title: Household Transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vibrio cholerae infections cluster in households. This study's objective was to quantify the relative contribution of direct, within-household exposure (for example, via contamination of household food, water, or surfaces) to endemic cholera transmission. Quantifying the relative contribution of direct exposure is important for planning effective prevention and control measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptom histories and multiple blood and fecal specimens were prospectively collected from household members of hospital-ascertained cholera cases in Bangladesh from 2001-2006. We estimated the probabilities of cholera transmission through 1) direct exposure within the household and 2) contact with community-based sources of infection. The natural history of cholera infection and covariate effects on transmission were considered. Significant direct transmission (p-value<0.0001) occurred among 1414 members of 364 households. Fecal shedding of O1 El Tor Ogawa was associated with a 4.9% (95% confidence interval: 0.9%-22.8%) risk of infection among household contacts through direct exposure during an 11-day infectious period (mean length). The estimated 11-day risk of O1 El Tor Ogawa infection through exposure to community-based sources was 2.5% (0.8%-8.0%). The corresponding estimated risks for O1 El Tor Inaba and O139 infection were 3.7% (0.7%-16.6%) and 8.2% (2.1%-27.1%) through direct exposure, and 3.4% (1.7%-6.7%) and 2.0% (0.5%-7.3%) through community-based exposure. Children under 5 years-old were at elevated risk of infection. Limitations of the study may have led to an underestimation of the true risk of cholera infection. For instance, available covariate data may have incompletely characterized levels of pre-existing immunity to cholera infection. Transmission via direct exposure occurring outside of the household was not considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct exposure contributes substantially to endemic transmission of symptomatic cholera in an urban setting. We provide the first estimate of the transmissibility of endemic cholera within prospectively-followed members of households. The role of direct transmission must be considered when planning cholera control activities.
authors.affiliation: Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.affiliation: Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amanda A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Koepke
authors.affiliation: Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eben E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Kenah
authors.affiliation: Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: M Elizabeth
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Halloran
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences (CVS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Fahima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences (CVS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ashraful I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Regina C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: LaRocque
authors.affiliation: Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vaccine Sciences (CVS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Firdausi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qadri
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Calderwood
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Center for Statistics and Quantitative Infectious Diseases, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ira M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Longini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D016358:Contact Tracing; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014734:Vibrio cholerae; D055815:Young Adult