title: How anacetrapib inhibits the activity of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein? Perspective through atomistic simulations.
abstract: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mediates the reciprocal transfer of neutral lipids (cholesteryl esters, triglycerides) and phospholipids between different lipoprotein fractions in human blood plasma. A novel molecular agent known as anacetrapib has been shown to inhibit CETP activity and thereby raise high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and decrease low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, thus rendering CETP inhibition an attractive target to prevent and treat the development of various cardiovascular diseases. Our objective in this work is to use atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to shed light on the inhibitory mechanism of anacetrapib and unlock the interactions between the drug and CETP. The results show an evident affinity of anacetrapib towards the concave surface of CETP, and especially towards the region of the N-terminal tunnel opening. The primary binding site of anacetrapib turns out to reside in the tunnel inside CETP, near the residues surrounding the N-terminal opening. Free energy calculations show that when anacetrapib resides in this area, it hinders the ability of cholesteryl ester to diffuse out from CETP. The simulations further bring out the ability of anacetrapib to regulate the structure-function relationships of phospholipids and helix X, the latter representing the structural region of CETP important to the process of neutral lipid exchange with lipoproteins. Altogether, the simulations propose CETP inhibition to be realized when anacetrapib is transferred into the lipid binding pocket. The novel insight gained in this study has potential use in the development of new molecular agents capable of preventing the progression of cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Äijänen
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Artturi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koivuniemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javanainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rog
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland; MEMPHYS - Centre for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ilpo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vattulainen
mesh_terms: D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D055672:Static Electricity; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: C506642:CETP protein, human; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D010743:Phospholipids; D002784:Cholesterol; C530884:anacetrapib