title: Comparison of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and molecular biology techniques for identification of Culicoides (Diptera: ceratopogonidae) biting midges in senegal.
abstract: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides are implicated as vectors for a wide variety of pathogens. The morphological identification of these arthropods may be difficult because of a lack of detailed investigation of taxonomy for this species in Africa. However, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) profiling is efficient for arthropod identification at the species level. This study established a spectrum database of Culicoides spp. from Senegal using MALDI-TOF. Identification of Culicoides insects to the species level before mass spectrometry was performed on the basis of morphological characters. MALDI-TOF MS reference spectra were determined for 437 field-caught Culicoides of 10 species. The protein profiles of all tested Culicoides revealed several peaks with mass ranges of 2 to 20 kDa. In a validation study, 72 Culicoides specimens in the target species were correctly identified at the species level with a similarity of 95 to 99.9%. Four Culicoides protein profiles were misidentified. Nevertheless, six SuperSpectra (C. imicola, C. enderleini, C. oxystoma, C. kingi, C. magnus, and C. fulvithorax) were created. Abdomens of midges were used to amplify and sequence a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). The results obtained using the MALDI-TOF MS method were consistent with the morphological identification and similar to the genetic identification. Protein profiling using MALDI-TOF is an efficient approach for the identification of Culicoides spp., and it is economically advantageous for approaches that require detailed and quantitative information of vector species that are collected in field. The database of African Culicoides MS spectra created is the first database in Africa. The COI sequences of five Culicoides species that were previously noncharacterized using molecular methods were deposited in GenBank.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Dakar, Senegal UCAD, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Masse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sambou
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Maxence
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aubadie-Ladrix
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fenollar
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Principal, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Becaye
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fall
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bassene
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Almeras
authors.affiliation: UCAD, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Bissoume
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sambe-Ba
authors.affiliation: bioMérieux, La Balme-Les-Grottes, France.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perrot
authors.affiliation: bioMérieux, La Balme-Les-Grottes, France.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatellier
authors.affiliation: UCAD, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Ngor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faye
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parola
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Principal, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Boubacar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France, and Dakar, Senegal olegusss1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mediannikov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D004772:Entomology / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012675:Senegal; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV