title: Increased periodontal inflammation in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate possible differences in periodontal inflammatory, microbiological and clinical parameters between women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and controls with uncomplicated pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six women (32 test (PPROM) and 24 controls (uncomplicated pregnancies)) were examined at three time-points (T1: gestational weeks 20-35, T2: within 48 h after parturition, T3: 4-6 weeks after parturition). The examinations included assessment of the Periodontal Screening Index, collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival as well as vaginal bacterial sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Periodontal inflammation was found to be higher in the test compared with the control group (p < 0.05) and decreased over time in both groups (p < 0.05). Microbiological outcomes showed no intergroup differences (p > 0.05) in prevalence of bacteria, but a decrease in subgingival periodontopathogens from T1 to T2 in the test group (p < 0.05) was observed. Interleukin (IL)-1β levels in GCF at T2 were not different between groups (p > 0.05). In women with PPROM, GCF levels of IL-8 (p < 0.05) and C-reactive protein (p < 0.05) were lower and IL-10 levels higher (p < 0.05) compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal inflammation is elevated during pregnancy and seems to be more pronounced in women with PPROM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the present study revealed an association between periodontal inflammation and PPROM, thus emphasizing the importance of optimizing self-performed oral hygiene in pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pascale F M
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Stadelmann
authors.forename: Sigrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eick
authors.forename: Giovanni E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Surbek
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bürgin
authors.forename: Christoph A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ramseier
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies