title: Admixture and genetic relationships of Mexican Mestizos regarding Latin American and Caribbean populations based on 13 CODIS-STRs.
abstract: Short tandem repeats (STRs) of the combined DNA index system (CODIS) are probably the most employed markers for human identification purposes. STR databases generated to interpret DNA profiles are also helpful for anthropological purposes. In this work, we report admixture, population structure, and genetic relationships of Mexican Mestizos with respect to Latin American and Caribbean populations based on 13 CODIS-STRs. In addition, new STR population data were included from Tijuana, Baja California (Northwest, Mexico), which represents an interesting case of elevated genetic flow as a bordering city with the USA. Inter-population analyses included CODIS-STR data from 11 Mexican Mestizo, 12 Latin American and four Caribbean populations, in addition to European, Amerindian, and African genetic pools as ancestral references. We report allele frequencies and statistical parameters of forensic interest (PD, PE, Het, PIC, typical PI), for 15 STRs in Tijuana, Baja California. This Mexican border city was peculiar by the increase of African ancestry, and by presenting three STRs in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, probably explained by recurrent gene flow. The Amerindian ancestry in Central and Southeast of Mexico was the greatest in Latin America (50.9-68.6%), only comparable with the North of Central America and Ecuador (48.8-56.4%), whereas the European ancestry was prevalent in South America (66.7-75%). The African ancestry in Mexico was the smallest (2.2-6.3%) in Latin America (≥ 2.6%), particularly regarding Brazil (21%), Honduras (62%), and the Caribbean (43.2-65.2%). CODIS-STRs allowed detecting significant population structure in Latin America based on greater presence of European, Amerindian, and African ancestries in Central/South America, Mexican Mestizos, and the Caribbean, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCI-UdeG), Av. Universidad #1115, CP 47810 Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salazar-Flores
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética Forense, Servicios Periciales de la Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado de Baja California, BC, Mexico.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zuñiga-Chiquette
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética-CIR Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rubi-Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética Forense, Servicios Periciales de la Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado de Baja California, BC, Mexico.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Miranda
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética Forense, Servicios Periciales de la Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado de Baja California, BC, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zetina-Hérnandez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCI-UdeG), Av. Universidad #1115, CP 47810 Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Martínez-Sevilla
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González-Andrade
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corach
authors.affiliation: Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense, Independencia 644 - 5C, Edif. EME1, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vullo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Identification, Department of Legal Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Identification, Department of Legal Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lorente
authors.affiliation: Genomics Medicine Group, Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine and University of Santiago de Compostela, CIBERER, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Diz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cerda-Flores
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Valle
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCI-UdeG), Av. Universidad #1115, CP 47810 Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico. Electronic address: hrangel13@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rangel-Villalobos
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D017691:Caribbean Region; D002489:Central America; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D051456:Gene Flow / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics*; D007843:Latin America; D008800:Mexico; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D013020:South America; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004247:DNA