title: International geographic variation in event rates in trials of heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  International geographic differences in outcomes may exist for clinical trials of heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF), but there are few data for those with preserved ejection fraction (HF-PEF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed outcomes by international geographic region in the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved systolic function trial (I-Preserve), the Candesartan in Heart failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM)-Preserved trial, the CHARM-Alternative and CHARM-Added HF-REF trials, and the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in HF-REF (CORONA). Crude rates of heart failure hospitalization varied by geographic region, and more so for HF-PEF than for HF-REF. Rates in patients with HF-PEF were highest in the United States/Canada (HF hospitalization rate 7.6 per 100 patient-years in I-Preserve; 8.8 in CHARM-Preserved), intermediate in Western Europe (4.8/100 and 4.7/100), and lowest in Eastern Europe/Russia (3.3/100 and 2.8/100). The difference between the United States/Canada versus Eastern Europe/Russia persisted after adjustment for key prognostic variables: adjusted hazard ratios 1.34 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.74; P=0.04) in I-Preserve and 1.85 (95% confidence interval, 1.17-2.91; P=0.01) in CHARM-Preserved. In HF-REF, rates of HF hospitalization were slightly lower in Western Europe compared with other regions. For both HF-REF and HF-PEF, there were few regional differences in rates of all-cause or cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences in event rates observed suggest there is international geographic variation in 1 or more of the definition and diagnosis of HF-PEF, the risk profile of patients enrolled, and the threshold for hospitalization, which has implications for the conduct of future global trials.
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Søren L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Køber
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Pardeep S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jhund
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kjekshus
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McKelvie
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zile
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wikstrand
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komajda
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swedberg
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wedel
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.).
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.affiliation: From the BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (S.L.K., P.S.J., J.J.V.M.); Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (S.L.K.); Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (L.K.); Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (S.D.S., M.A.P.); the Department of Cardiology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (J.K.); Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y.); Ralph H. Johnsons Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (M.R.Z.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC (C.B.G.); Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.W.); Université Paris 6 and Hospital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France (M.K.); Georgetown University and Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC (P.E.C.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.S.); and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden (H.W.). john.mcmurray@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John J V
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McMurray
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005464:Fluorobenzenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005843:Geography; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077405:Irbesartan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005464:Fluorobenzenes; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium; D000077405:Irbesartan; C081643:candesartan
keywords: heart failure; hospitalization; mortality; ventricular ejection fraction