title: Synovial joints: from development to homeostasis.
abstract: Synovial joint morphogenesis occurs through the condensation of mesenchymal cells into a non-cartilaginous region known as the interzone and the specification of progenitor cells that commit to the articular fate. Although several signaling molecules are expressed by the interzone, the mechanism is poorly understood. For treatments of cartilage injuries, it is critical to discover the presence of joint progenitor cells in adult tissues and their expression gene pattern. Potential stem cell niches have been found in different joint regions, such as the surface zone of articular cartilage, synovium, and groove of Ranvier. Inherited joint malformations as well as joint-degenerating conditions are often associated with other skeletal defects and may be seen as the failure of morphogenic factors to establish the correct microenvironment in cartilage and bone. Therefore, exploring how joints form can help us understand how cartilage and bone are damaged and develop drugs to reactivate this developing mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 109 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7039, USA, lara_longobardi@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Longobardi
authors.forename: Tieshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tagliafierro
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: Helen H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Willcockson
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Fuhua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spagnoli
mesh_terms: D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D038081:Organogenesis / Q000502:physiology*