title: Concomitant predation on parasites is highly variable but constrains the ways in which parasites contribute to food web structure.
abstract: Previous analyses of empirical food webs (the networks of who eats whom in a community) have revealed that parasites exert a strong influence over observed food web structure and alter many network properties such as connectance and degree distributions. It remains unclear, however, whether these community-level effects are fully explained by differences in the ways that parasites and free-living species interact within a food web. To rigorously quantify the interrelationship between food web structure, the types of species in a web and the distinct types of feeding links between them, we introduce a shared methodology to quantify the structural roles of both species and feeding links. Roles are quantified based on the frequencies with which a species (or link) appears in different food web motifs - the building blocks of networks. We hypothesized that different types of species (e.g. top predators, basal resources, parasites) and different types of links between species (e.g. classic predation, parasitism, concomitant predation on parasites along with their hosts) will show characteristic differences in their food web roles. We found that parasites do indeed have unique structural roles in food webs. Moreover, we demonstrate that different types of feeding links (e.g. parasitism, predation or concomitant predation) are distributed differently in a food web context. More than any other interaction type, concomitant predation appears to constrain the roles of parasites. In contrast, concomitant predation links themselves have more variable roles than any other type of interaction. Together, our results provide a novel perspective on how both species and feeding link composition shape the structure of an ecological community and vice versa.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alyssa R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cirtwill
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Stouffer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058448:Biota; D020387:Food Chain; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D016014:Linear Models; D010271:Parasites; D011235:Predatory Behavior
keywords: interaction roles; network motifs; role dispersion; role diversity; species roles