title: Phytochemical and toxicological investigations of crude methanolic extracts, subsequent fractions and crude saponins of Isodon rugosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isodon rugosus is used traditionally in the management of hypertension, rheumatism, tooth-ache and pyrexia. Present study was arranged to investigate I. rugosus for phytoconstituents, phytotoxic and cytotoxic activities to explore its toxicological, pharmacological potentials and to rationalize its ethnomedicinal uses. Briefly, qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts were carried out for the existence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, oils, glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids, sterols and tannins. Plant crude methanolic extract (Ir.Cr), its subsequent fractions; n-hexane (Ir.Hex), chloroform (Ir.Chf), ethyl acetate (Ir.EtAc), aqueous (Ir.Aq) and saponins (Ir.Sp) in different concentrations were tested for phytotoxic and cytotoxic activities using radish seeds and brine shrimps (Artemia salina) respectively. The phytotoxic activity was determined by percent root length inhibition (RLI) and percent seeds germination inhibition (SGI) while the cytotoxicity was obtained with percent lethality of the brine shrimps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ir.Cr was tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, oils, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and anthraquinones. Among different fractions Ir.Sp, Ir.Chf, Ir.EtAc, and Ir.Cr were most effective causing 93.55, 89.32, 81.32 and 58.68% inhibition of seeds in phytotoxicity assay, with IC50 values of 0.1, 0.1, 0.1 and 52 μg/ml respectively. Similarly, among all the tested samples, Ir.Sp exhibited the highest phytotoxic effect causing 91.33% root length inhibition with IC50 of 0.1 μg/ml. Ir.Sp and Ir.Chf were most effective against brine shrimps showing 92.23 and 76.67% lethality with LC50 values of 10 and 12 μg/ml respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be inferred from the current investigations that I. rugosus contains different secondary metabolites and is a potential source for the isolation of natural anticancer and herbicidal drug molecules. Different fractions exhibited phytotoxic and cytotoxic activities, thus providing pharmacological basis for ethnomedicinal uses of this plant.
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeb
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadiq
authors.forename: Farhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayaz
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000032:analysis; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D002725:Chloroform; D003603:Cytotoxins; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis; D006586:Hexanes; D037602:Isodon / Q000737:chemistry*; D000432:Methanol; D008517:Phytotherapy; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000032:analysis; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development; D012503:Saponins / Q000032:analysis*; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000880:Anthraquinones; D003603:Cytotoxins; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D006586:Hexanes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D012503:Saponins; D013634:Tannins; D013729:Terpenes; C026385:n-hexane; D002725:Chloroform; D000432:Methanol