title: A survey on teaching ultrasound-guided chronic pain procedures in pain medicine fellowship programs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last decade ultrasound guidance (USG) has been utilized very successfully in acute pain procedures to confirm nerves' anatomic location and obtain live images. Not only the utilization, but the teaching, of USG has become an essential part of anesthesiology residency training. Prior to the introduction of USG, chronic pain procedures were always done either under fluoroscopy or blindly. USG offers advantages over fluoroscopy for completion of chronic pain procedures. USG decreases radiation exposure and the expenses associated with operating a fluoroscopy machine and allows live visualization of soft tissues and blood flow, a feature that fluoroscopy does not directly offer. Even today, the utilization and teaching of the technique for chronic pain procedures has not been as widely accepted as in acute pain management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To understand the current practices and the factors affecting the teaching of ultrasound guided chronic pain procedures in chronic pain fellowship programs throughout the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey conducted by internet and mail. The survey was distributed to program directors of ACGME-accredited pain medicine fellowships. When the survey was distributed there were 92 accredited pain medicine fellowships.
  
  
  METHODS
  REDCap survey software was used for designing the questionnaire and sending email invitations. Also, paper questionnaires were sent to those who did not respond electronically. Additional copies of the survey were mailed or faxed upon request. We received 43 responses (a response rate of 46.7%). Statistical analyses included frequencies, crosstabs, and nonparametric Spearman rank-order correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of stellate ganglion blocks, occipital nerve blocks, and peripheral nerve blocks are currently being done under ultrasound guidance. Although interest among trainees is very high, only 48.8% of the fellowship programs require fellows to learn the technique before graduation and 32.6% of the program directors agree that teaching of USG should be an ACGME requirement for pain medicine fellowship training. Faculty training is considered to be the most important factor for teaching the technique by 62.8% of directors. In the opinion of the majority of program directors, the greatest factor that stands against teaching the technique is the fact that it is time consuming. Nearly half (44.2%) of program directors believe that the technique will never replace fluoroscopy; but one quarter (25.6%) think that the new 3D ultrasound technology, when available, will replace fluoroscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A moderate response rate (46.7%) may limit the generalizability of the findings. However, our survey respondents seem to represent the study population quite well, although there was a bias towards the university-based programs. Training programs located at community-based hospitals and U.S. government installations were not as well represented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The teaching of ultrasound guided chronic pain procedures varies significantly between individual programs. Though many program directors do require that fellows demonstrate competency in the technique before graduation, as of today there is no ACGME guideline regarding this. The advancement in ultrasound technology and the increase in number of trained faculty may significantly impact the use of USG in training fellows to perform chronic pain procedures.
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY.
authors.forename: Bassem O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Asaad
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Reinsel
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: DeVeaux
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moten
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Durkin
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D003479:Curriculum; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States