title: Heterogeneous associations between smoking and a wide range of initial presentations of cardiovascular disease in 1937360 people in England: lifetime risks and implications for risk prediction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known how smoking affects the initial presentation of a wide range of chronic and acute cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), nor the extent to which associations are heterogeneous. We estimated the lifetime cumulative incidence of 12 CVD presentations, and examined associations with smoking and smoking cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study of 1.93 million people aged ≥30years, with no history of CVD, in 1997-2010. Individuals were drawn from linked electronic health records in England, covering primary care, hospitalizations, myocardial infarction (MI) registry and cause-specific mortality (the CALIBER programme).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 11.6 million person-years of follow-up, 114859 people had an initial non-fatal or fatal CVD presentation. By age 90 years, current vs never smokers' lifetime risks varied from 0.4% vs 0.2% for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), to 8.9% vs 2.6% for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Current smoking showed no association with cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death [hazard ratio (HR)=1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.19).The strength of association differed markedly according to disease type: stable angina (HR=1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.15),transient ischaemic attack (HR=1.41, 95% CI 1.28-1.55), unstable angina (HR=1.54, 95% CI 1.38-1.72), intracerebral haemorrhage (HR=1.61, 95% CI 1.37-1.89), heart failure (HR=1.62, 95% CI 1.47-1.79), ischaemic stroke (HR=1.90, 95% CI 1.72-2.10), MI (HR=2.32, 95% CI 2.20-2.45), SAH (HR= 2.70, 95% CI 2.27-3.21), PAD (HR=5.16, 95% CI 4.80-5.54) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) (HR=5.18, 95% CI 4.61-5.82). Population-attributable fractions were lower for women than men for unheralded coronary death, ischaemic stroke, PAD and AAA. Ten years after quitting smoking, the risks of PAD, AAA (in men) and unheralded coronary death remained increased (HR=1.36, 1.47 and 2.74, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heterogeneous associations of smoking with different CVD presentations suggests different underlying mechanisms and have important implications for research, clinical screening and risk prediction.
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK mar.pujades@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pujades-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anoop Dinesh
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rapsomaniki
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denaxas
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smeeth
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timmis
authors.affiliation: Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hemingway
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Association study; cardiovascular outcomes; epidemiology; initial presentation; lifetime risks; primary prevention; risk prediction; risk stratification; smoking