title: Immobilization techniques for microarray: challenges and applications.
abstract: The highly programmable positioning of molecules (biomolecules, nanoparticles, nanobeads, nanocomposites materials) on surfaces has potential applications in the fields of biosensors, biomolecular electronics, and nanodevices. However, the conventional techniques including self-assembled monolayers fail to position the molecules on the nanometer scale to produce highly organized monolayers on the surface. The present article elaborates different techniques for the immobilization of the biomolecules on the surface to produce microarrays and their diagnostic applications. The advantages and the drawbacks of various methods are compared. This article also sheds light on the applications of the different technologies for the detection and discrimination of viral/bacterial genotypes and the detection of the biomarkers. A brief survey with 115 references covering the last 10 years on the biological applications of microarrays in various fields is also provided.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea. satish_nimse@hallym.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Satish Balasaheb
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Nimse
authors.affiliation: Biometrix Technology, Inc. 202 BioVenture Plaza, Chuncheon 200-161, Korea. hanlimsk@empal.com.
authors.forename: Keumsoo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea. mukeshsonawane87@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mukesh Digambar
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sonawane
authors.affiliation: Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea. danishrs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Danishmalik Rafiq
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sayyed
authors.affiliation: Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea. tskim@hallym.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Taisun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015342:DNA Probes