title: Update on intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma.
abstract: The tools for managing retinoblastoma have been increasing in the past decade. While globe-salvage still relies heavily on intravenous chemotherapy, tumors in advanced stage that failed chemotherapy are now referred for intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) to avoid enucleation. However, IAC still has many obstacles to overcome. We present an update on the indications, complications, limitations, success, and technical aspects of IAC. Given its safety and high efficacy, it is expected that IAC will replace conventional strategies and will become a first-line option even for tumors that are amenable for other strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6605-690X
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanaty
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1758-7509
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Nohra
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2422-4346
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chalouhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6193-9084
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manasseh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Stavropoula I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Tjoumakaris
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19017, USA.
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Ketan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bulsara
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Rosenwasser
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Neurovascular Surgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 909 Walnut Street, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jabbour
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015353:Eye Enucleation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial / Q000379:methods*; D008558:Melphalan / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008558:Melphalan