title: Chronic administration of ketamine mimics the perturbed sense of body ownership associated with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subanaesthetic ketamine infusion in healthy volunteers induces experiences redolent of early psychosis, including changes in the experience of one's own body. It is not clear, however, whether repeated self-administration of ketamine has a sustained effect on body representation that is comparable to that found during acute administration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to establish whether chronic ketamine use resulted in disturbances to sense of body ownership.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following on from our work on the effects of acute ketamine infusion, we used the rubber hand illusion (RHI) to experimentally manipulate the sense of body ownership in chronic ketamine users, compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic ketamine users experienced the RHI more strongly and reported more body-image aberrations, even though they had not recently taken the drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the chronic ketamine model for psychosis models more long-lasting changes in sense of ownership, perhaps more akin to schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Hannah L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Yanhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Corlett
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yanqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jindong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tieqiao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001828:Body Image; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions / Q000187:drug effects; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine