title: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - unresolved issues.
abstract: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is one of the most challenging congenital heart defects. At present, it is expected that - at best - 70% of newborns with HLHS will reach adulthood. This review addresses the problems of right ventricular (RV) failure and insufficient growth of pulmonary vasculature in these patients. In order to further improve long-term prognosis translational research to control RV function, growth of pulmonary arteries and progress in chronic circulatory support are clearly needed to provide a further improvement for adults with HLHS.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Cardiology, University Medical Centre , Heidelberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Raoul Roman
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Congenital Cardiac Surgery Section, Clinic for Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre , Heidelberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Tsvetomir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loukanov
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Cardiology, University Medical Centre , Heidelberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorenflo
keywords: HLHS; assisted circulation; heart failure; right ventricle; univentricular heart