title: Facile electrochemical synthesis of antimicrobial TiO₂ nanotube arrays.
abstract: Infection-related complications have been a critical issue for the application of titanium orthopedic implants. The use of Ag nanoparticles offers a potential approach to incorporate antimicrobial properties into the titanium implants. In this work, a novel and simple method was developed for synthesis of Ag (II) oxide deposited TiO2 nanotubes (TiNTs) using electrochemical anodization followed by Ag electroplating processes in the same electrolyte. The quantities of AgO nanoparticles deposited in TiNT were controlled by selecting different electroplating times and voltages. It was shown that AgO nanoparticles were crystalline and distributed throughout the length of the nanotubes. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry tests showed that the quantities of released Ag were less than 7 mg/L after 30 days at 37°C. Antimicrobial assay results show that the AgO-deposited TiNTs can effectively kill the Escherichia coli bacteria. Although the AgO-deposited TiNTs showed some cytotoxicity, it should be controllable by optimization of the electroplating parameters and incorporation of cell growth factor. The results of this study indicated that antimicrobial properties could be added to nanotextured medical implants through a simple and cost effective method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Jagadeesh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janjanam
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA ; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Ke-Bin
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shahbazian-Yassar
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA ; Multi-Scale Technologies Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA ; Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ; Multi-Scale Technologies Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Tolou
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shokuhfar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D036103:Nanotechnology; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018030:Silver Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010087:Oxides; D018030:Silver Compounds; C009495:titanium dioxide; C040225:disilver oxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: AgO nanoparticles; TiO2 nanotube arrays; anodization; antimicrobial; cytotoxicity