title: Increased forebrain activations in youths with family histories of alcohol and other substance use disorders performing a Go/NoGo task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Youths with a family history of alcohol and other drug use disorders (FH+) are at a greater risk of developing substance use disorders than their peers with no such family histories (FH-), and this increased risk may be related to impaired maturation of forebrain circuitry. FH+ individuals have shown altered forebrain activity at rest and while performing cognitive tasks. However, it is not fully understood how forebrain activity is altered in FH+ individuals, and ultimately how these alterations may contribute to substance use disorder risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we tested 72 FH+ and 32 FH- youths performing a go/no-go task and examined activations in blocks with only go trials (Go Only), blocks with 50% go and 50% no-go trials (Go/NoGo), and a contrast of those 2 blocks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FH+ youths had significantly greater cerebral activations in both the Go and Go/NoGo blocks than FH- youths in regions including the posterior cingulate/precuneus, bilateral middle/superior temporal gyrus, and medial superior frontal gyrus with no significant group differences in the subtraction between Go Only and Go/NoGo blocks. Additionally, FH+ youths had moderately slower reaction times on go trials in the Go Only blocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that global activation increase in FH+ youths are modulated by FH density and are not specific to the inhibitory components of the task. This pattern of increased activations in FH+ youths may be at least partially due to impaired forebrain white matter development leading to greater activations/less efficient neural communication during task performance.
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acheson
authors.forename: Malle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tagamets
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.forename: Susan N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: L Elliot
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kochunov
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dougherty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000378:metabolism*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Family History; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Go/No-Go; Risk; Substance Use