title: CADASIL and autoimmunity: coexistence in a family with the R169C mutation at exon 4 of the NOTCH3 gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited small vessel disease caused by mutations of the NOTCH3 gene, which result in degeneration of vascular smooth muscle cells, arteriolar stenosis, and impaired cerebral blood flow. For clinicians this is the commonest hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and vascular dementia at middle age. Atypical phenotypes have been recognized, and the disease is probably underdiagnosed in the wider stroke population. Coexistence of autoimmunity is atypical and has been described only in occasional patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three members of a Greek family from the island of Lesvos of North East Greece were evaluated. The patients come from a four-generation family in which there were at least seven members with clinical data suggestive of CADASIL. We describe here the clinical, imaging and biochemical findings in this family with R169C mutation at exon 4 and presenting additional clinical and biochemical findings suggestive of autoimmune disorder. DNA was extracted from whole blood using standard procedures for sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three affected members of this family carried the R169C. In a phenotypic analysis of affected individuals from four generations with CADASIL, the disease was characterized by migraine attacks, recurrent subcortical infarcts, and cognitive decline with typical anterior temporal lobe white matter lesions. At least 3 mutation carriers from two generations had increased antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers and various combinations of rash, joint pains, photosensitivity, and renal involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a rare description of the coexistence of autoimmunity in CADASIL patients with possible worsening clinical effects. The study extends the spectrum of atypical presentation of CADASIL. The coexistence of autoimmunity does not necessarily exclude CADASIL, but may cause an additional diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This autoimmune disorder may have increased the severity of the disease and, additionally, may be related to the pathogenetic mechanisms of CADASIL. It is possible that the NOTCH3 mutation alone is not enough to trigger autoimmunity since, in the case of our family, the R169C mutation has already been described in other families with no evidence of coexistent autoimmunity. Other genetic or environmental factors or interactions and/or common pathways between the vascular and immune systems are probably co-operating. Further, prospective studies are needed to clarify the prevalence and types of autoimmune disorders present in CADASIL families.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 'Eginition' Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Paraskevas
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bougea
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Synetou
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vassilopoulou
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anagnostou
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Voumvourakis
authors.forename: Alexios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iliopoulos
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spengos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D046589:CADASIL / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D000071656:Receptor, Notch3; D051880:Receptors, Notch / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D015415:Biomarkers; C499374:NOTCH3 protein, human; D000071656:Receptor, Notch3; D051880:Receptors, Notch