title: Galectins as therapeutic targets for hematological malignancies: a hopeful sweetness.
abstract: Galectins are family of galactose-binding proteins known to play critical roles in inflammation and neoplastic progression. Galectins facilitate the growth and survival of neoplastic cells by regulating their cross-talk with the extracellular microenvironment and hampering anti-neoplastic immunity. Here, we review the role of galectins in the biology of hematological malignancies and their promise as potential therapeutic agents in these diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pena
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mirandola
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Nattamol
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hosiriluck
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Natallia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suvorava
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Kayley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trotter
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Adair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Rahman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rakhshanda
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Drew
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grizzi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Littlefield
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiriva-Internati
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Everardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cobos
keywords: Galectins; galectin-3 (Gal-3); leukemia; lymphomas; multiple myeloma (MM)