title: A blended- rather than whole-lentil meal with or without α-galactosidase mildly increases healthy adults' appetite but not their glycemic response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disrupting the physical structure of pulses by blending them or by using a digestive supplement (α-galactosidase) to reduce intestinal discomfort could potentially negate the previously observed beneficial effects of whole pulses of lowering appetitive and glycemic responses because of more rapid digestion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that blended lentils, α-galactosidase, or both increase postprandial appetite and blood glucose responses vs. whole lentils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women [n = 12; means ± SDs body mass index (kg/m(2)): 23.3 ± 3.1; aged 28 ± 10 y] consumed breakfast meals containing whole (W), blended (B), or no lentils [control (C)], each with 3 α-galactosidase or placebo capsules in a randomized, crossover, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Between each test day there was a 3- to 5-d washout period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed-model ANOVA showed effects of meal on postprandial appetite and glucose (P = 0.0001-0.031). The B meal resulted in higher postprandial appetite ratings than did the W meal but not the C meal for hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption (Δ = 0.4-0.5 points; P = 0.002-0.044). Postprandial glucose concentration was 4.5 mg/dL lower for the B meal than for the C meal (P < 0.0001) but did not differ from the W meal. There were no main effects of α-galactosidase, but there were meal × α-galactosidase interaction effects, with a greater postprandial desire to eat and lower postprandial fullness with the B meal than with the 2 other meals in the placebo condition but not in the α-galactosidase condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blending lentils increased appetite (∼6%), but not glycemic response, compared with whole lentils, whereas α-galactosidase did not. Both B and W meals may be consumed (with or without an α-galactosidase supplement) with little impact on appetite, without increasing glycemic response. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02110511.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition Science Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
authors.forename: Katherene O-B
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Anguah
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition Science.
authors.forename: Brittany S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Wonnell
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition Science Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Statistics, and.
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition Science Psychological Sciences and the Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA mmccrory@gsu.edu.
authors.forename: Megan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McCrory
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D027806:Lens Plant; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D055815:Young Adult; D000519:alpha-Galactosidase / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D000519:alpha-Galactosidase
keywords: Lentils; appetite; glucose; humans; α-galactosidase