title: The impact of different background noises: effects on cognitive performance and perceived disturbance in employees with aided hearing impairment and normal hearing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care professionals frequently meet employees with hearing impairment (HI) who experience difficulties at work. There are indications that the majority of these difficulties might be related to the presence of background noise. Moreover, research has also shown that high-level noise has a more detrimental effect on cognitive performance and self-rated disturbance in individuals with HI than low-level noise.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of different types of background noise on cognitive performance and perceived disturbance (PD) in employees with aided HI and normal hearing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed factorial design was conducted to examine the effect of noise in four experimental conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 participants (21 men and 19 women) were recruited to take part in the study. The study sample consisted of employees with HI (n = 20) and normal hearing (n = 20). The group with HI had a mild-moderate sensorineural HI, and they were all frequent hearing-aid users.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study was conducted by using four general work-related tasks (mental arithmetic, orthographic decoding, phonological decoding, and serial recall) in four different background conditions: (1) quiet, (2) office noise at 56 dBA, (3) daycare noise at 73.5 dBA, and (4) traffic noise at 72.5 dBA. Reaction time and the proportion of correct answers in the working tasks were used as outcome measures of cognitive performance. The Borg CR-10 scale was used to assess PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collection occurred on two separate sessions, completed within 4 wk of each other. All tasks and experimental conditions were used in a counterbalanced order. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed to analyze the results. To examine interaction effects, pairwise t-tests were used. Pearson correlation coefficients between reaction time and proportion of correct answers, and cognitive performance and PD were also calculated to examine the possible correlation between the different variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant between-group or within-group differences in cognitive performance were observed across the four background conditions. Ratings of PD showed that both groups rated PD according to noise level, where higher noise level generated a higher PD. The present findings also demonstrated that the group with HI was more disturbed by higher than lower levels of noise (i.e., traffic and daycare setting compared with office setting). This pattern was observed consistently throughout four working tasks where the group with HI reported a significantly greater PD in the daycare and traffic settings compared with office noise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results demonstrate that background noise does not impair cognitive performance in nonauditory tasks in employees with HI and normal hearing, but that PD is affected to a greater extent in employees with HI during higher levels of background noise exposure. In addition, this study also supports previous studies regarding the detrimental effects that high-level noise has on employees with HI. Therefore, we emphasize the need of both self-rated and cognitive measurements in hearing care and occupational health services for both employees with normal hearing and HI.
authors.affiliation: Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emilsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Audiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kähäri
authors.affiliation: Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Widén
authors.affiliation: Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Audiological Research Centre, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.affiliation: Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lyxell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006310:Hearing Aids; D034381:Hearing Loss; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000628:therapy*; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise