title: [Evaluation of heart rate variability for monitoring the depth of anaesthesia in dogs. Investigations based on total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine or remifentanil].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of heart-rate variability (HRV) as an indicator for autonomous activity to monitor anaesthesia in dogs during three different total intravenous anaesthetic protocols and three anaesthetic depth levels as well as before and after electrical nociceptive stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven beagle dogs (14.3±1.7 kg) were used in a randomised experimental trial with a complete cross-over design. Each dog went through all three anaesthetic protocols, which were propofol alone (group P) and propofol combined with dexmedetomidine (3 µg/kg/h, group PD) or remifentanil (18 µg/kg/h, group PR). Propofol was given using target-controlled infusion. Three anaesthetic depth levels (light, medium, deep) were defined by target concentrations for propofol in the blood and were adapted to the individual animal and treatment (mean of 7, 9 and 11 µg/ml, and in combination with dexmedetomidine or remifentanil, a mean of 3, 5 and 7 µg/ml). During each anaesthetic level, a standardised supramaximal nociceptive electric stimulus (50 Hz, 50 V, 10 ms) was applied medially to the right forearm. The bipolar-derived electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded continuously. For each anaesthetic depth, the RR-intervals recorded 2 minutes before and after each stimulation were included in the statistical analysis. Using an HRV analytical program (Kubios HRV), the frequency domain HRV-parameters low (LF) and high (HF) frequency and the time-domain HRV-parameters RR-intervals, standard deviation of all RR-intervals (SDNN) and the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of the differences between consecutive RR-intervals (RMSSD) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither the RR-intervals nor the currently available HRV-parameters which were derived from the RR-intervals were able to discriminate between the different anaesthetic depths levels. Nociception could only be represented by the RR-intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the investigated standard HRV parameters offered no additional information for the monitoring of anaesthetic depths at the investigated, clinically used dose rates.
authors.affiliation: Carina Bergfeld, Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, E-Mail: carina.bergfeld@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergfeld
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beyerbach
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: S B R
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kästner
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol
keywords: Dog; RR-intervals; TIVA; electrocardiogram; nociception