title: Skin autofluorescence as a novel marker of vascular damage in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin autofluorescence (sAF) was examined as a marker of the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in tissues of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in relation to renal function, dialysis modality and markers of endothelial inflammation and dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 76 children with CKD were enrolled in the study, of whom 20 children were on hemodialysis (HD), 20 were on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 36 were treated conservatively. A control group of 26 healthy subjects was also included in the study. In all children, sAF intensity, carotid intima-media (cIMT) thickness and plasma concentrations of sE-selectin, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the controls, children with CKD had significantly elevated sAF levels. sAF in the children with CKD was positively correlated with sE-selectin, MMP-9, TIMP-1, ADMA, SDMA and PAI-1 levels. In the predialysis group (conservative treatment) sAF levels were positively correlated with sE-selectin and ADMA levels and negatively correlated with glomerular filtration rate. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant association of sAF with sE-selectin and MMP-9 in CKD children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results reveal that AGEs were accumulated in the children with CKD. This accumulation was related to early vascular changes and a number of biochemical vascular risk markers. sAF measurement, as a noninvasive method, may be useful for identification of clinical risk factors of vascular disease in CKD children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Wrocław Medical University, ul. Borowska 213, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland, m.mak@kn.pl.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Makulska
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szczepańska
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drożdż
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Polak-Jonkisz
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zwolińska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced