title: Neighborhood Danger, Parental Monitoring, Harsh Parenting, and Child Aggression in Nine Countries.
abstract: Exposure to neighborhood danger during childhood has negative effects that permeate multiple dimensions of childhood. The current study examined whether mothers', fathers', and children's perceptions of neighborhood danger are related to child aggression, whether parental monitoring moderates this relation, and whether harsh parenting mediates this relation. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 1,293 children (ageM= 10.68,SD= .66; 51% girls) and their mothers (n= 1,282) and fathers (n= 1,075) in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). Perceptions of greater neighborhood danger were associated with more child aggression in all nine countries according to mothers' and fathers' reports and in five of the nine countries according to children's reports. Parental monitoring did not moderate the relation between perception of neighborhood danger and child aggression. The mediating role of harsh parenting was inconsistent across countries and reporters. Implications for further research are discussed, and include examination of more specific aspects of parental monitoring as well as more objective measures of neighborhood danger.
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
authors.forename: Ann T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bacchini
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lansford
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Godwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University West, 46186 Trollhättan, Sweden/ emma.sorbring@hv.se.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sorbring
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand/ sombat.tapanya@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sombat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tapanya
authors.affiliation: Consultorio Psicológico Popular, Universidad San Buenaventura, Medellín, Colombia/ lilianauribe74@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Liliana Maria Uribe
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tirado
authors.affiliation: Department of Education Sciences, "Foro Italico", University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy/ arnaldo.zelli@uniroma4.it.
authors.forename: Arnaldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines/ lpalampay@ateneo.edu.
authors.forename: Liane Peña
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Alampay
authors.affiliation: Queen Rania Faculty for Childhood, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan/ suha_al@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Suha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Hassan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy/ annasilvia.bombi@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Anna Silvia
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bombi
authors.affiliation: Child and Family Research Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA/ Marc_H_Bornstein@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Marc H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong/ leichang@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA/ kirbydd@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Kirby
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deater-Deckard
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy/ annasilvia.bombi@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Laura Di
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Giunta
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dodge
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Colombia, SC 29208 USA/ malone.ps@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Concetta
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oburu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy/ annasilvia.bombi@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pastorelli
keywords: child aggression; community violence; harsh parenting; neighborhood danger; parental monitoring