title: Effect of race/ethnicity on participation in HIV vaccine trials and comparison to other trials of biomedical prevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Racial/ethnic minorities are underrepresented in actual HIV vaccine trials in North America, and willingness to participate (WTP) and retention in an HIV vaccine trial may differ from that in Whites.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, the authors identified HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS) in North America in high-risk populations that examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and WTP in a preventive phase 3 HIV vaccine trial, and the relationship to retention. Studies were categorized by risk group, and comparison group (Whites vs. non-Whites). Other types of trials of biomedical prevention were also identified, and WTP and retention rates were compared and contrasted to actual HIV vaccine trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the studies identified, WTP in a hypothetical trial HIV vaccine trial did not differ by race/ethnicity. In contrast, actual HIV vaccine trials, an HIV acquisition trial, and a phase 2B preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trial have enrolled a large percentage of White men. Human papilloma virus (HPV) privately-funded trials have also enrolled a large number of Whites, due to convenience sampling. Retention in the HIV acquisition trial was lower in African-Americans compared with Whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategies to increase WTP and enhanced retention (ER) strategies may help in recruiting and retaining minority participants in actual HIV vaccine trials and other trials of biomedical prevention.
authors.affiliation: a University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada.
authors.forename: Shayesta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhalla
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poole
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D005006:Ethnicity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D009656:North America; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D044469:Racial Groups
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: HIV; biomedical prevention; ethnicity; race; retention; vaccines; willingness to participate