title: Urgent percutaneous nephrolithotomy for acute kidney injury secondary to bilateral stones: is it safe and effective in infants?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of urgent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) for acute kidney injury secondary to bilateral upper urinary stones in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of seven infants (five boys and two girls), aged from 5 to 12 months, underwent urgent PNL for calculus anuria from September 2011 to March 2013. The initial blood test revealed acute renal injury in all infants. After correcting electrolyte imbalance and acid-base status through medical treatment in a short time without dialysis, all urgent PNL procedures were performed with 16F percutaneous access and small-diameter nephroscopes designed specifically for pediatric surgery on the side with the more dilated pelvis. Stones were fragmented with a pneumatic lithotripter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stones were completely removed from the operative side kidneys. The operating time ranged from 35 to 57 min. Blood BUN, serum creatinine, and electrolyte levels returned to normal on postoperative 36 h. There were no major perioperative or postoperative complications and deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When performed by experienced endourologists, urgent PNL is a safe and effective procedure in infants for acute kidney injury secondary to bilateral upper urinary stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Wei-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shayitaji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasimu
authors.forename: Dou-Lian
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shu-Jie
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome