title: Recent advances in engineering polyvalent biological interactions.
abstract: Polyvalent interactions, where multiple ligands and receptors interact simultaneously, are ubiquitous in nature. Synthetic polyvalent molecules, therefore, have the ability to affect biological processes ranging from protein-ligand binding to cellular signaling. In this review, we discuss recent advances in polyvalent scaffold design and applications. First, we will describe recent developments in the engineering of polyvalent scaffolds based on biomolecules and novel materials. Then, we will illustrate how polyvalent molecules are finding applications as toxin and pathogen inhibitors, targeting molecules, immune response modulators, and cellular effectors.
authors.affiliation: The Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States.
authors.forename: Chad T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Varner
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Jacob T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Ravi S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear