title: Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Widespread recommendations from health organisations encourage exclusive breastfeeding for six months. However, the addition of other fluids or foods before six months is common in many countries and communities. This practice suggests perceived benefits of early supplementation or lack of awareness of the possible risks.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the benefits and harms of supplementation for full-term healthy breastfed infants and to examine the timing and type of supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (21 March 2014) and reference lists of all relevant retrieved papers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials in infants under six months of age comparing exclusive breastfeeding versus breastfeeding with any additional food or fluids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently selected the trials, extracted data and assessed risk of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included eight trials (984 randomised infants/mothers). Six trials (n = 613 analysed) provided data on outcomes of interest to this review. The variation in outcome measures and time points made it difficult to pool results from trials. Data could only be combined in a meta-analysis for one secondary outcome (weight change). The trials that provided outcome data compared exclusively breastfed infants with breastfed infants who were allowed additional nutrients in the form of artificial milk, glucose, water or solid foods.In relation to the majority of the older trials, the description of study methods was inadequate to assess the risk of bias. The two more recent trials, were found to be at low risk of bias for selection and detection bias. The overall quality of the evidence for the main comparison was low.In one trial (170 infants) comparing exclusively breastfeeding infants with infants who were allowed additional glucose water, there was a significant difference favouring exclusive breastfeeding up to and including week 20 (risk ratio (RR) 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05 to 1.99), with more infants in the exclusive breastfed group still exclusively breastfeeding. Conversely in one small trial (39 infants) comparing exclusive breastfed infants with non-exclusive breastfed infants who were provided with artificial milk, fewer infants in the exclusive breastfed group were exclusively breastfeeding at one week (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.92) and at three months (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.76) and there was no significant difference in the proportion of infants continuing any breastfeeding at three months between groups (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.03).For infant morbidity (six trials), one newborn trial (170 infants) found a statistically, but not clinically, significant difference in temperature at 72 hours (mean difference (MD) 0.10 degrees, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.19), and that serum glucose levels were higher in glucose supplemented infants in the first 24 hours, though not at 48 hours (MD -0.24 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.51 to 0.03). Weight loss was also higher (grams) in infants at six, 12, 24 and 48 hours of life in the exclusively breastfed infants compared to those who received additional glucose water (MD 7.00 g, 95% CI 0.76 to 13.24; MD 11.50 g, 95% CI 1.71 to 21.29; MD 13.40 g, 95% CI 0.43 to 26.37; MD 32.50 g, 95% CI 12.91 to 52.09), but no difference between groups was observed at 72 hours of life. In another trial (47 infants analysed), we found no significant difference in weight loss between the exclusively breastfeeding group and the group allowed either water or glucose water on either day three or day five (MD 1.03%, 95% CI -0.18 to 2.24) and (MD 0.20%, 95% CI -1.18 to 1.58).Three trials with four- to six-month-old infants provided no evidence to support any benefit from the addition of complementary foods at four months versus exclusive breastfeeding to six months nor any risks related either morbidity or weight change (or both).None of the trials reported on the remaining primary outcomes, infant mortality or physiological jaundice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were unable to fully assess the benefits or harms of supplementation or to determine the impact from timing and type of supplementation. We found no evidence of benefit to newborn infants and possible negative effects on the duration of breastfeeding from the brief use of additional water or glucose water, and the quality of the evidence from a small pilot study on formula supplementation was insufficient to suggest a change in practice away from exclusive breastfeeding. For infants at four to six months, we found no evidence of benefit from additional foods nor any risks related to morbidity or weight change. Future studies should examine the longer-term effects on infants and mothers, though randomising infants to receive supplements without medical need may be problematic.We found no evidence for disagreement with the recommendation of international health associations that exclusive breastfeeding should be recommended for healthy infants for the first six months.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Health Services Research and International Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy, 34137.
authors.forename: Genevieve E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remmington
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D047929:Term Birth; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D060766:Drinking Water; D005947:Glucose