title: Regulation of blood coagulation factors XI and XII in patients with acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal models have implicated an integral role for coagulation factors XI (FXI) and XII (FXII) in thrombus formation and propagation of ischemic stroke (IS). However, it is unknown if these molecules contribute to IS pathophysiology in humans, and might be of use as biomarkers for IS risk and severity. This study aimed to identify predictors of altered FXI and FXII levels and to determine whether there are differences in the levels of these coagulation factors between acute cerebrovascular events and chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study, 116 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transitory ischemic attack (TIA), 117 patients with CCD, and 104 healthy volunteers (HVs) were enrolled between 2010 and 2013 at our University hospital. Blood sampling was undertaken once in the CCD and HV groups and on days 0, 1, and 3 after stroke onset in patients with AIS or TIA. Correlations between serum FXI and FXII levels and demographic and clinical parameters were tested by linear regression and analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of AIS/TIA patients was 70 ± 12. Baseline clinical severity measured with NIHSS and Barthel Index was 4.8 ± 6.0 and 74 ± 30, respectively. More than half of the patients had an AIS (58%). FXI levels were significantly correlated with different leukocyte subsets (p < 0.05). In contrast, FXII serum levels showed no significant correlation (p > 0.1). Neither FXI nor FXII levels correlated with CRP (p > 0.2). FXII levels were significantly higher in patients with CCD compared with those with AIS/TIA (mean ± SD 106 ± 26% vs. 97 ± 24%; univariate analysis: p < 0.05); these differences did not reach significance in multivariate analysis adjusted for sex and age. FXI levels did not differ significantly between study groups. Sex and age were significantly associated with FXI and/or FXII levels in patients with AIS/TIA (p < 0.05). In contrast, no statistical significant influence was found for treatment modality (thrombolysis or not), pre-treatment with platelet inhibitors, and severity of stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, there was no differential regulation of FXI and FXII levels between disease subtypes but biomarker levels were associated with patient and clinical characteristics. FXI and FXII levels might be no valid biomarker for predicting stroke risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drechsler
authors.forename: Ignaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunreben
authors.forename: Peter Ulrich
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Heuschmann
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleinschnitz
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005172:Factor XI / Q000378:metabolism*; D005174:Factor XII / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D005174:Factor XII; D005172:Factor XI