title: Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9.
abstract: The advent of facile genome engineering using the bacterial RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9 system in animals and plants is transforming biology. We review the history of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat) biology from its initial discovery through the elucidation of the CRISPR-Cas9 enzyme mechanism, which has set the stage for remarkable developments using this technology to modify, regulate, or mark genomic loci in a wide variety of cells and organisms from all three domains of life. These results highlight a new era in which genomic manipulation is no longer a bottleneck to experiments, paving the way toward fundamental discoveries in biology, with applications in all branches of biotechnology, as well as strategies for human therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. doudna@berkeley.edu emmanuelle.charpentier@helmholtz-hzi.de.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Doudna
authors.affiliation: Department of Regulation in Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany. Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden. Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. doudna@berkeley.edu emmanuelle.charpentier@helmholtz-hzi.de.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charpentier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064112:Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; D053837:DNA Cleavage; D018390:Gene Targeting; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated
chemical_list: D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated