title: Comprehensive tumor profiling identifies numerous biomarkers of drug response in cancers of unknown primary site: analysis of 1806 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) accounts for approximately 3% of all malignancies. Despite extensive laboratory and imaging efforts, the primary site usually cannot be unequivocally confirmed, and the treatment for the most part remains empirical. Recently, identification of common cancer pathway alterations in diverse cancer lineages has offered an opportunity to provide targeted therapies for patients with CUP, irrespective of the primary site.
  
  
  METHODS
  1806 cancers of unknown primary were identified among more than 63,000 cases profiled at Caris Life Sciences. Multiplatform profiling of the tumor samples included immunohistochemistry, gene sequencing and in situ hybridization methods in an effort to identify changes in biomarkers that are predictive of drug responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biomarkers associated with a potential drug benefit were identified in 96% of cases. Biomarkers identified included those associated with potential benefit in nearly all classes of approved cancer drugs (cytotoxic, hormonal, targeted biological drugs). Additionally, biomarkers associated with a potential lack of benefit were identified in numerous cases, which could further refine the management of patients with CUP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comprehensive biomarker profiling of CUP may provide additional choices in treatment of patients with these difficult to treat malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gatalica
authors.affiliation: Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sherri Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Millis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Center, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Semir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vranic
authors.affiliation: Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.affiliation: Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gargi D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.affiliation: Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: Translational Genomic Research Institute and Virginia G Piper Cancer Center, Phoenix, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Von Hoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009382:Neoplasms, Unknown Primary / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor