title: Effect of a cooling gel on pain sensitivity and healing of hot-iron cattle brands.
abstract: Hot-iron branding is painful for cattle, but little is known about how long this pain lasts or effective alleviation methods. Previous work with pigs indicated that cooling burns with a gel (active ingredient: tea tree oil) improved healing compared to untreated wounds. Steers (210±21 kg) were hot-iron branded and allocated to 1 of 3 treatments: control (n=24), 1 gel application immediately after branding (1X; n=12), or 2 gel applications, 1 immediately after branding and one 1 d later (2X; n=12). Pain sensitivity was assessed by applying a known and increasing force with a von Frey anesthesiometer in 5 locations (in the center, at the top of, and 5 and 10 cm above the brand and on the equivalent location on the nonbranded side of the body) until animals showed a behavioral response. Healing was measured with a 6-point scale (1=fresh brand and 6=no scabbing and fully repigmented). Both measures, along with weight gain and surface temperature of the wound, were recorded before and 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 56, and 70 d after branding. The gel cooled the brand, with the most obvious differences on the day it was applied (3.7 to 4.2°C cooler than control; day×gel interaction, P=0.004). All wounds were at least partially repigmented by 70 d, but only 46% of brands were fully healed at this time. The healing process was slowed when a gel was applied twice (e.g., at 21 d, healing score of 2.5±0.1 and 2.7±0.1 vs. 2.0±0.2 for control and 1X vs. 2X, respectively; P=0.001). Brands tended to remain painful throughout the 70 d (in the center of the brand; before vs. d 1-35, P≤0.001; d 56, P=0.058; and d 70, P=0.092). Overall, gel had little effect on pain sensitivity. Weight gain was reduced on d 1 after branding compared to all other time points (P<0.001) but was not affected by gel application (P=0.277). In conclusion, applying gel did not improve outcomes after branding. In addition, by 70 d after the procedure, hot-iron brands still tended to be more painful than nonbranded tissue and 54% were not fully healed. These results raise additional animal welfare concerns about hot-iron branding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616 cbtucker@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mintline
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banuelos
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoar
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weary
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002056:Burns / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005782:Gels / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012459:Salicylates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013817:Thermography / Q000662:veterinary; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D005782:Gels; D012459:Salicylates; C033069:methyl salicylate
keywords: animal welfare; branding; cattle; gel; healing; pain sensitivity