title: Etiologies and outcomes of pleural effusions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pleuritis is the most common pulmonary manifestation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In Thailand, the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is high; moreover, treatment with immunosuppressive agents increases the risk for TB infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the clinical manifestations, etiology, management, and outcomes of patients with SLE and pleural effusion in an area for TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied adults satisfying the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE who presented with pleuritis between 2002 and 2010. Pleuritis was defined as having 1 of 3 of the following criteria: typical pleuritic chest pain, pleural rub, and clinical or radiological evidence of pleural effusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 119 patients with 127 episodes of pleuritis/pleural effusion were included. Pleuritis was the first presentation in 47 episodes (37%) and was found accompanied with pericarditis for 16%. Most patients (81%) had active SLE in other systems. The causes of pleural effusion included lupus pleuritis (52%), tuberculous pleuritis (9%), parapneumonic effusion (7%), and transudate (15%). The diagnosis was inconclusive in 17%. The diagnosis of lupus pleuritis was made by a clinical diagnosis (47%) and by excluding other causes from pleural fluid analysis or biopsy (53%). Most patients with lupus pleuritic responded well to corticosteroid therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lupus pleuritis is still the most common cause of pleural effusion in SLE and often reflects its disease activity. The diagnosis of lupus pleuritis is a clinical diagnosis or is performed by excluding other conditions. The treatment outcomes of lupus pleuritis are generally good.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Internal Medicine and †Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nattawan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palavutitotai
authors.forename: Tanas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buppajarntham
authors.forename: Wanruchada
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Katchamart
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010998:Pleurisy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000995:Antitubercular Agents