title: Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE 4): A new therapeutic option in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis.
abstract: Psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis are inflammatory diseases in which inflammation and sustained inducing lesions result from immune disorders associated with overactivity of T cells that produce multiple proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL): IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, IL-22 or IL-23. Modern treatment of these diseases is focused on reducing the inflammatory process responsible for the development of the disease. In recent years, the treatment of psoriasis is developing at a dynamic rate. Such therapeutic advances are contributed to the possibility of patient therapy through the use of some registered biologic agents, such as TNF-α inhibitors (infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab), and an inhibitor of the p40 subunit common to IL-12 and IL-23 (ustekinumab). In addition to the already registered medications for the indications mentioned above, there is a large group of preparations that are currently undergoing clinical trials in Europe, Canada and the United States, which provides hopes of therapy efficacy and safety.
authors.affiliation: Department and Clinic of Dermatology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland .
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazur
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karczewski
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lodyga
authors.forename: Ryszard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Żaba
authors.forename: Zygmunt
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Adamski
mesh_terms: D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
keywords: Apremilast psoriasis vulgaris; inhibitors of phosphodiesterase; psoriasis arthritis