title: Controversies in the management of acute tonsillitis: an evidence-based review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients admitted with acute tonsillitis generate a substantial workload for the National Health Service (NHS), placing huge financial pressures on an already overstretched budget.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Due to the difficulty of accurate diagnosis and varying practices across the UK, there exist a number of controversial areas and non-standardised practice. These will be highlighted and tackled within this article.
  A literature review, last performed in September 2013, searched PubMed citing variations on the areas of controversies with 'tonsillitis', 'pharyngitis' and 'pharyngotonsillitis' - from 1956 to present with language restrictions. Excluded articles included those regarding sore throat after tonsillectomy and peritonsillar abscess.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titles and abstracts were initially screened, and full text of potentially relevant articles obtained. The bibliographies of articles were searched for relevant references. The references were then compiled and reviewed independently by two authors (JB & TB), overseen by the senior author (EK).
  
  
  RESULTS
  (i) Diagnosis and investigation: Use of the Centor criteria is inadequate within the secondary care setting. Blood testing is unnecessary in the majority of cases where patients do not require admission, as they are unlikely to change management. (ii) Antibiotics: Antibiotics are likely to be indicated in all those presenting to secondary ENT care, with penicillin being the antibiotic of choice for first-line therapy. (iii) Corticosteroids: Moderate evidence supports the benefit of steroid administration in this patient cohort, advocating a single dose initially followed by reassessment. (iv) Analgesia: Paracetamol and NSAIDs have good evidence of action. Codeine should be used with caution in the paediatric population. (v) Reduced admission rates and early discharge: There is evidence suggesting that a trial of medical therapy prior to admission is beneficial in reducing rates of admission and length of stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of acute tonsillitis within a secondary care setting largely consists of anecdotal or relatively low-quality evidence. Thus, much evidence from management comes from expert opinion or practice within a primary care setting. Management across the UK can also vary greatly. An evidence-based review of best practice has been presented here, but further evidence will be required in the future examining the significance of corticosteroids and antibiotic administration in this patient cohort specifically, ensuring practice is evidence based and clinically relevant.
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT Surgery, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Biggs
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000698:Analgesia; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D010351:Patient Discharge; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents