title: Examination of cortisol and state anxiety at an academic setting with and without oral presentation.
abstract: Holding oral presentations in a university course is perceived as stressful and can increase stress hormone concentrations and state anxiety. In such a naturalistic setting, further attention should be paid to the relationship between psychological and hormonal measures of acute stress, as well as women's intake of hormonal contraceptives as a potential moderating variable. In the present study, 76 healthy students gave saliva samples before and after their oral presentations in a university course as well as on a second, control day in the same course without giving an oral presentation. Anticipatory state anxiety was rated on both days. Cortisol concentrations as well as state anxiety were substantially higher on the presentation relative to the control day. During the oral presentation, an increase in cortisol concentrations was observed, whereas a decrease occurred on the control day. Nearly the same picture emerged for both variables when looking at men, women taking hormonal contraceptives and free-cycling women separately. A positive correlation was found between the change in anticipatory state anxiety in the presentation compared to the control day and cortisol concentrations before and after the oral presentation. Concluding, oral presentations constitute a potent stressor and do not seem to be substantially different between men, free-cycling women and women taking hormonal contraceptives. Future studies may want to explore changes associated with specific menstrual cycle phases and with specific hormonal contraceptives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Christian Josef
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: Oliver Tobias
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D013060:Speech; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Glucocorticoids; hormonal contraceptives; naturalistic setting; real-life stress; sex differences; stress hormones