title: Physiologic and biochemical assessments of koi (Cyprinus carpio) following immersion in propofol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine efficacy of propofol as an immersion agent to induce general anesthesia in koi (Cyprinus carpio).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 adult koi (mean ± SD weight, 325 ± 81 g).
  
  
  METHODS
  Koi were exposed to each of 4 concentrations of propofol (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L) with a 1-week washout period between trials. In a subsequent trial, koi were anesthetized with propofol (5 mg/L) and anesthesia was maintained with propofol (3 mg/L) for 20 minutes. Response to a noxious stimulus was assessed by means of needle insertion into an epaxial muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a propofol concentration of 1 mg/L, koi were sedated but never anesthetized. At propofol concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L, mean ± SD anesthetic induction times were 13.4 ± 3.3, 3.8 ± 1.1, and 2.3 ± 0.9 minutes, respectively; mean recovery times were 12.9 ± 8.3, 11.0 ± 6.3, and 18.1 ± 13.0 minutes; mean heart rates were 57 ± 25, 30 ± 14, and 22 ± 14 beats/min; mean opercular rates were 58 ± 18, 68 ± 15, and 48 ± 22 beats/min; and 1 of 10, 2 of 10, and 0 of 10 fish responded to needle insertion. All fish recovered satisfactorily. Following 20 minutes of anesthesia, 2 fish had recovery times > 4 hours and 1 fish died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immersion in propofol at concentrations ≥ 2.5 mg/L induced general anesthesia in koi. Maintenance of anesthesia with propofol for 20 minutes was associated with prolonged recovery times in 2 of 9 and death in 1 of 9 koi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lewbart
authors.forename: Emily H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Lysa P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Posner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol