title: The Link between Health Complaints and Wind Turbines: Support for the Nocebo Expectations Hypothesis.
abstract: The worldwide expansion of wind energy has met with opposition based on concerns that the infrasound generated by wind turbines causes health problems in nearby residents. In this paper, we argue that health complaints are more likely to be explained by the nocebo response, whereby adverse effects are generated by negative expectations. When individuals expect a feature of their environment or medical treatment to produce illness or symptoms, then this may start a process where the individual looks for symptoms or signs of illness to confirm these negative expectations. As physical symptoms are common in healthy people, there is considerable scope for people to match symptoms with their negative expectations. To support this hypothesis, we draw an evidence from experimental studies that show that, during exposure to wind farm sound, expectations about infrasound can influence symptoms and mood in both positive and negative directions, depending on how expectations are framed. We also consider epidemiological work showing that health complaints have primarily been located in areas that have received the most negative publicity about the harmful effects of turbines. The social aspect of symptom complaints in a community is also discussed as an important process in increasing symptom reports. Media stories, publicity, or social discourse about the reported health effects of wind turbines are likely to trigger reports of similar symptoms, regardless of exposure. Finally, we present evidence to show that the same pattern of health complaints following negative information about wind turbines has also been found in other types of environmental concerns and scares.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crichton
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cundy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Petrie
keywords: environmental risks; health scares; infrasound; media warnings; nocebo effect; psychological expectations; symptom reporting; wind farms