title: Circulating naive and memory CD4+ T cells and metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from a primarily Mestizo population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether the proportions of naive and memory CD4(+) T cell are independently associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted in SLE patients seen at our rheumatology department between September 2013 and April 2014. CD4(+) T cell subpopulations were examined by flow cytometry. The association of MetS and CD4(+) T cell subpopulations was examined by Mann-Whitney U-test and by multivariable analysis, adjusting for all possible confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and seventeen patients were evaluated. Their mean age was 44.6 years (S.D. 12.6), 109 (93.2%) were female and all patients were Mestizo (mixed Caucasian and Amerindian ancestry). Fifty-two patients (44.4%) presented with MetS. Disease duration was 7.6 years (S.D. 6.8). The percentage of naive CD4(+) T cells was 25.0 (S.D. 12.7) and memory CD4(+) T cells was 66.7 (S.D. 13.2) and the memory:naive CD4(+) T cell ratio was 4.3 (S.D. 5.6). In multivariable analysis, the percentage of naive CD4(+) T cells was negatively associated with the presence of MetS [odds ratio (OR) 0.959 (95% CI 0.923, 0.997), P = 0.033], whereas the percentage of memory CD4(+)T cells and the memory:naive CD4(+) T cell ratio were positively associated with its presence [OR 1.040 (95% CI 1.003, 1.078), P = 0.031 and OR 1.238 (95% CI 1.041, 1.472), P = 0.016, respectively].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the SLE patients studied, a lower percentage of naive CD4(+) T cells, a higher percentage of memory CD4(+) T cells and the memory:naive CD4(+) T cell ratio were independently associated with the presence of MetS. This association could reflect the impact of immunosenescence among SLE patients with cardiovascular morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA manuel_ugarte@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Manuel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ugarte-Gil
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Zúñiga
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Rocío V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Gamboa-Cárdenas
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Madeley
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aliaga-Zamudio
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zevallos
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Giannina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tineo-Pozo
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cucho-Venegas
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mosqueira-Riveros
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Risto A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Perich-Campos
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Alfaro-Lozano
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Mariela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Zoila
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Bellido
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Graciela S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú and School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Cesar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pastor-Asurza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D015994:Incidence; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000208:ethnology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology*; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: T lymphocytes; cardiovascular disease; metabolic syndrome; systemic lupus erythematosus