title: The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave-induced learning and memory impairment: a long-term observation on Wistar rats.
abstract: Abstract Purpose: To investigate whether high power microwave could cause continuous disorders to learning and memory in Wistar rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.856 GHz pulsed microwave source at a power density of 0 mW/cm(2) and 50 mW/cm(2) microwave for 6 min. The spatial memory ability, the structure of the hippocampus, contents of amino acids neurotransmitters in hippocampus and the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors (NMDAR) subunit 1, 2A and 2B (NR1, NR2A and NR2B) were detected at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after microwave exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the microwave-exposed rats showed consistent deficiencies in spatial learning and memory. The level of amino acid neurotransmitters also decreased after microwave radiation. The ratio of glutamate (Glu) and gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) significantly decreased at 6 months. Besides, the hippocampus showed varying degrees of degeneration of neurons, increased postsynaptic density and blurred synaptic clefts in the exposure group. The NR1 and NR2B expression showed a significant decrease, especially the NR2B expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that the content of amino acids neurotransmitters, the expression of NMDAR subunits and the variation of hippocampal structure might contribute to the long-term cognitive impairment after microwave exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ruiyun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shuiming
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yabing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xinping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Zhentao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D007858:Learning / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000528:radiation effects*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008872:Microwaves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011853:Radiobiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
keywords: Microwave; NMDAR; hippocampus; learning and memory; rats