title: Experimental sleep restriction causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic evidence suggests a link between short sleep duration and cardiovascular risk, although the nature of any relationship and mechanisms remain unclear. Short sleep duration has also been linked to an increase in cardiovascular events. Endothelial dysfunction has itself been implicated as a mediator of heightened cardiovascular risk. We sought to determine the effect of 8 days/8 nights of partial sleep restriction on endothelial function in healthy humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen healthy volunteers underwent a randomized study of usual sleep versus sleep restriction of two-thirds normal sleep time for 8 days/8 nights in a hospital-based clinical research unit. The main outcome was endothelial function measured by flow-mediated brachial artery vasodilatation (FMD). Those randomized to sleep restriction slept 5.1 hours/night during the experimental period compared with 6.9 hours/night in the control group. Sleep restriction was associated with significant impairment in FMD (8.6±4.6% during the initial pre-randomization acclimation phase versus 5.2±3.4% during the randomized experimental phase, P=0.01) whereas no change was seen in the control group (5.0±3.0 during the acclimation phase versus 6.73±2.9% during the experimental phase, P=0.10) for a between-groups difference of -4.40% (95% CI -7.00 to -1.81%, P=0.003). No change was seen in non-flow mediated vasodilatation (NFMD) in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy individuals, moderate sleep restriction causes endothelial dysfunction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01334788.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.D.C., N.C., J.B., D.E.D., P.S., S.W., V.K.S.).
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Calvin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.D.C., N.C., J.B., D.E.D., P.S., S.W., V.K.S.).
authors.forename: Naima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Covassin
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (W.K.K.).
authors.forename: Walter K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.affiliation: Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.A.).
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.affiliation: University Brazilia, Brazil (P.M.).
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (F.N.A.).
authors.forename: Felipe N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.D.C., N.C., J.B., D.E.D., P.S., S.W., V.K.S.).
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bukartyk
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.D.C., N.C., J.B., D.E.D., P.S., S.W., V.K.S.).
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.A.L.).
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.D.C., N.C., J.B., D.E.D., P.S., S.W., V.K.S.).
authors.forename: Prachi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.D.C., N.C., J.B., D.E.D., P.S., S.W., V.K.S.).
authors.forename: Shihan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.D.C., N.C., J.B., D.E.D., P.S., S.W., V.K.S.).
authors.forename: Virend K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Somers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D017286:Polysomnography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014664:Vasodilation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cardiovascular risk; endothelial dysfunction; sleep deprivation