title: Genetic basis for clinical response to CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective cancer treatments, but molecular determinants of clinical benefit are unknown. Ipilimumab and tremelimumab are antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Anti-CTLA-4 treatment prolongs overall survival in patients with melanoma. CTLA-4 blockade activates T cells and enables them to destroy tumor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained tumor tissue from patients with melanoma who were treated with ipilimumab or tremelimumab. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on tumors and matched blood samples. Somatic mutations and candidate neoantigens generated from these mutations were characterized. Neoantigen peptides were tested for the ability to activate lymphocytes from ipilimumab-treated patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Malignant melanoma exomes from 64 patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade were characterized with the use of massively parallel sequencing. A discovery set consisted of 11 patients who derived a long-term clinical benefit and 14 patients who derived a minimal benefit or no benefit. Mutational load was associated with the degree of clinical benefit (P=0.01) but alone was not sufficient to predict benefit. Using genomewide somatic neoepitope analysis and patient-specific HLA typing, we identified candidate tumor neoantigens for each patient. We elucidated a neoantigen landscape that is specifically present in tumors with a strong response to CTLA-4 blockade. We validated this signature in a second set of 39 patients with melanoma who were treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Predicted neoantigens activated T cells from the patients treated with ipilimumab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings define a genetic basis for benefit from CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma and provide a rationale for examining exomes of patients for whom anti-CTLA-4 agents are being considered. (Funded by the Frederick Adler Fund and others.).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Makarov
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Taha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Merghoub
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Jianda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Jesse M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zaretsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desrichard
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Logan A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Postow
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Teresa S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Travis J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hollmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruggeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Kasthuri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Yanyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Ceyhan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elipenahli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Cailian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Harbison
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Lisu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Jedd D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wolchok
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (A.S., T.M., M.A.P., J.D.W.), Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (A.S., V.M., A.D., L.A.W., K.K., T.A.C.), Swim across America-Ludwig Collaborative Research Laboratory (T.M., Y.L., C.E., C.L., J.D.W.), Department of Radiation Oncology (T.A.C.), Department of Pathology (T.J.H.), and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy (J.Y., P.W., T.S.H., J.D.W.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical College (A.S., M.A.P., J.D.W., T.A.C.); and Department of Mathematics, Columbia University (C.B.) - all in New York; the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (J.M.Z., A.R.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.R.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (C.T.H., L.W.).
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D059472:Exome; D005260:Female; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000556:secondary; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D000074324:Ipilimumab; C520704:tremelimumab