title: Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperkalemia increases the risk of death and limits the use of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in high-risk patients. We assessed the safety and efficacy of patiromer, a nonabsorbed potassium binder, in a multicenter, prospective trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with chronic kidney disease who were receiving RAAS inhibitors and who had serum potassium levels of 5.1 to less than 6.5 mmol per liter received patiromer (at an initial dose of 4.2 g or 8.4 g twice a day) for 4 weeks (initial treatment phase); the primary efficacy end point was the mean change in the serum potassium level from baseline to week 4. Eligible patients at the end of week 4 (those with a baseline potassium level of 5.5 to <6.5 mmol per liter in whom the level decreased to 3.8 to <5.1 mmol per liter) entered an 8-week randomized withdrawal phase in which they were randomly assigned to continue patiromer or switch to placebo; the primary efficacy end point was the between-group difference in the median change in the serum potassium level over the first 4 weeks of that phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the initial treatment phase, among 237 patients receiving patiromer who had at least one potassium measurement at a scheduled visit after day 3, the mean (±SE) change in the serum potassium level was -1.01±0.03 mmol per liter (P<0.001). At week 4, 76% (95% confidence interval, 70 to 81) of the patients had reached the target potassium level (3.8 to <5.1 mmol per liter). Subsequently, 107 patients were randomly assigned to patiromer (55 patients) or placebo (52 patients) for the randomized withdrawal phase. The median increase in the potassium level from baseline of that phase was greater with placebo than with patiromer (P<0.001); a recurrence of hyperkalemia (potassium level, ≥5.5 mmol per liter) occurred in 60% of the patients in the placebo group as compared with 15% in the patiromer group through week 8 (P<0.001). Mild-to-moderate constipation was the most common adverse event (in 11% of the patients); hypokalemia occurred in 3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with chronic kidney disease who were receiving RAAS inhibitors and who had hyperkalemia, patiromer treatment was associated with a decrease in serum potassium levels and, as compared with placebo, a reduction in the recurrence of hyperkalemia. (Funded by Relypsa; OPAL-HK ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01810939.).
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.R.W.); University of Chicago Medicine, Department of Medicine, ASH Comprehensive Hypertension Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Chicago (G.L.B.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (D.A.B.); Relypsa, Redwood City, CA (M.R.M., D.G., Y.S., L.B.); Statistics Collaborative, Washington, DC (J.W., H.C.-S.); and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (B.P.).
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bakris
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bushinsky
authors.forename: Martha R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mayo
authors.forename: Dahlia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garza
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stasiv
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wittes
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christ-Schmidt
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pitt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011108:Polymers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D011108:Polymers; D011188:Potassium