title: [Ideal screw entry point and optimal trajectory for anterior C1 lateral mass screw: an anatomical study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the ideal screw entry point and optimal trajectory for anterior C1 lateral mass screw internal fixation, and provide an anatomical basis for the technique of anterior C1 lateral mass screw placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A radiographic analysis of the anatomy of the C1 lateral mass using Computed tomography, CT scan was performed in cervical spine of 56 healthy Chinese adults (28 males, 28 females; mean age, 36.5 years; age range, 18-55 years), by using the Mimics software to reconstruct the 3-D morphology of C1 lateral mass and measuring the inside, middle and outside effective height of the C1 lateral mass in front and back. Measuring the C1 lateral mass safe width with different extraversion angles range from 0° to 30° with a uniform interval of 5°, to find out the ideal extraversion angle. Measuring the range of sagittal angle, to find out the ideal sagittal angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inside (H1), middle (H3) and outside (H5) effective height of the C1 lateral mass in front is 6.67 mm, 12.09 mm, and 17.51 mm, the inside (H2), middle (H4) and outside(H6) effective height of the C1 lateral mass in back is 8.17 mm, 13.20 mm, and 18.22 mm. When the extraversion angle choose 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, and δ, the relative results of safe width (SW) of lateral mass were 4.73 mm, 5.36 mm, 5.90 mm, 6.33 mm, 6.44 mm, 5.70 mm, 4.38 mm, 6.95 mm averagely. The mean distance along the atlas anterior surface between the anterior tubercle and the screw entry point was 12.80 mm, the mean distance from the inferior border of the lateral mass to the screw entry point was 6.87 mm. The range of sagittal angle is 24.22° (-17.74°∼6.48°) .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ideal extraversion angle was 21.14°. The mean distance along the atlas anterior surface between the anterior tubercle and the screw entry point was 12.80 mm. The mean distance from the inferior border of the lateral mass to the screw entry point was 6.87 mm. The ideal sagittal angle is -5.63°. These measurements may facilitate anterior C1 lateral mass screw fixation decreasing the risk of injury to the spinal cord, vertebral artery, and internal carotid artery theoretically. Delineating the individual anatomy in each case with CT scan before surgery is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Spinal Surgery, Ningbo No.6 Hospital, Ningbo Zhejiang Province, 315040, China. Email: huyong610@163.com.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Spinal Surgery, Ningbo No.6 Hospital, Ningbo Zhejiang Province, 315040, China.
authors.forename: Weixin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Spinal Surgery, Ningbo No.6 Hospital, Ningbo Zhejiang Province, 315040, China.
authors.forename: Zhenshan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Spinal Surgery, Ningbo No.6 Hospital, Ningbo Zhejiang Province, 315040, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001270:Cervical Atlas; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult