title: Advances in genome editing technology and its promising application in evolutionary and ecological studies.
abstract: Genetic modification has long provided an approach for "reverse genetics", analyzing gene function and linking DNA sequence to phenotype. However, traditional genome editing technologies have not kept pace with the soaring progress of the genome sequencing era, as a result of their inefficiency, time-consuming and labor-intensive methods. Recently, invented genome modification technologies, such as ZFN (Zinc Finger Nuclease), TALEN (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease), and CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 nuclease) can initiate genome editing easily, precisely and with no limitations by organism. These new tools have also offered intriguing possibilities for conducting functional large-scale experiments. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction of ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, then generate an extensive prediction of effective TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 target sites in the genomes of a broad range of taxonomic species. Based on the evidence, we highlight the potential and practicalities of TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 editing in non-model organisms, and also compare the technologies and test interesting issues such as the functions of candidate domesticated, as well as candidate genes in life-environment interactions. When accompanied with a high-throughput sequencing platform, we forecast their potential revolutionary impacts on evolutionary and ecological research, which may offer an exciting prospect for connecting the gap between DNA sequence and phenotype in the near future.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
authors.forename: Linyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Qiye
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China ; Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Guojie
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Domestication; Genetic innovations; Genetic modification; Life-environment interaction