title: Antibiofilm potential of flavonoids extracted from Moringa oleifera seed coat against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increased microbial drug resistance due to biofilms and the side effects associated with the use of conventional drugs is still a major concern in the medical fraternity. This work evaluates the antibiofilm potential of flavonoids extracted from Moringa oleifera seed coat (SC) in search for green and effective alternatives for overcoming menace of biofilms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of flavonoids against respective test organisms, inhibition of initial cell attachment as well as disruption of preformed biofilms and metabolic activity of treated biofilms. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity as well as characterization of the active component were also carried out. Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the lowest MIC of 0.05 mg ml(-1), the action of flavonoids and gentamicin on initial cell attachment revealed a comparable effect against bacterial biofilms, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with approx. 80% inhibition compared to Candida albicans. Disruption of the preformed biofilms revealed that susceptibility of P. aeruginosa began as early as 4 h of exposure to flavonoids with 88% growth inhibition at the end of 24-h incubation. Encouragingly, t-test analysis on the effect of the extract and the standard antibiotic against each organism indicated no significant variance at P < 0.05. A drastic low metabolic activity exhibited by the treated biofilms as compared to the untreated ones was further supportive of the antibiofilm potential of seed coat flavonoids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bioactive component from M. oleifera seed coat has exhibited antibiofilm potential against the test organisms belonging to Gram positive, Gram negative and yeast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiofilm potential and biosafety of plant-based flavonoids from M. oleifera seed coat reveal a prospective active principle that could be of use in biofilm-associated menace.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Onsare
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Arora
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D029588:Moringa oleifera / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Moringa oleifera; antibiofilm; flavonoids; gram negative bacteria; gram positive bacteria; seed coat; yeast