title: Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: advanced neuro- and neurovascular imaging techniques.
abstract: Neuroimaging plays a critical role in the evaluation of patients with traumatic brain injury, with NCCT as the first-line of imaging for patients with traumatic brain injury and MR imaging being recommended in specific settings. Advanced neuroimaging techniques, including MR imaging DTI, blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI, MR spectroscopy, perfusion imaging, PET/SPECT, and magnetoencephalography, are of particular interest in identifying further injury in patients with traumatic brain injury when conventional NCCT and MR imaging findings are normal, as well as for prognostication in patients with persistent symptoms. These advanced neuroimaging techniques are currently under investigation in an attempt to optimize them and substantiate their clinical relevance in individual patients. However, the data currently available confine their use to the research arena for group comparisons, and there remains insufficient evidence at the time of this writing to conclude that these advanced techniques can be used for routine clinical use at the individual patient level. TBI imaging is a rapidly evolving field, and a number of the recommendations presented will be updated in the future to reflect the advances in medical knowledge.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Neuroradiology (M.W.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, California Max.Wintermark@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wintermark
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology (P.C.S.), North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sanelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology (Y.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Anzai
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology (A.J.T.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tsiouris
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Translational Science Institute (C.T.W.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Whitlow
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D009333:Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon