title: Developing stepped care treatment for depression (STEPS): study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stepped care is recommended and implemented as a means to organise depression treatment. Compared with alternative systems, it is assumed to achieve equivalent clinical effects and greater efficiency. However, no trials have examined these assumptions. A fully powered trial of stepped care compared with intensive psychological therapy is required but a number of methodological and procedural uncertainties associated with the conduct of a large trial need to be addressed first.
  
  
  METHODS
  STEPS (Developing stepped care treatment for depression) is a mixed methods study to address uncertainties associated with a large-scale evaluation of stepped care compared with high-intensity psychological therapy alone for the treatment of depression. We will conduct a pilot randomised controlled trial with an embedded process study. Quantitative trial data on recruitment, retention and the pathway of patients through treatment will be used to assess feasibility. Outcome data on the effects of stepped care compared with high-intensity therapy alone will inform a sample size calculation for a definitive trial. Qualitative interviews will be undertaken to explore what people think of our trial methods and procedures and the stepped care intervention. A minimum of 60 patients with Major Depressive Disorder will be recruited from an Improving Access to Psychological Therapies service and randomly allocated to receive stepped care or intensive psychological therapy alone. All treatments will be delivered at clinic facilities within the University of Exeter. Quantitative patient-related data on depressive symptoms, worry and anxiety and quality of life will be collected at baseline and 6 months. The pilot trial and interviews will be undertaken concurrently. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analysed separately and then integrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcomes of this study will inform the design of a fully powered randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of stepped care. Qualitative data on stepped care will be of immediate interest to patients, clinicians, service managers, policy makers and guideline developers. A more informed understanding of the feasibility of a large trial will be obtained than would be possible from a purely quantitative (or qualitative) design.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN66346646 registered on 2 July 2014.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Centre, School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Queen's Drive, Exeter, UK. j.j.hill@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jacqueline J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kuyken
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004739:England; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011788:Quality of Life; D012107:Research Design; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome