title: Human climbing with efficiently scaled gecko-inspired dry adhesives.
abstract: Since the discovery of the mechanism of adhesion in geckos, many synthetic dry adhesives have been developed with desirable gecko-like properties such as reusability, directionality, self-cleaning ability, rough surface adhesion and high adhesive stress. However, fully exploiting these adhesives in practical applications at different length scales requires efficient scaling (i.e. with little loss in adhesion as area grows). Just as natural gecko adhesives have been used as a benchmark for synthetic materials, so can gecko adhesion systems provide a baseline for scaling efficiency. In the tokay gecko (Gekko gecko), a scaling power law has been reported relating the maximum shear stress σmax to the area A: σmax ∝ A(-1/4). We present a mechanical concept which improves upon the gecko's non-uniform load-sharing and results in a nearly even load distribution over multiple patches of gecko-inspired adhesive. We created a synthetic adhesion system incorporating this concept which shows efficient scaling across four orders of magnitude of area, yielding an improved scaling power law: σmax ∝ A(-1/50). Furthermore, we found that the synthetic adhesion system does not fail catastrophically when a simulated failure is induced on a portion of the adhesive. In a practical demonstration, the synthetic adhesion system enabled a 70 kg human to climb vertical glass with 140 cm(2) of adhesive per hand.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ewhawkes@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Elliot W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Hawkes
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Eric V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Eason
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cutkosky
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000269:Adhesives; D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D008116:Lizards / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; C013830:baysilon
keywords: adhesion; bioinspiration; climbing; gecko; scaling