title: Emerging role of traditional birth attendants in mountainous terrain: a qualitative exploratory study from Chitral District, Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research endeavours to identify the role of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in supporting the maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) care, partnership mechanism with a formal health system and also explored livelihood options for TBAs in the health system of Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in district Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, covering the areas where the Chitral Child Survival programme was implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative exploratory study was conducted, comprising seven key informant interviews with health managers, and four focus group discussions with community midwives (CMWs), TBAs, members of Community Based Saving Groups (CBSGs) and members of village health committees (VHCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study identified that in the new scenario, after the introduction of CMWs in the health system, TBAs still have a pivotal role in health promotion activities such as breastfeeding promotion and vaccination. TBAs can assist CMWs in normal deliveries, and refer high-risk cases to the formal health system. Generally, TBAs are positive about CMWs' introduction and welcome this addition. Yet their livelihood has suffered after CMWs' deployment. Monetary incentives to them in recognition of referrals to CMWs could be one solution. The VHC is an active forum for strengthening co-ordination between the two service providers and to ensure an alternate and permanent livelihood support system for the TBAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TBAs have assured their continued support in provision of continuum of care for pregnant women, lactating mothers and children under the age of 5 years. The district health authorities must figure out ways to foster a healthy interface vis-à-vis roles and responsibilities of TBAs and CMWs. In time it would be worthwhile to do further research to look into the CMWs' integration in the system, as well as TBAs' continued role for provision of MNCH care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health & Built Environment, Aga Khan Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Babar Tasneem
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Health & Built Environment, Aga Khan Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sharifullah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Health & Built Environment, Aga Khan Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maab
authors.affiliation: Department of Health & Built Environment, Aga Khan Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amjad
mesh_terms: D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000379:methods*; D008880:Midwifery; D010154:Pakistan; D011247:Pregnancy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012424:Rural Population