title: Distinct, genome-wide, gene-specific selectivity patterns of four glucocorticoid receptor coregulators.
abstract: Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that bind to and activate the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which then positively or negatively regulates transcription of many genes that govern multiple important physiological pathways such as inflammation and metabolism of glucose, fat and bone. The remodeling of chromatin and regulated assembly or disassembly of active transcription complexes by GR and other DNA-binding transcription factors is mediated and modulated by several hundred transcriptional coregulator proteins. Previous studies focusing on single coregulators demonstrated that each coregulator is required for regulation of only a subset of all the genes regulated by a steroid hormone. We hypothesized that the gene-specific patterns of coregulators may correspond to specific physiological pathways such that different coregulators modulate the pathway-specificity of hormone action, thereby providing a mechanism for fine tuning of the hormone response. We tested this by direct comparison of multiple coregulators, using siRNA to deplete the products of four steroid hormone receptor coregulator genes (CCAR1, CCAR2, CALCOCO1 and ZNF282). Global analysis of glucocorticoid-regulated gene expression after siRNA mediated depletion of coregulators confirmed that each coregulator acted in a selective and gene-specific manner and demonstrated both positive and negative effects on glucocorticoid-regulated expression of different genes. We identified several classes of hormone-regulated genes based on the effects of coregulator depletion. Each coregulator supported hormonal regulation of some genes and opposed hormonal regulation of other genes (coregulator-modulated genes), blocked hormonal regulation of a second class of genes (coregulator-blocked genes), and had no effect on hormonal regulation of a third gene class (coregulator-independent genes). In spite of previously demonstrated physical and functional interactions among these four coregulators, the majority of the several hundred modulated and blocked genes for each of the four coregulators tested were unique to that coregulator. Finally, pathway analysis on coregulator-modulated genes supported the hypothesis that individual coregulators may regulate only a subset of the many physiological pathways controlled by glucocorticoids. We conclude that gene-specific actions of coregulators correspond to specific physiological pathways, suggesting that coregulators provide a potential mechanism for physiological fine tuning in vivo and may thus represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
authors.forename: Dai-Ying
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
authors.forename: Chen-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
authors.forename: Rajas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chodankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
authors.forename: Kimberly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Siegmund
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stallcup
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D023281:Genomics; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C495392:CALCOCO1 protein, human; C477529:CCAR1 protein, human; C527450:CCAR2 protein, human; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: coregulators; gene expression; gene regulation; glucocorticoid receptor; microarray