title: Mineral composition and heavy metal contamination of sediments originating from radium rich formation water.
abstract: Radium rich formation water is often associated with fossil fuels as crude oil, natural gas and hard coal. As a result of fossil fuels exploitation high amount of such water is released into environment. In spite of the high radium content such waters create a serious radiation risk neither to humans nor biota directly. First and foremost due to very high mineralization they are not drinkable at all. But after discharge chemical and physical conditions are substantially changed and sediments which additionally concentrated radium are arising. Due to features of technological processes such phenomenon is very intensive in underground coal mining where huge volume of such water must be pumped into surface in order to keep underground galleries dry. Slightly different situation occurs in oil rigs, but finally also huge volume of so called process water is pumped into environment. Regardless their origin arising sediments often contain activity concentration of radium isotopes exceeding the clearance levels set for naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) (Council Directive, 2013). The analysis of metals and minerals content showed that besides radioactivity such sediments contain high amount of metals geochemically similar to radium as barium, strontium and lead. Correlation analysis proved that main mechanism leading to sediment creation is co-precipitation radium with these metals as a sulfate. The absorption on clay minerals is negligible even when barium is not present in significant quantities. Owing to very low solubility of sulfates radium accumulated in this way should not migrate into environment in the neighborhood of a site where such sediment were deposited.
authors.affiliation: Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarkow 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland. Electronic address: zbzowski@gig.eu.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bzowski
authors.affiliation: Central Mining Institute, Pl. Gwarkow 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland. Electronic address: bmichalik@gig.eu.
authors.forename: Bogusław
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michalik
mesh_terms: D003032:Coal Mining; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D008903:Minerals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D011883:Radium
keywords: Formation water; Heavy metals; Radioactivity; Sediments