title: Characterization of age signatures of DNA methylation in normal and cancer tissues from multiple studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA methylation (DNAm) levels can be used to predict the chronological age of tissues; however, the characteristics of DNAm age signatures in normal and cancer tissues are not well studied using multiple studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied approximately 4000 normal and cancer samples with multiple tissue types from diverse studies, and using linear and nonlinear regression models identified reliable tissue type-invariant DNAm age signatures. A normal signature comprising 127 CpG loci was highly enriched on the X chromosome. Age-hypermethylated loci were enriched for guanine-and-cytosine-rich regions in CpG islands (CGIs), whereas age-hypomethylated loci were enriched for adenine-and-thymine-rich regions in non-CGIs. However, the cancer signature comprised only 26 age-hypomethylated loci, none on the X chromosome, and with no overlap with the normal signature. Genes related to the normal signature were enriched for aging-related gene ontology terms including metabolic processes, immune system processes, and cell proliferation. The related gene products of the normal signature had more than the average number of interacting partners in a protein interaction network and had a tendency not to interact directly with each other. The genomic sequences of the normal signature were well conserved and the age-associated DNAm levels could satisfactorily predict the chronological ages of tissues regardless of tissue type. Interestingly, the age-associated DNAm increases or decreases of the normal signature were aberrantly accelerated in cancer samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These tissue type-invariant DNAm age signatures in normal and cancer can be used to address important questions in developmental biology and cancer research.
authors.forename: Jihyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyosil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gyesoon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, South Korea. kiylee@ajou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: KiYoung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology