title: The molecular basis of β-lactamase production in Gram-negative bacteria from Saudi Arabia.
abstract: Resistance to β-lactams among Gram-negative bacteria is a worldwide issue. Increased prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producers and the dissemination of carbapenem-resistance genes are particularly concerning. ESBL-producing strains are common in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, particularly among the Enterobacteriaceae, and carbapenem resistance is on the increase, especially among the non-fermenters. β-lactamase production is a major mechanism of resistance to these agents and although β-lactamase-producing strains have been documented in the Kingdom, relatively few reports characterized the molecular basis of this production. Nevertheless, available data suggest that CTX-M (CTX-M-15 in particular) is the predominant ESBL in the Enterobacteriaceae, with SHV also being prevalent in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Carbapenem resistance in the latter is mainly due to OXA-48 and NDM-1. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, VEB-like enzymes are the most common ESBLs, and VIM is the prevalent metallo-β-lactamase. OXA-10 extended-spectrum enzymes are also frequent. PER and GES ESBLs have been reported in Acinetobacter baumannii, and oxacillinases (OXA-23 in particular) are the dominant carbapanamases in this species.
authors.affiliation: Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saber
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yezli
authors.affiliation: King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Atef M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shibl
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.|Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ziad A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Memish
mesh_terms: D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases