title: Testing the nutritional-limitation, predator-avoidance, and storm-avoidance hypotheses for restricted sea otter habitat use in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
abstract: Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) inhabiting the Aleutian Islands have stabilized at low abundance levels following a decline and currently exhibit restricted habitat-utilization patterns. Possible explanations for restricted habitat use by sea otters can be classified into two fundamentally different processes, bottom-up and top-down forcing. Bottom-up hypotheses argue that changes in the availability or nutritional quality of prey resources have led to the selective use of habitats that support the highest quality prey. In contrast, top-down hypotheses argue that increases in predation pressure from killer whales have led to the selective use of habitats that provide the most effective refuge from killer whale predation. A third hypothesis suggests that current restricted habitat use is based on a need for protection from storms. We tested all three hypotheses for restricted habitat use by comparing currently used and historically used sea otter foraging locations for: (1) prey availability and quality, (2) structural habitat complexity, and (3) exposure to prevailing storms. Our findings suggest that current use is based on physical habitat complexity and not on prey availability, prey quality, or protection from storms, providing further evidence for killer whale predation as a cause for restricted sea otter habitat use in the Aleutian Islands.
authors.affiliation: School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 245 O'Neill Building, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 217 O'Neill, P.O. Box 757220, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA. bhkonar@alaska.edu.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Konar
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Long Marine Laboratory, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
authors.forename: M Tim
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tinker
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D017753:Ecosystem; D020387:Food Chain; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010041:Otters; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D014887:Weather; D014907:Whales