title: Pulsed radiofrequency for occipital neuralgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical application of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) by interventional pain physicians for a variety of chronic pain syndromes, including occipital neuralgia, is growing. As a minimally invasive percutaneous technique with none to minimal neurodestruction and a favorable side effect profile, use of PRF as an interventional neuromodulatory chronic pain treatment is appealing. Occipital neuralgia, also known as Arnold's neuralgia, is defined by the International Headache Society as a paroxysmal, shooting or stabbing pain in the greater, lesser, and/or third occipital nerve distributions. Pain intensity is often severe and debilitating, with an associated negative impact upon quality of life and function. Most cases of occipital neuralgia are idiopathic, with no clearly identifiable structural etiology. Treatment of occipital neuralgia poses inherent challenges as no criterion standard exists. Initially, conservative treatment options such as physical therapy and pharmacotherapy are routinely trialed. When occipital neuralgia is refractory to conservative measures, a number of interventional treatment options exist, including: local occipital nerve anesthetic and corticosteroid infiltration, botulinum toxin A injection, occipital nerve subcutaneous neurostimulation, and occipital nerve PRF. Of these, PRF has garnered significant interest as a potentially superior, safe, non-invasive treatment with long-term efficacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to provide a concise review of occipital neuralgia; and a concise, yet thorough, evidence-based review of the current literature concerning the use of PRF for occipital neuralgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of published medical literature up through April 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Center for Pain Medicine and Regional Anesthesia, the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3 clinical studies and one case report investigating the use of PRF for knee occipital neuralgia have been published worldwide. Statistically significant improvements in pain, quality of life, and adjuvant pain medication usage have been demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of randomized control trials, small study sample sizes, an absence of diagnostic block imaging guidance, and the use of outcome measures that are inherently subjective, limiting objectivity and introducing an unquantifiable degree of bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical studies to date examining the efficacy of PRF as a treatment for occipital neuralgia have yielded promising results, demonstrating sustained improvement in pain, quality of life, and adjuvant pain medication usage. Despite these encouraging clinical studies, conclusive evidence in support of PRF as an interventional treatment option for occipital neuralgia awaits to be seen.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Manolitsis
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mercy Medical Center, Des Moines, Iowa; The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, The Center for Pain Medicine & Regional Anesthesia, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Foad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Elahi
mesh_terms: D006261:Headache / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy*; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000503:physiopathology*