title: Gene polymorphisms of stress hormone and cytokine receptors associate with immunomodulatory profile and psychological measurement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to identify whether stable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of various endocrine and immune molecules could be used as biomarkers associated with specific immune alterations and chronic stress measures in normal humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 207 volunteer participants answered stress questionnaire and gave peripheral blood cells for identification of SNPs in genes coding for glucocorticoid receptor (GR), beta 2 adrenergic receptor (B2AR), interferon-gamma receptors (IFNGR1, IFNGR2), and interleukin-4 receptor (IL4R). Immunoregulatory profiles were measured by flow cytometry and genotyping assays were performed by allelic discrimination real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several significant differences were revealed in associations between stress marker and immune indicators based on SNP categories. For instance, Th1 levels of the minor alleles of GR TthIIII (AA) and IFNGR2 Q64R (Arg/Arg) groups were positively associated with chronic stress (PSS) (p = 0.024 and 0.005, respectively) compared with wild type (WT) and negatively associated with PSS in the heterozygous genotypes of GR BclI and IL4R Ile50Val (p = 0.040 and p = 0.052, respectively). Treg levels of the minor alleles of BclI (GG) and IFNGR1 T-56C (CC) groups were positively associated with PSS (p = 0.045 and p = 0.010, respectively) and negatively associated in the minor allele (Val/Val) of IL4R Ile50Va and the heterozygous genotype of IL4R Q576R (p = 0.041 and p = 0.017, respectively) compared to WT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data support the notion that gene polymorphisms from various components of the psychoneuroendocrine-immune network may be useful as biomarkers to categorize individual stress-associated immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA. Electronic address: lxiang@umc.edu.
authors.forename: Lianbin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sunesara
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griswold
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Gailen D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D053662:Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000276:immunology*; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D017471:Receptors, Interferon / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D000096743:Interferon gamma Receptor
chemical_list: D053662:Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D017471:Receptors, Interferon; D000096743:Interferon gamma Receptor; C086185:IFNGR2 protein, human; C504000:IL4R protein, human
keywords: Cytokine receptor; Immune measures; Immunoregulatory profiles; Psychological stress; Single nucleotide polymorphisms; Stress hormone receptor