title: Effect of the size of the apical enlargement with rotary instruments, single-cone filling, post space preparation with drills, fiber post removal, and root canal filling removal on apical crack initiation and propagation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of apical crack initiation and propagation in root dentin after several endodontic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty intact mandibular premolars were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis at 1 mm from the apex, and the apical surface was polished. Thirty teeth were left unprepared and served as a control, and the remaining 30 teeth were instrumented with ProTaper Universal instruments (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) up to size F5. The root canals were filled with the single-cone technique. Gutta-percha was removed with drills of the Rebilda post system (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany). Glass fiber-reinforced composite fiber posts were cemented using a dual-cure resin cement. The fiber posts were removed with a drill of the post system. Retreatment was completed after the removal of the gutta-percha. Crack initiation and propagation in the apical surfaces of the samples were examined with a stereomicroscope after each procedure. The absence/presence of cracks was recorded. Logistic regression was performed to analyze statistically the incidence of crack initiation and propagation with each procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initiation of the first crack and crack propagation was associated with F2 and F4 instruments, respectively. The logistic regression analysis revealed that instrumentation and F2 instrument significantly affected apical crack initiation (P < .001). Post space preparation had a significant effect on crack propagation (P = .0004). The other procedures had no significant effects on crack initiation and propagation (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rotary nickel-titanium instrumentation had a significant effect on apical crack initiation, and post space preparation with drills had a significant impact on crack propagation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey. Electronic address: capardt@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: İsmail Davut
authors.initials: İD
authors.lastname: Çapar
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Banu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Şifa University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Evren
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ok
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arslan
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003804:Dentin / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D019233:Retreatment / Q000379:methods; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012389:Root Canal Obturation; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014082:Tooth Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Crack initiation and propagation; cracks; dentinal damage; fiber post removal; post space preparation; retreatment; root canal filling; root canal instrumentation; root fracture; single cone