title: Induced differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells into M2 macrophages by combined treatment with retinoic acid and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
abstract: Retinoids and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) induce differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells into granulocyte and macrophage lineages, respectively. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which is effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, can induce differentiation of other types of myeloid leukemia cells, and combined treatment with retinoid and 1,25(OH)2D3 effectively enhances the differentiation of leukemia cells into macrophage-like cells. Recent work has classified macrophages into M1 and M2 types. In this study, we investigated the effect of combined treatment with retinoid and 1,25(OH)2D3 on differentiation of myeloid leukemia THP-1 and HL60 cells. 9-cis Retinoic acid (9cRA) plus 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited proliferation of THP-1 and HL60 cells and increased myeloid differentiation markers including nitroblue tetrazolium reducing activity and expression of CD14 and CD11b. ATRA and the synthetic retinoic acid receptor agonist Am80 exhibited similar effects in combination with 1,25(OH)2D3 but less effectively than 9cRA, while the retinoid X receptor agonist HX630 was not effective. 9cRA plus 1,25(OH)2D3 effectively increased expression of M2 macrophage marker genes, such as CD163, ARG1 and IL10, increased surface CD163 expression, and induced interleukin-10 secretion in myeloid leukemia cells, while 9cRA alone had weaker effects on these phenotypes and 1,25(OH)2D3 was not effective. Taken together, our results demonstrate selective induction of M2 macrophage markers in human myeloid leukemia cells by combined treatment with 9cRA and 1,25(OH)2D3.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hatta
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iriyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makishima
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takei
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001119:Arginase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000633:toxicity*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D039481:CD11b Antigen; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C118756:dihydroxy-vitamin D3; D016753:Interleukin-10; D014807:Vitamin D; D014212:Tretinoin; D001119:Arginase