title: Prospective relevance of fruit and vegetable consumption and salt intake during adolescence for blood pressure in young adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption and salt intake are known dietary influences on blood pressure (BP) in adults, but data on their long-term relevance during growth for later BP are rare. We aimed to examine the independent and concomitant influences of adolescent FV and salt intakes on BP in young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 206 participants (108 males) provided a plausible BP measurement in young adulthood (18-25 years) as well as three repeated 3-day weighed dietary records, 24-h urine samples and BP measurements during adolescence (11-16 years). FV intake was assessed based on dietary records and its urinary biomarkers such as potassium, oxalate and hippuric acid. Urinary sodium chloride (NaCl) was used to estimate salt intake. Prospective associations of adolescent FV and salt intake with adult BP were examined in sex-stratified linear regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariable models, a 100 g higher FV intake during adolescence was prospectively related to 0.9 mmHg lower systolic BP in young adult females (P = 0.02), but not in males (P = 0.8). Biomarkers supported the findings for FV regarding systolic BP. Concurrently, a 1 g higher salt intake was related to 1.7 mmHg higher systolic BP in young men only (P = 0.01). For diastolic BP, results were inconsistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that in adolescent healthy girls, a higher FV intake may be more relevant for BP than a reduced salt intake and the opposite appears to apply for boys. The physiological implications of the observed sex-specific diet-BP relationships need deeper examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study Centre Dortmund, Branch Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Danika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krupp
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study Centre Dortmund, Branch Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Lijie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: IEL-Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Egert
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wudy
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study Centre Dortmund, Branch Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. remer@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010070:Oxalates / Q000652:urine; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006626:Hippurates; D010070:Oxalates; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011188:Potassium; C030514:hippuric acid
keywords: Adolescents; Biomarker; Blood pressure; Fruit and vegetables; Prospective; Salt