title: Inflammatory cytokines content in Achilles tendinopathy after phonophoresis treatment combined with gold nanoparticles and diclophenac diethylammonium in rats.
abstract: Tendinitis is a painful condition that occurs in tendons in response to repetitive use or direct trauma. The therapeutic approaches commonly employed to modulate inflammation have not achieved complete success in chronic cases of tendinitis. In this scenario, considering the anti-inflammatory properties of pulsed therapeutic ultrasound and gold nanoparticles (GNPs), this study assesses the possible therapeutic effects of phonophoresis in association with diclophenac diethylammonium and GNPs by measuring the inflammatory parameters interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha in acute tendinous injury. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups and were treated with phonophoresis and diclophenac diethylammonium, GNP gel, and a combination thereof. A significant decrease in interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha occurred in tendons treated with phonophoresis+diclophenac+GNPs. The content of both cytokines were similar after combined treatment with phonophoresis+diclophenac+GNPs. Apart from the anti-inflammatory effect, GNPs transported and enhanced drug action when used with phonophoresis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese de Complexos Multifuncionais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105 Universitário, P.O. Box 3167, 88806-000, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dohnert
authors.forename: Gabriela K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Paulo Cesar Lock
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Elton Torres
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Zanoni
authors.forename: Luciana H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Dohnert
authors.forename: Cláudio Teodoro
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Marcos M S
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Paula
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000293:injuries*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006046:Gold / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000628:therapy; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015612:Phonophoresis; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; C000594089:IL1B protein, rat; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004008:Diclofenac; D006046:Gold