title: Lower urinary tract dysfunction after nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current role of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (NSRH) in reducing the incidence of postoperative lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) and in improving quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed online search was performed using the following keywords: nerve sparing, radical hysterectomy, cervical cancer, and all these terms in combination with urinary dysfunction or bladder dysfunction in order to analyze the effect of NSRH on urinary functional outcomes. Articles retrieved were analyzed and assigned a level of evidence (LE) according to the criteria of the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine in Oxford, UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our review highlights the heterogeneity of conducting and reporting studies in the literature. Autonomic pelvic nerve injuries during the procedure are thought to be the major cause of LUTD. The amount of LUTD depends upon the extent and type of nerve injury. Anatomically based surgical techniques are developed to avoid nerve injury without compromising oncological control. All studies comparing NSRH to standard RH yielded promising results with respect to postoperative LUTD. A recent meta-analysis showed similar cancer control rates between the two techniques. However, controversies remain about the ideal surgical approach for nerve sparing and there is no consensus as to the level and landmarks of dissection to preserve the maximal amount of nerves without compromising oncological outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Available evidence suggests that NSRH is safe and associated with lower incidence of LUTD. However, there is no standardized technique for NSRH and controversies remain about its oncological safety. Long-term oncological data from multicenter surgical trials are needed as well as a universally accepted standard to report studies on NSRH.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger Bordet Street, 1000, Brussels, Belgium, fouad.aoun@bordet.be.
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aoun
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Velthoven
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D060525:Pudendal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology