title: Bladder irrigation and urothelium disruption: a reminder apropos of a case of fatal fluid absorption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Irrigation or washouts of the bladder are usually performed in various clinical settings. In the 1980s Elliot and colleagues argued that urothelial damage could occur after washouts and irrigations of the bladder. The exact mechanism underlying urothelial damage has not yet been discovered. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fatal fluid overload and pulmonary edema, due to urothelium disruption occurring during bladder irrigation, approached performing complete histological and immunohistochemical investigation on bladder specimens. The exposed case deserves attention since it demonstrates that, although very rarely, irrigation or washouts of the bladder may have unexpected serious clinical consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 85 year-old Caucasian man, unable to eat independently and whose fluid intake was controlled, underwent continuous bladder irrigation with a 3-way catheter due to a severe episode of macrohematuria. During the third day of hospitalization, while still undergoing bladder irrigation, he suddenly experienced extreme shortness of breath, breathing difficulties, and cough with frothy sputum. His attending nurse immediately noted that there was no return of the fluid (5 liters) introduced through bladder irrigation. He was treated urgently with hemodialysis. At the beginning of the dialysis treatment, the patient had gained 7.4 kg since the previous measurement (24 hours prior) without any clear explanation. Although a significant weight loss (from 81 to 76 kg) due to the dialysis procedure, the patient died shortly after the final treatment. The autopsy revealed that the brain and the lungs were heavily edematous. Microscopic examination of bladder specimens revealed interstitial and mucosal swelling, and loss of the superficial cell layer. Intermediate and basal urothelial cells were preserved. Altogether the above mentioned findings were suggestive of a diffuse disruption of the urothelium. In conclusion the death of the man was attributed to an acute severe pulmonary edema due to massive fluid absorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our case demonstrates that urothelium disruption may occur during irrigation and washouts of the bladder, also in the absence of other well-known predisposing conditions. Inappropriate use of bladder irrigation should be avoided and a close attention is required of the fluid balance is mandatory when irrigating the bladder.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Paolo
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bugelli
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Luca
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 1, Foggia 71100, Italy. emanuela_turillazzi@inwind.it.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Turillazzi
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001743:Urinary Bladder; D019459:Urothelium / Q000293:injuries*