title: Simulated astigmatism impairs academic-related performance in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Astigmatism is an important refractive condition in children. However, the functional impact of uncorrected astigmatism in this population is not well established, particularly with regard to academic performance. This study investigated the impact of simulated bilateral astigmatism on academic-related tasks before and after sustained near work in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty visually normal children (mean age: 10.8 ± 0.7 years; six males and 14 females) completed a range of standardised academic-related tests with and without 1.50 D of simulated bilateral astigmatism (with both academic-related tests and the visual condition administered in a randomised order). The simulated astigmatism was induced using a positive cylindrical lens while maintaining a plano spherical equivalent. Performance was assessed before and after 20 min of sustained near work, during two separate testing sessions. Academic-related measures included a standardised reading test (the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability), visual information processing tests (Coding and Symbol Search subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and a reading-related eye movement test (the Developmental Eye Movement test). Each participant was systematically assigned either with-the-rule (WTR, axis 180°) or against-the-rule (ATR, axis 90°) simulated astigmatism to evaluate the influence of axis orientation on any decrements in performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reading, visual information processing and reading-related eye movement performance were all significantly impaired by both simulated bilateral astigmatism (p < 0.001) and sustained near work (p < 0.001), however, there was no significant interaction between these factors (p > 0.05). Simulated astigmatism led to a reduction of between 5% and 12% in performance across the academic-related outcome measures, but there was no significant effect of the axis (WTR or ATR) of astigmatism (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulated bilateral astigmatism impaired children's performance on a range of academic-related outcome measures irrespective of the orientation of the astigmatism. These findings have implications for the clinical management of non-amblyogenic levels of astigmatism in relation to academic performance in children. Correction of low to moderate levels of astigmatism may improve the functional performance of children in the classroom.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Sumithira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayanasamy
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Geoff P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D001251:Astigmatism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011932:Reading; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
keywords: academic performance; astigmatism; children; simulated