title: Objective assessment of visual attention in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) using visual-evoked potentials (VEP).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify visual attention objectively using the visual-evoked potential (VEP) in those having mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with and without a self-reported attentional deficit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were comprised of 16 adults with mTBI: 11 with an attentional deficit and five without. Three test conditions were used to assess the visual attentional state to quantify objectively the VEP alpha band attenuation ratio (AR) related to attention: (1) pattern VEP; (2) eyes-closed; and (3) eyes-closed number counting. The AR was calculated for both the individual and combined alpha frequencies (8-13 Hz). The objective results were compared to two subjective tests of visual and general attention (i.e. the VSAT and ASRS, respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AR for both the individual and combined alpha frequencies was found to be abnormal in those with mTBI having an attentional deficit. In contrast, the AR was normal in those with mTBI but without an attentional deficit. The AR correlated with the ASRS, but not with the VSAT, test scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The objective and subjective tests were able to differentiate between those having mTBI with and without an attentional deficit. The proposed VEP protocol can be used in the clinic to detect and assess objectively and reliably a visual attentional deficit in the mTBI population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, SUNY State College of Optometry , New York City, NY , USA.
authors.forename: Naveen K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ciuffreda
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields
keywords: Alpha band power; attention deficit; attenuation ratio (AR); mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); primary visual cortex (V1); visual attention; visual-evoked potential (VEP)