title: Validation of bone marrow fat quantification in the presence of trabecular bone using MRI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To validate six-echo, chemical-shift based MRI with T2 * correction for the quantification of bone marrow fat content in the presence of trabecular bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten bone phantoms were made using trabecular bone cores extracted from the distal femur and proximal tibia of 20 human cadaveric knees. Bone marrow was removed from the cores and the marrow spaces were filled with water-fat gelatin to mimic bone marrow of known fat fractions. A chemical-shift based water-fat separation method with T2 * correction was used to generate fat fraction maps. The proton density fat fractions (PDFF) between marrow regions with and without bone were compared with the reference standard of known fat fraction using the squared Pearson correlation coefficient and unpaired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strong correlations were found between the known fat fraction and measured PDFF in marrow without trabecular bone (R(2) = 0.99; slope = 0.99, intercept = 0.94) as well as in marrow with trabecular bone (R(2) = 0.97; slope = 1.0, intercept = -3.58). Measured PDFF between regions with and without bone were not significantly different (P = 0.5). However, PDFF was systematically underestimated by -3.2% fat fraction in regions containing trabecular bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our implementation of a six-echo chemical-shift based MRI pulse sequence with T2 * correction provided an accurate means of determining fat content in bone marrow in the presence of trabecular bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Christina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer T K
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Candice J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heunis
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wyatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Misung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Galateia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kazakia
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Burghardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Dimitrios C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Karampinos
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carballido-Gamio
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krug
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D002102:Cadaver; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009929:Organ Size; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: 3 Tesla; bone marrow fat content; fat quantification; validation