title: Effects of a swimming program on infants' heart rate response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The physiological response has been used to characterize or estimate physical demands while exercising. The aim of this study was to analyze the infant's physiological adaptations over an intervention water program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen infants (36±5.08 months old) were tested before (M1) and 4 months after (M2) a well-designed swimming program aiming to develop aquatic readiness, cognitive behavior and social interaction. The physiological response was assessed based on heart rate measurements (HR, bpm) at a sampling rate of 1 Hz during several basic aquatic motor skills: 1) individual displacement in ventral position (HR@InD); 2) Individual displacement in vertical position (HR@VD); 3) immersion (HR@Im); 4) voluntary underwater displacement (HR@UnD); 5) jump from the deck (HR@JD); 6) jump from the swimming mat (HR@JM); 7) from a swimming slider (HR@Sli).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HR@Im showed the lowest values (~119 bpm) at the end of the program. Main trend was for a HR decreased over time (HR@Im: -14.17±17.76%; HR@InD: -8.16±9.16%; HR@JD: -10.36±12.70%; HR@Sli: -3.48±6.40%. In all other skills, HR remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that infants experience significant hear rate adaptations while participating on a swimming program. The HR decreases suggests a higher capability to perform the basic aquatic motor skills and a less stressful behavior through the lessons.
authors.affiliation: Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal - mario.costa@ipg.pt.
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Tiago M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Marinho
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*