title: Identification of salt gland-associated genes and characterization of a dehydrin from the salt secretor mangrove Avicennia officinalis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salt stress is a major challenge for growth and development of plants. The mangrove tree Avicennia officinalis has evolved salt tolerance mechanisms such as salt secretion through specialized glands on its leaves. Although a number of structural studies on salt glands have been done, the molecular mechanism of salt secretion is not clearly understood. Also, studies to identify salt gland-specific genes in mangroves have been scarce.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By subtractive hybridization (SH) of cDNA from salt gland-rich cell layers (tester) with mesophyll tissues as the driver, several Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) were identified. The major classes of ESTs identified include those known to be involved in regulating metabolic processes (37%), stress response (17%), transcription (17%), signal transduction (17%) and transport functions (12%). A visual interactive map generated based on predicted functional gene interactions of the identified ESTs suggested altered activities of hydrolase, transmembrane transport and kinases. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out to validate the expression specificity of the ESTs identified by SH. A Dehydrin gene was chosen for further experimental analysis, because it is significantly highly expressed in salt gland cells, and dehydrins are known to be involved in stress remediation in other plants. Full-length Avicennia officinalis Dehydrin1 (AoDHN1) cDNA was obtained by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends. Phylogenetic analysis and further characterization of this gene suggested that AoDHN1 belongs to group II Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins. qRT-PCR analysis of Avicennia showed up-regulation of AoDHN1 in response to salt and drought treatments. Furthermore, some functional insights were obtained by growing E. coli cells expressing AoDHN1. Growth of E. coli cells expressing AoDHN1 was significantly higher than that of the control cells without AoDHN1 under salinity and drought stresses, suggesting that the mangrove dehydrin protein helps to mitigate the abiotic stresses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thirty-four ESTs were identified to be enriched in salt gland-rich tissues of A. officinalis leaves. qRT-PCR analysis showed that 10 of these were specifically enriched in the salt gland-rich tissues. Our data suggest that one of the selected genes, namely, AoDHN1 plays an important role to mitigate salt and drought stress responses.
authors.forename: Pavithra A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jyothi-Prakash
authors.forename: Bijayalaxmi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wijaya
authors.forename: Tit-Meng
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Qingsong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chiang-Shiong
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Prakash P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D032407:Avicennia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D001483:Base Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D055864:Droughts; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D055049:Salt Tolerance; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D010940:Plant Proteins; C070556:dehydrin proteins, plant; D012965:Sodium Chloride