title: Increased activity of MMP-2 in hypertensive obese children is associated with hypoadiponectinemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the circulating levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 and the MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in control, obese, and obese hypertensive children and adolescents and to assess whether hypoadiponectinemia is associated with MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were carried out with 53 control, 73 obese, and 29 obese hypertensive children and adolescents in this cross-sectional study. Adiponectin and TIMP-2 concentrations were measured by ELISA. MMP-2 concentrations were measured by gelatin zymography. Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to assess the effects of adiponectin on MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obese hypertensive group had the lowest adiponectin levels among groups (P < 0.05) while obese subjects had lower adiponectin levels than control subjects (P < 0.05). Obese hypertensive subjects also had higher circulating MMP-2 concentrations than obese subjects (P < 0.05) and had the highest MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios among groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, obese/hypertensive subjects had the lowest TIMP-2 levels among groups (P < 0.05). A multiple linear regression analysis showed that MMP-2 levels and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios are negatively associated with adiponectin levels (P = 0.034 and P = 0.011, respectively) while TIMP-2 levels is positively associated with adiponectin levels (P = 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased activity of MMP-2 (MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio) and reduced TIMP-2 levels may play an important role in clinical hypertension of childhood obesity. Additionally, hypoadiponectinemia may contribute to increased activity of MMP-2 in obese/hypertensive children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Belo
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lacchini
authors.forename: Josiane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Carla M M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lanna
authors.forename: Debora C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Souza-Costa
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tanus-Santos
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2