title: Casein kinases I and 2α phosphorylate oryza sativa pseudo-response regulator 37 (OsPRR37) in photoperiodic flowering in rice.
abstract: Flowering time (or heading date) is controlled by intrinsic genetic programs in response to environmental cues, such as photoperiod and temperature. Rice, a facultative short-day (SD) plant, flowers early in SD and late in long-day (LD) conditions. Casein kinases (CKs) generally act as positive regulators in many signaling pathways in plants. In rice, Heading date 6 (Hd6) and Hd16 encode CK2α and CKI, respectively, and mainly function to delay flowering time. Additionally, the major LD-dependent floral repressors Hd2/Oryza sativa Pseudo-Response Regulator 37 (OsPRR37; hereafter PRR37) and Ghd7 also confer strong photoperiod sensitivity. In floral induction, Hd16 acts upstream of Ghd7 and CKI interacts with and phosphorylates Ghd7. In addition, Hd6 and Hd16 also act upstream of Hd2. However, whether CKI and CK2α directly regulate the function of PRR37 remains unclear. Here, we use in vitro pull-down and in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays to show that CKI and CK2α interact with PRR37. We further use in vitro kinase assays to show that CKI and CK2α phosphorylate different regions of PRR37. Our results indicate that direct posttranslational modification of PRR37 mediates the genetic interactions between these two protein kinases and PRR37. The significance of CK-mediated phosphorylation for PRR37 and Ghd7 function is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
authors.forename: Choon-Tak
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
authors.forename: Bon-Hyuk
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
authors.forename: Dami
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource and Rural System of Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 456-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Cheul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
authors.forename: Nam-Chon
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Paek
mesh_terms: D047389:Casein Kinase I / Q000378:metabolism*; D047390:Casein Kinase II / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012275:Oryza / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017440:Photoperiod; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D047389:Casein Kinase I; D047390:Casein Kinase II
keywords: OsPRR37; casein kinase 2α; casein kinase I; flowering time; phosphorylation; rice