title: Classification of frankfurters by FT-Raman spectroscopy and chemometric methods.
abstract: Frankfurters are widely consumed all over the world, and the production requires a wide range of meat and non-meat ingredients. Due to these characteristics, frankfurters are products that can be easily adulterated with lower value meats, and the presence of undeclared species. Adulterations are often still difficult to detect, due the fact that the adulterant components are usually very similar to the authentic product. In this work, FT-Raman spectroscopy was employed as a rapid technique for assessing the quality of frankfurters. Based on information provided by the Raman spectra, a multivariate classification model was developed to identify the frankfurter type. The aim was to study three types of frankfurters (chicken, turkey and mixed meat) according to their Raman spectra, based on the fatty vibrational bands. Classification model was built using partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and the performance model was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, efficiency and Matthews's correlation coefficient. The PLS-DA models give sensitivity and specificity values on the test set in the ranges of 88%-100%, showing good performance of the classification models. The work shows the Raman spectroscopy with chemometric tools can be used as an analytical tool in quality control of frankfurters.
authors.affiliation: Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular (NEEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-330, Brazil. nairacampos@ice.ufjf.br.
authors.forename: Náira da Silva
authors.initials: Nda S
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular (NEEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-330, Brazil. kamila@ice.ufjf.br.
authors.forename: Kamila Sá
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13084-971, Brazil. mariramosalmeida@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariana Ramos
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular (NEEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-330, Brazil. rodrigo@gemacomtech.com.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stephani
authors.affiliation: Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular (NEEM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-330, Brazil. luiz.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br.
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando Cappa
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods