title: Translation and psychometric properties of the Chinese (Mandarin) version of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile-Short Form 19 (COHIP-SF 19) for school-age children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although caries and malocclusion occur with a high prevalence in Chinese school-age children, there were no appropriate instrument to assess the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) for this population. The aim of our study was to develop a Chinese (Mandarin) version of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile-Short Form 19 (COHIP-SF 19) and provide a preliminary test of its psychometric properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Chinese version of COHIP-SF 19 was developed through a standard translation and back translation procedure. The psychometric properties of the instrument were tested among 644 school-age children in Beijing, China, including the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, discriminant and convergent validity. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the capability of the instrument to differentiate children with different caries and malocclusion outcomes. And partial Spearman correlations were used to determine the relationships between the OHRQoL scores and clinical-severity indicators and self-perceived health ratings, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chinese school-age children had relatively high OHRQoL scores, in spite of the fact that oral impacts were quite common (56.3%). The internal consistency and retest reliability were good to excellent with a Chronbach's alpha of 0.81 and an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.77. Children who had active tooth decay or severe malocclusion had significantly lower COHIP-SF 19 scores (P ≤0.001). Girls had somewhat higher scores in the oral health and functional well-being subscales (P <0.05), while children from rural districts had lower scores than children from urban areas (P <0.05). We observed a low to moderate correlation between the overall COHIP-SF 19, subscale scores and clinical severity indicators as well as self-perceived health ratings, after adjustment for children's age, gender, and school district (│r s │ =0.11 - 0.51, P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed satisfactory psychometric properties for the Chinese version of COHIP-SF 19 in a community sample of Chinese school-age children. The OHRQoL instrument should play a more important role in future clinical studies, epidemiological surveys and potential public health policy in China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhongguancun South Avenue 22, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. smiling_mouse@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chenghao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhongguancun South Avenue 22, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. summerinbeijing@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhongguancun South Avenue 22, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. rebecca1301@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center of Stomatology, Peking University Hospital, Yiheyuan Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China. guanxuelin@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xuelin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Center of Stomatology, Peking University Hospital, Yiheyuan Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China. yuan.june@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Junwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhongguancun South Avenue 22, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. gelh0919@126.com.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000592:standards*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000175:diagnosis; D003753:Dental Health Surveys / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000175:diagnosis; D009909:Oral Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014177:Translations