title: Can a virtual reality cognitive training application fulfill a dual role? Using the virtual supermarket cognitive training application as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research advocates the potential of virtual reality (VR) applications in assessing cognitive functions highlighting the possibility of using a VR application for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) screening.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate whether a VR cognitive training application, the virtual supermarket (VSM), can be used as a screening tool for MCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups, one of healthy older adults (n = 21) and one of MCI patients (n = 34), were recruited from day centers for cognitive disorders and administered the VSM and a neuropsychological test battery. The performance of the two groups in the VSM was compared and correlated with performance in established neuropsychological tests. At the same time, the effectiveness of a combination of traditional neuropsychological tests and the VSM was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VSM displayed a correct classification rate (CCR) of 87.30% when differentiating between MCI patients and healthy older adults, while it was unable to differentiate between MCI subtypes. At the same time, the VSM correlates with various established neuropsychological tests. A limited number of tests were able to improve the CCR of the VSM when combined with the VSM for screening purposes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VSM appears to be a valid method of screening for MCI in an older adult population though it cannot be used for MCI subtype assessment. VSM's concurrent validity is supported by the large number of correlations between the VSM and established tests. It is considered a robust test on its own as the inclusion of other tests failed to improve its CCR significantly.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Stelios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zygouris
authors.affiliation: Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giakoumis
authors.affiliation: Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Votis
authors.affiliation: Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Stefanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doumpoulakis
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ntovas
authors.affiliation: Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Segkouli
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
authors.forename: Charalampos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karagiannidis
authors.affiliation: Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tzovaras
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsolaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Aging; Alzheimer's disease; computers; dementia; diagnosis; memory disorders; mild cognitive impairment; user-computer interface