title: Siderophore production by streptomycetes-stability and alteration of ferrihydroxamates in heavy metal-contaminated soil.
abstract: Heavy metal-contaminated soil derived from a former uranium mining site in Ronneburg, Germany, was used for sterile mesocosms inoculated with the extremely metal-resistant Streptomyces mirabilis P16B-1 or the sensitive control strain Streptomyces lividans TK24. The production and fate of bacterial hydroxamate siderophores in soil was analyzed, and the presence of ferrioxamines E, B, D, and G was shown. While total ferrioxamine concentrations decreased in water-treated controls after 30 days of incubation, the sustained production by the bacteria was seen. For the individual molecules, alteration between neutral and cationic forms and linearization of hydroxamates was observed for the first time. Mesocosms inoculated with biomass of either strain showed changes of siderophore contents compared with the non-treated control indicating for auto-alteration and consumption, respectively, depending on the vital bacteria present. Heat stability and structural consistency of siderophores obtained from sterile culture filtrate were shown. In addition, low recovery (32 %) from soil was shown, indicating adsorption to soil particles or soil organic matter. Fate and behavior of hydroxamate siderophores in metal-contaminated soils may affect soil properties as well as conditions for its inhabiting (micro)organisms.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schütze
authors.affiliation: Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Engy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Annekatrin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voit
authors.affiliation: Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klose
authors.affiliation: Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greyer
authors.affiliation: Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svatoš
authors.affiliation: Hydrogeology, Institute for Geosciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Burgweg 11, 07749, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Merten
authors.affiliation: Bio Pilot Plant, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute HKI, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sara J M
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Holmström
authors.affiliation: Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07745, Jena, Germany. Erika.Kothe@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kothe
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005858:Germany; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D008906:Mining; D017262:Siderophores / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D017262:Siderophores; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Chelators; Ferrioxamines; Heavy metals; Siderophores; Soil; Streptomycetes