title: Differential expression patterns of metastasis suppressor proteins in basal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are common malignant skin tumors. Despite having a significant invasion capacity, they metastasize only rarely. Our aim in this study was to detect the expression patterns of the NM23-H1, NDRG1, E-cadherin, RHOGDI2, CD82/KAI1, MKK4, and AKAP12 metastasis suppressor proteins in BCCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 96 BCC and 10 normal skin samples were included for the immunohistochemical study. Eleven frozen BCC samples were also studied by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to detect the gene expression profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NM23-H1 was strongly and diffusely expressed in all types of BCC. Significant cytoplasmic expression of NDRG1 and E-cadherin was also detected. However, AKAP12 and CD82/KAI1 expression was significantly decreased. The expressions of the other proteins were somewhere between the two extremes. Similarly, qRT-PCR analysis showed down-regulation of AKAP12 and up-regulation of NM23-H1 and NDRG1 in BCC. Morphologically aggressive BCCs showed significantly higher cytoplasmic NDRG1 expression scores and lower CD82/KAI1 scores than non-aggressive BCCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively preserved levels of NM23-H1, NDRG1, and E-cadherin proteins may have a positive effect on the non-metastasizing features of these tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.|Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onder
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bozdogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Isik G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Yulug
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vargel
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tarik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cavusoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayse A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gurbet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karahan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nilufer
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sayar
mesh_terms: D054758:A Kinase Anchor Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D015820:Cadherins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D051861:Kangai-1 Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D062949:rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein
chemical_list: D054758:A Kinase Anchor Proteins; D015820:Cadherins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D051861:Kangai-1 Protein; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D054778:NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D062949:rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor beta; D000099259:N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Protein; C491162:AKAP12 protein, human; C569658:ARHGDIB protein, human; C497688:CD82 protein, human; C482559:MAP2K4 protein, human; C517938:NME1 protein, human