title: Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied. Metformin reduces hyperinsulinaemia and suppresses the excessive ovarian production of androgens. As a consequence, it is suggested that metformin could improve assisted reproductive techniques (ART) outcomes, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), pregnancy and live birth rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness and safety of metformin as a co-treatment during IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in achieving pregnancy or live birth in women with PCOS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, the metaRegister of Controlled Trials and reference lists of articles (up to 15 October 2014).
  
  
  METHODS
  Types of studies: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing metformin treatment with placebo or no treatment in women with PCOS who underwent IVF or ICSI treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  women of reproductive age with anovulation due to PCOS with or without co-existing infertility factors.Types of interventions: metformin administered before and during IVF or ICSI treatment.Types of outcome measures: live birth rate, clinical pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome , incidence of participant-reported side effects, serum oestradiol level on the day of trigger, serum androgen level, and fasting insulin and glucose levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently selected the studies, extracted the data according to the protocol and assessed study quality. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included nine randomised controlled trials involving a total of 816 women with PCOS. When metformin was compared with placebo there was no clear evidence of a difference between the groups in live birth rates (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.81 to 2.40, five RCTs, 551 women, I(2) = 52%, low-quality evidence). Our findings suggest that for a woman with a 32 % chance of achieving a live birth using placebo or other treatment, the corresponding chance using metformin treatment would be between 28% and 53%.When metformin was compared with placebo or no treatment, clinical pregnancy rates were higher in the metformin group (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.15; eight RCTs, 775 women, I(2) = 18%, moderate-quality evidence). This suggests that for a woman with a 31% chance of achieving a clinical pregnancy using placebo or no treatment, the corresponding chance using metformin treatment would be between 32% and 49%.The risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was lower in the metformin group (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.49, eight RCTs, 798 women, I(2) = 11%, moderate-quality evidence). This suggests that for a woman with a 27% risk of having OHSS without metformin the corresponding chance using metformin treatment would be between 6% and 15%.Side effects (mostly gastrointestinal) were more common in the metformin group (OR 4.49, 95% CI 1.88 to 10.72, for RCTs, 431 women, I(2)=57%, low quality evidence)The overall quality of the evidence was moderate for the outcomes of clinical pregnancy, OHSS and miscarriage, and low for other outcomes. The main limitations in the evidence were imprecision and inconsistency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review found no conclusive evidence that metformin treatment before or during ART cycles improved live birth rates in women with PCOS. However, the use of this insulin-sensitising agent increased clinical pregnancy rates and decreased the risk of OHSS.
authors.affiliation: Gynecology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Altino Arantes, 865. Ap. 124, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 04042-034.
authors.forename: Leopoldo O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Tso
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Luiz Eduardo T
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.forename: Régis B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Andriolo
authors.forename: Cristiane R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Macedo
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D017588:Hyperandrogenism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050498:Live Birth; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin