title: Disrupted functional connectivity in dorsal and ventral attention networks during attention orienting in autism spectrum disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention orienting is a cognitive process that facilitates the movement of attention focus from one location to another: this may be impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Dorsal and ventral attention networks (DAN and VAN) sub-serve the process of attention orienting. This study investigated the functional connectivity of attention orienting in these networks in ASD using the Posner Cueing Task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one adolescents with ASD and 21 age and IQ matched controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. A psychophysical interaction (PPI) analysis was implemented to investigate task-dependent functional connectivity, measuring synchronicity of brain regions during the task. Regions of interest (ROI) were selected to explore functional connectivity in the DAN during cue-only conditions and in the VAN during invalid and valid trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviourally, the ASD and control groups performed the task in a similar manner. Functional MRI results indicated that the ASD and control groups activated similar brain regions. During invalid trials (VAN), the ASD group showed significant positive functional connectivity to multiple brain regions, whilst the control group demonstrated negative connectivity. During valid trials (VAN), the two groups also showed contrasting patterns of connectivity. In the cue-only conditions (DAN), the ASD group showed weaker functional connectivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DAN analysis suggests that the ASD group has weaker coherence between brain areas involved in goal-driven, endogenous attention control. The strong positive functional connectivity exhibited by the ASD group in the VAN during the invalid trials suggests that individuals with ASD may generate compensatory mechanisms to achieve neurotypical behaviour. These results support the theory of abnormal cortical connectivity in autism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Institute of Neuroscience, The Lloyd Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kehoe
authors.forename: Arun L W
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bokde
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garavan
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGrath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: attention network; attention orienting; autism spectrum disorders; functional connectivity; neuroimaging