title: Stereoscopic three-dimensional visualization applied to multimodal brain images: clinical applications and a functional connectivity atlas.
abstract: Effective visualization is central to the exploration and comprehension of brain imaging data. While MRI data are acquired in three-dimensional space, the methods for visualizing such data have rarely taken advantage of three-dimensional stereoscopic technologies. We present here results of stereoscopic visualization of clinical data, as well as an atlas of whole-brain functional connectivity. In comparison with traditional 3D rendering techniques, we demonstrate the utility of stereoscopic visualizations to provide an intuitive description of the exact location and the relative sizes of various brain landmarks, structures and lesions. In the case of resting state fMRI, stereoscopic 3D visualization facilitated comprehension of the anatomical position of complex large-scale functional connectivity patterns. Overall, stereoscopic visualization improves the intuitive visual comprehension of image contents, and brings increased dimensionality to visualization of traditional MRI data, as well as patterns of functional connectivity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Advanced Medical Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Clínica las Condes Santiago, Chile ; Advanced Epilepsy Center, Clínica las Condes Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Gonzalo M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.affiliation: Advanced Epilepsy Center, Clínica las Condes Santiago, Chile ; Department of Radiology, Clínica las Condes Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gálvez
authors.affiliation: The Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY, USA ; Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Natan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vega Potler
authors.affiliation: Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute New York, NY, USA ; Center for Brain Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R Cameron
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Craddock
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Margulies
authors.affiliation: The Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY, USA ; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute New York, NY, USA ; Center for Brain Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Milham
keywords: 3D visualization; anaglyph; atlas; functional connectivity; functional connectivity atlas; intrinsic connectivity networks; stereoscopic