title: Allometric comparison of Georgia dairy heifers on farms and at youth shows.
abstract: Studies were conducted to determine the relationship between allometric measures of growth of Holstein dairy heifers and placing in the show ring, and to compare differences in growth between Holstein heifers that are shown and not shown. In the first study, 494 Holstein show heifers were evaluated at the 2012 and 2013 Georgia Junior National Livestock Shows. Measurements were obtained for weight, head length, withers height, hip height, thurl width, and tail length. Heifer mass index (HMI), average daily gain (ADG), and age were calculated. In total, 72.5% of Holstein show heifers were underweight. Average ADG was 0.63 kg/d, which is below the industry recommendation of 0.7 to 0.8 kg/d. Variables were ranked and converted to percentages to account for differences in class size. Withers height, head length, and HMI were most indicative of show placing. In the second study, we compared differences between growth patterns of show heifers and non-show heifers. An additional 293 non-show Holstein heifers were evaluated on 3 Georgia dairy farms during the same period as the show. In total, 43.3% of non-show heifers were underweight. Average ADG for non-show heifers was 0.71 kg/d, which is within the industry recommendation of 0.7 to 0.8 kg/d. Show heifers weighed less for their age than non-show heifers and tended to be taller at the withers than non-show heifers. The HMI scores were similar for younger show and non-show heifers, but older show heifers had lower HMI scores than non-show heifers of the same age. Show heifers had HMI scores that were lower than values calculated from standard growth data. As show heifers matured, ADG decreased, whereas as non-show heifers matured, ADG increased. Youth, leaders, and parents need to be aware of the importance of growing replacement heifers correctly so that heifers calve at 22 to 24 mo of age at an acceptable size and scale and become profitable members of the milking herd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Duberstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fain Bohlen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Froetschel
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771.
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771. Electronic address: wgraves@uga.edu.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Graves
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry; D001835:Body Weight; D001837:Body Weights and Measures / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development*; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D008892:Milk; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: allometric growth; average dairy gain; commercial dairy heifer; heifer mass index