title: Downstaging cancer in rural Africa.
abstract: Cancer is usually diagnosed late in rural Africa leading to incurability and abbreviated survival. Many curable cancers present on the body surface, often recognizable early by laymen as suspicious, justifying professional referral. Cancer diagnoses in two randomly chosen Tanzanian villages were compared after conventional dispensary self-referral vs. proactive visits in the home. Village navigators organized trips for professional consultation. In the control village 21% were self-referred, 20% of them were sent on as suspicious, 78% had cancer (8% in men) 0.9% of the village population. In the intervention village 99% were screened, 14% were referred for professional opinion, 93% had cancer (32% in men) 1.6% (p < 0.01 compared with control village). In the second and third years similar activity yielded 0.5% cancer annually in the control village for a 3 year total of 1.86% whereas interventional villagers had 1.4% and 0.6% cancer for a 3 year total of 3.56% (p < 0.001). Downstaging was recognized in the second and third years of intervention from 23 to 51 to 74% Stages I and II (p < 0.001) but in the control village Stages I and II changed from 11% to 22% to 37% (p = NS). The greatest downstaging occurred in breast and cervix cancers.
authors.affiliation: Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Twalib
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ngoma
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandeli
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Africa; cancer; controlled trial; downstaging