title: Prospective evaluation of the acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation score and an extended clinicopathological profile in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prognostic value of the acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLE) score and relevant clinicopathological markers in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterinary teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three dogs with SIRS admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were compared to 35 healthy control dogs. Dogs with SIRS were divided into septic (n = 20) and nonseptic (n = 13) etiologies and as survivors (alive to discharge, n = 22) and nonsurvivors (n = 11: died, n = 6, or humanely euthanized, n = 5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all dogs, physiological and laboratory parameters were prospectively collected for the calculation of the APPLE fast score. No difference between septic and nonseptic SIRS dogs was detected for any parameter evaluated. Survivors had significantly higher total protein, albumin concentrations, antithrombin activity (ATA), and base excess (BE), as well as significantly lower lactate, urea, creatinine concentrations, urinary protein to creatinine ratio and APPLE fast score compared to nonsurvivors. Higher values of creatinine, lactate, anion gap, alanine transaminase (ALT), and APPLE fast score were significantly associated with an increased risk of death in SIRS dogs, while higher values of total protein, albumin, ATA, and BE were associated with a significantly reduced risk of mortality. When a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed, the APPLE fast score was the only significant parameter retained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The determination of the APPLE fast score in clinical setting, as well as the measurement of APP, ATA, lactate, BE, anion gap, ALT, urinary proteins, and electrolytes may be beneficial for a better assessment of dogs with SIRS. Identified parameters were significantly related with the presence of SIRS and their evaluation should be considered for the assessment of disease severity, and guidance of the decision-making process in critically ill dogs.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giunti
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troia
authors.forename: Paolo Famigli
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Bergamini
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dondi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006762:Hospitals, Animal; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007558:Italy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: biomarkers; canine; illness severity; sepsis; urine