title: Recognition and reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions by surveyed healthcare professionals in Uganda: key determinants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess extent and determinants of past-month recognition of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADR) and past-year ADR reporting among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Geographically diverse health facilities (public, private for-profit, private not-for-profit).
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 2000 questionnaires distributed, 1345 were completed: return rate of 67%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Per cent HCPs who suspected ADR in the past month; reported ADR in the past year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses were the majority (59%, 792/1345). Only half the respondents had heard about pharmacovigilance: 39% of nurses (295/763; 95% CI 35% to 42%), 70% otherwise (383/547; 95% CI 66% to 74%). One fifth (268/1289 or 21%; 95% CI 19% to 23%) had suspected an ADR in the previous 4 weeks, 111 of them were nurses; 15% (190/1296) had reported a suspected ADR in the past year, 103 of them were nurses. Past-month ADR suspicion was more likely by non-nurses (OR=1.7, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.40) and with medical research involvement (OR=1.5, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.15) but past-month receipt of patient ADR-complaint predominated (OR=19, 95% CI 14 to 28). Past-year ADR reporting was higher by hospital staff (OR=1.9, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.10), especially in medicine (OR=2.3, 95% CI 1.08 to 4.73); but lower from private for-profit health facilities (OR=0.5, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.77) and by older staff (OR=0.6, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.91); more likely by HCPs who had ever encountered a fatal ADR (OR=2.9, 95% CI 1.94 to 4.25), knew to whom to report (OR=1.7, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.46), or suggested how to improve ADR reporting (OR=1.6, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.49). Two attitudinal factors were important: diffidence and lethargy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One in five HCPs suspected an ADR in the past-month and one in seven reported ADR in the previous year. Empowering patients could strengthen ADR detection and reporting in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kiguba
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karamagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Waako
authors.affiliation: National Pharmacovigilance Centre, National Drug Authority, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Helen B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Ndagije
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bird
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda
keywords: Adverse Drug Reactions; Healthcare Professionals; Pharmacoviligance; Reporting-Rates; Uganda