title: Elevated immune monitoring early after cardiac transplantation is associated with increased plaque progression by intravascular ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune monitoring (IM) has not been shown to be associated with cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Maximal intimal area, average percent stenosis, plaque volume, and maximal intimal thickness (MIT) were measured for matched baseline and one-yr IVUS segments in a blinded fashion. Patients were divided into quartiles by IM scores and outcomes compared. Optimal IM cutoff was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IM assays were measured at 63.7 ± 16.4 d after transplantation in fifty patients. Progression of maximal intimal area (p = 0.005), average percent stenosis (p < 0.001), plaque volume (p = 0.005), and MIT (p = 0.001) were increased across the quartiles. An optimal IM assay cutoff of 406.0 ng ATP/mL demonstrated a sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 94.3% for predicting rapid progression of MIT ≥ 0.5 mm. Mean IM scores for Group 1 vs. Group 2 were 176.4 ± 102.2 and 616.3 ± 239.5 ngATP/mL, respectively. Rapid progression of MIT ≥ 0.5 mm occurred in 5/38 patients (13.2%) in Group 1 vs. 10/12 patients (83.3%) in Group 2 (p < 0.001). The risk ratio for rapid progression with elevated IM was 11.7 (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated early IM scores are associated with progression of CAV by IVUS. These findings suggest the potential of IM for tailoring of immunosuppressive regimens to minimize the progression of CAV in high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Azarbal
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jignesh K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Jon A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kobashigawa
mesh_terms: D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000276:immunology; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic / Q000379:methods*; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
keywords: cardiac allograft vasculopathy; cardiac transplantation; immune monitoring; intravascular ultrasound