title: Quantitative Systems Pharmacology can reduce attrition and improve productivity in pharmaceutical research and development.
abstract: The empirical hypothesis generation and testing approach to pharmaceutical research and development (R&D), and biomedical research has proven very effective over the last half-century; resulting in tremendous increases productivity and the rates of approval for new drug applications at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, as discovery of new therapeutic approaches for diseases with unmet medical need becomes more challenging, the productivity and efficiency of the traditional approach to drug discovery and development is diminishing. Innovative approaches are needed, such as those offered by Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) modeling and simulation. This "systems" approach to modeling and simulation can be used to guide the hypothesis generation and testing process in pharmaceutical R&D, in a manner similar to its adoption in other industries in the past. Embedding QSP into the existing processes within pharmaceutical discovery and development will be required in order to realize the full beneficial impact of this innovative approach.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Exploratory Clinical and Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Tarek A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Leil
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Exploratory Clinical and Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bertz
keywords: Quantitative Systems Pharmacology; Systems Biology; drug discovery and development; modeling and simulation; pharmaceutical R&D; pharmacometrics