title: Vegetarian diets and glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian diets and improvements in glycemic control in diabetes, although this relationship is not well established. No meta-analysis of these studies has been performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials examining the association between vegetarian diets and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electronic databases Medline, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for articles published in any language through December 9, 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following criteria were used for study inclusion: (I) age of participants >20 years; (II) vegetarian diet as intervention; (III) mean difference in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and/or fasting blood glucose levels used as outcomes; and (IV) controlled trials, duration ≥4 weeks. Exclusion criteria were: (I) not an original investigation; (II) duplicate samples; (III) diabetes other than type 2; (IV) multiple interventions; and (V) uncontrolled studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data collected included study design, baseline population characteristics, dietary data, and outcomes. Data were pooled using a random-effects model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differences in HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels associated with vegetarian diets were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 477 studies identified, six met the inclusion criteria (n=255, mean age 42.5 years). Consumption of vegetarian diets was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c [-0.39 percentage point; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.62 to -0.15; P=0.001; I(2)=3.0; P for heterogeneity =0.389], and a non-significant reduction in fasting blood glucose concentration (-0.36 mmol/L; 95% CI, -1.04 to 0.32; P=0.301; I(2)=0; P for heterogeneity =0.710), compared with consumption of comparator diets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of vegetarian diets is associated with improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. PROSPERO registration number is CRD42013004370.
authors.affiliation: 1 Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan ; 2 Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA ; 3 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan ; 5 Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: 1 Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan ; 2 Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA ; 3 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan ; 5 Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.affiliation: 1 Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan ; 2 Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA ; 3 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan ; 5 Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.affiliation: 1 Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan ; 2 Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA ; 3 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan ; 5 Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
keywords: Type 2 diabetes; diet; plant-based diets; vegan; vegetarian