title: Neuroeconomics of psychopathy: risk taking in probability discounting of gain and loss predicts psychopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the relationships between psychopathy and impulsive and risky decision making, by utilizing intertemporal and probabilistic choices for both gain and loss, in addition to the Iowa gambling task.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised - a 154-item measure that assesses psychopathic traits by self-report - was used with a 4-point response scale to assess 113 undergraduate students from three Japanese universities. Participants' performance on the Iowa Gambling Task and four behavioral neuroeconomic tasks of discounting - delayed gain, delayed loss, uncertain gain, and uncertain loss - were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risky decisions in probability discounting of gain and loss were associated with psychopathy. Psychopathic traits had no relationship with performance on the Iowa Gambling and were not significantly related to delay discounting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychopathy is predicted by risky decision in probability discounting of gain and loss, but not strongly associated with future myopia. Implications of the present findings for neuroeconomics and neurolaw are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Taiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takagishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishinaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Frontier Science and Science Integration, Division of Project Coordination, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Criminal Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukui
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D012309:Risk-Taking; D055815:Young Adult