title: Workplace bullying of general surgery residents by nurses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Workplace bullying is at the forefront of social behavior research, garnering significant media attention. Most of the medical research has addressed bullying of nurses by physicians and demonstrates that patient care and outcomes may suffer. The intent of this study was to determine if general surgery residents are bullied by nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey instrument previously validated (Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised) to evaluate for workplace bullying was modified to reflect the resident-nurse relationship. After institutional review board approval, the piloted online survey was sent to general surgery program directors to forward to general surgery residents. Demographic data are presented as percentages, and for negative acts, percentages of daily, weekly, and monthly frequencies are combined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Allopathic general surgery residencies in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  General surgery residents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 22.1% (n = 452). Most respondents were men (55%) and had a mean age of 29 years (standard deviation = 7). Although 27.0% of the respondents were interns, the remaining classes were equally represented (12%-18% of responses/class). The respondents were primarily from medium-sized residency programs (45%), in the Midwest (28%), training in university programs (72%), and rotating primarily in a combined private and county hospital that serves both insured and indigent patients (59%). The residents had experienced each of the 22 negative acts (11.5%-82.5%). Work-related bullying occurs more than person-related bullying and physical intimidation. Ignoring of recommendations or orders by nurses occurs on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis for 30.2% of residents (work-related bullying). The most frequent person-related bullying act is ignoring the resident when they approach or reacting in a hostile manner (18.0%), followed by ignoring or excluding the resident (17.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Workplace bullying of general surgery residents by nurses is prominent. Future research is needed to determine the toll on the resident's well-being and patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: lisaschlitzkus@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Schlitzkus
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Kelly N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Maura E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Kimberly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Schenarts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058445:Bullying; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace
keywords: Interpersonal and Communication Skills; Patient Care; Professionalism; general surgery residents; nurses; workplace bullying