title: Increased inflammatory reaction to intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in neonatal versus adult mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neonate and preterm patients are threatened by exaggerated inflammation of the gut. This study tests the hypothesis that the neonatal gut is prone to inflammation, by comparing the inflammatory reaction of neonatal and adult murine intestine to ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal (4 days, n=36) and adult (4 weeks, n=12) C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided between ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and untreated controls (Con). In IR animal's intestinal ischemia was induced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery (30 minutes) followed by reperfusion (4 hours). After the experiment, RNA was extracted from the small intestines and the expression of the chemokines CXCL1/KC and CXCL2/MIP-2 were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Flow cytometry was used to analyze neutrophil influx (Live+ Ly-6G+ ) in isolated cell populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a strong increase in all measured proinflammatory endpoints after IR in both adult and neonatal mice. However, the inflammatory reaction was significantly stronger in neonatal murine intestines, with a significantly higher increase in CXCL1/KC expression and neutrophil accumulation as compared with adults (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intestines of neonatal mice reacted with an increased inflammatory response to the ischemic insult. This increased susceptibility could help to explain the exaggerated inflammation seen in diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ginzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Gertrud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vieten
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lacher
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Benno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ure
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kuebler
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000378:metabolism; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011897:Random Allocation; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; C475895:Cxcl1 protein, mouse; C404915:Cxcl2 protein, mouse