title: Detection of a low-grade enteroviral infection in the islets of langerhans of living patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: The Diabetes Virus Detection study (DiViD) is the first to examine fresh pancreatic tissue at the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for the presence of viruses. Minimal pancreatic tail resection was performed 3-9 weeks after onset of type 1 diabetes in six adult patients (age 24-35 years). The presence of enteroviral capsid protein 1 (VP1) and the expression of class I HLA were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Enterovirus RNA was analyzed from isolated pancreatic islets and from fresh-frozen whole pancreatic tissue using PCR and sequencing. Nondiabetic organ donors served as controls. VP1 was detected in the islets of all type 1 diabetic patients (two of nine controls). Hyperexpression of class I HLA molecules was found in the islets of all patients (one of nine controls). Enterovirus-specific RNA sequences were detected in four of six patients (zero of six controls). The results were confirmed in various laboratories. Only 1.7% of the islets contained VP1(+) cells, and the amount of enterovirus RNA was low. The results provide evidence for the presence of enterovirus in pancreatic islets of type 1 diabetic patients, which is consistent with the possibility that a low-grade enteroviral infection in the pancreatic islets contributes to disease progression in humans.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krogvold
authors.affiliation: Intervention Centre and Department of Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Trond
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buanes
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frisk
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Oskar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Skog
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anagandula
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Korsgren
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Undlien
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Morten C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Eike
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leete
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K.
authors.forename: Noel G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oikarinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Maarit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oikarinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jutta E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Laiho
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hyöty
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristian F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hanssen
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway knut.dahl-jorgensen@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahl-Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral