title: Inconsistent retrospective self-reports of childhood sexual abuse and their correlates in the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological research on childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and its consequences in adult life mainly relies on retrospective reports. This study explores their consistency and the correlates of inconsistent CSA self-reports in a random population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified subsample of 2,462 subjects (selected from a large-scale (N = 34,267) representative sample of Dutch adults aged 40 and beyond) participated in a two-phase online questionnaire survey on extra-familial CSA which was conducted on a four- to six-week interval. Subjects reporting CSA were overrepresented. Participants with consistent and inconsistent responses were compared with regard to demographics, family background, abuse severity, and clinical characteristics. Potential correlates of inconsistency were identified using logistic regression analysis. An additional questionnaire (Phase III) administered to inconsistent respondents explored possible reasons for their inconsistency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,992 respondents who had reported extra-familial CSA during Phase I, 707 (35.5%) denied this in Phase II. Of the 2,462 respondents in Phase II, 727 (29.5%; 9.2% when considering sample stratification) gave a discrepant answer to the extra-familial sexual abuse item compared to their answers given in Phase I. Reports of less severe abuse, intra-familial CSA, and early parental separation predicted inconsistency. Reasons provided for inconsistency varied from misunderstanding (e.g., reporting intra-familial CSA rather than extra-familial CSA) to emotional motives (e.g., embarrassment, being overwhelmed) or practical considerations (e.g., lack of privacy while filling out the questionnaire).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inconsistent self-reports of extra-familial sexual abuse occur on a substantial scale and are associated with less severe forms of abuse (lack of salience) or classification difficulties (perpetrator being a family member or not). Consistency tests and probing for clarifications or corrections should be routinely conducted in order to increase the quality of CSA epidemiological research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and EMGO+ Institute, Vrije University Medical Center/GZZinGeest, A. J. Ernststraat 1187, 1081 HL, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willemien
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Langeland
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Merckelbach
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Adriaan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hoogendoorn
authors.forename: Nel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Draijer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004644:Emotions; D005006:Ethnicity; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D057566:Self Report; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires