title: The lingering question of menthol in cigarettes.
abstract: Tobacco use is the single most important preventable cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA and many parts of the world. There is growing evidence that menthol cigarettes are starter tobacco products for children, adolescents, and young adults. Accumulating research also suggests that smoking menthol cigarettes reinforces nicotine dependence, impedes cessation, and promotes relapse. However, menthol cigarettes are exempt from the US Food and Drug Administration ban on flavored cigarettes due, in part, to the lack of empirical evidence describing the health consequences of smoking menthol cigarettes relative to regular cigarettes. Determining the biological effects of menthol cigarette smoke relative to regular cigarette smoke can clarify the health risks associated with the use of respective products and assist regulatory agencies in making scientifically based decisions on the development and evaluation of regulations on tobacco products to protect public health and to reduce tobacco use by minors. We highlight the inherent shortcomings of the conventional epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory research on menthol cigarettes that have contributed to the ongoing debate on the public health impact of menthol in cigarettes. In addition, we provide perspectives on how future investigations exploiting state-of-the-art biomarkers of exposure and disease states can help answer the lingering question of menthol in cigarettes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. besarati@med.usc.edu.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Besaratinia
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tommasi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D008610:Menthol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011634:Public Health; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D055815:Young Adult; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008610:Menthol