title: The application of immunohistochemical biomarkers in urologic surgical pathology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumors of the genitourinary tract can be diagnostically challenging, particularly in core biopsies and cystoscopic biopsies with limited material. Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool to use when morphology alone is insufficient for diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review tumors and benign lesions of the kidney, urinary bladder, prostate gland, testis, and paratesticular structures with an emphasis on difficult differential diagnoses, as well as staining patterns in normal tissue. Recommended immunohistochemical stain panels are discussed that can assist in the diagnostic workup.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of current literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool, assisting in the diagnosis of problematic tumors and benign lesions of the genitourinary tract.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Wilkerson, Lin, and Liu);
authors.forename: Myra L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wilkerson
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D010340:Pathology, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor