title: Defining the system: contributors to exercise limitations in heart failure.
abstract: One of the primary hallmarks of patients diagnosed with heart failure (HF) is a reduced tolerance to exercise and compromised functional capacity. This limitation stems from poor pumping capacity but also major changes in functioning of the vasculature, skeletal muscle, and respiratory systems. Advances in the understanding of the central and peripheral mechanisms of exercise intolerance during HF are critical for the future design of therapeutic modalities devised to improve outcomes. The interrelatedness between systems cannot be discounted. This review summarizes the current literature related to the pathophysiology of HF contributing to poor exercise tolerance, and potential mechanisms involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, MC 898, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Electronic address: shanep@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Shane A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 South Damen Avenue, MC 802, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vuckovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 5919 Ponce de Leon Blvd, 5th floor Coral Gables, Miami, FL 33146-2435, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Cahalin
authors.affiliation: Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baynard
mesh_terms: D005081:Exercise Therapy; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Cardiopulmonary; Exercise; Heart failure; Intolerance; Skeletal muscle; Vascular