title: The pro-resolving lipid mediator maresin 1 (MaR1) attenuates inflammatory signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation and its resolution are central to vascular injury and repair. Maresins comprise a new family of bioactive lipid mediators synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid, an ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. They have been found to exert anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving responses in macrophages, neutrophils and bronchial epithelial cells and impart beneficial actions in murine models of peritonitis and colitis. We investigated the impact of maresin-1 (MaR1) on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induced inflammatory responses in human vascular endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (VSMC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of human saphenous vein EC and VSMC were employed. We tested the naturally occurring MaR1 as modulator of TNF-α effects, with examination of monocyte adhesion, oxidant stress, and intracellular inflammatory signaling pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MaR1 attenuated TNF-α induced monocyte adhesion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in both EC and VSMC, associated with down-regulated expression (cell surface) of the adhesion molecule E-selectin (in EC) and NADPH-oxidases (NOX4, NOX1, NOX2). MaR1 attenuated TNF-α induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators by EC and VSMC. MaR1 caused an attenuation of TNF-α induced NF-κB activation in both cell types associated with inhibition of I-κ Kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, IκB-α degradation and nuclear translocation of the NF- κB p65 subunit. MaR1 also caused a time-dependent increase in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in both naive and TNF-α stimulated VSMC and EC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MaR1 has broad anti-inflammatory actions on EC and VSMC, which may be partly mediated through up-regulation of cAMP and down-regulation of the transcription factor NF-κB. The results suggest that the pro-resolving lipid mediator MaR1 exerts homeostatic actions on vascular cells that counteract pro-inflammatory signals. These findings may have direct relevance for acute and chronic states of vascular inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) and Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Anuran
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) and Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) and Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Mian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) and Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Toy
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) and Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mottola
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) and Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Conte
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D020298:U937 Cells; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C535211:7,14-dihydroxydocosa-4,8,10,12,16,19-hexaenoic acid; D019040:E-Selectin; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019255:NADPH Oxidases