title: Monopolar radiofrequency for skin tightening: our experience and a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective nonablative skin tightening has become a reality. There are many devices that are now available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create a concise reference material for existing and new practitioners who wish to be updated about the available technologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed the literature from the points of view of efficacy and safety and availability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increasing number of nonablative systems all seem to be effective and safe when used in the recommended manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiofrequency energy can be applied to human facial, neck, and body skin to create tightening without surgical incisions and recovery time.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; †Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, California; ‡Maryland Skin Laser and Vein Institute, Cockeysville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fabi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003972:Diathermy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy; D012060:Rejuvenation; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000528:radiation effects*