title: Sensitivity of Podosphaera xanthii populations to anti-powdery-mildew fungicides in Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cucurbit powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii limits crop production in Spain, where disease control is largely dependent on fungicides. In previous studies, high levels of resistance to QoI and DMI fungicides were documented in south-central Spain. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of P. xanthii populations to other fungicides and to provide tools for improved disease management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a leaf-disc assay, sensitivity to thiophanate-methyl, bupirimate and quinoxyfen of 50 isolates of P. xanthii was analysed to determine discriminatory concentrations between sensitive and resistant isolates. With the exception of thiophanate-methyl, no clearly different groups of isolates could be identified, and as a result, discriminatory concentrations were established on the basis of the maximum fungicide field application rate. Subsequently, a survey of P. xanthii resistance to these fungicides was carried out by testing a collection of 237 isolates obtained during the 2002-2011 cucurbit growing seasons. This analysis revealed very high levels of resistance to thiophanate-methyl (95%). By contrast, no resistance to bupirimate and quinoxyfen was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that thiophanate-methyl has become completely ineffective for controlling cucurbit powdery mildew in Spain. By contrast, bupirimate and quinoxyfen remain as very effective tools for cucurbit powdery mildew management. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental 'La Mayora', Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Davinia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bellón-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' - Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vela-Corcía
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' - Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-García
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental 'La Mayora', Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Torés
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D028464:Cucurbita / Q000382:microbiology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013030:Spain; D013875:Thiophanate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D013875:Thiophanate
keywords: bupirimate; cucurbits; multifungicide resistance; powdery mildews; quinoxyfen; thiophanate-methyl