title: Breathing exercises and inspiratory muscle training in heart failure.
abstract: Breathing exercises (BE) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) have been demonstrated to improve ventilation and ventilation-to-perfusion matching, and to improve exercise, functional performance, and many pathophysiologic manifestations of heart failure (HF). This article provides an extensive review of BE and IMT in patients with HF and identifies several key areas in need of further investigation, including the role of expiratory muscle training, IMT targeted at various locations of inspiration (early, mid, or late inspiration), and alteration of the ratio of inspiratory time to total breath time, all of which have substantial potential to improve many pathophysiologic manifestations of HF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, 5915 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, FL 33146-2435, USA. Electronic address: l.cahalin@miami.edu.
authors.forename: Lawrence P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Cahalin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Room 459, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Ross A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Arena
mesh_terms: D001945:Breathing Exercises / Q000379:methods*; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Exercise training; Functional capacity; Rehabilitation; Respiratory muscle weakness