title: Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and proinflammatory cytokines in pigs with septic versus non-septic acute kidney injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to establish a composite pig model with sepsis and ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) and to investigate the differences in serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and proinflammatory cytokines in septic and non-septic AKI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen healthy hybridized pigs (weighed 26.97 ± 2.26 kg) were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 12) served as the septic AKI model which received cecal ligation and puncture, resulting in abdominal infection plus clamping of renal artery (CRA). Group B (n = 5) received CRA only. Vital signs and the functions of the main organs were observed. Serum NGAL, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured at 0, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after surgical admissions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Septic AKI model was successfully induced, which manifested as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, including AKI, liver dysfunction, progressive decline of cardiac function and abnormal pulmonary function. Apparent pathological changes were found in kidney, liver, lung and small intestine of group A. The proinflammatory cytokines in Group A were significantly higher than those in Group B at different time points (P < 0.05). In Group A, serum concentrations of TNF-α reached the peak at 8 h, while IL-6 levels dramatically increased at 24 h. There was a significant difference in serum NGAL between Group A and B at 8 h (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Septic AKI animals have higher serum NGAL compared with non-septic AKI animals. Monitoring the activities of TNF-α, NGAL and IL-6 would make great contributions in discovering sepsis and evaluating the severity of sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine), Nanjing, 210008, China.
authors.forename: Hengjin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Huijuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Zhixiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Qingyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chunming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001831:Body Temperature; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006339:Heart Rate; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D054834:Lipocalins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003404:Creatinine; D000410:Alanine Transaminase