title: Comparison of four cardiovascular risk prediction functions among Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus in the primary care setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility, convergent validity and sensitivity of four cardiovascular risk prediction functions in Chinese diabetic patients in the primary care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 1,140 diabetic patients was carried out to compare four cardiovascular risk functions, which were respectively developed from the Framingham heart study, the USA-People's Republic of China Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology cohort (PRC), the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and the Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation program (JADE). Feasibility was assessed by the percentage of patients with complete data for risk prediction. Convergent validity was measured by Spearman's rank correlation, paired Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test and Bland-Altman plots. Effect size differences between clinical risk groups were used to assess the sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk prediction was feasible by the Framingham, UKPDS and PRC risk functions in more than 98% patients, whereas just 74% of patients had complete data for the JADE function. The annual total coronary heart disease (CHD) risk predicted by the JADE and the UKPDS functions showed excellent agreement with no significant difference, and a correlation of 0.8048. The Framingham and the PRC functions predicted significantly lower CHD risk than those by the UKPDS and the JADE functions. The UKPDS and the Framingham functions were more sensitive in differentiating clinical risk groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UKPDS risk engine showed good feasibility, convergent validity and sensitivity in predicting CHD risk in Chinese diabetic patients. The JADE function showed excellent agreement with the UKPDS risk engine, but it was less feasible in the primary care setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Fang Fang
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Cindy Lo Kuen
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Colman
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Sarah Morag
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGhee
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Diabetes complications; Risk