title: The uncanny return of the race concept.
abstract: The aim of this Hypothesis and Theory is to question the recently increasing use of the "race" concept in contemporary genetic, psychiatric, neuroscience as well as social studies. We discuss "race" and related terms used to assign individuals to distinct groups and caution that also concepts such as "ethnicity" or "culture" unduly neglect diversity. We suggest that one factor contributing to the dangerous nature of the "race" concept is that it is based on a mixture of traditional stereotypes about "physiognomy", which are deeply imbued by colonial traditions. Furthermore, the social impact of "race classifications" will be critically reflected. We then examine current ways to apply the term "culture" and caution that while originally derived from a fundamentally different background, "culture" is all too often used as a proxy for "race", particularly when referring to the population of a certain national state or wider region. When used in such contexts, suggesting that all inhabitants of a geographical or political unit belong to a certain "culture" tends to ignore diversity and to suggest a homogeneity, which consciously or unconsciously appears to extend into the realm of biological similarities and differences. Finally, we discuss alternative approaches and their respective relevance to biological and cultural studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinz
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krach
authors.affiliation: Center for Mental Health, Klinikum Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cabanis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Kluge
keywords: cultural neuroscience; intelligence (IQ); psychiatry; racial classification; racism