title: Effect of morphine on the persistence of long-term memory in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current evidence suggests that pharmacological manipulation around 12 h after training alters the persistence of long-term memory. However, no study has addressed whether opioids modulate the persistence of fear. The current study examined whether morphine alters the persistence of the memory of contextual fear conditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male adult Wistar rats were injected with saline (NaCl 0.9 %, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) or morphine (3 and/or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) 6, 9, 12, or 24 h post-training and tested 2 or 7 days after training, when freezing responses were assessed. The involvement of state dependence and opioid receptors in the effect of morphine was investigated by respectively injecting naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before morphine, and morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p., 12 h post-training) did not alter freezing to context in animals tested 2 days after training but impaired freezing to context when testing was carried out 7 or 14 days after training. Morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) administration 6, 9, or 24 h post-training did not alter freezing measured 2 or 7 days after training. Pre-test morphine improved recall but did not alter the deleterious effect of 12 h post-training morphine. The deleterious effect of morphine was prevented by naloxone, indicating that opioid receptors are involved in this effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate an inhibitory role for opioid receptors in memory persistence. This is relevant from both the experimental and clinical point of views, since it may have implications for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gerusa Paz
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.forename: Laura Hautrive
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Milanesi
authors.forename: Maribel Antonello
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Carlos Fernando
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Mello
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D057567:Memory, Long-Term / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D009020:Morphine