title: Carbohydrates in plant immunity and plant protection: roles and potential application as foliar sprays.
abstract: Increasing interest is devoted to carbohydrates for their roles in plant immunity. Some of them are elicitors of plant defenses whereas other ones act as signaling molecules in a manner similar to phytohormones. This review first describes the main classes of carbohydrates associated to plant immunity, their role and mode of action. More precisely, the state of the art about perception of "PAMP, MAMP, and DAMP (Pathogen-, Microbe-, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) type" oligosaccharides is presented and examples of induced defense events are provided. A particular attention is paid to the structure/activity relationships of these compounds. The role of sugars as signaling molecules, especially in plant microbe interactions, is also presented. Secondly, the potentialities and limits of foliar sprays of carbohydrates to stimulate plant immunity for crop protection against diseases are discussed, with focus on the roles of the leaf cuticle and phyllosphere microflora.
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trouvelot
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Claire
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Héloir
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poinssot
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Plant Biology, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guillier
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Maud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Combier
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trdá
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Daire
authors.affiliation: Université de Bourgogne, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Marielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adrian
keywords: carbohydrates; elicitor; immunity; oligosaccharides; phyllosphere microflora; plant defense; signaling; sugars