title: Associations between Dietary Intake of Fruits and Vegetables in relation to Urinary Estrogen DNA Adduct Ratio.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estrogen exposure plays a role in breast cancer (BC) development. A novel estrogen biomarker, the estrogen DNA adduct (EDA) ratio, was shown to be elevated in women at high-risk of BC and among BC cases. Modifiable factors may impact the EDA ratio, with studies demonstrating that resveratrol reduces EDA ratioin vitro. We sought to examine the hypothesis that dietary intake of fruits and vegetables is inversely associated with EDA ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis was conducted in 53 pre-menopausal, healthy women aged 40-45 years from a cross-sectional study in which participants provided first-void urine samples and 3-day food records. Urine samples were analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The EDA ratio was calculated as the estrogen-DNA adducts divided by estrogen metabolites and conjugates. A trend test was used to assess associations between tertiles of dietary intake using linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, total energy, percent adiposity, serum estradiol and estrone-sulfate, we observed inverse associations of EDA ratio with carbohydrate consumption (P=0.01) and vegetable intake (P=0.01). EDA ratio was inversely associated with 5 botanical groups (Chenopodiaceae:P=0.02; Umbelliferae:P=0.03; Compositae:P=0.01; Ericaceae:P=0.01; Musaceae:P=0.03) but not fruit intake overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although these data require replication before conclusions are drawn, this report suggests an inverse association between vegetable and carbohydrate consumption and EDA ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While more information is still needed, these findings suggest a link between dietary intake and a biomarker that is both associated with high-risk BC status and associated with modifiable factors.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Kerryn W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Reding
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Ercole
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavalieri
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Eleanor G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Rogan
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Brianne S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Raccor
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Mellissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Johanna W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lampe
keywords: Breast cancer; biomarker; estrogens; nutritional assessment