title: Non-invasive transdermal two-dimensional mapping of cutaneous oxygenation with a rapid-drying liquid bandage.
abstract: Oxygen plays an important role in wound healing, as it is essential to biological functions such as cell proliferation, immune responses and collagen synthesis. Poor oxygenation is directly associated with the development of chronic ischemic wounds, which affect more than 6 million people each year in the United States alone at an estimated cost of $25 billion. Knowledge of oxygenation status is also important in the management of burns and skin grafts, as well as in a wide range of skin conditions. Despite the importance of the clinical determination of tissue oxygenation, there is a lack of rapid, user-friendly and quantitative diagnostic tools that allow for non-disruptive, continuous monitoring of oxygen content across large areas of skin and wounds to guide care and therapeutic decisions. In this work, we describe a sensitive, colorimetric, oxygen-sensing paint-on bandage for two-dimensional mapping of tissue oxygenation in skin, burns, and skin grafts. By embedding both an oxygen-sensing porphyrin-dendrimer phosphor and a reference dye in a liquid bandage matrix, we have created a liquid bandage that can be painted onto the skin surface and dries into a thin film that adheres tightly to the skin or wound topology. When captured by a camera-based imaging device, the oxygen-dependent phosphorescence emission of the bandage can be used to quantify and map both the pO2 and oxygen consumption of the underlying tissue. In this proof-of-principle study, we first demonstrate our system on a rat ischemic limb model to show its capabilities in sensing tissue ischemia. It is then tested on both ex vivo and in vivo porcine burn models to monitor the progression of burn injuries. Lastly, the bandage is applied to an in vivo porcine graft model for monitoring the integration of full- and partial-thickness skin grafts.
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Zongxi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roussakis
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street Suite 5A, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Pieter G L
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Koolen
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street Suite 5A, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed M S
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street Suite 5A, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Kuylhee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Suite B, JBSA -Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234-7767, USA.
authors.forename: Lloyd F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Suite B, JBSA -Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234-7767, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA ; Harvard University Program in Biophysics, Building C2 Room 112, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue E25-519, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA ; Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yunjung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: University of Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Lübeck, Peter Monnik Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Reginald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Birngruber
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Apiou-Sbirlea
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Robina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, Suite B, JBSA -Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234-7767, USA.
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street Suite 5A, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA ; Harvard University Program in Biophysics, Building C2 Room 112, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Conor L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Evans
keywords: (160.2540) Fluorescent and luminescent materials; (170.2655) Functional monitoring and imaging; (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging; (170.6510) Spectroscopy, tissue diagnostics