title: Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that inhibits cognitive functions and has no cure. This report reviews the current diagnostic standards for AD with an emphasis on early diagnosis using the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers amyloid-beta, t-tau, and p-tau and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Abnormal levels of these CSF biomarkers and decreased cerebral uptake of glucose have recently been used in the early diagnosis of AD in experimental studies. These promising biomarkers can be measured using immunoassays performed in singleplex or multiplex formats. Although presently, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) for early detection of AD, a multiplex immunoassay measuring a panel of promising AD biomarkers in CSF may be a likely IVD candidate for the clinical AD diagnostic market. Specifically, the INNO-BIA AlzBio3 immunoassay kit, performed using bead arrays on the xMAP Luminex analyzer, allows simultaneous quantification of amyloid-beta, t-tau, and p-tau biomarkers. AD biomarkers can also be screened using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that are offered as laboratory-developed tests.
authors.affiliation: Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Cole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.affiliation: Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Nakia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarad
authors.affiliation: Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ashton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DeCrumpe
authors.affiliation: Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Disha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.affiliation: Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Parth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA, USA josborne@kgi.edu.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D057205:Automation, Laboratory; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D017248:Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000639:trends; D011379:Prognosis; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; C054369:MAPT protein, human; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D016875:tau Proteins; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; CSF; ELISA; FDG; PET; amyloid-beta; biomarkers; diagnosis; early; glucose; immunoassay; multiplex bead array; tau