title: The role of intracellular redox imbalance in nanomaterial induced cellular damage and genotoxicity: a review.
abstract: The terms oxidative stress, free radical generation, and intracellular antioxidant protection have become part of everyday nanotoxicology terminology. In recent years, an ever increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies have implicated disruptions to the redox balance and oxidative stress as one of the main contributors to nanomaterial (NM) induced adverse effects. One of the most important and widely investigated of these effects is genotoxicity. In general, systems that defend an organism against oxidative damage to DNA are very complex and include prevention of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, neutralizing ROS (scavengers), enzymatic nucleotide pool sanitation, and DNA repair. This review discusses the importance of the maintenance of the redox balance in this context before examining studies that have investigated engineered NM induced redox imbalance and genotoxicity. Furthermore, we identify data gaps, and highlight a number of issues that exist with the methodologies that are routinely utilized to investigate intracellular ROS production or anti-oxidant depletion. We conclude that for a large number of engineered NM types changes in the redox balance toward oxidative stress are normally associated with DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1014, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kermanizadeh
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chauché
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loft
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Møller
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: genotoxicity; nanomaterials; oxidative stress; redox balance