title: Action of essential oils from Brazilian native and exotic medicinal species on oral biofilms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Essential oils (EO) obtained from twenty medicinal and aromatic plants were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antimicrobial activity of the EO was evaluates by microdilution method determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. Chemical analysis of the oils compounds was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). The most active EO were also investigated as to their actions on the biolfilm formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most of the essential oils (EO) presented moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens (MIC--Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations values between 0.007 and 1.00 mg/mL). The essential oil from Coriandrum sativum inhibited all oral species with MIC values from 0.007 to 0.250 mg/mL, and MBC/MFC (Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations) from 0.015 to 0.500 mg/mL. On the other hand the essential oil of C. articulatus inhibited 63.96% of S. sanguis biofilm formation. Through Scanning Eletronic Microscopy (SEM) images no changes were observed in cell morphology, despite a decrease in biofilm formation and changes on biofilm structure. Chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the C. sativum essential oil revealed major compounds derivatives from alcohols and aldehydes, while Cyperus articulatus and Aloysia gratissima (EOs) presented mono and sesquiterpenes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the crude oil from C. articulatus exhibited the best results of antimicrobial activity e ability to control biofilm formation. The chemical analysis showed the presence of terpenes and monoterpenes such as a-pinene, a-bulnesene and copaene. The reduction of biofilms formation was confirmed from SEM images. The results of this research shows a great potential from the plants studied as new antimicrobial sources.
authors.forename: Salete M F
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bersan
authors.forename: Livia C C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Galvão
authors.forename: Vivian F F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Goes
authors.forename: Adilson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sartoratto
authors.forename: Glyn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.forename: Vera L G
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Rehder
authors.forename: Severino M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Alencar
authors.forename: Renata M T
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Pedro L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rosalen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, (UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Av, Zip Code 13414-018 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. mduarte@cpqba.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Marta C T
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001938:Brazil; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D028526:Coriandrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D029786:Cyperus / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029648:Verbenaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes