title: Development and application of a non-targeted extraction method for the analysis of migrating compounds from plastic baby bottles by GC-MS.
abstract: In 2011, the European Union prohibited the production of polycarbonate (PC) baby bottles due to the toxic effects of the PC monomer bisphenol-A. Therefore, baby bottles made of alternative materials, e.g. polypropylene (PP) or polyethersulphone (PES), are currently marketed. The principal aim of the study was the identification of major compounds migrating from baby bottles using a liquid-liquid extraction followed by GC/MS analysis. A 50% EtOH in water solution was selected as a simulant for milk. After sterilisation of the bottle, three migration experiments were performed during 2 h at 70°C. A non-targeted liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate-n-hexane (1:1) was performed on the simulant samples. Identification of migrants from 24 baby bottles was done using commercially available WILEY and NIST mass spectra libraries. Differences in the migrating compounds and their intensities were observed between the different types of plastics, but also between the same polymer from a different producer. Differences in the migration patterns were perceived as well between the sterilisation and the migrations and within the different migrations. Silicone, Tritan™ and PP exhibited a wide variety of migrating compounds, whereas PES and polyamide (PA) showed a lower amount of migrants, though sometimes in relatively large concentrations (azacyclotridecan-2-one up to 250 µg kg⁻¹). Alkanes (especially in PP bottles), phthalates (dibutylphthalate in one PP bottle (±40 µg kg⁻¹) and one silicone bottle (±25 µg kg⁻¹); diisobutylphthalate in one PP (±10 µg kg⁻¹), silicone (up to ±80 µg kg⁻¹); and Tritan™ bottle (±30 µg kg⁻¹)), antioxidants (Irgafos 168, degradation products of Irganox 1010 and Irganox 1076), etc. were detected for PP, silicone and Tritan™ bottles. Although the concentrations were relatively low, some compounds not authorised by European Union Regulation No. 10/2011, such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (10-100 µg kg⁻¹) or 2-butoxyethyl acetate (about 300 µg kg⁻¹) were detected. Migrating chemicals were identified as confirmed (using a standard) or as tentative (further confirmation required).
authors.affiliation: a Toxicological Centre, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Antwerp , Wilrijk-Antwerp , Belgium.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onghena
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Hoeck
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vervliet
authors.forename: Marie Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Scippo
authors.forename: Coraline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Loco
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D062126:Databases, Chemical; D004058:Diffusion; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005062:European Union; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010968:Plasticizers; D010969:Plastics; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: GC-MS; baby bottles; bisphenol-A (BPA) alternatives; food contact materials; migration; plastics