title: Management of proximal humerus fractures in adults.
abstract: The majority of proximal humerus fractures are low-energy osteoporotic injuries in the elderly and their incidence is increasing in the light of an ageing population. The diversity of fracture patterns encountered renders objective classification of prognostic value challenging. Non-operative management has been associated with good functional outcomes in stable, minimally displaced and certain types of displaced fractures. Absolute indications for surgery are infrequent and comprise compound, pathological, multi-fragmentary head-splitting fractures and fracture dislocations, as well as those associated with neurovascular injury. A constantly expanding range of reconstructive and replacement options however has been extending the indications for surgical management of complex proximal humerus fractures. As a result, management decisions are becoming increasingly complicated, in an attempt to provide the best possible treatment for each individual patient, that will successfully address their specific fracture configuration, comorbidities and functional expectations. Our aim was to review the management options available for the full range of proximal humerus fractures in adults, along with their specific advantages, disadvantages and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Leonidas Vachtsevanos, Lydia Hayden, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Leonidas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vachtsevanos
authors.affiliation: Leonidas Vachtsevanos, Lydia Hayden, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.affiliation: Leonidas Vachtsevanos, Lydia Hayden, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aravind S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: Leonidas Vachtsevanos, Lydia Hayden, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Asterios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dramis
keywords: Hemiarthroplasty; Non-operative management; Proximal humerus fracture; Reconstruction; Reverse polarity total shoulder arthroplasty