title: Preventive Effects of Protocatechuic Acid on LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in Human Gingival Fibroblasts via Activating PPAR-γ.
abstract: Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a major metabolite of anthocyanins, has been shown to have antioxidant, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of PCA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). The effects of PCA on LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and chemokines IL-8 in HGFs were detected by ELISA. The expression of NF-κB and PPAR-γ was detected by Western blot analysis. Our results demonstrated that PCA suppressed IL-6 and IL-8 production in LPS-stimulated HGFs. We also found that PCA inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation. Furthermore, the inhibition of PCA on LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production can be reversed by PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of PCA is associated with activating PPAR-γ, thereby inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Fuzhou, 350025, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: C457499:2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide; D000813:Anilides; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047495:PPAR gamma; C009091:protocatechuic acid