title: Association of aldosterone and arginine vasopressin concentrations and clinical markers of hypoperfusion in neonatal foals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critically ill foals often present to veterinary hospitals with impaired organ perfusion which can be demonstrated by increased blood L-lactate concentrations. As a compensatory mechanism to low blood pressure and electrolyte abnormalities, aldosterone and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are released to restore organ perfusion and function. Several studies have investigated the ability of blood L-lactate concentrations to predict severity of disease and outcome in critically ill human patients, adult horses and foals. However, information on the aldosterone and AVP response to hypoperfusion and its association with L-lactate concentrations in neonatal foals is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between clinical hypoperfusion and endocrine markers of reduced tissue perfusion in normo- and hypoperfused foals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected on admission from 72 clinically hypoperfused, 110 normoperfused (73 hospitalised and 37 healthy) foals of ≤4 days of age. Foals were considered clinically hypoperfused if they had L-lactate concentrations ≥2.5 mmol/l and one of the 3 following findings: heart rate >120 beats/min, packed cell volume (PCV) >0.44 l/l or azotaemia (increased creatinine and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]). Blood concentrations of aldosterone and AVP were determined by radioimmunoassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aldosterone, AVP, creatinine and BUN concentrations and heart rate, PCV and blood osmolality were higher in clinically hypoperfused compared with normoperfused foals (P<0.05). Risk of hypoperfusion increased with the presence of hypothermic extremities (OR = 5.26) and with each one unit increase in albumin concentrations (OR = 3.5) (P<0.05). The proposed admission L-lactate cut-off value above which nonsurvival could be reliably predicted in hospitalised foals was 10.6 mmol/l with 82% of sensitivity and 74% of specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperaldosteronaemia and hypervasopressinaemia as well as hypothermic extremities and increased albumin concentrations are potent predictors of hypoperfusion in hospitalised foals.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dembek
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hurcombe
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.affiliation: Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: MacGillivray
authors.affiliation: Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kinee
authors.affiliation: Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elam
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Toribio
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers; D016638:Critical Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006736:Horses; D007022:Hypotension / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D000450:Aldosterone
keywords: equine neonates; horse; hypotension; sepsis