title: Association between fatty acid supplementation and prenatal stress in African Americans: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the association between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation and perceived stress and cortisol response to a stressor during pregnancy in a sample of African American women living in low-income environments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four African American women were enrolled at 16-21 weeks of gestation. Power calculations were computed using published standard deviations for the Perceived Stress Scale and the Trier Social Stress Test. Participants were randomized to either 450 mg per day of DHA (n=43) or placebo (n=21). At baseline and at 24 and 30 weeks of gestation, perceived stress was assessed by self-report. Cortisol response to a controlled stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test was measured from saliva samples collected upon arrival to the laboratory and after the completion of the Trier Social Stress Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women in the DHA supplementation group reported lower levels of perceived stress at 30 weeks of gestation, controlling for depression and negative life events (mean 27.4 compared with 29.5, F [3, 47] 5.06, P=.029, Cohen's d=0.65). Women in the DHA supplementation had lower cortisol output in response to arriving to the laboratory and a more modulated response to the stressor (F [1.78, 83.85] 6.24, P=.004, Cohen's d=0.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnant women living in urban low-income environments who received DHA reported reduced perceived stress and lower levels of stress hormones in the third trimester. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation may be a method for attenuating the effects of maternal stress during late pregnancy and improving the uterine environment with regard to fetal exposure to glucocorticoids.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01158976.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hipwell
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bortner
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McAloon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D006854:Hydrocortisone