title: U.S. Military use of tourniquets from 2001 to 2010.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to associate tourniquet use and survival in casualty care over a decade of war in order to provide evidence to emergency medical personnel for the implementation and efficacy of tourniquet use in a large trauma system.
  
  
  METHODS
  This survey is a retrospective review of data extracted from a trauma registry. The decade (2001-2010) outcome trend analysis of tourniquet use in the current wars was made in order to associate tourniquet use and survival in an observational cohort design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4,297 casualties with extremity trauma in the total study, 30% (1,272/4,297) had tourniquet use and 70% (3,025/4,297) did not. For all 4,297 casualties, the proportion of casualties with severe or critical extremity Abbreviated Injury Scales (AIS) increased during the years surveyed (p < 0.0001); the mean annual Injury Severity Score (ISS) rose from 13 to 21. Tourniquet use increased during the decade by almost tenfold from 4 to nearly 40% (p < 0.0001). Survival for casualties with isolated extremity injury varied by injury severity; the survival rate for AIS 3 (serious) was 98%, the rate for AIS 4 (severe) was 76%, and the rate for AIS 5 (critical) was 0%. Survival rates increased for casualties with injuries amenable to tourniquets but decreased for extremity injuries too proximal for tourniquets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Average injury severity increased during the decade of war for casualties with extremity injury. Both tourniquet use rates and casualty survival rates rose when injuries were amenable to tourniquets.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kragh
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dubick
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Aden
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McKeague
authors.forename: Todd E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: Lorne H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Blackbourne
mesh_terms: D005121:Extremities / Q000293:injuries*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008887:Military Medicine; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: emergency medical services; first aid; medical device; resuscitation; shock