title: Proliferative epithelial disease identified in nipple aspirate fluid and risk of developing breast cancer: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guideline panels recognize the need to increase the accuracy of identifying women at high risk of developing breast cancer who would benefit from prevention strategies. The characterization of proliferative epithelial disease found in nipple aspirate fluid (PED-NAF) may be a relevant risk factor.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To comprehensively review the published literature to characterize and summarize abnormal cytology detected by NAF and the association of PED-NAF with subsequent risk of developing breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature identified by systematic searches in MEDLINE PubMed and the Cochrane Library was screened for articles containing primary data on NAF cytology based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study characteristics, cytological group distribution, and incidence of breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty articles were included after full-text review, of which 16 were analyzed, containing data on 20,808 unique aspirations from over 17,378 subjects. Seven (44%) of the studies used the King cytological classification system. Among aspirations from women free of breast cancer, 51.5% contained fluid, in which over 27.7% had PED on cytology. In the two prospective studies of 7850 cancer-free women, abnormal cytology by NAF carried a 2.1-fold higher risk (95% CI, 1.6-2.6; p < 0.001) of developing breast cancer, compared with women from whom no fluid could be obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PED-NAF among women free of breast cancer, compared with no fluid being obtained, has an independent risk of developing breast cancer comparable to the risk of a woman with a positive family history of breast cancer. These findings have implications for augmenting risk prediction and clinical decisions concerning breast cancer surveillance and chemoprevention. As with all reviews, heterogeneity across studies may have influenced the results. The limited literature calls for prospective studies on asymptomatic women with long-term follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hornberger
authors.forename: Shu-Chih
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qianyi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kakad
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Quay
mesh_terms: D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055966:Nipple Aspirate Fluid; D009558:Nipples / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Atypical ductal hyperplasia; Breast cancer; Cytopathology; Early detection; Nipple aspirate fluid; Proliferative epithelial disease