title: Premorbid risk factors for major depressive disorder: are they associated with early onset and recurrent course?
abstract: Premorbid risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and predictors of an earlier onset and recurrent course were examined in two studies in a large, community-based sample of parents and offspring, prospectively assessed from late childhood into adulthood. In Study 1 (N = 2,764 offspring and their parents), parental psychiatric status, offspring personality at age 11, and age 11 offspring internalizing and externalizing symptoms predicted the subsequent development of MDD, as did poor quality parent-child relationships, poor academic functioning, early pubertal development, and childhood maltreatment by age 11. Parental MDD and adult antisocial behavior, offspring negative emotionality and disconstraint, externalizing symptoms, and childhood maltreatment predicted an earlier onset of MDD, after accounting for course; lower positive emotionality, trait anxiety, and childhood maltreatment predicted recurrent MDD, after accounting for age of onset. In Study 2 (N = 7,146), we examined molecular genetic risk for MDD by extending recent reports of associations with glutamatergic system genes. We failed to confirm associations with MDD using either individual single nucleotide polymorphism based tests or gene-based analyses. Overall, results speak to the pervasiveness of risk for MDD, as well as specific risk for early onset MDD; risk for recurrent MDD appears to be largely a function of its often earlier onset.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: Sylia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vaidyanathan
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGue
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Iacono
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult