title: Patient preferences for change in symptoms associated with opioid-induced constipation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While opioids have become a standard treatment option for those experiencing moderate to severe chronic pain, side effects of constipation and related symptoms have interfered with their usage in as many as 40-50% of treated patients. Prior research has elucidated the range of these symptoms, but no study has determined which of these symptoms patients most desire improving or whether improving constipation itself by as little as one more bowel movement per week is deemed an important change.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an online patient survey of 513 participants residing in one of six countries who reported having chronic pain, were taking opioids, and experiencing opioid-induced constipation (OIC) to address these questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents rank ordered their preferences and the following eight symptoms generated >80% endorsement as important to improve: improvement in having bowel movements without rectal pain, soft stools that are not loose or watery, regular bowel movements, a reduction in rectal straining, relief from feeling bloated, feeling less fear about having OIC when following their opioid medication regime, a desire to worry less overall about having a bowel movement, and with less 'stomach' area pain. When asked 'how important is it you to have 1 more bowel movement per week", over 90% endorsed it was 'somewhat', 'very', or 'extremely important' with nearly 70% (n = 354) endorsing the 'extremely' or 'very important' response options. In multivariate models, being in more overall pain or reporting fewer than 3 bowel movements per week were found to be independent predictors of the importance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results highlight the notable range of OIC symptoms most desired by patients to improve and demonstrate that bowel movements of only one more per week were important to register a meaningful improvement. The latter is particularly helpful for those assessing the minimal clinically important difference in treating this condition.
authors.affiliation: Epstein Health, 50 Tice Boulevard Suite 340, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA, repstein@epsteinhealth.com.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cimen
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Benenson
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Aubert
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sostek
authors.forename: Tehseen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salimi
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003248:Constipation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057240:Patient Preference / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid