title: Risk behaviors and sports facilities do not explain socioeconomic differences in childhood obesity: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To assess whether the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic context of residence and childhood obesity is explained by family socioeconomic position, risk behaviors and availability of sports facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the income and educational level of residents in the neighborhoods of the city of Madrid, two indicators of socioeconomic context were calculated using the information about income and education and grouped into quartiles. In a sample of 727 children aged 6-15 years, the relationship of these indicators with overweight and obesity was studied using multilevel logit models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With respect to children and adolescents living in neighborhoods having higher per capita incomes or higher population percentages with university education those living in neighborhoods having lower per capita incomes or lower population percentages with university education had age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of overweight that were 1.84 (95% CI, 1.03-3.29) and 1.68 (0.95-2.94) times higher, respectively. After adjustment for family socioeconomic position, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity, these ORs fell to 1.80 (0.99-3.29) and 1.56 (0.87-2.79), respectively. In the case of obesity, the age- and sex-adjusted ORs in these quartiles of both indicators of socioeconomic context were 3.35 (1.06-10.60) and 3.29 (1.03-10.52), respectively, rising to 3.77 (1.12-12.70) and 3.42 (1.00-11.68) after adjustment for the remaining variables. The highest OR was observed in the third quartile, except in the case of the relationship between per capita income and obesity. No relationship between the number of sport facilities per 1,000 population and physical inactivity was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The socioeconomic context is associated with obesity but not with overweight children in Madrid. The relationship is not explained by family socioeconomic position, risk behaviors and availability of sports facilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain. ralbadal@ucm.es.
authors.forename: Romana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albaladejo
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Navalpotro
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Astasio
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Regidor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011633:Public Facilities; D011998:Recreation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013177:Sports