title: Multiphoton gradient index endoscopy for evaluation of diseased human prostatic tissue ex vivo.
abstract: Multiphoton microscopy can instantly visualize cellular details in unstained tissues. Multiphoton probes with clinical potential have been developed. This study evaluates the suitability of multiphoton gradient index (GRIN) endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for prostatic tissue. A portable and compact multiphoton endoscope based on a 1-mm diameter, 8-cm length GRIN lens system probe was used. Fresh ex vivo samples were obtained from 14 radical prostatectomy patients and benign and malignant areas were imaged and correlated with subsequent H&E sections. Multiphoton GRIN endoscopy images of unfixed and unprocessed prostate tissue at a subcellular resolution are presented. We note several differences and identifying features of benign versus low-grade versus high-grade tumors and are able to identify periprostatic tissues such as adipocytes, periprostatic nerves, and blood vessels. Multiphoton GRIN endoscopy can be used to identify both benign and malignant lesions in ex vivo human prostate tissue and may be a valuable diagnostic tool for real-time visualization of suspicious areas of the prostate.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Huland
authors.affiliation: New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Urology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States.
authors.forename: Manu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
authors.forename: Dimitre G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ouzounov
authors.affiliation: New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Surgical Pathology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
authors.forename: Diana S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Harya
authors.affiliation: New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Surgical Pathology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States.
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shevchuk
authors.affiliation: New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Urology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States.
authors.forename: Paras
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Urology of Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, United States.
authors.forename: Ashutosh K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tewari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology*