title: Iterative probabilistic voxel labeling: automated segmentation for analysis of The Cancer Imaging Archive glioblastoma images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robust, automated segmentation algorithms are required for quantitative analysis of large imaging datasets. We developed an automated method that identifies and labels brain tumor-associated pathology by using an iterative probabilistic voxel labeling using k-nearest neighbor and Gaussian mixture model classification. Our purpose was to develop a segmentation method which could be applied to a variety of imaging from The Cancer Imaging Archive.
  
  
  METHODS
  Images from 2 sets of 15 randomly selected subjects with glioblastoma from The Cancer Imaging Archive were processed by using the automated algorithm. The algorithm-defined tumor volumes were compared with those segmented by trained operators by using the Dice similarity coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with operator volumes, algorithm-generated segmentations yielded mean Dice similarities of 0.92 ± 0.03 for contrast-enhancing volumes and 0.84 ± 0.09 for FLAIR hyperintensity volumes. These values compared favorably with the means of Dice similarity coefficients between the operator-defined segmentations: 0.92 ± 0.03 for contrast-enhancing volumes and 0.92 ± 0.05 for FLAIR hyperintensity volumes. Robust segmentations can be achieved when only postcontrast T1WI and FLAIR images are available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iterative probabilistic voxel labeling defined tumor volumes that were highly consistent with operator-defined volumes. Application of this algorithm could facilitate quantitative assessment of neuroimaging from patients with glioblastoma for both research and clinical indications.
authors.affiliation: From the Neurosciences Graduate Program (T.C.S.) School of Medicine (T.C.S., J.M.T.) Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Division of Neurosurgery, Moores Cancer Center (T.C.S., J.M.T., K.S.P., Z.T., M.L.T., B.S.C., C.C.C.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: T C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8963-0652
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Steed
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (T.C.S., J.M.T.) Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Division of Neurosurgery, Moores Cancer Center (T.C.S., J.M.T., K.S.P., Z.T., M.L.T., B.S.C., C.C.C.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.affiliation: Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Division of Neurosurgery, Moores Cancer Center (T.C.S., J.M.T., K.S.P., Z.T., M.L.T., B.S.C., C.C.C.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California Weill-Cornell Medical College (K.S.P.), New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Division of Neurosurgery, Moores Cancer Center (T.C.S., J.M.T., K.S.P., Z.T., M.L.T., B.S.C., C.C.C.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Z
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2533-0888
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Taich
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory (N.S.W., N.F., A.M.D.).
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Division of Neurosurgery, Moores Cancer Center (T.C.S., J.M.T., K.S.P., Z.T., M.L.T., B.S.C., C.C.C.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory (N.S.W., N.F., A.M.D.) Department of Radiology (N.F., A.M.D.).
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.affiliation: Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Division of Neurosurgery, Moores Cancer Center (T.C.S., J.M.T., K.S.P., Z.T., M.L.T., B.S.C., C.C.C.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory (N.S.W., N.F., A.M.D.) Department of Radiology (N.F., A.M.D.).
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Division of Neurosurgery, Moores Cancer Center (T.C.S., J.M.T., K.S.P., Z.T., M.L.T., B.S.C., C.C.C.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California clarkchen@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001109:Archives; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*