title: Lithiasis of the renal allograft, a rare urological complication following renal transplantation: a single-center experience of 2,045 renal transplantations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary lithiasis represents an unusual urologic complication in renal transplantation, with an incidence of 0.17%-1.8%.We present our experience with renal graft lithiasis in our series of renal transplantations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records for 2045 patients who underwent kidney transplantation from January 1983 to July 2013. Among the grafts, 9 patients were found to have allograft lithiasis. In 6 cases, the calculi were localized within the renal unit, and in 3 cases in the ureter. Two of the patients had relapsed after a few years from the first treatment. In both of them the stones were localized again in the ureter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our series, incidence of graft lithiasis was 0.44% (n = 9). Three of the 9 patients (33.3%) were treated via percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL), 3 (33.3%) underwent extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), 2 (22.2%) passed their stones spontaneously, and 1 (11.1%) underwent PCNL after 2 failed ESWL interventions. All patients are currently stone free but still remain under close urologic surveillance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary stone formation can lead to significant morbidity and graft loss. The treatment options should be similar to those for patients in the general population. Long-term follow-up is substantial to determine the outcome and to prevent the recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Unit, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: george.mamarelis@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mamarelis
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Unit, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vernadakis
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Unit, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moris
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Unit, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altanis
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Unit, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perdikouli
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Unit, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stravodimos
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Unit, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Unit, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zavos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064591:Allografts; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology