title: Clinical Data Element Ontology for Unified Indexing and Retrieval of Data Elements across Multiple Metadata Registries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Classification of data elements (DEs), which is used in clinical documents is challenging, even in across ISO/IEC 11179 compliant clinical metadata registries (MDRs) due to no existence of reliable standard for identifying DEs. We suggest the Clinical Data Element Ontology (CDEO) for unified indexing and retrieval of DEs across MDRs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CDEO was developed through harmonization of existing clinical document models and empirical analysis of MDRs. For specific classification as using data element concept (DEC), The Simple Knowledge Organization System was chosen to represent and organize the DECs. Six basic requirements also were set that the CDEO must meet, including indexing target to be a DEC, organizing DECs using their semantic relationships. For evaluation of the CDEO, three indexers mapped 400 DECs to more than 1 CDEO term in order to determine whether the CDEO produces a consistent index to a given DEC. The level of agreement among the indexers was determined by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed CDEO with 578 concepts. Through two application use-case scenarios, usability of the CDEO is evaluated and it fully met all of the considered requirements. The ICC among the three indexers was estimated to be 0.59 (95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CDEO organizes DECs originating from different MDRs into a single unified conceptual structure. It enables highly selective search and retrieval of relevant DEs from multiple MDRs for clinical documentation and clinical research data aggregation.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Medical Information and Knowledge, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Senator
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Hyeon
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Rang
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Systems Biomedical Informatics National Core Research Center (SBI-NCRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Data Sharing; Information Storage and Retrieval; Ontology; Registries; Semantics