title: The role of the hypoxia response in shaping retinal vascular development in the absence of Norrin/Frizzled4 signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the role of hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in modifying the pattern, density, and permeability of the retinal vasculature in mouse models in which Norrin/Frizzled4 signaling is impaired.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal vascular structure was analyzed in mice with mutation of Ndp (the gene coding for Norrin) or Frizzle4 (Fz4) with or without three additional perturbations: (1) retinal hyperoxia and reduction of VEGF, (2) reduced induction of VEGF in response to hypoxia, or (3) reduced responsiveness of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to VEGF. These perturbations were produced, respectively, by (1) genetic ablation of rod photoreceptors in the retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mutant background, (2) conditional deletion of the gene coding for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2alpha either in all neural retina cells or specifically in Müller glia, and (3) conditional deletion of the VEGF coreceptor neuropilin1 (NRP1) in ECs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three conditions reduced vascular proliferation. Eliminating HIF2-alpha in Müller glia blocked VEGF induction in the inner nuclear layer, identifying HIF2-alpha as the transcription factor responsible for the hypoxia response in these cells. When Norrin/Frizzled4 signaling was eliminated, a secondary elevation in VEGF levels was required to compromise the barrier to transendothelial movement of high molecular weight compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of Norrin or Frizzled4, the vascular phenotype is determined by the primary defect in Norrin/Frizzled4 signaling (i.e., canonical Wnt signaling) and compensatory responses resulting from hypoxia. This work may be useful in guiding therapeutic strategies for the treatment of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR).
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rattner
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
authors.forename: Yanshu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
authors.forename: Yulian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nathans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D063928:Ependymoglial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051157:Frizzled Receptors / Q000502:physiology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D039942:Neuropilin-1 / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D051157:Frizzled Receptors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D039942:Neuropilin-1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C489916:Ndph protein, mouse
keywords: Norrie disease; canonical Wnt signaling; endothelial cell; familial exudative vitreoretinopathy