title: Application of the steep ramp test for aerobic fitness testing in children with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with and after cancer are found to have a decreased physical fitness, frequently resulting in decreased physical functioning. The gold standard test for assessing aerobic fitness, a component of physical fitness, is the respiratory gas analyses-based cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). However, equipment for gas analysis is often unavailable in local physical therapy centres and non-university hospitals. The steep ramp test (SRT), is a cycle ergometer test with a fast increase in workload, a short duration, and does not require respiratory gas analysis equipment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the results of the CPET and the SRT, in children with cancer, and to assess whether the SRT can be used for aerobic fitness assessment in clinical practice in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a cross-sectional assessment using baseline data of a randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in a hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-one children (mean age 12.9 years; 33 boys) with cancer were included in the analysis; 16 children were on non-intensive chemotherapy treatment, 45 were in the first year thereafter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants performed both the SRT and the CPET on a cycle ergometer with respiratory gas analysis. Data of the two tests were compared and regression analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CPET test results revealed a higher impact on the cardiovascular system, as shown by higher peak ventilation (47.8 versus 52.0 Litres per min) and peak heart rates (173 versus 191 beats per min), compared to the SRT. In addition, the test time was significantly longer (90 s versus 390 s). Yet, the primary outcome of the SRT (peak work rate) was able to reliably estimate the peak oxygen uptake of the CPET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The peak oxygen uptake was comparable between the SRT and the CPET, although the peak work rate was significantly higher during the SRT. This study showed that the SRT is a valid instrument to assess aerobic fitness in children with cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SRT is less time consuming and can be performed without gas analysis in a non-clinical setting, making it less demanding for children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Oncology‑Haematology, VU University Medical Center,Amsterdam, The Netherlands - katja.braam@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Braam
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Dulmen-Den Broeder
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Veening
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Merks
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Van Den Heuvel-Eibrink
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kaspers
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takken
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009426:Netherlands; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange