title: [¹³N]Ammonia positron emission tomographic/computed tomographic imaging targeting glutamine synthetase expression in prostate cancer.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) in prostate cancer (PCa) and the utility of [¹³N]ammonia positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in the imaging of PCa. The uptake ratio of [¹³N]ammonia and the expression of GS in PC3 and DU145 cells was measured. Thirty-four patients with suspected PCa underwent [¹³N]ammonia PET/CT imaging, and immunohistochemistry staining of GS was performed. The uptake of [¹³N]ammonia in PC3 and DU145 cells elevated along with the decrease in glutamine in medium. The expression of GS messenger ribonucleic acid and protein also increased when glutamine was deprived. In biopsy samples, the GS expression scores were significantly higher in PCa tissue than in benign tissues (p < .001), and there was a positive correlation between the maximum GS expression scores and Gleason scores (Spearman r  =  .52). In 34 patients, [¹³N]ammonia uptake in PCa segments was significantly higher than that in benign segments (p ≤ .01), and there was a weak correlation between GS expression scores and the uptake of [¹³N]ammonia (Spearman r  =  .47). The expression of GS in PCa cells upregulated along with the deprivation of glutamine. GS is the main reason for the uptake of [¹³N]ammonia, and [¹³N]ammonia is a useful tracer for PCa imaging.
authors.forename: Xinchong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Xiangsong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Yubo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000641:Ammonia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D009590:Nitrogen Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D005973:Glutamine; D000641:Ammonia; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase