title: Redox-active electrolyte for supercapacitor application.
abstract: This paper reports the electrochemical behaviour of supercapacitor carbon electrodes operating in different aqueous solutions modified by various redox-active species (hydroxybenzenes, bromine derivatives and iodide). Three dihydroxybenzenes with varying stereochemistry, i.e., -OH substitution, have been considered as electrolyte additives (0.38 mol L(-1)) in acidic, alkaline and neutral solutions. High capacitance values have been obtained, especially for the acidic and alkaline solutions containing 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (hydroquinone). Bromine derivatives of dihydroxybenzenes were also considered as the additive in alkaline solution for use as a supercapacitor electrolyte, and a significant increase in capacitance value was observed. The redox couple investigated next was an iodide/iodine system, where 2 mol L(-1) NaI aqueous electrolyte was utilized. In this case, the most promising faradaic contribution during capacitor operation was achieved. In particular, stable capacitance values from 300-400 F g(-1) have been confirmed by long-term galvanostatic cycling (over 100 000 cycles), cycling voltammetry and floating. The mechanism of pseudocapacitance phenomena was discussed and supported by electrochemical and physicochemical measurements, e.g., in situ Raman spectroscopy.
authors.affiliation: Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Piotrowo 3, 60965 Poznan, Poland. elzbieta.frackowiak@put.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frackowiak
authors.forename: Mikolaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meller
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gastol
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fic