title: Iodinated contrast media electro-degradation: process performance and degradation pathways.
abstract: The electrochemical degradation of six of the most widely used iodinated contrast media was investigated. Batch experiments were performed under constant current conditions using two DSA® electrodes (titanium coated with a proprietary and patented mixed metal oxide solution of precious metals such as iridium, ruthenium, platinum, rhodium and tantalum). The degradation removal never fell below 85% (at a current density of 64 mA/cm(2) with a reaction time of 150 min) when perchlorate was used as the supporting electrolyte; however, when sulphate was used, the degradation performance was above 80% (at a current density of 64 mA/cm(2) with a reaction time of 150 min) for all of the compounds studied. Three main degradation pathways were identified, namely, the reductive de-iodination of the aromatic ring, the reduction of alkyl aromatic amides to simple amides and the de-acylation of N-aromatic amides to produce aromatic amines. However, as amidotrizoate is an aromatic carboxylate, this is added via the decarboxylation reaction. The investigation did not reveal toxicity except for the lower current density used, which has shown a modest toxicity, most likely for some reaction intermediates that are not further degraded. In order to obtain total removal of the contrast media, it was necessary to employ a current intensity between 118 and 182 mA/cm(2) with energy consumption higher than 370 kWh/m(3). Overall, the electrochemical degradation was revealed to be a reliable process for the treatment of iodinated contrast media that can be found in contaminated waters such as hospital wastewater or pharmaceutical waste-contaminated streams.
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale F. De Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del Moro
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale F. De Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pastore
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale F. De Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Iaconi
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale F. De Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.mascolo@ba.irsa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mascolo
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008670:Metals; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: By-products; Electro-degradation; Iodinated contrast media; Pharmaceutical wastewater; Toxicity