title: The versatile roles of CARDs in regulating apoptosis, inflammation, and NF-κB signaling.
abstract: CARD subfamily is the second largest subfamily in the DD superfamily that plays important roles in regulating various signaling pathways, including but not limited to NF-kB activation signaling, apoptosis signaling and inflammatory signaling. The CARD subfamily contains 33 human CARD-containing proteins, regulating the assembly of many signaling complexes, including apoptosome, inflammsome, nodosome, the CBM complex, PIDDosome, the TRAF2 complex, and the MAVS signalosome, by homotypic CARD-CARD interactions. The mechanism of how CARDs find the right binding partner to form a specific complex remains unclear. This review uses different classification schemes to update the classification of CARD-containing proteins. Combining the classification based on domain structures, functions, associated signaling complexes, and roles would help better understand the structural and function diversity of CARD-containing proteins. This review also summarizes recent structural studies on CARDs. Especially, the CARD-containing complexes can be divided into the homodimeric, heterodimeric, oligomeric, filamentous CARD complexes and the CARD-ubiquitin complex. This review will give an overview of the versatile roles of CARDs in regulating signaling transduction, as well as the therapeutic drugs targeting CARD-containing proteins.
authors.affiliation: Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Pin
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Chao-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tsung-Wei
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Yin-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yu-Chih
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Su-Chang
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D053218:Receptors, Death Domain / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053218:Receptors, Death Domain