title: Heavy metal contamination of vegetables irrigated by urban stormwater: a matter of time?
abstract: Urban stormwater is a crucial resource at a time when climate change and population growth threaten freshwater supplies; but there are health risks from contaminants, such as toxic metals. It is vitally important to understand how to use this resource safely and responsibly. Our study investigated the extent of metal contamination in vegetable crops irrigated with stormwater under short- and long-term conditions. We created artificially aged gardens by adding metal-contaminated sediment to soil, simulating accumulation of metals in the soil from irrigation with raw stormwater over zero, five and ten years. Our crops--French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), and beetroot (Beta vulgaris)--were irrigated twice a week for 11 weeks, with either synthetic stormwater or potable water. They were then tested for concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn. An accumulation of Pb was the most marked sign of contamination, with six of nine French bean and seven of nine beetroot leaf samples breaching Australia's existing guidelines. Metal concentration in a crop tended to increase with the effective age of the garden; but importantly, its rate of increase did not match the rate of increase in the soil. Our study also highlighted differences in sensitivity between different crop types. French bean demonstrated the highest levels of uptake, while kale displayed restrictive behaviour. Our study makes it clear: irrigation with stormwater is indeed feasible, as long as appropriate crops are selected and media are frequently turned over. We have also shown that an understanding of such risks yields meaningful information on appropriate safeguards. A holistic approach is needed--to account for all routes to toxic metal exposure, including especially Pb. A major outcome of our study is critical information for minimising health risks from stormwater irrigation of crops.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Lab (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tom
authors.affiliation: Waterway Ecosystem Research Group, School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Lab (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D001315:Australia; D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011891:Rain; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants