title: Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from Brazilian wildlife revealed abundant new genotypes.
abstract: This study aimed to isolate and genotype T. gondii from Brazilian wildlife. For this purpose, 226 samples were submitted to mice bioassay and screened by PCR based on 18S rRNA sequences. A total of 15 T. gondii isolates were obtained, including samples from four armadillos (three Dasypus novemcinctus, one Euphractus sexcinctus), three collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla), three whited-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari), one spotted paca (Cuniculus paca), one oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), one hoary fox (Pseudalopex vetulus), one lineated woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus) and one maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). DNA from the isolates, originated from mice bioassay, and from the tissues of the wild animal, designated as "primary samples", were genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP), using 12 genetic markers (SAG1, SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L258, PK1, CS3 and Apico). A total of 17 genotypes were identified, with 13 identified for the first time and four already reported in published literature. Results herein obtained corroborate previous studies in Brazil, confirming high diversity and revealing unique genotypes in this region. Given most of genotypes here identified are different from previous studies in domestic animals, future studies on T. gondii from wildlife is of interest to understand population genetics and structure of this parasite.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil ; Curso de Medicina Veterinária das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (UniFMU), Rua Ministro Nelson Hungria, 541, São Paulo, SP 05690-050, Brazil.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Vitaliano
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil ; Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, Salé, Santarém, PA 68035-110, Brazil.
authors.forename: A H H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Minervino
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: A L Q
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Campus de Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP CEP 14049-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Werther
authors.affiliation: Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação, Tríade, Recife, PE CEP 52061-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: M F V
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Marvulo
authors.affiliation: Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE CEP 52171-011, Brazil.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil.
authors.forename: H F J
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Pena
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gennari
keywords: Genetic markers; Genotyping; Isolation; PCR/RFLP; South America; T. gondii