title: Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Policies for timing of cord clamping vary, with early cord clamping generally carried out in the first 60 seconds after birth, whereas later cord clamping usually involves clamping the umbilical cord more than one minute after the birth or when cord pulsation has ceased. The benefits and potential harms of each policy are debated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of early cord clamping compared with late cord clamping after birth on maternal and neonatal outcomes
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (13 February 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing early and late cord clamping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility and quality and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 15 trials involving a total of 3911 women and infant pairs. We judged the trials to have an overall moderate risk of bias. MATERNAL OUTCOMES: No studies in this review reported on maternal death or on severe maternal morbidity. There were no significant differences between early versus late cord clamping groups for the primary outcome of severe postpartum haemorrhage (risk ratio (RR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.65; five trials with data for 2066 women with a late clamping event rate (LCER) of ~3.5%, I(2) 0%) or for postpartum haemorrhage of 500 mL or more (RR 1.17 95% CI 0.94 to 1.44; five trials, 2260 women with a LCER of ~12%, I(2) 0%). There were no significant differences between subgroups depending on the use of uterotonic drugs. Mean blood loss was reported in only two trials with data for 1345 women, with no significant differences seen between groups; or for maternal haemoglobin values (mean difference (MD) -0.12 g/dL; 95% CI -0.30 to 0.06, I(2) 0%) at 24 to 72 hours after the birth in three trials. NEONATAL OUTCOMES: There were no significant differences between early and late clamping for the primary outcome of neonatal mortality (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.04 to 3.41, two trials, 381 infants with a LCER of ~1%), or for most other neonatal morbidity outcomes, such as Apgar score less than seven at five minutes or admission to the special care nursery or neonatal intensive care unit. Mean birthweight was significantly higher in the late, compared with early, cord clamping (101 g increase 95% CI 45 to 157, random-effects model, 12 trials, 3139 infants, I(2) 62%). Fewer infants in the early cord clamping group required phototherapy for jaundice than in the late cord clamping group (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.96, data from seven trials, 2324 infants with a LCER of 4.36%, I(2) 0%). Haemoglobin concentration in infants at 24 to 48 hours was significantly lower in the early cord clamping group (MD -1.49 g/dL, 95% CI -1.78 to -1.21; 884 infants, I(2) 59%). This difference in haemoglobin concentration was not seen at subsequent assessments. However, improvement in iron stores appeared to persist, with infants in the early cord clamping over twice as likely to be iron deficient at three to six months compared with infants whose cord clamping was delayed (RR 2.65 95% CI 1.04 to 6.73, five trials, 1152 infants, I(2) 82%). In the only trial to report longer-term neurodevelopmental outcomes so far, no overall differences between early and late clamping were seen for Ages and Stages Questionnaire scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A more liberal approach to delaying clamping of the umbilical cord in healthy term infants appears to be warranted, particularly in light of growing evidence that delayed cord clamping increases early haemoglobin concentrations and iron stores in infants. Delayed cord clamping is likely to be beneficial as long as access to treatment for jaundice requiring phototherapy is available.
authors.affiliation: Midwifery Professorial Unit, La Trobe University/Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Australia. s.mcdonald@latrobe.edu.au., sue.mcdonald@mercy.com.au.
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dowswell
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Morris
keywords: *Umbilical Cord; Constriction; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Iron [blood]; Jaundice, Neonatal [*etiology; therapy]; Labor Stage, Third; Phototherapy; Placental Circulation [physiology]; Postpartum Hemorrhage [*prevention & control]; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Time Factors