title: Education and training among Italian postgraduate medical schools in public health: a comparative analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The postgraduate medical Schools in Public Health (locally known as School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine) should ensure adequate scientific and technical knowledge and professional skills in preventive medicine, health promotion and healthcare planning as provided by Ministerial Decree 285/2005. The Italian Committee of Medical Residents in Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine - S.It.I. (Consulta Nazionale dei medici in formazione specialistica S.It.I.) has always been engaged in monitoring activities on public health teaching, guaranteeing the homogeneity of educational proposals among all national Schools in Public Health. The purpose of this study is to provide a 'snapshot' of public health education and training in Italy and to identify the improvement actions needed for implementing an innovative and homogeneous public health training.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was carried out over a period of three months (March to May 2013). A self-administered questionnaire was e-mailed to local Committee's delegates of all 32 postgraduate medical Schools in Public Health in Italy. The questionnaire was structured in four sections: general information, University education and training, extra-University training, interdisciplinary activities. The majority of local Committee's delegates have agreed to be enrolled in the survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 28 questionnaires were returned (88% response rate). The number of residents in each Italian School in Public Health ranged from 7 to 31. The distribution of professors in relation to residents is not similar for each University Schools. The ratio professors/residents spanning from 0.2 to 2. About teaching, only 4 University Schools offered all courses requested by Ministerial Decree 285/2005. Most of them offered at least 75% of the requested courses, but there were Schools in which the courses were less than 50%. The vast majority of schools held more than 60% of the qualifying activities considered essential according to the Decree, while 2 Schools were below 50%. All Schools required an internship of 6-12 months in local health authority offices (ASL), mainly concerning the Department of Prevention activities. In all Schools a period of stay in a Hospital Medical Direction was scheduled, while professional activities at Residential care homes were very rarely included in training programmes. Many Schools allowed residents to attend companies with biological hazard or to follow similar activities in dedicated services of ASL. Finally, in the majority of Schools, a training period in various local (Service for Water Control), regional (Departments) or national (Ministry, National Institute of Health) health facilities was contemplated and, in some cases, also in other Universities or Research Institutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the Ministerial Decree indicates the essential milestones of the public health education, flexibility is seen as an important element in order to optimize resources and contextualize the adequate education of residents. In any case, at least regarding public health courses, the majority of University education and extra-University training activities should be carried out by all Schools. In order to obtain shared knowledge and skills, the Ministerial Decree should be revised taking into account flexibility and changing as intrinsic characteristics of public health profession and learners should be involved in the reform to strengthening the role of public health teaching.
authors.affiliation: Italian Committee of Medical Residents in Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garavelli
authors.affiliation: Italian Committee of Medical Residents in Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health - Post-graduate School of Public Health, University of Brescia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marcantoni
authors.affiliation: Italian Committee of Medical Residents in Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health - Department of Science for Health Promotion and Mother of Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costantino
authors.affiliation: Italian Committee of Medical Residents in Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health - Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tedesco
authors.affiliation: Italian Committee of Medical Residents in Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burrai
authors.affiliation: Italian Committee of Medical Residents in Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health - Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giraldi
authors.affiliation: Italian Committee of Medical Residents in Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health - Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003479:Curriculum / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007558:Italy; D011634:Public Health / Q000193:education*; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Education and training; Medical residents; Public health teaching; University