title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation: potential treatment for co-occurring alcohol, traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorders.
abstract: Alcohol use disorder (AUD), mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co-occur (AUD + mTBI + PTSD). These conditions have overlapping symptoms which are, in part, reflective of overlapping neuropathology. These conditions become problematic because their co-occurrence can exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, treatments must be developed that are inclusive to all three conditions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is non-invasive and may be an ideal treatment for co-occurring AUD + mTBI + PTSD. There is accumulating evidence on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, mTBI, and PTSD each alone. However, there are no published studies to date on rTMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD + mTBI + PTSD. This review article advances the knowledge base for rTMS as a treatment for AUD + mTBI + PTSD. This review provides background information about these co-occurring conditions as well as rTMS. The existing literature on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, TBI, and PTSD each alone is reviewed. Finally, neurobiological findings in support of a theoretical model are discussed to inform TMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD + mTBI + PTSD. The peer-reviewed literature was identified by targeted literature searches using PubMed and supplemented by cross-referencing the bibliographies of relevant review articles. The existing evidence on rTMS as a treatment for these conditions in isolation, coupled with the overlapping neuropathology and symptomology of these conditions, suggests that rTMS may be well suited for the treatment of these conditions together.
authors.affiliation: Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Research Service PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA ; The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Center for Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA ; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 East Ontario, #7-200, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Amy A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Herrold
authors.affiliation: The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Center for Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kletzel
authors.affiliation: Chicago Association for Research and Education in Science, Hines, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Brett C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Harton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Translational Neuroscience of Dual Diagnosis & Development, Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15 Street, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: R Andrew
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Center for Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA ; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 446 East Ontario, #7-200, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Research Service PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA ; The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Center for Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, PO Box 5000 (M/C 151H), Hines, IL, USA ; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Office of Medical Educ. (1574), 345 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Theresa Louise-Bender
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Pape
keywords: addiction; behavioral health; co-morbidity; mental health disorders; neuroimaging; non-invasive brain stimulation; posttraumatic stress disorder; substance use disorders; transcranial magnetic stimulation; traumatic brain injury; treatment