title: Race and perceived racism, education, and hypertension among Brazilian civil servants: the Pró-Saúde Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brazil has the largest population of African descendants outside Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Mindful of the imprint of slavery on their contemporary social position, we investigated the relationship of perceived racism to hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data (1999 - 2001) from 3,056 civil servants (mean age 42 years; 56% females) at university campuses in Rio participating in the longitudinal Pró-Saúde Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases of prevalent hypertension had measured blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mmHg or used antihypertensive medication. Self-administered questionnaires assessed participants' perceived history of lifetime discrimination (due to race, gender, socioeconomic position, and other attributes) at work and school, neighborhood, public places, and in contact with the police. Participants used 41 terms as responses to an open-ended question on racial self-identification; for these analyses, 48% were classified as afrodescendants. Racial discrimination in at least one setting was reported by 14% of afrodescendants. Compared to whites, the age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was higher for afrodescendants with history of self-perceived racism (prevalence ratio--PR = 2.1; 95%CI 1.5-3.0) than for those with no such history (PR = 1.5; 95%CI 1.2-1.8). Comparing the former to whites, the adjusted association with hypertension was stronger for those with elementary education (PR = 3.0; 95%CI 1.3-6.7) than for those with a college degree (PR = 1.7; 95%CI 1.0-3.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racism may increase the risk of hypertension of afrodescendants in Brazil, and socioeconomic disadvantage--also influenced by societal racism--may further potentiate this increased risk.
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faerstein
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dóra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chor
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Loureiro
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Werneck
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia de Souza
authors.initials: Cde S
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D063505:Racism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult