title: Differential immune-stimulatory effects of LTAs from different lactic acid bacteria via MAPK signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an immune-stimulatory component found in the cell wall of lactic acid bacteria, which are a major group of Gram-positive bacteria known to have beneficial health effects in humans. In this study, we evaluated the stimulatory effects of LTAs isolated from different lactobacilli species with mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with pLTA (isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum K8), rLTA (isolated from Lactobacillus rhamnosus), dLTA (isolated from Lactobacillus delbreukii), and sLTA (isolated from Lactobacillus sakei K101). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 production were examined by ELISA, and nitric oxide (NO) production was assayed using Griess reaction. The mRNA and protein expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Signaling molecules were also examined by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  pLTA and rLTA moderately induced TNF-α, IL-10, and NO production compared with stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells with dLTA and sLTA. Similar results were obtained for the mRNA and protein expression levels of iNOS. Western blot analysis showed that treatment of cells with pLTA or rLTA resulted in minimal phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK while, dLTA and sLTA were strong activators of MAPK signaling. In addition, the glycolipid structure of LTAs was found to be composed of different fatty acid chain groups and lengths. Taken together, these results suggest that the differential immuno-stimulatory effects of LTAs isolated from different lactobacillus species may be related to their different ability to activate the MAPK signaling pathway, which are modulated by a unique glycolipid structure of LTA.
authors.affiliation: Skin Biotechnology Center, Gyeonggi Biocenter, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 443-766, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Institute Pasteur Korea, Sampyeong-dong, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soojin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Bong Jun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Program for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Soon
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Interdisciplinary Program for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Gee
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Skin Biotechnology Center, Gyeonggi Biocenter, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 443-766, South Korea; School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea; RNA Inc., #308 College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea. Electronic address: dkchung@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dae Kyun
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: RNA Inc., #308 College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea. Electronic address: giam6009@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hangeun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000737:chemistry; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006017:Glycolipids; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C009900:lipoteichoic acid
keywords: Cytokine; Immune-stimulation; LAB; LTA; Lactic acid bacteria; Lipoteichoic acid; MAPK signal