title: Laparoscopic guided local injection in the X-linked muscular dystrophy mouse (mdx) diaphragm. An advance in experimental therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the development of a laparoscopy technique for local injection into the X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) diaphragm.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was used 10 mice Balb/C57 and 5 mdx mice and three differents decubitus type were tested: the right lateral, supine, and supine decubitus with 20 degrees elevation of the forelimb. Abdominal caudal face and the 10 intercostal space were tested as spot to introduce the needle into the diaphragm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supine position with elevation of 20 degrees forelimb and the 10th intercostal space are the beneficial position to apply a local injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was proved to be possible to perform the laparoscopy technique in the X-linked muscular dystrophy diaphragm and this requires a specific position and technique during the surgery.
authors.affiliation: University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thais Borges
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Lessa
authors.affiliation: USP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Cardoso
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlio David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Spagnolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Veterinary School, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Claudio Lopes Correia da
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Veterinary School, USP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia Renata Gaido
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cortopassi
authors.affiliation: Veterinary School, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food, Engineering, USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ambrósio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D009137:Muscular Dystrophy, Animal / Q000150:complications*; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000150:complications*; D056888:Patient Positioning; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D016683:Supine Position; D013997:Time Factors