title: Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid as an emetic in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine dose dependency of tranexamic acid-induced emesis and the time course of the antifibrinolytic potency of tranexamic acid in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 Beagles.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a dose-escalating experiment, ascending doses of tranexamic acid (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg, IV) were administered at 5-minute intervals until vomiting was observed. In a separate single-dose experiment, ascending doses of tranexamic acid (20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg, IV) were administered at 1-week intervals until vomiting was observed. Time to onset of vomiting and number of vomiting episodes were measured in both experiments. In a coagulation experiment, a single 50 mg/kg bolus of tranexamic acid was administered, and blood was obtained 1 hour before and 20 minutes, 3 hours, and 24 hours after administration. Antifibrinolytic potency of tranexamic acid was evaluated by use of a modified rotational thromboelastography method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tranexamic acid induced vomiting in a dose-dependent manner. Vomiting frequency was ≤ 2 episodes, and vomiting concluded ≤ 250 seconds after administration. Antifibrinolytic potency of tranexamic acid was significantly higher at 20 minutes following administration, but not different by 24 hours, when compared with the potency measured before administration. No adverse effects were observed in any experiment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IV administration of tranexamic acid induced emesis in a dose-dependent manner. The antifibrinolytic potency of tranexamic acid decreased in a time-dependent manner and was resolved ≤ 24 hours after administration. Further studies are warranted to investigate the emetic and other adverse effects of tranexamic acid in dogs of various breeds and ages.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kakiuchi
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawarai-Shimamura
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Takuma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshiike
authors.forename: Hayato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D004639:Emetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D004639:Emetics; D014148:Tranexamic Acid