title: Improved resolution of 3D printed scaffolds by shrinking.
abstract: Three-dimensional printing (3DP) uses inkjet printheads to selectively deposit liquid binder to adjoin powder particles in a layer-by-layer fashion to create a computer-modeled 3D object. Two general approaches for 3DP have been described for biomedical applications (direct and indirect 3DP). The two approaches offer competing advantages, and both are limited by print resolution. This study describes a materials processing strategy to enhance 3DP resolution by controlled shrinking net-shape scaffolds. Briefly, porogen preforms are printed and infused with the desired monomer or polymer solution. After solidification or polymerization, the porogen is leached and the polymer is allowed to shrink by controlled drying. Heat treatment is performed to retain the dimensions against swelling forces. The main objective of this study is to determine the effects of polymer content and post-processing on dimension, microstructure, and thermomechanical properties of the scaffold. For polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA), reducing polymer content corresponded with greater shrinkage with maximum shrinkage of ∼80 vol% at 20% vol% PEG-DA. The secondary heat treatment retains the microarchitecture and new dimensions of the scaffolds, even when the heat-treated scaffolds are immersed into water. To demonstrate shrinkage predictability, 3D components with interlocking positive and negative features were printed, processed, and fitted. This material processing strategy provides an alternative method to enhance the resolution of 3D scaffolds, for a wide range of polymers, without optimizing the binder-powder interaction physics to print each material combination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.
authors.forename: Helena N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.|Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C437167:poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: 3D printing; polymer; porous; scaffolds; shrinking