title: MiR-204 inhibits human NSCLC metastasis through suppression of NUAK1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is responsible for almost 80% of lung cancer-related deaths. Identifying novel molecules that can repress the invasiveness and metastasis of lung cancer will facilitate the development of new antilung cancer strategies. The aim of this study is to determine the roles of NUAK1 (a downstream of Akt) and miR-204 in the invasiveness and metastasis of NSCLC and to reveal the correlation between NUAK1 and miR-204.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of NUAK1 in primary human NSCLC tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR was employed to measure the expression level of miR-204. The effect of NUAK1 and miR204 on the prognosis of NSCLC patients was evaluated by log-rank test. The siRNA transfection was used to manipulate the expression levels of NUAK1 and miR204 in cancer cells. Chemotaxis assay, Scratch assay, and Matrigel invasion assay were performed to evaluate the migration and invasion of cells. Cellular F-actin measurement was used to measure F-actin polymerisation in lung cancer cells. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of corresponding proteins. The Luciferase assay and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to confirm the actual binding site of miR-204 to 3'UTR of NUAK1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased expression of NUAK1 is correlated with the invasiveness and metastasis of human NSCLC. Knockdown of NUAK1 inhibited cell migration and invasion. In addition, this study showed that NUAK1 influenced mTOR phosphorylation and induced the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein1 (4E-BP1), two downstream targets of mTOR in NSCLC cells. At the same time, decreased expression of miR-204 promoted NSCLC progression and, contrarily, manipulated upregulation of miR-204-inhibited cell migration and invasion. There is clinical relevance between miR-204 downregulation and NUAK1 upregulation in human NSCLC. Furthermore, we found that miR-204 inhibited NSCLC tumour invasion by directly targeting and downregulating NUAK1 expression. Finally, our data suggested that the downregulation of miR-204 was due to hypermethylation of its promoter region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that NUAK1 is excessively expressed in NSCLC and plays important roles in NSCLC invasion. The miR-204 acts as a tumour suppressor by inhibiting NUAK1 expression in NSCLC. Both NUAK1 and miR-204 may serve as potential targets of NSCLC therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C549404:MIRN204 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; C470845:NUAK1 protein, human