title: Components of hemodynamic load and cardiovascular events: the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated blood pressure is the leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature death. The blood pressure waveform consists of discrete hemodynamic components, derived from measured central pressure and flow, which may contribute separately to risk for an adverse outcome. However, pressure-flow measures have not been studied in a large, community-based sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used proportional hazards models to examine the association of incident CVD with forward pressure wave amplitude, mean arterial pressure, and global reflection coefficient derived from wave separation analysis and echocardiography in 2492 participants (mean age 66±9 years, 56% women) in the Framingham Heart Study. During follow-up (0.04-6.8 years), 149 participants (6%) had a CVD event. In multivariable models adjusting for age, sex, antihypertensive therapy, body mass index, heart rate, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, smoking, and the presence of diabetes mellitus, forward pressure wave amplitude (hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.67; P=0.0003) was associated with incident CVD, whereas mean arterial pressure (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.29; P=0.25) and global wave reflection (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.12; P=0.58) were not. After adding systolic blood pressure and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity to the model, forward pressure wave amplitude persisted as a correlate of events (hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.68; P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher forward pressure wave amplitude (a measure of proximal aortic geometry and stiffness) was associated with increased risk for incident CVD, whereas mean arterial pressure and relative wave reflection (correlates of resistance vessel structure and function) were not associated with increased risk for incident CVD.
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (L.L.C., G.F.M.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, W. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (L.L.C.); Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Study, Framingham, MA (J.R., E.J.B., M.G.L., D.L.); Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (M.G.L., R.S.V.); Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (D.L.); and Evans Department of Medicine (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Leroy L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (L.L.C., G.F.M.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, W. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (L.L.C.); Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Study, Framingham, MA (J.R., E.J.B., M.G.L., D.L.); Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (M.G.L., R.S.V.); Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (D.L.); and Evans Department of Medicine (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (L.L.C., G.F.M.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, W. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (L.L.C.); Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Study, Framingham, MA (J.R., E.J.B., M.G.L., D.L.); Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (M.G.L., R.S.V.); Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (D.L.); and Evans Department of Medicine (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Emelia J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (L.L.C., G.F.M.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, W. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (L.L.C.); Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Study, Framingham, MA (J.R., E.J.B., M.G.L., D.L.); Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (M.G.L., R.S.V.); Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (D.L.); and Evans Department of Medicine (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (L.L.C., G.F.M.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, W. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (L.L.C.); Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Study, Framingham, MA (J.R., E.J.B., M.G.L., D.L.); Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (M.G.L., R.S.V.); Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (D.L.); and Evans Department of Medicine (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (L.L.C., G.F.M.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, W. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (L.L.C.); Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Study, Framingham, MA (J.R., E.J.B., M.G.L., D.L.); Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (M.G.L., R.S.V.); Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (D.L.); and Evans Department of Medicine (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vita
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (L.L.C., G.F.M.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, W. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (L.L.C.); Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Study, Framingham, MA (J.R., E.J.B., M.G.L., D.L.); Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (M.G.L., R.S.V.); Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (D.L.); and Evans Department of Medicine (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Naomi M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Hamburg
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (L.L.C., G.F.M.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, W. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (L.L.C.); Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Study, Framingham, MA (J.R., E.J.B., M.G.L., D.L.); Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (M.G.L., R.S.V.); Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (D.L.); and Evans Department of Medicine (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
authors.affiliation: From Cardiovascular Engineering Inc, Norwood, MA (L.L.C., G.F.M.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, W. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (L.L.C.); Boston University and NHLBI's Framingham Study, Framingham, MA (J.R., E.J.B., M.G.L., D.L.); Cardiology and Preventive Medicine Sections, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.J.B., R.S.V.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA (M.G.L., R.S.V.); Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (D.L.); and Evans Department of Medicine (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute (J.A.V., N.M.H., R.S.V.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. GaryFMitchell@mindspring.com.
authors.forename: Gary F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: cardiovascular diseases; hemodynamics; pulsatile flow