title: Non-small cell lung cancer with EML4-ALK translocation in Chinese male never-smokers is characterized with early-onset.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The translocations of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene with the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) gene on chromosome 2p have been identified in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) as oncogenic driver mutations. It has been suggested that EML4-ALK fusion is associated with the resistance in NSCLCs to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib. In contrast, ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ALK TKI) crizotinib has shown superior effects in combating NSCLCs with EML4-ALK. Thus, characterization of EML4-ALK fusion genes and clinical features of resulting carcinomas would be a great benefit to disease diagnosis and designing customized treatment plans. Studies have suggested that EML4-ALK translocation occurs more frequently in never-smokers with NSCLC, especially in female patients. However, it is not clear whether this is the case in male patients, too. In this study, we have determined the frequency of EML4-ALK translocation in male never-smokers with NSCLC in a cohort of Chinese patients. The clinical features associated with EML4-ALK translocation were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 95 Chinese male never-smokers with NSCLC was enrolled in this study. EML4-ALK fusion genes were detected using one-step real time RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. We further determined the expression levels of ALK mRNA by RT-PCR and ALK protein by immunohistochemistry in these specimens. The clinical features of EML4-ALK-positive carcinomas were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have identified EML4-ALK fusion genes in 8 out of 95 carcinoma cases, accounting for 8.42% in Chinese male never-smokers with NSCLC. It is significantly higher than that in all Chinese male patients (3.44%) regardless smoking habit. It is also significantly higher than that in all Chinese smokers (8/356 or 2.25%) or in smokers worldwide (2.9%) by comparing to published data. Interestingly, EML4-ALK fusion genes are more frequently found in younger patients and associated with less-differentiated carcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of EML4-ALK translocation is strongly associated with smoking habits in Chinese male patients with higher frequency in male never-smokers. EML4-ALK translocation is associated with early-onset and less-differentiated carcinomas.
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lyu
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Jiuzhou
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Hematology Laboratory of Hematology Malignancy Treatment Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No, 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang, Liaoning 100022, China. zhangjihong2014@126.com.
authors.forename: Jihong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000077548:Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D012907:Smoking; D014178:Translocation, Genetic
chemical_list: C522504:EML4-ALK fusion protein, human; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C000626173:ALK protein, human; D000077548:Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases