title: Spatiotemporal distribution of carbonyl compounds in China.
abstract: A sampling campaign was carried out at nine Chinese cities in 2010/2011. Fifteen monocarbonyls (C# = 1-9) were quantified. Temperature is the rate-determining factor of the summertime carbonyl levels. The carbonyl emissions in winter are mainly driven by the primary anthropogenic sources like automobile. A molar ratio of propionaldehyde to nonaldehyde is a barometer of the impact of atmospheric vegetation emission which suggesting that strong vegetation emissions exist in summer and high propionaldehyde abundance is caused by fossil fuel combustion in winter. Potential health risk assessment of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was conducted and the highest cumulative risks were observed at Chengdu in summer and Wuhan in winter. Because of the strong photochemical reaction and large amount of anthropogenic emissions, high concentrations of carbonyl compounds were observed in Chengdu. The use of ethanol-blended gasoline in Wuhan is the key reason of acetaldehyde emission and action should be taken to avoid potential health risks.
authors.affiliation: Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China. Electronic address: kfho@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States.
authors.forename: Steven Sai Hang
authors.initials: SSH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland; Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: R-J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Linwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000032:analysis; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000032:analysis; D005742:Gasoline; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000447:Aldehydes; D005742:Gasoline; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D005557:Formaldehyde; C005556:propionaldehyde; D000079:Acetaldehyde
keywords: C(3)/C(9) ratio; Carbonyls; China; Fossil fuel combustion; Propionaldehyde to nonaldehyde ratio; Spatiotemporal distribution; Vegetation emission