title: Serological evidence of henipavirus exposure in cattle, goats and pigs in Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging disease that causes severe encephalitis and respiratory illness in humans. Pigs were identified as an intermediate host for NiV transmission in Malaysia. In Bangladesh, NiV has caused recognized human outbreaks since 2001 and three outbreak investigations identified an epidemiological association between close contact with sick or dead animals and human illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined cattle and goats reared around Pteropus bat roosts in human NiV outbreak areas. We also tested pig sera collected under another study focused on Japanese encephalitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected antibodies against NiV glycoprotein in 26 (6.5%) cattle, 17 (4.3%) goats and 138 (44.2%) pigs by a Luminex-based multiplexed microsphere assay; however, these antibodies did not neutralize NiV. Cattle and goats with NiVsG antibodies were more likely to have a history of feeding on fruits partially eaten by bats or birds (PR=3.1, 95% CI 1.6-5.7) and drinking palmyra palm juice (PR=3.9, 95% CI 1.5-10.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This difference in test results may be due to the exposure of animals to one or more novel viruses with antigenic similarity to NiV. Further research may identify a novel organism of public health importance.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sukanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Salah Uddin
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crameri
authors.affiliation: EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Broder
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ausraful
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Peel
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.affiliation: EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Daszak
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lin-Fa
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Luby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006041:Goats; D045464:Henipavirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D045405:Nipah Virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral