title: Effectiveness of physical exam signs for early detection of critical illness in pediatric systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early detection of compensated pediatric septic shock requires diagnostic tests that are sensitive and specific. Four physical exam signs are recommended for detecting pediatric septic shock prior to hypotension (cold extremities, mental status, capillary refill, peripheral pulse quality); this study tested their ability to detect patients who develop organ dysfunction among a cohort of undifferentiated pediatric systemic inflammatory response syndrome patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of 239 pediatric emergency department patients <19 years with fever and tachycardia and undergoing phlebotomy were enrolled. Physicians recorded initial physical exams on a standardized form. Abstraction of the medical record determined outcomes including organ dysfunction, intensive care unit stay, serious bacterial infection, and therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Organ dysfunction occurred in 13/239 (5.4%) patients. Presence of at least one sign was significantly associated with organ dysfunction (Relative Risk: 2.71, 95% CI: 1.05-6.99), and presence of at least two signs had a Relative Risk = 4.98 (95% CI: 1.82-13.58). The sensitivity of exam findings ranged from 8-54%, specificity from 84-98%. Signs were associated with increased risk of intensive care and fluid bolus, but not with serious bacterial infection, intravenous antibiotics or admission. Altered mental status and peripheral pulse quality were significantly associated with organ dysfunction, while abnormal capillary refill time and presence of cold, mottled extremities were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain recommended physical exam signs were associated with increased risk of organ dysfunction, a rare outcome in this undifferentiated pediatric population with fever and tachycardia. Sensitivity was low, while specificity was high. Additional research into optimally sensitive and specific diagnostic strategies is needed.
authors.affiliation: Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Avenue, B251, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Halden.scott@childrenscolorado.org.
authors.forename: Halden F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Donoghue
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Gaieski
authors.forename: Ronald F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Marchese
authors.forename: Rakesh D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mistry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000150:complications; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000150:complications*