title: How do different anterior tibial tendon transfer techniques influence forefoot and hindfoot motion?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Idiopathic clubfoot correction is commonly performed using the Ponseti method and is widely reported to provide reliable results. However, a relapsed deformity may occur and often is treated in children older than 2.5 years with repeat casting, followed by an anterior tibial tendon transfer. Several techniques have been described, including a whole tendon transfer using a two-incision technique or a three-incision technique, and a split transfer, but little is known regarding the biomechanical effects of these transfers on forefoot and hindfoot motion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We used a cadaveric foot model to test the effects of three tibialis anterior tendon transfer techniques on forefoot positioning and production of hindfoot valgus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric lower legs were used. We applied 150 N tension to the anterior tibial tendon, causing the ankle to dorsiflex. Three-dimensional motions of the first metatarsal, calcaneus, and talus relative to the tibia were measured in intact specimens, and then repeated after each of the three surgical techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under maximum dorsiflexion, the intact specimens showed 6° (95% CI, 2.2°-9.4°) forefoot supination and less than 3° (95% CI, 0.4°-5.3°) hindfoot valgus motion. All three transfers provided increased forefoot pronation and hindfoot valgus motion compared with intact specimens: the three-incision whole transfer provided 38° (95% CI, 33°-43°; p < 0.01) forefoot pronation and 10° (95% CI, 8.5°-12°; p < 0.01) hindfoot valgus; the split transfer, 28° (95% CI, 24°-32°; p < 0.01) pronation, 9° (95% CI, 7.5°-11°; p < 0.01) valgus; and the two-incision transfer, 25° (95% CI, 20°-31°; p < 0.01) pronation, 6° (95% CI, 4.2°-7.8°; p < 0.01) valgus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three techniques may be useful and deliver varying degrees of increased forefoot pronation, with the three-incision whole transfer providing the most forefoot pronation. Changes in hindfoot motion were small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study results show that the amount of forefoot pronation varied for different transfer methods. Supple dynamic forefoot supination may be treated with a whole transfer using a two-incision technique to avoid overcorrection, while a three-incision technique or a split transfer may be useful for more resistant feet. Confirmation of these findings awaits further clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Knutsen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Avoian
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sangiorgio
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Borkowski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ebramzadeh
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Zionts
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005545:Forefoot, Human / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011403:Pronation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016474:Weight-Bearing