title: Evaluation of sorghum flour functionality and quality characteristics of gluten-free bread and cake as influenced by ozone treatment.
abstract: Commercially milled food-grade sorghum flour was subjected to ozone at the rate of 0.06 L/min for 15, 30, and 45 min. The pH of ozone-treated flour decreased as exposure time increased. The L* (lightness) values of sorghum flour significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the b* (yellowness) values significantly decreased as ozone exposure time increased. Peak viscosity significantly increased as time of ozonation increased from 0 to 45 min. Results showed that gluten-free cake volume significantly increased as ozonation time increased. Additionally, longer ozonation exposure times increased cells per slice area, lightness, and slice brightness values in gluten-free cakes while reducing crumb firmness. Despite improving lightness and slice brightness values, ozonation did not significantly increase the specific volume of gluten-free batter-based bread. While ozonation improved the volume and texture in cakes, it did not have the same positive effects on gluten-free bread. Bread made from ozonated sorghum flour had an open ragged structure with equivalent volume to the control flour. In both applications, the increased brightness and lightness values due to ozone exposure is recommended to increase the acceptability of sorghum products.
authors.affiliation: Frito-Lay, Plano, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marston
authors.affiliation: Food Processing and Technology Program, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA hanna.khouryieh@wku.edu.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khouryieh
authors.affiliation: Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Fadi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aramouni
mesh_terms: D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010126:Ozone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045868:Sorghum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010126:Ozone
keywords: Ozone treatment; bread; cake quality; sorghum flour