title: Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Apparatus during Preload Manipulation in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The three-dimensional (3D) dynamic change of mitral geometry during preload manipulation has not been fully investigated. We investigated how preload manipulation affected the mitral apparatus geometry in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients using 3D echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty five HCM patients, thirteen with obstructive HCM (HOCM) and twelve with nonobstructive HCM (HNCM), and six healthy controls were studied. Subjects underwent 3D echocardiography during rest, leg raising, the Valsalva maneuver, and the Valsalva maneuver after nitroglycerin intake (NTG-Valsalva). Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) pressure gradients, mitral annular area, annular circumference, and the tenting volume of the mitral leaflets were measured. Standardized annular area significantly decreased during the NTG-Valsalva maneuver in all 3 groups (▵2.23 mm(2) /m(2) in control, P = 0.031; ▵0.46 mm(2) /m(2) in HNCM, P = 0.012; ▵1.3 mm(2) /m(2) in HOCM, P = 0.013). Standardized annular area decrease during the Valsalva maneuver alone was more prominent in HNCM patients (▵0.57 mm(2) /m(2) , P = 0.009) than HOCM patients (▵0.3 mm(2) /m(2) , P = 0.094). Standardized mitral tenting volume during the NTG-Valsalva maneuver significantly decreased only in HOCM patients (▵1.18 mm(3) /m(2) , P = 0.046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased mitral annular area and changes in leaflets tenting volume during preload reduction might affect the development of LVOT obstruction. Our data suggest the importance of preserving the saddle-shaped of the mitral annulus in management of HCM with LVOT obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyemoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Won
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Joon
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Youn
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Pil-Ki
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung-Kwon
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Bum-Kee
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Se-Joong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Rim
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuck Moon
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eui-Young
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; three-dimensional echocardiography