title: Real-time imaging of retinal cell apoptosis by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.
abstract: Retinal cell apoptosis occurs in many eye conditions, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Real-time detection of retinal cell apoptosis has potential clinical value in early disease detection, as well as evaluating disease progression and treatment efficacy. Here, we describe our novel imaging technology DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells), which can be used to visualize single retinal neurons undergoing apoptosis in real time, by using fluorescently labeled Annexin A5 and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO ). Clinical trials of DARC in glaucoma patients are due to start shortly, but in this chapter, we describe this technique in experimental animal models.
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma & Retinal Degeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
authors.forename: Eduardo M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Normando
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Dehabadi
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Gaia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pollorsi
authors.forename: M Francesca
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure