title: The effect of the potential fuel additive isobutanol on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene degradation in aerobic soil microcosms.
abstract: Isobutanol is being considered as a fuel additive; however, the effect of this chemical on gasoline degradation (following a spill) has yet to be fully explored. To address this, the current study investigated the effect of isobutanol on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene (BTEX) degradation in 14 sets of experiments in saturated soils. This involved four hydrocarbons for three soils (12 experiments) and two extra experiments with a lower level of isobutanol (for toluene only). Each soil and hydrocarbon combination involved four abiotic control microcosms and 12 sample microcosms (six with and six without isobutanol). The time for complete degradation of each hydrocarbon varied between treatments. Both toluene and ethylbenzene were rapidly degraded (5-13 days for toluene and 3-13 days for ethylbenzene). In contrast, the time for complete degradation for benzene ranged from 5 to 47 days. The hydrocarbon p-xylene was the most recalcitrant chemical (time for removal ranged from 14 to 86 days) and, in several microcosms, no p-xylene degradation was observed. The effect of isobutanol on hydrocarbon degradation was determined by comparing degradation lag times with and without isobutanol addition. From the 14 treatments, isobutanol only affected degradation lag times in three cases. In two cases (benzene and p-xylene), an enhancement of degradation (reduced lag times) was observed in the presence of isobutanol. In contrast, toluene degradation in one soil was inhibited (increased lag time). These results indicate that co-contamination with isobutanol should not inhibit aerobic BTEX degradation rates.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Michigan State University , A135 Research Engineering Complex, East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cupples
mesh_terms: D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000378:metabolism; D001554:Benzene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D000440:Butanols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014992:Xylenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D000440:Butanols; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D014992:Xylenes; D014050:Toluene; C040507:isobutyl alcohol; C031286:4-xylene; D001554:Benzene; C004912:ethylbenzene
keywords: BTEX; benzene; biodegradation; isobutanol; toluene