title: Management of gingival black triangles.
abstract: Gingival black triangles (GBTs) are generally considered to be aesthetically unacceptable, have a multifactorial aetiology and a range of treatment options. This review covers the surgical and non-surgical management of GBTs. Surgical methods address recontouring, preserving or reconstructing the soft tissue including the interdental papilla as well as the alveolar bone. Non-surgical approaches include restorative techniques (including the use of prostheses and gingival-coloured materials), orthodontic movement, tissue engineering and tissue volumisers. This review covers the aetiology and management of GBTs, highlighting the importance of considering the options currently available when treating a lost dental papilla. A lack of longitudinal studies investigating the long-term outcomes of the options in management of GBTs presence is identified.
authors.affiliation: King's College London Dental Institute, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9RW.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ziahosseini
authors.affiliation: King's College London Dental Institute, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9RW.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: King's College London Dental Institute, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9RW.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Millar
mesh_terms: D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans