title: Renal cell carcinoma and tumour thrombus in the inferior vena cava: clinical outcome of 98 consecutive patients and the prognostic value of preoperative parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcome of patients after nephrectomy and removal of tumour thrombus and to assess the prognostic value of preoperative parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight patients who were surgically treated between 2002 and 2011 were included. Patients' charts were reviewed, and patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and concomitant tumour thrombus in the renal vein (RV) were compared with those with extended inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus. Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Kaplan-Meier analysis and uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used for statistical evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up was 36 months (20-122 months), and 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival were 68.4 and 54.1 %, respectively. Patients with extended thrombus (levels 2-4) had higher intraoperative transfusion rates of concentrated red cells (CRC) and fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) compared with patients with thrombus confined to the RV (CRC: 5.8 vs. 1.5, p < 0.0001; FFP: 2.3 vs. 0.4, p = 0.0032). Surgery time (190 vs. 107 min, p < 0.0001), duration of hospitalisation (16 vs. 11 days, p = 0.0269), serum phosphate (3.64 vs. 3.29 mmol/l, p = 0.0369) and CRP levels (6.7 vs. 4.4 mg/dl, p = 0.0194) as well as aPTT were increased (33.7 vs. 29.6 s, p = 0.0059) in extended thrombus disease. In multivariate analysis, the presence of distant metastasis (p = 0.03) and lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.001), high platelet counts (p = 0.001) and high serum potassium levels (p = 0.032) proved to be independent prognostic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surgical treatment of RCC with tumour thrombus in the RV or IVC has favourable results. Extended thrombus disease requires multidisciplinary approach. High serum potassium levels and platelet counts are associated with reduced DSS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. Christian.Niedworok@uk-essen.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niedworok
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. b_doerrenhaus@web.de.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dörrenhaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Helios Hospital Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany. frank.vom-dorp@helios-kliniken.de.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vom Dorp
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany. ja1pio@aol.com.
authors.forename: Jarowit Adam
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Piotrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. Stephan.Tschirdewahn@uk-essen.de.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tschirdewahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. sztibusz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Szarvas
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. Herbert.Ruebben@uk-essen.de.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rübben
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. Marcus.Schenck@uk-essen.de.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schenck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; D009392:Nephrectomy; D057234:Preoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Kidney cancer; Platelets; Potassium; Prognostic parameters; Renal cell carcinoma; Tumour thrombus