title: Retinal toxicity associated with chronic exposure to hydroxychloroquine and its ocular screening. Review.
abstract: Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ, Plaquenil) is an analogue of chloroquine (CQ), an antimalarial agent, used for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders. Its use has been associated with severe retinal toxicity, requiring a discontinuation of therapy. Because it presents potential secondary effects including irreversible maculopathy, knowledge of incidence, risk factors, drug toxicity and protocol screening of the patients it represents important data for the ophthalmologists. Thus, it is imperative that rheumatologists, medical internists and ophthalmologists are aware of the toxicity from hydroxychloroquine they should also be careful to minimize its occurrence and effects.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geamănu Pancă
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Popa-Cherecheanu
authors.affiliation: "Victor Babeș"' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marinescu
authors.affiliation: "Foisor" Traumatology and Orthopedics Clinical Hospital, Bucharest.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Geamănu
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Voinea
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006886:Hydroxychloroquine
keywords: bull’s eye maculopathy; hydroxychloroquine sulfate; screening tool