title: Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses and risk factors in HIV infected children at the Felgehiwot referral hospital, Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver hepatitis due to Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV infected children and it is more severe in resource poor settings. Data on seroprevalence of HBV and HCV among HIV infected children are scarce in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to determine seroprevalence and risk factors of HBV and HCV and its effect on liver enzyme among HIV-positive children aged 18 months to 15 years attending the paediatric HIV care and treatment clinic at Felege Hiwot referral hospital, Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in May, 2014. Demographic and risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies were detected using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined. The results were analyzed using descriptive and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 253 HIV positive children, boys (52.5%) and girls (47.5%) took part in the study. The median age of the children was 11 years. Overall, 19 (7.5%) of HIV infected children were positive either for HBsAg or anti-HCV antibodies. The seroprevalence of HBV and HCV were 2.0% and 5.5%, respectively. All HBsAg positive children were in older age groups (11-15 years). Seroprevalence of HCV was higher in children from urban (7.7%) than rural (1.2%) residents (P=0.02). Overall, 29 (12.1%) of children had elevated ALT. Of these, 31.5% were from HBsAg or anti-HCV antibody positive children whereas 9.8% were from hepatitis B or C virus negative children (P=0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that being positive for HBsAg or anti-HCV antibody (AOR: 4.7(95% CI: 1.5-13.5) was significantly associated with elevated ALT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBV and HCV co-infections are common in HIV positive children. In HIV positive children, HBV and HCV co-infection were associated with elevate ALT. Routine screening for HBV and HCV in HIV infected children should be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. bayeabera15@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bayeh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abera
authors.forename: Yohanes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zenebe
authors.forename: Wondemagegn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mulu
authors.forename: Mulugeta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kibret
authors.forename: Getachew
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kahsu
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D060085:Coinfection / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000410:Alanine Transaminase