title: Measurement of refractive index by nanoparticle tracking analysis reveals heterogeneity in extracellular vesicles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optical techniques are routinely used to size and count extracellular vesicles (EV). For comparison of data from different methods and laboratories, suitable calibrators are essential. A suitable calibrator must have a refractive index (RI) as close to that of EV as possible but the RI of EV is currently unknown. To measure EV, RI requires accurate knowledge of size and light scattering. These are difficult to measure as most EVs cannot be resolved by light microscopy and their diameter is smaller than the wavelength of visible light. However, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) provides both size and relative light scattering intensity (rLSI) values. We therefore sought to determine whether it was possible to use NTA to measure the RI of individual EVs.
  
  
  METHODS
  NTA was used to measure the rLSI and size of polystyrene and silica microspheres of known size and RI (1.470 and 1.633, respectively) and of EV isolated from a wide range of cells. We developed software, based on Mie scattering code, to calculate particle RI from the rLSI data. This modelled theoretical scattering intensities for polystyrene and silica microspheres of known size (100 and 200 nm) and RI. The model was verified using data from the polystyrene and silica microspheres. Size and rLSI data for each vesicle were processed by the software to generate RI values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following modal RI measurements were obtained: fresh urinary EV 1.374, lyophilised urinary EV 1.367, neuroblastoma EV 1.393, blood EV 1.398, EV from activated platelets 1.390, small placental EV 1.364-1.375 and 1.398-1.414 for large placental EV (>200 nm). Large placental EV had a significantly higher RI than small placental EV (p<0.0001). The spread of RI values was narrower for small EV than for the more heterogeneous large EV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using NTA and Mie scattering theory, we have demonstrated that it is possible to estimate the RI of sub-micron EV using NTA data. EV typically had a modal RI of 1.37-1.39, whereas values of >1.40 were observed for some large (>200 nm) microvesicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method for measuring EV RI will be useful for developing appropriate calibrators for EV measurement.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3 Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; chris.gardiner@obs-gyn.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3 Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Malvern Instruments, Minton Park, Amesbury, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hole
authors.affiliation: Malvern Instruments, Minton Park, Amesbury, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3 Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Dionne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tannetta
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3 Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3 Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Ian L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Sargent
keywords: extracellular vesicles; light scattering; nanoparticle tracking analysis; refractive index; standardisation