title: Stromal androgen receptor roles in the development of normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia, and prostate cancer.
abstract: The prostate is an androgen-sensitive organ that needs proper androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signals for normal development. The progression of prostate diseases, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), also needs proper androgen/AR signals. Tissue recombination studies report that stromal, but not epithelial, AR plays more critical roles via the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions to influence the early process of prostate development. However, in BPH and PCa, much more attention has been focused on epithelial AR roles. However, accumulating evidence indicates that stromal AR is also irreplaceable and plays critical roles in prostate disease progression. Herein, we summarize the roles of stromal AR in the development of normal prostate, BPH, and PCa, with evidence from the recent results of in vitro cell line studies, tissue recombination experiments, and AR knockout animal models. Current evidence suggests that stromal AR may play positive roles to promote BPH and PCa progression, and targeting stromal AR selectively with AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9, may allow development of better therapies with fewer adverse effects to battle BPH and PCa.
authors.affiliation: Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Simeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Urology, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Hong-Chiang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Zhiqun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. Electronic address: niuyuanjie@tijmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuanjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Urology, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: chang@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Chawnshang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003474:Curcumin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D003474:Curcumin; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C471106:ASC-J9 compound