title: Impact of the non-contributory social pension program 70 y más on older adults' mental well-being.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2007, a non-contributory pension program was launched in rural areas of Mexico. The program consisted in a non-conditional cash transfer of US$40 monthly to all older adults (OA) aged 70 and over. We evaluate the effect of the program on mental well-being of its beneficiaries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative and qualitative methods were used. For the quantitative component, we used the selection criteria established by the program (age and locality size) to form the Intervention (OA aged 70-74 residing in rural localities, <2500 inhabitants) and Control groups (OA aged 70-74, in localities with 2501-2700 inhabitants). Baseline data collection was conducted in 2007 where 5,465 OA were interviewed. The follow-up survey was conducted in 2008, and it was possible to interview 5,270 OA, with a response rate of 96%. A difference-in-difference linear probability model with individual fixed effect was used to estimate the impact of the program on mental well-being indicators. In 2009 a qualitative component was designed to explore possible causal pathways of such effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a year of exposure, the program had a significant effect on reduction of depressive symptoms (β = -0.06, CI95% -0.12; -0.01) and an increase in empowerment indicators: OA participated in important household decisions (β = 0.09, CI95% 0.03;0.15); and OA participated in household decisions pertaining to expenses (β = 0.11, CI95% 0.05;0.18). Qualitative analysis found a strong trend showing a reduction of sadness, and feeling of increasing empowerment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that a non-conditional transfer in older ages have an impact beyond the economic sphere, impacting even the mental well-being. This effect could be explained because the pension produces feelings of safety and welfare. It is recommendable that governments should invest efforts towards universalizing the non-contributory pension programs in order to ensure a basic income for the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Aarón
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salinas-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ma Del Pilar
authors.initials: Mdel P
authors.lastname: Torres-Pereda
authors.affiliation: Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manrique-Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moreno-Tamayo
authors.affiliation: Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Martha María
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Téllez-Rojo Solís
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health; D008800:Mexico; D010415:Pensions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012423:Rural Health; D012946:Social Welfare