title: Ethnic disparities among food sources of energy and nutrients of public health concern and nutrients to limit in adults in the United States: NHANES 2003-2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of current food sources of energy and nutrients among US non-Hispanic whites (NHW), non-Hispanic blacks (NHB), and Mexican American (MA) adults is needed to help with public health efforts in implementing culturally sensitive and feasible dietary recommendations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the food sources of energy and nutrients to limit [saturated fatty acids (SFA), added sugars, and sodium] and nutrients of public health concern (dietary fiber, vitamin D, calcium, and potassium) by NHW, NHB, and MA adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of NWH (n=4,811), NHB (2,062), and MA (n=1,950) adults 19+ years. The 2003-2006 NHANES 24-h recall (Day 1) dietary intake data were analyzed. An updated USDA Dietary Source Nutrient Database was developed using current food composition databases. Food grouping included ingredients from disaggregated mixtures. Mean energy and nutrient intakes from food sources were sample-weighted. Percentages of total dietary intake contributed from food sources were ranked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple differences in intake among ethnic groups were seen for energy and all nutrients examined. For example, energy intake was higher in MA as compared to NHB; SFA, added sugars, and sodium intakes were higher in NHW than NHB; dietary fiber was highest in MA and lowest in NHB; vitamin D was highest in NHW; calcium was lowest in NHB; and potassium was higher in NHW as compared to NHB. Food sources of these nutrients also varied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of intake of nutrients to limit and of public health concern can help health professionals implement appropriate dietary recommendations and plan interventions that are ethnically appropriate.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; coneil1@lsu.edu.
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.affiliation: Food & Nutrition Database Research, Inc, Okemos, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Debra R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Keast
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Impact, LLC, Battle Creek, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Victor L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Fulgoni
keywords: NHANES; diverse ethnicities; energy intake; food sources; nutrients of public health concern; nutrients to limit