title: Pilot cluster randomized controlled trials to evaluate adoption of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions and their combination in rural western Kenya.
abstract: In preparation for a larger trial, the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Benefits pilot study enrolled 72 villages and 499 subjects in two closely related randomized trials of WASH interventions in rural western Kenya. Intervention households received hardware and promotion for one of the following: water treatment, sanitation and latrine improvements, handwashing with soap, or the combination of all three. Interventions were clustered by village. A follow-up survey was conducted 4 months after intervention delivery to assess uptake. Intervention households were significantly more likely than controls to have chlorinated stored water (36-60 percentage point increases), covers over latrine drop holes (55-75 percentage point increases), less stool visible on latrine floors (16-47 percentage point reductions), and a place for handwashing (71-85 percentage point increases) with soap available (49-66 percentage point increases). The high uptake in all arms shows that combined interventions can achieve high short-term adoption rates if well-designed.
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California garret@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Garret
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
authors.forename: Holly N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Dentz
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
authors.forename: Tomoé
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bourdier
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
authors.forename: Benjamin F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Colford
authors.affiliation: Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
authors.forename: Clair
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Null
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003968:Diarrhea, Infantile / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012499:Sanitation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000592:standards; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards