title: Gender variations in access, choice to use and cleaning of shared latrines; experiences from Kampala Slums, Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sanitation is one of the most intimate issues that affect women, especially in slums of developing countries. There are few studies that have paid attention to the gender variations in access, choice to use and cleaning of shared latrines in slums.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper draws on qualitative data from a cross sectional study conducted between 2012 and 2013 in six slums of Kampala City, Uganda. The study involved both women and men. Data were collected from 12 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), 15 Key informant interviews; community transects and photographs of shared latrines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Location of a shared latrine facility, distance, filthy, narrow and irregular paths; the time when a facility is visited (day or night), privacy and steep inclines were gender 'filters' to accessing shared latrines. A full latrine pit was more likely to inhibit access to and choice of a facility for women than men. Results indicate that the available coping mechanisms turned out to be gendered, with fewer options available for women than men. On the whole, women sought for privacy, easy reach, self-respect and esteem, cleanliness and privacy than men. While men like women also wanted clean facilities for use; they (men) were not keen on cleaning these facilities. The cleaning of shared latrines was seen by both women and men as a role for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of sanitation facilities as the first step in the access, choice, use, and cleaning by both women and men has distinct motivations and limitations along gender lines. The study confirms that the use and cleaning of latrines is regulated by gender in daily living. Using a latrine for women was much more than relieving oneself: it involved security, intimacy and health concerns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities and Social Sciences; Makerere University, P,O, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. nkjapheth@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Japheth
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwiringira
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Atekyereza
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niwagaba
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Günther
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D002958:City Planning; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000592:standards*; D014454:Uganda