title: Immunohistochemistry of colorectal cancer biomarker phosphorylation requires controlled tissue fixation.
abstract: Phosphorylated signaling molecules are biomarkers of cancer pathophysiology and resistance to therapy, but because phosphoprotein analytes are often labile, poorly controlled clinical laboratory practices could prevent translation of research findings in this area from the bench to the bedside. We therefore compared multiple biomarker and phosphoprotein immunohistochemistry (IHC) results in 23 clinical colorectal carcinoma samples after either a novel, rapid tissue fixation protocol or a standard tissue fixation protocol employed by clinical laboratories, and we also investigated the effect of a defined post-operative "cold" ischemia period on these IHC results. We found that a one-hour cold ischemia interval, allowed by ASCO/CAP guidelines for certain cancer biomarker assays, is highly deleterious to certain phosphoprotein analytes, specifically the phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR), but shorter ischemic intervals (less than 17 minutes) facilitate preservation of phosphoproteins. Second, we found that a rapid 4-hour, two temperature, formalin fixation yielded superior staining in several cases with select markers (pEGFR, pBAD, pAKT) compared to a standard overnight room temperature fixation protocol, despite taking less time. These findings indicate that the future research and clinical utilities of phosphoprotein IHC for assessing colorectal carcinoma pathophysiology absolutely depend upon attention to preanalytical factors and rigorously controlled tissue fixation protocols.
authors.affiliation: Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.
authors.forename: Abbey P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Theiss
authors.affiliation: Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chafin
authors.affiliation: Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Grogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Geoffrey S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Baird
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005404:Fixatives / Q000737:chemistry; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005404:Fixatives; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D005557:Formaldehyde; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt