title: Osteoporosis increases subsequent risk of gallstone: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteopontin (OPN) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which is expressed in various tissues. It participates in the bone remodeling process and stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts. It is also a core protein of cholesterol gallstones. We hypothesized osteoporotic patients might have higher risk in developing gallstones and conducted a population-based study to examine the risk of developing gallstone in osteoporotic patients in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,638 patients diagnosed with osteoporosis between 2003 and 2005 were identified in the National Health Insurance Research Database. A comparison cohort without osteoporosis (n =6,552) was randomly matched to each osteoporosis patient at a ratio of 4: 1 based on age and sex. A Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis was performed to evaluate the 5-year gallstone-free survival rates for the 2 cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 5-year follow-up period, 114 and 311 cases of gallstone occurred in the osteoporosis and comparison cohorts, respectively. After adjusting for the confounders, the Cox regression analysis of the risk of gallstone in the osteoporosis and comparison cohorts yielded a hazard ratio of 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 1.07 - 1.69; p < 0 .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with osteoporosis in Taiwan have a higher risk of developing gallstone than the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. pook_rx16@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sukhontip
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klahan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. rencouter@gmail.com.|Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. rencouter@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chun-Nan
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. sophia@tmu.edu.tw.|Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. sophia@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shu-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, HsinChu, Taiwan. aven@mail.ypu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yea-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, HsinChu, Taiwan. elaine_lin76@ymail.com.
authors.forename: Chun-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Industry Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. g870615@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chia-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. weichiao.chang@gmail.com.|Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. weichiao.chang@gmail.com.|Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. weichiao.chang@gmail.com.|Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. weichiao.chang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Chiao
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. cilin@mail.knu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ching-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Research Center, Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. kshung25@gmail.com.|Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. kshung25@gmail.com.|Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. kshung25@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kuo-Sheng
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, HsinChu, Taiwan. wpchang@mail.ypu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wei-Pin
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology