title: The development and validation of a psychological questionnaire for patients undergoing orthognathic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a questionnaire to assess the psychosocial aspects which orthognathic patients considered important regarding their dento-facial deformity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentre, prospective, questionnaire development and validation study based in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire development involved item (question) selection through literature review, consultation and feedback from a questionnaire development group and semi-structured interviews. A 'final' questionnaire was tested on a cross-sectional sample of 110 pre-operative and 74 post-operative orthognathic patients and a longitudinal sample of 23 orthognathic patients. Validity was tested using Rasch analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) section was unsatisfactory (ICC = 0.232-0.829, Cronbach alpha = 0.625-0.670), but for the well- being (ICC = 0.857, Cronbach alpha = 0.827-0.895) and expectations (ICC = 0.861, Cronbach alpha = 0.804-0.882) sections were satisfactory. The well-being section was the only section found to be valid for the pre-and post-operative samples. Responsiveness was satisfactory for the well-being scale (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new condition-specific orthognathic questionnaire has been developed which has been shown to be reliable, valid and responsive for the well-being scale. The HADS, as tested by Rasch analysis, was found not to be valid for this orthognathic population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Montagu Hospital, Mexborough, UK; Department of Orthodontics, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: N Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Houghton
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Latchford
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Munyombwe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D032882:Comprehension; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D063169:Dentofacial Deformities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000523:psychology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D036301:Qualitative Research; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: orthognathic; psychological; questionnaire