title: Sulfonamide-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in soils fertilized with manures from Jiangsu Province, Southeastern China.
abstract: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes are recognized as new environmental pollutants that warrant special concern. There were few reports on veterinary antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in China. This work systematically analyzed the prevalence and distribution of sulfonamide resistance genes in soils from the environments around poultry and livestock farms in Jiangsu Province, Southeastern China. The results showed that the animal manure application made the spread and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) increasingly in the soil. The frequency of sulfonamide resistance genes was sul1 > sul2 > sul3 in pig-manured soil DNA and sul2 > sul1 > sul3 in chicken-manured soil DNA. Further analysis suggested that the frequency distribution of the sul genes in the genomic DNA and plasmids of the SR isolates from manured soil was sul2 > sul1 > sul3 overall (p<0.05). The combination of sul1 and sul2 was the most frequent, and the co-existence of sul1 and sul3 was not found either in the genomic DNA or plasmids. The sample type, animal type and sampling time can influence the prevalence and distribution pattern of sulfonamide resistance genes. The present study also indicated that Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Shigella were the most prevalent sul-positive genera in the soil, suggesting a potential human health risk. The above results could be important in the evaluation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes from manure as sources of agricultural soil pollution; the results also demonstrate the necessity and urgency of the regulation and supervision of veterinary antibiotics in China.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.
authors.forename: Shaojun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Boping
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
authors.forename: Shixiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002681:China; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000382:microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012760:Shigella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; C491369:Sul2 protein, bacteria; D013449:Sulfonamides