title: Psychiatric disorders and gestational weight gain among women who quit smoking during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pregnancy is a common time for women to quit using cigarettes and other substances. Such changes in substance use as well as other psychiatric and psychosocial changes during pregnancy can affect gestational weight gain (GWG). Thus, we evaluated the relationship between psychiatric disorders and GWG among pregnant women who had quit smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant former smokers (n = 281) enrolled in a larger trial for postpartum relapse prevention completed semi-structured psychiatric interviews and measures of prepregnancy nicotine dependence and smoking behavior, and were weighed to estimate gestational weight gain. Using linear regression and mixed-effect models, the relationship between a lifetime prevalence of each psychiatric disorder and total GWG was evaluated, controlling for variables previously related to GWG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average GWG was 15.6 (± 8.5) kg, and 56% (n = 157) of women exceeded the GWG recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) according to prepregnancy BMI. Over one-third (34.3%) of pregnant former smokers had a history of at least one diagnosable psychiatric disorder. History of psychiatric disorder was unrelated to GWG, with one exception; lifetime history of alcohol use disorder was associated with significantly larger GWG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who quit smoking during pregnancy gain a considerable amount of gestational weight, and a previous history of alcohol use disorder is related to GWG. However, the benefits of smoking cessation to maternal and fetal health likely outweigh the disadvantage of weight gain, and other psychiatric disorders are not linked to GWG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States. Electronic address: Levinem@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Michele D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Marsha D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Emery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D064829:Alcohol Abstinence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014481:United States; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gestational weight gain; Pregnancy; Psychiatric disorder; Smokers