title: Effects of simulated oilfield produced water on early seedling growth after treatment in a pilot-scale constructed wetland system.
abstract: Seed germination and early seedling growth bioassays were used to evaluate phytotoxicity of simulated oilfield produced water (OPW) before and after treatment in a subsurface-flow, pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment system (CWTS). Responses to untreated and treated OPW were compared among seven plant species, including three monocotyledons: corn (Zea mays), millet (Panicum miliaceum), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor); and four dicotyledons: lettuce (Lactuca sativa), okra (Abelmoschus esculents), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and soybean (Glycine max). Phytotoxicity was greater in untreated OPW than in treated OPW. Exposures to untreated and treated OPW enhanced growth in some plant species (sorghum, millet, okra, and corn) relative to a negative control and reduced growth in other plant species (lettuce, soybean, and watermelon). Early seedling growth parameters indicated that dicotyledons were more sensitive to test waters compared to monocotyledons, suggesting that morphological differences between plant species affected phytotoxicity. Results indicated the following sensitivity scale for plant species: lettuce>soybean>watermelon>corn>okra≈millet>sorghum. Phytotoxicity of the treated OPW to lettuce and soybean, although concentrations of COCs were less than irrigation guideline concentrations, suggests that chemical characterization and comparison to guideline concentrations alone may not be sufficient to evaluate water for use in growing crops.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina , USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pardue
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Huddleston
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D018525:Germination; D010865:Pilot Projects; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: phytoremediation; phytotoxicity; seed germination