title: Sonographic findings of hepatobiliary fascioliasis accompanied by extrahepatic expansion and ectopic lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to describe the sonographic findings of hepatobiliary fascioliasis with extrahepatic expansion and ectopic lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 45 patients with fascioliasis. All diagnoses were confirmed via serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Sonographic findings in the hepatobiliary system, extrahepatic expansion, and ectopic lesions were defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common hepatic lesions were subcapsular localized, small, confluent, multiple hypoechoic nodules with poorly defined borders. We also detected ectopic lesion in 5 patients (11.1%) and live parasites in the gallbladder and bile duct in 11 (24.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large spectrum of entities in the differential diagnosis of hepatobiliary fascioliasis may lead to misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment. However, the diagnosis can be made when the characteristic sonographic features are seen, such as heterogeneity of the liver with multiple poorly defined hypoechoic-isoechoic lesions and multiple echogenic nonshadowing particles in the gallbladder or common bile ducts. Nonetheless, the differential diagnosis of fascioliasis versus other hepatic lesions may still be difficult. In these situations, pathologic confirmation should be performed to exclude the possibility of malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology (M.T., H.Ö., C.H., C.G., M.G.Ç., S.H.), Microbiology (M.Ç.), and General Surgery (B.V.Ü.), Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey. memikteke@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Memik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teke
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology (M.T., H.Ö., C.H., C.G., M.G.Ç., S.H.), Microbiology (M.Ç.), and General Surgery (B.V.Ü.), Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Önder
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology (M.T., H.Ö., C.H., C.G., M.G.Ç., S.H.), Microbiology (M.Ç.), and General Surgery (B.V.Ü.), Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mutalip
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Çiçek
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology (M.T., H.Ö., C.H., C.G., M.G.Ç., S.H.), Microbiology (M.Ç.), and General Surgery (B.V.Ü.), Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cihad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamidi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology (M.T., H.Ö., C.H., C.G., M.G.Ç., S.H.), Microbiology (M.Ç.), and General Surgery (B.V.Ü.), Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cemil
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Göya
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology (M.T., H.Ö., C.H., C.G., M.G.Ç., S.H.), Microbiology (M.Ç.), and General Surgery (B.V.Ü.), Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Güli
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Çetinçakmak
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology (M.T., H.Ö., C.H., C.G., M.G.Ç., S.H.), Microbiology (M.Ç.), and General Surgery (B.V.Ü.), Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Salih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hattapoğlu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology (M.T., H.Ö., C.H., C.G., M.G.Ç., S.H.), Microbiology (M.Ç.), and General Surgery (B.V.Ü.), Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Burak Veli
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Ülger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Fasciola hepatica; ectopic lesion; extrahepatic expansion; gastrointestinal ultrasound; sonography