title: Perinatal and familial risk factors for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a Swedish national cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perinatal factors including high birth weight have been found to be associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in case-control studies. However, to the best of our knowledge, these findings have seldom been examined in large population-based cohort studies, and the specific contributions of gestational age and fetal growth remain unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a national cohort study of 3,569,333 individuals without Down syndrome who were born in Sweden between 1973 and 2008 and followed for the incidence of ALL through 2010 (maximum age, 38 years) to examine perinatal and familial risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1960 ALL cases with 69.7 million person-years of follow-up. After adjusting for potential confounders, risk factors for ALL included high fetal growth (incidence rate ratio [IRR] per additional 1 standard deviation, 1.07; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.02-1.11 [P =.002]; and IRR for large vs appropriate for gestational age, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.06-1.40 [P =.005]), first-degree family history of ALL (IRR, 7.41; 95% CI, 4.60-11.95 [P<.001]), male sex (IRR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10-1.31 [P<.001]), and parental country of birth (IRR for both parents born in Sweden vs other countries, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00-1.27 [P =.045]). These risk factors did not appear to vary by patient age at the time of diagnosis of ALL. Gestational age at birth, season of birth, birth order, multiple birth, parental age, and parental education level were not found to be associated with ALL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large cohort study, high fetal growth was found to be associated with an increased risk of ALL in childhood through young adulthood, independent of gestational age at birth, suggesting that growth factor pathways may play an important long-term role in the etiology of ALL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crump
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundquist
authors.forename: Weiva
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sieh
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Winkleby
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundquist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001722:Birth Order; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D018743:Perinatal Care; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cohort studies; fetal development; gestational age; leukemia; risk factors