title: Simulated hyperopic anisometropia and reading, visual information processing, and reading-related eye movement performance in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the impact of simulated hyperopic anisometropia and sustained near work on performance of academic-related measures in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 16 children (mean age: 11.1 ± 0.8 years) with minimal refractive error. Academic-related outcome measures included a reading test (Neale Analysis of Reading Ability), visual information-processing tests (Coding and Symbol Search subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children), and a reading-related eye movement test (Developmental Eye Movement test). Performance was assessed with and without 0.75 diopters of simulated monocular hyperopic defocus (administered in a randomized order), before and after 20 minutes of sustained near work. Unilateral hyperopic defocus was systematically assigned to either the dominant or nondominant sighting eye to evaluate the impact of ocular dominance on any performance decrements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulated hyperopic anisometropia and sustained near work both independently reduced performance on all of the outcome measures (P < 0.001). A significant interaction was also observed between simulated anisometropia and near work (P < 0.05), with the greatest decrement in performance observed during simulated anisometropia in combination with sustained near work. Laterality of the refractive error simulation (ocular dominance) did not significantly influence the outcome measures (P > 0.05). A reduction of up to 12% in performance was observed across the range of academic-related measures following sustained near work undertaken during the anisometropic simulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulated hyperopic anisometropia significantly impaired academic-related performance, particularly in combination with sustained near work. The impact of uncorrected habitual anisometropia on academic-related performance in children requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Sumithira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayanasamy
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine (Optometry), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoff P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015858:Anisometropia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: anisometropia; eye movements; ocular dominance; reading performance; visual information processing