title: Arvicanthis ansorgei, a Novel Model for the Study of Sleep and Waking in Diurnal Rodents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep neurobiology studies use nocturnal species, mainly rats and mice. However, because their daily sleep/wake organization is inverted as compared to humans, a diurnal model for sleep studies is needed. To fill this gap, we phenotyped sleep and waking in Arvicanthis ansorgei, a diurnal rodent widely used for the study of circadian rhythms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Video-electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrooculogram (EOG) recordings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rodent sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen male Arvicanthis ansorgei, aged 3 mo.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 h light (L):12 h dark (D) baseline condition, 24-h constant darkness, 6-h sleep deprivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep showed similar electrophysiological characteristics as nocturnal rodents. On average, animals spent 12.9 h ± 0.4 awake per 24-h cycle, of which 6.88 h ± 0.3 was during the light period. NREM sleep accounted for 9.63 h ± 0.4, which of 5.13 h ± 0.2 during dark period, and REM sleep for 89.9 min ± 6.7, which of 52.8 min ± 4.4 during dark period. The time-course of sleep and waking across the 12 h light:12 h dark was overall inverted to that observed in rats or mice, though with larger amounts of crepuscular activity at light and dark transitions. A dominant crepuscular regulation of sleep and waking persisted under constant darkness, showing the lack of a strong circadian drive in the absence of clock reinforcement by external cues, such as a running wheel. Conservation of the homeostatic regulation was confirmed with the observation of higher delta power following sustained waking periods and a 6-h sleep deprivation, with subsequent decrease during recovery sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arvicanthis ansorgei is a valid diurnal rodent model for studying the regulatory mechanisms of sleep and so represents a valuable tool for further understanding the nocturnality/diurnality switch.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg, France.|Sleep Disorders Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg, France.|Sleep Disorders Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruppert
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg, France.|Sleep Disorders Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calvel
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg, France.|Sleep Disorders Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Ludivine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robin-Choteau
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg, France.|Sleep Disorders Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Claire-Marie
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gropp
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allemann
authors.affiliation: Chronobiotron Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UMS 3415, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reibel
authors.affiliation: Chronobiotron Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UMS 3415, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sage-Ciocca
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg, France.|Sleep Disorders Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) and Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourgin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003463:Cues; D003624:Darkness; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D004585:Electrooculography; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009115:Muridae / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects
keywords: Arvicanthis ansorgei; circadian rhythm; crepuscular; direct effects of light; diurnality; nocturnality; rodent; sleep deprivation; sleep homeostasis; sleep regulation