadou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Issifou
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kremsner
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mellmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D005260:Female; D005681:Gabon; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058889:Molecular Typing; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases