title: Ustiloxins, fungal cyclic peptides, are ribosomally synthesized in Ustilaginoidea virens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ustiloxins A and B are toxic cyclic tetrapeptides, Tyr-Val/Ala-Ile-Gly (Y-V/A-I-G), that were originally identified from Ustilaginoidea virens, a pathogenic fungus affecting rice plants. Contrary to our report that ustiloxin B is ribosomally synthesized in Aspergillus flavus, a recent report suggested that ustiloxins are synthesized by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase in U.virens. Thus, we analyzed the U.virens genome, to identify the responsible gene cluster.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biosynthetic gene cluster was identified from the genome of U.virens based on homologies to the ribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene cluster for ustiloxin B identified from A.flavus. It contains a gene encoding precursor protein having five Tyr-Val-Ile-Gly and three Tyr-Ala-Ile-Gly motifs for ustiloxins A and B, respectively, strongly indicating that ustiloxins A and B from U.virens are ribosomally synthesized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Accession codes of the U.virens and A.flavus gene clusters in NCBI are BR001221 and BR001206, respectively. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, Fermlab Inc., Tokyo 135-0021, Japan, INTEC Inc., Tokyo 136-8637, Japan, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukui
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, Fermlab Inc., Tokyo 135-0021, Japan, INTEC Inc., Tokyo 136-8637, Japan, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, Fermlab Inc., Tokyo 135-0021, Japan, INTEC Inc., Tokyo 136-8637, Japan, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Nozomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, Fermlab Inc., Tokyo 135-0021, Japan, INTEC Inc., Tokyo 136-8637, Japan, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Myco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umemura
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, Fermlab Inc., Tokyo 135-0021, Japan, INTEC Inc., Tokyo 136-8637, Japan, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, Fermlab Inc., Tokyo 135-0021, Japan, INTEC Inc., Tokyo 136-8637, Japan, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Terai
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, Fermlab Inc., Tokyo 135-0021, Japan, INTEC Inc., Tokyo 136-8637, Japan, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, Fermlab Inc., Tokyo 135-0021, Japan, INTEC Inc., Tokyo 136-8637, Japan, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, Fermlab Inc., Tokyo 135-0021, Japan, INTEC Inc., Tokyo 136-8637, Japan, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asai
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014588:Ustilago / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C089077:ustiloxin B; C087237:ustiloxin A