title: The principles of freeze-drying.
abstract: This chapter provides an up-to-date overview of freeze-drying (lyophilization) with particular relevance to stabilizing live cells or viruses for industrial applications as vaccines or seed culture. The chapter discusses the importance of formulation, cycle development, validation, and the need to satisfy pharmaceutical regulatory requirements necessary for the commercial exploitation of freeze-dried products.
authors.affiliation: , .
authors.forename: Gerald D J
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Isobel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000379:methods*; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice / Q000032:analysis; D011312:Pressure; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014612:Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry; D014780:Viruses / Q000737:chemistry; D014835:Volatilization; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D020011:Protective Agents; D014612:Vaccines; D014867:Water