title: Protective effects of astragaloside IV on db/db mice with diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common diabetic eye disease which is well-known as the result of microvascular retinal changes. Although the potential biological functions of astragaloside IV (AS IV) have long been described in traditional system of medicine, its protective effect on DR remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the function and mechanism of AS IV on type 2 diabetic db/db mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Db/db mice were treated with AS IV (4.5 mg/kg or 9 mg/kg) or physiological saline by oral gavage for 20 weeks along with db/m mice. In each group, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function was measured by pattern electroretinogram (ERG) and apoptosis was determined by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Blood and retina aldose reductase (AR) activity were quantified by chemiluminescence analysis. The expressions of phosporylated-ERK1/2, NF-κB were determined by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, the expression of related downstream proteins were quantified by Label-based Mouse Antibody Array.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of AS IV significantly improved the amplitude in pattern ERG and reduced the apoptosis of RGCs.in db/db mice. Furthermore, downregulation of AR activity, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, NF-κB and related cytokine were observed in AS IV treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicated that AS IV, as an inhibitor of AR, could prevent the activation of ERK1/2 phosporylation and NF-kB and further relieve the RGCs disfunction in db/db mice with DR. It has provided a basis for investigating the clinical efficacy of AR inhibitors in preventing DR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yuzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Songtao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, No. 2 People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China.
authors.forename: Pingan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Rihua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Qinglu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Dongqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Qinghuai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012503:Saponins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D012503:Saponins; D014315:Triterpenes; C052064:astragaloside A; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase