title: Effects of ipratropium on exercise-induced cough in winter athletes: a hypothesis-generating study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise-induced cough (EIC) is frequently reported by winter athletes, but this symptom is not always associated with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). The aims of this study were to determine if EIC can be inhibited or reduced with the inhalation of ipratropium, and if EIC in winter athletes is associated with EIB.
  
  
  METHODS
  On 2 visits, 24 cross-country skiers (10 males and 12 females, mean age 17 ± 3 years) performed an outdoor exercise in the winter (30-minute warm-up, followed by a 3-minute sprint), randomly preceded by the inhalation of ipratropium or a placebo. A spirometry was done at baseline and 20 minutes after inhalation of ipratropium or placebo. Exercise was then performed, followed by the measurement of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and the recording of the number of coughs until 60 minutes after exercise. Before and after exercise, the perception of cough intensity was evaluated using a modified Borg scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve of 16 athletes who completed the study (75%) were symptomatic following exercise with placebo (number of coughs ≥ 5), but none developed EIB. For these athletes, the number of coughs after exercise (mean number of coughs ± standard deviation: placebo, 26 ± 14; ipratropium, 25 ± 23; P value, nonsignificant) and the maximal perception score for cough intensity (mean Borg score ± standard deviation: placebo, 1.9 ± 1.2; ipratropium, 2.0 ± 1.1; P value, nonsignificant) were not significantly different between ipratropium and placebo. A decrease in the number of coughs was observed in 6 of the symptomatic athletes and an increase was observed in the other 6, resulting in a nonsignificant mean effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ipratropium does not appear to significantly influence the number and the perception of cough following exercise. Moreover, these results suggest that EIC is not mainly associated with EIB. However, a subgroup of athletes seems to show a beneficial response to ipratropium, suggesting different cough responses in this population.
authors.affiliation: Master Student, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bordeleau
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turmel
authors.forename: Louis-Philippe
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Boulet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001250:Asthma, Exercise-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003371:Cough / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D009241:Ipratropium