title: The concentration-determined and population-specific antimicrobial effects of free nitrous acid on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.
abstract: There is great potential to use free nitrous acid (FNA/HNO2), the protonated form of nitrite, as an antimicrobial agent due to its bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on a range of microorganisms. Here, we determine the effects of FNA on the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, a well-studied denitrifier capable of nitrate/nitrite reduction in its anaerobic respiration. It was seen that lower FNA concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 mg N/L exerted a temporary inhibitory effect on the growth of P. aeruginosa, while respiratory inhibition was not detected until an FNA concentration of 1.0 mg N/L was applied. The FNA concentration of 5.0 mg N/L caused complete cell killing and likely cell lysis. The results suggest concentration-related and multiple antimicrobial effects of FNA. Differential killing of FNA in the P. aeruginosa subpopulations was detected, suggesting intrastrain heterogeneity, and does not support the idea of specific concentrations of FNA bringing about bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on this species. A delayed recovery from FNA treatment suggested that FNA caused cell damage which required repair prior to the organism showing cell growth. The results of the study provide insight of the inhibitory and biocidal mechanisms of FNA on this important microorganism.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Level 4 Gehrmann Building, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Shu-Hong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bond
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D009608:Nitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009608:Nitrous Acid