title: Prenatal Maternal Occupational Exposure and Postnatal Child Exposure to Elemental Mercury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Young children are highly vulnerable to elemental mercury toxicity, and elementary mercury exposure in young children in China unfortunately occurs regularly because of the wide use of fluorescent lamps, glass thermometers, and other mercury-contained items. This study aimed to summarize such recent cases in a referral clinic and to make recommendations for postexposure treatment and prevention of future exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were evaluated between January 2007 and December 2009 in environmental health facilities throughout China and were referred to our clinic. A total of 6 children younger than 4 years with significant elemental mercury exposure were included in this case series analysis. The total mercury content in blood and hair (fetal hair if necessary) and average 24-hour urine mercury concentrations were analyzed. Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid or surgery was prescribed for the patient if necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young children were found to be exposed in 3 ways as follows: prenatal exposure through maternal occupational contact in compact fluorescent-lamp factories (2 cases), broken thermometers (3 cases), and other causes of accidental inhalation of mercury vapor during the embryonic and lactation periods (1 case). For 3 cases caused by broken thermometers, x-ray images helped to identify the position of mercury residues. Local excision was used to remove mercury from the floor of the mouth in 1 case. One child was prescribed oral meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, and a good response was received.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substitution of mercury-in-glass thermometers and vigilance to prevent women of childbearing age from occupational mercury exposure were suggested. Treatment selection should vary according to patient situations.
authors.affiliation: From the *Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, MOE-Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China; and †Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Chong-Huai
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Mei-Qin
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000931:Antidotes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008630:Mercury Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D004113:Succimer / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013821:Thermometers / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D004113:Succimer