title: Dynamic freeze casting for the production of porous titanium (Ti) scaffolds.
abstract: This paper proposes dynamic freeze casting as a new manufacturing technique for producing porous Ti scaffolds with a uniform porous structure and good ductility. In this method, Ti/camphene slurries with various initial Ti contents (15, 20, and 25 vol.%) were frozen at 44 °C for 12 h in rotation, which allowed for the extensive growth of camphene crystals and the uniform construction of walls made of Ti particles. All the fabricated samples showed spherical-like pores surrounded by dense Ti walls that were uniformly formed after sintering at 1300 °C for 2 h in a vacuum. The porosity decreased from 71 to 52 vol.% with an increase in Ti content from 15 to 25 vol.%, whereas the pore size decreased from 362 to 95 μm. On the other hand, the compressive strength and stiffness increased considerably from 57±4 to 183±6 MPa and from 1.3±0.5 to 5.0±0.8 GPa, respectively, due to the decrease in the porosity of the samples.
authors.affiliation: WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Do
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yook
authors.affiliation: WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Sik
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yuanlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: WCU Hybrid Materials Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kimhe@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyoun-Ee
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Laboratory Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hag
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005615:Freezing; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000032:analysis; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D016062:Porosity; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D006859:Hydrogen; D014025:Titanium; D010100:Oxygen