title: Combining simulated patients and simulators: pilot study of hybrid simulation in teaching cardiac auscultation.
abstract: Auscultation torsos are widely used to teach position-dependent heart sounds and murmurs. To provide a more realistic teaching experience, both whole body auscultation mannequins and torsos have been used in clinical examination skills training at the Medical Faculty of the University of Muenster since the winter term of 2008-2009. This training has since been extended by simulated patients, which are normal, healthy subjects who have undergone attachment of the electronic components of the auscultation mannequins to their chests to mimic pathophysiological conditions ("hybrid models"). The acceptance of this new learning method was examined in the present pilot study. In total, 143 students in their second preclinical year who were participating in auscultation training were randomized into an intervention group (hybrid models) and a control group (auscultation mannequins). One hundred forty-two (99.3%) of these students completed a self-assessment Likert-scale questionnaire regarding different teaching approaches (where 1 = "very poor" to 100 = "very good"). The questionnaire focused on the "value of learning" of different teaching approaches. Direct comparison showed that students evaluated the hybrid models to be significantly more effective than the auscultation mannequins (median: 83 vs. 64, P < 0.001). The cardiac auscultation training was generally assessed positively (median: 88). Additionally, verbal feedback was obtained from simulated patients and tutors (trained students who had successfully passed the course a few semesters earlier). Personal feedback showed high satisfaction from student tutors and simulated patients. Hybrid simulators for teaching cardiac auscultation elucidated positive responses from students, tutors, and simulated patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Muenster, Studienhospital, Muenster, Germany;
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friederichs
authors.affiliation: University of Muenster, Studienhospital, Muenster, Germany; anne.weissenstein@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weissenstein
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Muenster, Germany;
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ligges
authors.affiliation: University of Muenster, Studienhospital, Muenster, Germany;
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.affiliation: University of Muenster, Institute of Medical Education, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: University of Muenster, Institute of Medical Education, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marschall
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006326:Heart Auscultation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013337:Students, Medical; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: auscultation; heart auscultation; hybrid simulator