title: Multifunctional structural energy storage composite supercapacitors.
abstract: This paper addresses the challenge of producing multifunctional composites that can simultaneously carry mechanical loads whilst storing (and delivering) electrical energy. The embodiment is a structural supercapacitor built around laminated structural carbon fibre (CF) fabrics. Each cell consists of two modified structural CF fabric electrodes, separated by a structural glass fibre fabric or polymer membrane, infused with a multifunctional polymeric electrolyte. Rather than using conventional activated carbon fibres, structural carbon fibres were treated to produce a mechanically robust, high surface area material, using a variety of methods, including direct etching, carbon nanotube sizing, and carbon nanotube in situ growth. One of the most promising approaches is to integrate a porous bicontinuous monolithic carbon aerogel (CAG) throughout the matrix. This nanostructured matrix both provides a dramatic increase in active surface area of the electrodes, and has the potential to address mechanical issues associated with matrix-dominated failures. The effect of the initial reaction mixture composition is assessed for both the CAG modified carbon fibre electrodes and resulting devices. A low temperature CAG modification of carbon fibres was evaluated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to enhance the electrochemical performance. For the multifunctional structural electrolyte, simple crosslinked gels have been replaced with bicontinuous structural epoxy-ionic liquid hybrids that offer a much better balance between the conflicting demands of rigidity and molecular motion. The formation of both aerogel precursors and the multifunctional electrolyte are described, including the influence of key components, and the defining characteristics of the products. Working structural supercapacitor composite prototypes have been produced and characterised electrochemically. The effect of introducing the necessary multifunctional resin on the mechanical properties has also been assessed. Larger scale demonstrators have been produced including a full size car boot/trunk lid.
authors.affiliation: The Composites Centre, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. m.shaffer@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shirshova
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Houllé
authors.forename: Joachim H G
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Steinke
authors.forename: Anthony R J
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kucernak
authors.forename: Quentin P V
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: Emile S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bismarck
authors.forename: Milo S P
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shaffer