title: Quantified Facial Soft-tissue Strain in Animation Measured by Real-time Dynamic 3-Dimensional Imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to evaluate and quantify dynamic soft-tissue strain in the human face using real-time 3-dimensional imaging technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen subjects (8 women, 5 men) between the ages of 18 and 70 were imaged using a dual-camera system and 3-dimensional optical analysis (ARAMIS, Trilion Quality Systems, Pa.). Each subject was imaged at rest and with the following facial expressions: (1) smile, (2) laughter, (3) surprise, (4) anger, (5) grimace, and (6) pursed lips. The facial strains defining stretch and compression were computed for each subject and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The areas of greatest strain were localized to the midface and lower face for all expressions. Subjects over the age of 40 had a statistically significant increase in stretch in the perioral region while lip pursing compared with subjects under the age of 40 (58.4% vs 33.8%, P = 0.015). When specific components of lip pursing were analyzed, there was a significantly greater degree of stretch in the nasolabial fold region in subjects over 40 compared with those under 40 (61.6% vs 32.9%, P = 0.007). Furthermore, we observed a greater degree of asymmetry of strain in the nasolabial fold region in the older age group (18.4% vs 5.4%, P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study illustrates that the face can be objectively and quantitatively evaluated using dynamic major strain analysis. The technology of 3-dimensional optical imaging can be used to advance our understanding of facial soft-tissue dynamics and the effects of animation on facial strain over time.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Vivian M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Ari M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wes
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tahiri
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornman-Homonoff
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Ivona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Percec