title: [Robert Wartenberg: the neurologist, the teacher, and the man].
abstract: Wartenberg was born in 1887 in Grodno, old Lithuania (present-day Belarus). He received his medical degree from the University of Rostock in 1919, and worked at the University of Freiburg until 1935, when he immigrated to the United States to escape Nazi Germany. He then worked at the University of California, San Francisco, and was appointed Clinical Professor of Neurology in 1952. He died of a heart illness in 1956. Wartenberg wrote more than 150 papers on clinical neurology in German and English, especially on reflexes and signs. His books, "Examination of Reflex" and "Diagnostic Tests in Neurology" were translated into many languages, including Japanese. His contribution to the study of reflexes includes Wartenberg's reflex of the thumb, head dropping test in Parkinson's disease, necessity of differentiating abdominal muscle and abdominal skin muscle reflexes, and many others. He had knowledge, skill, art and ability enough to translate difficult problems into tangible methods of diagnosis and treatment. He tried to diagnose and treat patients quickly, with minimum laboratory tests, and avoided invasive tests and expense of time and money. His efforts to provide patients with the best treatment in terms of time, safety, and cost, is the essence of medicine and is still worth practicing in modern neurology using advanced technology.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Suzuka University of Medical Science.
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuzuhara
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000266:history*; D009462:Neurology / Q000193:education / Q000266:history*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D014481:United States