title: Stereological comparison of the effects of pentoxifylline, captopril, simvastatin, and tamoxifen on kidney and bladder structure after partial urethral obstruction in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited studies have shown antifibrotic effects of pentoxifylline, captopril, simvastatin, and tamoxifen. No comparisons are available of the effects of these drugs on prevention of renal and bladder changes in partial urethral obstruction (PUO).
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were divided into six groups (n=7). The sham-operated rats (group I) only underwent laparotomy and did not receive any treatments. The PUO groups (group II-VI) received normal saline (PUO+NS), pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg/d; PUO+PEN), captopril (35 mg/kg/d; PUO+CAP), simvastatin (15 mg/kg/d; PUO+SIM), or tamoxifen (10 mg/kg/d; PUO+TAM) by gavage for 28 days. Then, the volume and/or length of the kidney components (tubules, vessels, and fibrous tissue) and the bladder components (epithelial and muscular layers, fibrous tissue, fibroblast and fibrocyte number) were quantitatively evaluated on the microscopic sections by use of stereological techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volume of renal and bladder fibrosis was significantly ameliorated in the PUO+PEN group, followed by the PUO+CAP, PUO+SIM, and PUO+TAM groups. Also, the volume and length of the renal tubules and vessels and bladder layers were more significantly protected in the PUO+PEN group, followed by the PUO+CAP, PUO+SIM, and PUO+TAM groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of PUO with PEN was more effective in the prevention of renal and bladder fibrosis and in the preservation of renal and bladder structures.
authors.affiliation: Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran. ; Department of Urology, Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Soltani
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jahanabadi
authors.affiliation: Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran. ; Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Amin
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdollahifar
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanideh
authors.affiliation: Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran. ; Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noorafshan
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002216:Captopril / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D013629:Tamoxifen; D002216:Captopril; D019821:Simvastatin; D010431:Pentoxifylline
keywords: Captopril; Pentoxifylline; Simvastatin; Tamoxifen; Urethral obstruction