title: Physical agent modalities in physical therapy and rehabilitation of small animals.
abstract: Physical agent modalities can be effective components of the overall rehabilitation of small animals. This article reviews the effects, indications, contraindications, and precautions of cold, superficial heat, therapeutic ultrasound, and electrical stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Avenue, Department #3253, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA.
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Avenue, Department #3253, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA. Electronic address: David-Levine@utc.edu.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Section for Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Wien A-1210, Austria.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bockstahler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D057805:Pets; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000662:veterinary*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cold packs; Cryotherapy; Electrical stimulation; Electrotherapeutic modalities; Hot packs; Physical agent modalities; Superficial heat; Ultrasound