title: Body mass index gain between ages 20 and 40 years and lifestyle characteristics of men at ages 40-60 years: the Adventist Health Study-2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity increases risk of premature disease, and may be associated with unfavorable lifestyle changes that add to risk. This study analyzed the association of midlife BMI change with current lifestyle patterns among multiethnic men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men aged 40-60 years (n=9864) retrospectively reported body weight between ages 20-40 years and current dietary, TV, physical activity and sleep practices in the Adventist Health Study II, a study of church-goers in the US and Canada. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, odds ratios for BMI gain were calculated for each lifestyle practice controlling for sociodemographic and other lifestyle factors and current BMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with median or higher BMI gain (2.79 kg/m(2)) between ages 20-40 years were more likely to consume a non-vegetarian diet, and engage in excessive TV watching and little physical activity and had a shorter sleep duration compared to men with BMI gain below the median (all p<0.001). In multivariate logistic analysis current BMI was significantly associated with all lifestyle factors (all p≤0.005). BMI gain was associated with lower odds of vegetarian diet (odds ratio [OR] 0.939; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.921-0.957) and of physical activity ≥150 min/week (OR 0.979, 95% CI 0.960-0.999).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings imply that diet and less physical activity are associated with both gained and attained BMI, while inactivity (TV watching) and short sleep duration correlated only with attained BMI. Unhealthy lifestyle may add risk to that associated with BMI. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to infer causal relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Japas
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Population Medicine, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States.
authors.forename: Synnøve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knutsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Population Medicine, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States.
authors.forename: Salem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dehom
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States.
authors.forename: Hildemar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States. Electronic address: stonstad@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tonstad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002170:Canada; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012067:Religion; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012890:Sleep; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Diet; Obesity; Physical activity; Sedentariness; Sleep