title: The envoy® totally implantable hearing system, st. Croix medical.
abstract: The Totally Implantable Envoy® System is currently undergoing clinical trials in both the United States and Europe. The fully implantable hearing device is intended for use in patients with sensorineural hearing loss. The device employs piezoelectric transducers to sense ossicle motion and drive the stapes. Programmable signal processing parameters include amplification, compression, and variable frequency response. The fully implantable attribute allows users to take advantage of normal external ear resonances and head-related transfer functions, while avoiding undesirable earmold effects. The high sensitivity, low power consumption, and high fidelity attributes of piezoelectric transducers minimize acoustic feedback and maximize battery life (Gyo, 1996; Yanagihara, (1987) and 2001). The surgical procedure to install the device has been accurately defined and implantation is reversible.
authors.affiliation: St. Croix Medical, Inc., Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Iain L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Javel