title: The interactive effect of improvement of vitamin D status and VDR FokI variants on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to evaluate the effects of improvement of vitamin D status on biomarkers of oxidative stress (OS) in type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects and whether vitamin D receptor (VDR)-FokI polymorphisms could modulate the response to vitamin D3 intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with T2D were allocated to one of the two groups to receive either plain doogh (PD; containing 150 mg calcium and no vitamin D/250 ml, n1=50) or vitamin D3-fortified doogh (FD; containing 500 IU/250 ml, n1=50) twice a day for 12 weeks. Outcomes were changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). VDR genotypes in 140 T2D subjects in FD were determined by FokI restriction enzyme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 weeks, serum 25(OH)D increased significantly in FD (from 38.5±202.2 to 72.0±23.5, P<0.001) as compared with PD (from 38.8±22.8 to 33.4±22.8, P=0.28). Comparisons between FD and PD revealed significant differences in changes of serum MDA (-0.54±0.82 μmol/l vs. +0.17±1 μmol/l, P<0.001), GSH (+8.4±40.1 ng/l vs -13.1±29.4 ng/l, P=0.002) and TAC (+0.14±0.43 mmol/l  vs. +0.02±0.45 mmol/l bovine serum albumin equivalent, P=0.03). Although there was no significant association between FokI genotypes and OS biomarkers, ff variant subgroup showed the weakest response to vitamin D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvement of vitamin D status via daily intake of FD ameliorates OS biomarkers in T2D subjects and the interactive effect of FokI genotypes cannot be ruled out.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shab-Bidar
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUM), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Neyestani
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Djazayery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005838:Genotype; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C035042:endodeoxyribonuclease FokI; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; D005978:Glutathione