title: Strategic offloading of delayed intentions into the external environment.
abstract: In everyday life, we often use external artefacts such as diaries to help us remember intended behaviours. In addition, we commonly manipulate our environment, for example by placing reminders in noticeable places. Yet strategic offloading of intentions to the external environment is not typically permitted in laboratory tasks examining memory for delayed intentions. What factors influence our use of such strategies, and what behavioural consequences do they have? This article describes four online experiments (N = 1196) examining a novel web-based task in which participants hold intentions for brief periods, with the option to strategically externalize these intentions by creating a reminder. This task significantly predicted participants' fulfilment of a naturalistic intention embedded within their everyday activities up to one week later (with greater predictive ability than more traditional prospective memory tasks, albeit with weak effect size). Setting external reminders improved performance, and it was more prevalent in older adults. Furthermore, participants set reminders adaptively, based on (a) memory load, and (b) the likelihood of distraction. These results suggest the importance of metacognitive processes in triggering intention offloading, which can increase the probability that intentions are eventually fulfilled.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London , London , UK.
authors.forename: Sam J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D017010:Reminder Systems; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Distributed cognition; Intentions; Internet; Metacognition; Prospective memory; Reminders