title: Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute cough due to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is a common symptom. Non-prescription, over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are frequently recommended as a first-line treatment, but there is little evidence as to whether these drugs are effective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of oral OTC cough preparations for acute cough in children and adults in community settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched CENTRAL (2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March week 3 2014), EMBASE (January 1974 to March 2014), CINAHL (January 2010 to March 2014), LILACS (January 2010 to March 2014), Web of Science (January 2010 to March 2014) and the UK Department of Health National Research Register (March 2010).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral OTC cough preparations with placebo in children and adults suffering from acute cough in community settings. We considered all cough outcomes; secondary outcomes of interest were adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently screened potentially relevant citations, extracted data and assessed study quality. We performed quantitative analysis where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Due to the small numbers of trials in each category, the limited quantitative data available and the marked differences between trials in terms of participants, interventions and outcome measurement, we felt that pooling of the results was inappropriate.We included 29 trials (19 in adults, 10 in children) involving 4835 people (3799 adults and 1036 children). All studies were placebo-controlled RCTs. However, assessment of the risk of bias of the included studies was limited by poor reporting, particularly for the earlier studies.In the adult studies, six trials compared antitussives with placebo and had variable results. Three trials compared the expectorant guaifenesin with placebo; one indicated significant benefit, whereas the other two did not. One trial found that a mucolytic reduced cough frequency and symptom scores. Two studies examined antihistamine-decongestant combinations and found conflicting results. Four studies compared other combinations of drugs with placebo and indicated some benefit in reducing cough symptoms. Three trials found that antihistamines were no more effective than placebo in relieving cough symptoms.In the child studies, antitussives (data from three studies), antihistamines (data from three studies), antihistamine-decongestants (two studies) and antitussive/bronchodilator combinations (one study) were no more effective than placebo. No studies using expectorants met our inclusion criteria. The results of one trial favoured active treatment with mucolytics over placebo. One trial tested two paediatric cough syrups and both preparations showed a 'satisfactory response' in 46% and 56% of children compared to 21% of children in the placebo group. One new trial indicated that three types of honey were more effective than placebo over a three-day period.Twenty-one studies reported adverse effects. There was a wide range across studies, with higher numbers of adverse effects in participants taking preparations containing antihistamines and dextromethorphan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this review have to be interpreted with caution because the number of studies in each category of cough preparations was small. Availability, dosing and duration of use of over-the-counter cough medicines vary significantly in different countries. Many studies were poorly reported making assessment of risk of bias difficult and studies were also very different from each other, making evaluation of overall efficacy difficult. There is no good evidence for or against the effectiveness of OTC medicines in acute cough. This should be taken into account when considering prescribing antihistamines and centrally active antitussive agents in children; drugs that are known to have the potential to cause serious harm.
authors.affiliation: HRB Centre for Primary Care Research, Department of General Practice, RCSI Medical School, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fahey
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000996:Antitussive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D003371:Cough / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D005100:Expectorants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000996:Antitussive Agents; D005100:Expectorants; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs