title: Circadian and behavioural responses to shift work-like schedules of light/dark in the mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disruption of circadian rhythms is associated with several deleterious health consequences and cognitive impairment. It is estimated that as many as one in five workers are exposed to this risk factor due to experiencing some degree of chronodisruption by way of recurring patterns of shift work. It is not presently clear therefore how efficiently the mammalian circadian system entrains to alternative light/dark cycles such as those found in shift work schedules.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study examines male CD-1 mice exposed to three different paradigms of rapidly rotating shift work-like light/dark manipulations compared to control animals maintained on a standard 12:12 h light/dark cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of circadian patterns of behaviour under such conditions reveals that for fast rotating schedules of light/dark there is minimal circadian entrainment. Further, when placed in constant conditions after a period under the "shift work" lighting conditions there were changes to circadian period associated with the shift work schedules. In contrast to previous studies the shift work-like conditions did not produce changes in animal body-weight. Behavioural testing suggests possible anxiogenic and hyperactive outcomes dependent on rotation speed as animals displayed open field thigmotaxis and hyperlocomotion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that exposure to alternating patterns of light and dark as experienced by millions of shift workers may produce long-lasting changes in both mammalian circadian and neurobehavioural systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
authors.forename: Niall M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Coogan
keywords: Circadian; Entrainment; Mouse; Shift work