title: Characterization of full-scale carbon contactors for siloxane removal from biogas using online Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: In this study, online Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to generate the first comprehensive characterization of full-scale carbon contactors for siloxane removal from biogas. Using FTIR, two clear operational regions within the exhaustion cycle were evidenced: an initial period of pseudo-steady state where the outlet siloxane concentration was consistently below the proposed siloxane limits; and a second period characterized by a progressive rise in outlet siloxane concentration during and after breakthrough. Due to the sharp breakthrough front identified, existing detection methods (which comprise field sampling coupled with laboratory-based chromatographic determination) are insufficiently responsive to define breakthrough, thus carbon contactors currently remain in service while providing limited protection to the combined heat and power engine. Integration of the exhaustion cycle to breakthrough identified average specific media capacities of 8.5-21.5 gsiloxane kg(-1)GAC, which are lower than that has been reported for vapour phase granular activated carbon (GAC). Further speciation of the biogas phase identified co-separation of organic compounds (alkanes and aromatics), which will inevitably reduce siloxane capacity. However, comparison of the five full-scale contactors identified that greater media capacity was accessible through operating contactors at velocities sufficient to diminish axial dispersion effects. In addition to enabling significant insight into gas phase GAC contactors, the use of FTIR for online control of GAC for siloxane removal is also presented.
authors.affiliation: a Cranfield Water Sciences Institute, Cranfield University , Bedford MK43 0AL , UK.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hepburn
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simms
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: McAdam
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D002606:Charcoal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D056804:Biofuels; D012833:Siloxanes; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: CHP; GAC; adsorption; anaerobic digestion; landfill