title: Estimating rice chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen concentration with a digital still color camera under natural light.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The color of crop leaves is closely correlated with nitrogen (N) status and can be quantified easily with a digital still color camera and image processing software. The establishment of the relationship between image color indices and N status under natural light is important for crop monitoring and N diagnosis in the field. In our study, a digital still color camera was used to take pictures of the canopies of 6 rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with N treatments ranging from 0 to 315 kg N ha(-1) in the field under sunny and overcast conditions in 2010 and 2011, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant correlations were observed between SPAD readings, leaf N concentration (LNC) and 13 image color indices calculated from digital camera images using three color models: RGB, widely used additive color model; HSV, a cylindrical-coordinate similar to the human perception of colors; and the L (*) a (*) b (*) system of the International Commission on Illumination. Among these color indices, the index b (*) , which represents the visual perception of yellow-blue chroma, has the closest linear relationship with SPAD reading and LNC. However, the relationships between LNC and color indices were affected by the developmental phase. Linear regression models were used to predict LNC and SPAD from color indices and phasic development. After that, the models were validated with independent data. Generally, acceptable performance and prediction were found between the color index b (*) , SPAD reading and LNC with different cultivars and sampling dates under different natural light conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that digital color image analysis could be a simple method of assessing rice N status under natural light conditions for different cultivars and different developmental stages.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008 PR China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008 PR China.
authors.forename: Dejian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 PR China.
authors.forename: Peihua
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omasa
keywords: Digital still color camera; Image processing technology; Leaf color; Natural light; Nitrogen; Rice