title: Gold-gold sulfide nanoshell as a novel intensifier for anti-tumor effects of radiofrequency fields.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of various nanoparticles exposed to radiofrequency (RF) waves on cancerous tissues. In this study, a colon carcinoma tumor model was irradiated by RF in the presence of gold-gold sulfide (GGS) nanoshells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synthesis and characterization of GGS nanoshells were initially performed. CT26 cells were subcutaneously injected into the flank of BALB/c mice to create the colon carcinoma tumor models. Then the tumors were subjected to different treatments. Treatment factors included intratumoral injection of GGS and RF radiation. Different groups were considered as control with no treatment, receiving GGS, RF irradiated and simultaneous administration of GGS and RF. Efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by daily monitoring of tumor volume and recording the relative changes in it, the time needed for a 5-fold increase in the volume of tumor (T5) and utilizing pathologic studies to determine the lost volume of the tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with control group, tumor growth was not markedly inhibited in the groups receiving only GGS or RF, while in the group receiving GGS and RF, tumor growth was effectively inhibited compared with the other groups. In addition, the lost volume of the tumor and T5 was markedly higher in groups receiving GGS and RF compared with other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that RF radiation can markedly reduce the tumor growth in presence of GGS. Hence, it can be predicted that GGS nanoshells convert sub-lethal effects of noninvasive RF fields into lethal damages.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bahreyni-Toosi
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Naser Tayebi
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Meybodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Habibollah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Esmaily
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soudmand
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eshghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soudmand
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Ameneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sazgarnia
keywords: Au-Au2S; BALB/c mice; CT26 cells; Gold-gold sulfide; Radiofrequency Field