title: Control of insect vectors and plant viruses in protected crops by novel pyrethroid-treated nets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) constitute a novel alternative that combines physical and chemical tactics to prevent insect access and the spread of insect-transmitted plant viruses in protected enclosures. This approach is based on a slow-release insecticide-treated net with large hole sizes that allow improved ventilation of greenhouses. The efficacy of a wide range of LLITNs was tested under laboratory conditions against Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and Bemisia tabaci. Two nets were selected for field tests under a high insect infestation pressure in the presence of plants infected with Cucumber mosaic virus and Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus. The efficacy of Aphidius colemani, a parasitoid commonly used for biological control of aphids, was studied in parallel field experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LLITNs produced high mortality of aphids, although their efficacy decreased over time with sun exposure. Certain nets excluded whiteflies under laboratory conditions; however, they failed in the field. Nets effectively blocked the invasion of aphids and reduced the incidence of viruses in the field. The parasitoid A. colemani was compatible with LLITNs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LLITNs of appropriate mesh size can become a very valuable tool in combination with biocontrol agents for additional protection against insect vectors of plant viruses under IPM programmes.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.|Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dáder
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.|Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Saioa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Legarrea
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.|Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Aránzazu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.|Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plaza
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.|Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carmo-Sousa
authors.affiliation: Protección de Cultivos, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.|Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Fermín
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amor
authors.affiliation: Protección de Cultivos, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.|Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viñuela
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.|Associated unit IVAS CSIC-UPM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fereres
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007300:Insect Control / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D010942:Plant Viruses / Q000502:physiology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins
keywords: SADIE; Treated nets; aphids; parasitoids; virus control; whiteflies