title: Changes of sulfur dioxide, nuclear factor-κB, and interleukin-8 levels in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia with bacterial inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial inflammation is a common complication in patients with leukemia, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a bioactive molecule in modulating Gram-negative bacilli infection. This study aimed to examine the changes in SO2, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with Gram-negative bacterial inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five ALL children were enrolled in this study, including 30 males and 25 females, aged 3-13 years, and the median age was 7.8 years. All these children who accepted chemotherapy for ALL were divided into the control group (before chemotherapy), the infection group (after chemotherapy with infection), and the recovery group (the infection was controlled after 1 week). The serum level of SO2 was detected using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence assay, and NF-κB and IL-8 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Human THP-1 cells were cultured, induced, and differentiated into macrophages, which were divided into five groups and each group was cultured with different stimulators: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, LPS+L-aspartate-β-hydroxamate (HDX) group, LPS+SO2 group, SO2, and control groups. NF-κB level and IL-8 protein contents by ELISA were examined in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with those of the control group, levels of serum SO2, NF-κB, and IL-8 of the infection group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while those of the recovery group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between levels of serum SO2 and intracellular NF-κB/IL-8, and the correlation coefficients were 0.671 and 0.798 (P < 0.05), respectively. According to the results found in human THP-1 cells, levels of NF-κB and IL-8 in LPS group were significantly increased compared with those of the control group (P < 0.05); when compared with those in LPS group, levels of NF-κB in LPS+HDX group further increased significantly (P < 0.05); however, the NF-κB levels of LPS+SO2 group decreased significantly (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SO2 may play an anti-inflammatory role during the process of inflammation by inhibiting the activation and transcription of NF-κB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
authors.forename: Wanshui
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Yongrui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
authors.forename: Shuxu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
authors.forename: Yangling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China. Email: limingsuncn@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide