title: Evaluation of the implementation of the Montreal At Home/Chez Soi project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homelessness and mental disorders constitute a major problem in Canada. The purpose of the At Home/Chez Soi pilot project was to house and provide supports to marginalised groups. Policymakers are in a better position to nurture new, complex interventions if they know which key factors hinder or enable their implementation. This paper evaluates the implementation process for the Montreal site of this project.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data from 62 individuals, through individual interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, observations and documentation. The implementation process was analysed using a conceptual framework with five constructs: Intervention Characteristics (IC), Context of Implementation (CI), Implementation Process (IP), Organizational Characteristics (OC) and Strategies of Implementation (SI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most serious obstacle to the project came from the CI construct, i.e., lack of support from provincial authorities and key local resources in the homelessness field. The second was within the OC construct. The chief hindrances were numerous structures, divergent values among stakeholders, frequent turnover of personnel and team leaders; lacking staff supervision and miscommunication. The third is related to IC: the complex, unyielding nature of the project undermined its chances of success. The greatest challenges from IP were the pressure to perform, along with stress caused by planning, deadlines and tension between teams. Conversely, SI construct conditions (e.g., effective governing structures, comprehensive training initiatives and toolkits) were generally very positive even with problems in power sharing and local leadership. For the four other constructs, the following proved useful: evidence of the project's scope and quality, great needs of services consolidation, generous financing and status as a research pilot project, enthusiasm and commitment toward the project, substantially improved services, and overall user satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the difficulty of implementing a complex project in the healthcare system. While the project faced many barriers, minimal conditions were also achieved. At the end of the study period, major tensions between organizations and teams were significantly reduced, supporting its full implementation. However, in late 2013, the project was unsustainable, calling into question the relevance of achieving a significant number of positive conditions in each area of the framework.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre Research Centre, Montreal Addiction Rehabilitation Centre - University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd,, Montreal H4H 1R3, Quebec, Canada. flemar@douglas.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Marie-Josée
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fleury
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grenier
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vallée
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011792:Quebec; D014505:Urban Population; D035862:Vulnerable Populations