title: Occupational rhinitis: an update.
abstract: Occupational rhinitis is characterized by nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, nasal itching, and/or sneezing that occur secondary to exposures in the workplace. This disease can be classified into allergic or nonallergic subgroups based upon the underlying disease pathogenesis as well as the type of causative agent. While the true prevalence of occupational rhinitis is unknown, there are certain professions and occupational exposures that place workers at a higher risk for developing the disease. Additionally, occupational rhinitis can be associated with occupational asthma and upper airway symptoms may precede those of the lower respiratory tract. Taken together, occupational rhinitis is an important disease for study given its medical as well as socioeconomic implications. This review will focus on the classification of occupational rhinitis as well the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 211 E Ontario St, Suite 1010, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA, whitney-stevens@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Whitney W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Leslie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Grammer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059366:Asthma, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011379:Prognosis; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D017132:Workplace