title: HIV in children in a general population sample in East Zimbabwe: prevalence, causes and effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are an estimated half-million children living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. The predominant source of infection is presumed to be perinatal mother-to-child transmission, but general population data about paediatric HIV are sparse. We characterise the epidemiology of HIV in children in sub-Saharan Africa by describing the prevalence, possible source of infection, and effects of paediatric HIV in a southern African population.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2009 to 2011, we conducted a household-based survey of 3389 children (aged 2-14 years) in Manicaland, eastern Zimbabwe (response rate: 73.5%). Data about socio-demographic correlates of HIV, risk factors for infection, and effects on child health were analysed using multi-variable logistic regression. To assess the plausibility of mother-to-child transmission, child HIV infection was linked to maternal survival and HIV status using data from a 12-year adult HIV cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV prevalence was (2.2%, 95% CI: 1.6-2.8%) and did not differ significantly by sex, socio-economic status, location, religion, or child age. Infected children were more likely to be underweight (19.6% versus 10.0%, p = 0.03) or stunted (39.1% versus 30.6%, p = 0.04) but did not report poorer physical or psychological ill-health. Where maternal data were available, reported mothers of 61/62 HIV-positive children were deceased or HIV-positive. Risk factors for other sources of infection were not associated with child HIV infection, including blood transfusion, vaccinations, caring for a sick relative, and sexual abuse. The observed flat age-pattern of HIV prevalence was consistent with UNAIDS estimates which assumes perinatal mother-to-child transmission, although modelled prevalence was higher than observed prevalence. Only 19/73 HIV-positive children (26.0%) were diagnosed, but, of these, 17 were on antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood HIV infection likely arises predominantly from mother-to-child transmission and is associated with poorer physical development. Overall antiretroviral therapy uptake was low, with the primary barrier to treatment appearing to be lack of diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Erica L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Pufall
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nyamukapa
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Reggie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mutsindiri
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Godwin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chawira
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Shungu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munyati
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gregson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents