title: Plasma levels of lysine, tyrosine, and valine during pregnancy are independent risk factors of insulin resistance and gestational diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study compared plasma concentrations of amino acids in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and identified the association between plasma amino acid levels and GDM, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Circulating amino acid levels were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy in 25 non-GDM and 64 GDM women after adjusting for covariates such as maternal age, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, BMI and gestational age at screening GDM, and daily caloric intake. Backward stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of developing GDM, and homeostatic model assessments for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-B).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Circulating levels of amino acids except threonine and tyrosine were significantly higher in GDM women than non-GDM women. Along with the intakes of energy, protein, and fat from animal sources, the intakes of each amino acid were significantly higher in the GDM group without a direct correlation to plasma amino acid levels. The variation in GDM development was explained by maternal age, diastolic blood pressure, and plasma lysine levels (R(2)=0.691). Height, BMI before pregnancy, systolic blood pressure, and plasma tyrosine and valine levels accounted for the variation in HOMA-IR (R(2)=0.589). The 53.3% variation of HOMA-B was explained by maternal age, BMI at GDM screening, plasma insulin level at 1 h during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and plasma valine level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating concentrations of lysine, tyrosine, and valine were independently and positively associated with GDM through modifying insulin resistance and secretion.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University , Asan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sunmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ju Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood*; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008239:Lysine / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000097:blood*; D014633:Valine / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D014443:Tyrosine; D014633:Valine; D008239:Lysine