title: Perforating the atretic pulmonary valve with CTO hardware: Technical aspects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the success and technical aspects of pulmonary valve (PV) perforation using chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Interventional therapy is possible in selected patients with PA-IVS. Among the various interventional options available, radiofrequency and laser assisted perforation may be more successful, but require expertise and may be substantially costly.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the technique of mechanical catheter PV perforation using currently available coronary hardware meant for coronary CTO in nine cases with PA-IVS. After complete echocardiographic evaluation and informed parental consent was obtained, patients were electively intubated, mechanically ventilated, adequately heparinized and were placed on intravenous prostaglandin infusion. Basic steps involved were-localizing the atretic segment and accomplishing coaxial alignment of catheters using biplane fluoroscopy, crossing the atretic segment with the soft end of perforating guidewire, stabilizing the assembly and performing graded balloon dilatation with the balloon size never exceeding 130% of pulmonary annulus diameter. For crossing the atretic PV, a retrograde approach was used in one patient where the antegrade approach was not possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was successful in 8/9 cases (89%). Valve opening was achieved in all eight patients with immediate fall in right ventricular (RV) systolic pressures. One neonate died following surgery after catheter induced RV perforation. All surviving cases were discharged from the hospital in good general condition with no evidence of heart failure and a room air oxygen saturation of >85%. No patient required an additional pulmonary irrigation procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With appropriate patient and hardware selection, PV perforation using readily available coronary hardware is feasible in PA-IVS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Nilkanth C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Saurabh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Rajnish
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Juneja
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Sundeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Sivasubramanian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Shyam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kothari
mesh_terms: D062906:Cardiac Catheters; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: PA-IVS; Pulmonary Valve Perforation; pulmonary atresia