title: [Impact of Martian and Lunar dust simulants on cellular inflammation in human skin wounds ex vivo].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2006 NASA published its plans to build a manned lunar station in order to undertake missions to Mars in the future. Thus research projects have been conducted on the influence of Lunar and Martian dust on human health. The present study investigated the effect of Lunar and Martian dust simulants (LDS, MDS) in comparison with earth dust (ED) on viability, migration and inflammatory reaction during wound closure in an ex vivo human skin wound model.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 mm full-thickness skin explants, with a central 3 mm epidermal wound were cultured with LDS, MDS or ED for 4 and 8 days and compared to wound closure without dust exposure. Tissue and conditioned medium were submitted to histological, immunohistochemical (Ki67, Caspase-3) and biochemical analyses (hydroxyproline assay, zymography, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All dusts increased proinflammatory markers with significant increases in MDS-treated samples (IL-6: p<0.05; MMP-9: p<0.005) and reduced MMP-2 (p<0.05) compared to no dust controls over time. No significant differences were found regarding wound closure, proliferation, apoptosis and tissue degradation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highly oxidative Martian dust may cause increased cutaneous inflammation. As is currently advocated for wounds contaminated with earth dust, surgical wound debridement should be performed to ensure uncompromised wound healing.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Plastische, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Zentrum für Schwerbrandverletzte, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahmadli
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Plastische, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Zentrum für Schwerbrandverletzte, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Plastische, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Zentrum für Schwerbrandverletzte, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jokuszies
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Plastische, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Zentrum für Schwerbrandverletzte, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: CBIB, University of Bremen, Bremen.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zier
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Bremen.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mirastschijski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004391:Dust; D005260:Female; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D018535:Mars; D016081:Moon; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins