title: What can we learn from learning models about sensitivity to letter-order in visual word recognition?
abstract: Recent research on the effects of letter transposition in Indo-European Languages has shown that readers are surprisingly tolerant of these manipulations in a range of tasks. This evidence has motivated the development of new computational models of reading that regard flexibility in positional coding to be a core and universal principle of the reading process. Here we argue that such approach does not capture cross-linguistic differences in transposed-letter effects, nor do they explain them. To address this issue, we investigated how a simple domain-general connectionist architecture performs in tasks such as letter-transposition and letter substitution when it had learned to process words in the context of different linguistic environments. The results show that in spite of of the neurobiological noise involved in registering letter-position in all languages, flexibility and inflexibility in coding letter order is also shaped by the statistical orthographic properties of words in a language, such as the relative prevalence of anagrams. Our learning model also generated novel predictions for targeted empirical research, demonstrating a clear advantage of learning models for studying visual word recognition.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers UniversityEdmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
authors.forename: Itamar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.affiliation: Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language.
authors.forename: Blair C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language.
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frost
keywords: Connectionist modeling; cross-linguistic differences; fundamentalist modeling; letter-position coding; letter-transposition effect