title: Patient Readiness to Exercise After Cardiac Surgery: Development of the Readiness to Change Exercise Questionnaire.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Readiness to change plays a significant role in patient adherence to an exercise regimen; thus, accurate assessment of readiness to change is necessary to direct interventions. To date, an accurate scale for measuring readiness to exercise after cardiac surgery is not available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop the Readiness to Change Exercise Questionnaire for use among Thai cardiac surgery patients and to evaluate its psychometric properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Readiness to Change Exercise Questionnaire was developed based on the Transtheoretical Model, a comprehensive literature review, and input from experts and cardiac surgery patients. Participants were 533 patients who had undergone cardiac surgery within the previous 3 months. The study was conducted in 7 hospitals in 4 geographical regions of Thailand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis showed satisfactory goodness of fit for the 13-item scale. The analysis supported a 4-factor structure corresponding to 4 readiness stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, and action. Cronbach's α coefficients were .68 for precontemplation, .75 for contemplation, .72 for preparation, and .75 for action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scale was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for the determination of patient readiness to exercise after cardiac surgery. However, further testing of the scale is needed to confirm its concurrent and predictive validity.
authors.affiliation: Pataraporn Kheawwan, MSN, APN Advanced Practice Nurse, Department of Nursing, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Waraporn Chaiyawat, DNS, NP Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Yupin Aungsuroch, PhD, RN Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Yow-Wu Bill Wu, PhD Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University at Buffalo, State University of New York.
authors.forename: Pataraporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kheawwan
authors.forename: Waraporn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaiyawat
authors.forename: Yupin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aungsuroch
authors.forename: Yow-Wu Bill
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires