title: Nanoparticles for cancer imaging: The good, the bad, and the promise.
abstract: Recent advances in molecular imaging and nanotechnology are providing new opportunities for biomedical imaging with great promise for the development of novel imaging agents. The unique optical, magnetic, and chemical properties of materials at the scale of nanometers allow the creation of imaging probes with better contrast enhancement, increased sensitivity, controlled biodistribution, better spatial and temporal information, multi-functionality and multi-modal imaging across MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound. These features could ultimately translate to clinical advantages such as earlier detection, real time assessment of disease progression and personalized medicine. However, several years of investigation into the application of these materials to cancer research has revealed challenges that have delayed the successful application of these agents to the field of biomedical imaging. Understanding these challenges is critical to take full advantage of the benefits offered by nano-sized imaging agents. Therefore, this article presents the lessons learned and challenges encountered by a group of leading researchers in this field, and suggests ways forward to develop nanoparticle probes for cancer imaging. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Advanced Technology Research Facility - Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dobrovolskaia
authors.affiliation: Image-Guided Interventions Branch, Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.
authors.forename: Keyvan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farahani
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, TBMM Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, TBMM Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
authors.forename: Hakho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meade
authors.affiliation: Image-Guided Interventions Branch, Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pomper
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ptak
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, United States.
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine Science and Technology Center and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sridhar
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Advanced Technology Research Facility - Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer, Carolina Center for Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert E. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States ; Department of Radiology, Robert E. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Robert E. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
authors.forename: Gayle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Woloschak
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Cancer; Detection; Imaging; Nanomedicine; Screening