title: MicroRNA profiling reveals opposing expression patterns for miR-511 in alternatively and classically activated macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophages are heterogeneous cells, which possess pleotropic effector and immunoregulatory functions. The phenotypic diversity of macrophages is best exemplified by the ability of IL-4 or IL-13, two key cytokines in asthma to promote macrophages into a suppressive/anti-inflammatory phenotype (e.g. alternatively activated or M2) whereas exposure to IFN-γ followed by microbial trigger renders macrophages pro-inflammatory (e.g. classically activated or M1). Intriguingly, only limited data exists regarding the expression of miRNA in M2 macrophages.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define the miRNA profile of M2 and M1 macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone marrow-derived macrophages were activated to classically and alternatively activated states using IL-4, IL-13 or IFN-γ followed by Escherichia coli stimulation. Thereafter, an unbiased miRNA "mining" approach was utilized and the expression of several miRNAs was validated following in-vitro and in-vivo macrophage activation (qPCR). miR-511 over-expression was performed followed by global transcriptional and bioinformatic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report unique miRNA expression profiles in M2 and M1 macrophages involving multiple miRNAs. Among these miRNAs, we established that miR-511 is increased in macrophages following IL-4- and IL-13-stimulation and decreased in M1 macrophages both in-vitro and in-vivo. Increased miR-511 expression was sufficient to induce marked transcriptional changes in macrophages. Interestingly, bioinformatics analyses revealed that miR-511 altered the expression of gene products that are associated with hallmark alternatively activated macrophage functions, such as cellular proliferation, wound healing responses and inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data establish miR-511 as a bona fide M2-associated miRNA. These data may have significant implications in asthma where the expression of IL-4 and IL-13 are highly increased.
authors.affiliation: a Sackler School of Medicine and.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karo-Atar
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itan
authors.forename: Metsada
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pasmanik-Chor
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D018793:Interleukin-13; D035683:MicroRNAs; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Alternatively activated macrophages; IL-4; macrophages; miR-511; micro RNA