title: Peptidoglycan from fermentation by-product triggers defense responses in grapevine.
abstract: Plants are constantly under attack from a variety of microorganisms, and rely on a series of complex detection and response systems to protect themselves from infection. Here, we found that a by-product of glutamate fermentation triggered defense responses in grapevine, increasing the expression of defense response genes in cultured cells, foliar chitinase activity, and resistance to infection by downy mildew in leaf explants. To identify the molecule that triggered this innate immunity, we fractionated and purified candidates extracted from Corynebacterium glutamicum, a bacterium used in the production of amino acids by fermentation. Using hydrolysis by lysozyme, a silkworm larva plasma detection system, and gel filtration analysis, we identified peptidoglycan as inducing the defense responses. Peptidoglycans of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus also generated similar defensive responses.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Taito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Igarashi
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000378:metabolism; D002688:Chitinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry; D048230:Corynebacterium glutamicum / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000276:immunology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044742:Peronospora / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D010940:Plant Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002688:Chitinases