title: Hazardous and toxic waste management in Botswana: practices and challenges.
abstract: Hazardous and toxic waste is a complex waste category because of its inherent chemical and physical characteristics. It demands for environmentally sound technologies and know-how as well as clean technologies that simultaneously manage and dispose it in an environmentally friendly way. Nevertheless, Botswana lacks a system covering all the critical steps from importation to final disposal or processing of hazardous and toxic waste owing to limited follow-up of the sources and types of hazardous and toxic waste, lack of modern and specialised treatment/disposal facilities, technical know-how, technically skilled manpower, funds and capabilities of local institutions to take lead in waste management. Therefore, because of a lack of an integrated system, there are challenges such as lack of cooperation among all the stakeholders about the safe management of hazardous and toxic waste. Furthermore, Botswana does not have a systematic regulatory framework regarding monitoring and hazardous and toxic waste management. In addition to the absence of a systematic regulatory framework, inadequate public awareness and dissemination of information about hazardous and toxic waste management, slower progress to phase-out persistent and bio-accumulative waste, and lack of reliable and accurate information on hazardous and toxic waste generation, sources and composition have caused critical challenges to effective hazardous and toxic waste management. It is, therefore, important to examine the status of hazardous and toxic waste as a waste stream in Botswana. By default; this mini-review article presents an overview of the current status of hazardous and toxic waste management and introduces the main challenges in hazardous and toxic waste management. Moreover, the article proposes the best applicable strategies to achieve effective hazardous and toxic waste management in the future.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing City, China Postdoctoral Research Station, College of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing City, China dani.mmereki2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mmereki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing City, China.
authors.forename: Baizhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing City, China.
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D001902:Botswana; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000032:analysis; D018505:Waste Management / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006256:Hazardous Waste
keywords: Botswana; challenges; hazardous toxic waste management; mini-review; practices; specialised treatment