title: Uptake of intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for malaria during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: a cross-sectional study in Geita district, North-Western Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). For this reason, the World Health Organization currently recommends intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) at each scheduled antenatal care (ANC) visit. In Tanzania, the revised IPTp policy was adopted in 2013 but the level of uptake and its association with pregnancy outcomes remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted among singleton pregnant women who delivered in two selected health facilities of Geita district, northwestern Tanzania. Self-reported uptake of SP was verified using the ANC card and was recorded. Placental and peripheral blood was collected for diagnosis of malaria by microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Gestational age was estimated based on last menstrual period or Ballard score. Infant birth weights were recorded within 24 hours of delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 431 participants, 167 (38.75%), 134 (31.09%), 104 (24.23%), and 26 (6.03%) reported taking none, one, two, and ≥ three doses of SP during pregnancy, respectively. The uptake of ≥ three doses of IPTp-SP among delivering women at Geita hospital and Katoro health centre was 9.06% and 1.2%, respectively. The overall prevalence of malaria in pregnancy by RDT, peripheral and placental smears was 19.5%, 29.7% and 37.6% respectively. The prevalence of placental parasitaemia was higher for women who delivered at Katoro Health Centre (41.57%) than those who delivered at Geita hospital (35.09%). The uptake of ≥ three doses of SP was associated with reduced odds of having placental malaria (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.31, p = 0.039) compared to < three doses. Women with placental parasitaemia were five times more likely to have delivered pre-term (AOR = 4.67, p = 0.002) and had lower mean birth weight infants than their uninfected counterparts (mean difference = 82 g, p = 0.039).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The uptake of ≥ three doses of IPTp-SP is low in the present study area. Placental parasitaemia is prevalent and is associated with adverse birth outcomes. Receipt of ≥ three doses of IPTp-SP reduced the odds of placental parasitaemia. Thus, increased efforts towards scale-up and continuous evaluation of IPTp-SP efficacy is recommended.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences- Bugando, PO Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. filbertmp@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Filbert J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Mpogoro
authors.forename: Dismas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matovelo
authors.forename: Aliyah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dosani
authors.forename: Sospatro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ngallaba
authors.forename: Moshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mugono
authors.forename: Humphrey D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Mazigo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018512:Parasitemia; D010920:Placenta / Q000469:parasitology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013636:Tanzania; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D011739:Pyrimethamine