title: Dissecting the organ specificity of insecticide resistance candidate genes in Anopheles gambiae: known and novel candidate genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The elevated expression of enzymes with insecticide metabolism activity can lead to high levels of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. In this study, adult female mosquitoes from an insecticide susceptible and resistant strain were dissected into four different body parts. RNA from each of these samples was used in microarray analysis to determine the enrichment patterns of the key detoxification gene families within the mosquito and to identify additional candidate insecticide resistance genes that may have been overlooked in previous experiments on whole organisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A general enrichment in the transcription of genes from the four major detoxification gene families (carboxylesterases, glutathione transferases, UDP glucornyltransferases and cytochrome P450s) was observed in the midgut and malpighian tubules. Yet the subset of P450 genes that have previously been implicated in insecticide resistance in An gambiae, show a surprisingly varied profile of tissue enrichment, confirmed by qPCR and, for three candidates, by immunostaining. A stringent selection process was used to define a list of 105 genes that are significantly (p ≤0.001) over expressed in body parts from the resistant versus susceptible strain. Over half of these, including all the cytochrome P450s on this list, were identified in previous whole organism comparisons between the strains, but several new candidates were detected, notably from comparisons of the transcriptomes from dissected abdomen integuments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of RNA extracted from the whole organism to identify candidate insecticide resistance genes has a risk of missing candidates if key genes responsible for the phenotype have restricted expression within the body and/or are over expression only in certain tissues. However, as transcription of genes implicated in metabolic resistance to insecticides is not enriched in any one single organ, comparison of the transcriptome of individual dissected body parts cannot be recommended as a preferred means to identify new candidate insecticide resistant genes. Instead the rich data set on in vivo sites of transcription should be consulted when designing follow up qPCR validation steps, or for screening known candidates in field populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, UK. v.ingham@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pignatelli
authors.forename: Vasileia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balabanidou
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vontas
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wagstaff
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ranson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017344:Genes, Insect; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System