title: Novel biomarkers indicating repair or progression after acute kidney injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although recovery of kidney function following acute kidney injury (AKI) is not uncommon, it is often incomplete and associated with the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In order to improve AKI management, there is a critical need to develop a series of tests and biomarkers to detect renal function recovery and identify patients with progressive kidney disease. This article examines the current body of literature in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recently established consensus definition for AKI has resulted in significant advances in pathophysiologic understanding, patient identification, and disease prognostication. Unfortunately, the definition for renal recovery following AKI remains inconsistent. Proteinuria and microalbuminuria - classical markers of CKD progression - have been used and validated for the progression of AKI to CKD. Data on the performance of other biomarkers of kidney repair and the progression toward CKD are very limited. Specifically, the role of novel biomarkers including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, and nephronectin (NPNT) in the recovery process has been studied, but it has not reached the point of widespread clinical implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a critical need for translational and clinical investigations to verify the performance of potential kidney injury repair and progression biomarker candidates in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension bDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota cThe Center for Critical Care Nephrology, CRISMA, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Kianoush
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kashani
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kellum
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D007683:Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute / Q000378:metabolism; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000737:chemistry; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D020127:Recovery of Function
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus; C432915:nephronectin