title: Artemisinin resistance--modelling the potential human and economic costs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Artemisinin combination therapy is recommended as first-line treatment for falciparum malaria across the endemic world and is increasingly relied upon for treating vivax malaria where chloroquine is failing. Artemisinin resistance was first detected in western Cambodia in 2007, and is now confirmed in the Greater Mekong region, raising the spectre of a malaria resurgence that could undo a decade of progress in control, and threaten the feasibility of elimination. The magnitude of this threat has not been quantified.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis compares the health and economic consequences of two future scenarios occurring once artemisinin-based treatments are available with high coverage. In the first scenario, artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is largely effective in the management of uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria is treated with artesunate, while in the second scenario ACT are failing at a rate of 30%, and treatment of severe malaria reverts to quinine. The model is applied to all malaria-endemic countries using their specific estimates for malaria incidence, transmission intensity and GDP. The model describes the direct medical costs for repeated diagnosis and retreatment of clinical failures as well as admission costs for severe malaria. For productivity losses, the conservative friction costing method is used, which assumes a limited economic impact for individuals that are no longer economically active until they are replaced from the unemployment pool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using conservative assumptions and parameter estimates, the model projects an excess of 116,000 deaths annually in the scenario of widespread artemisinin resistance. The predicted medical costs for retreatment of clinical failures and for management of severe malaria exceed US$32 million per year. Productivity losses resulting from excess morbidity and mortality were estimated at US$385 million for each year during which failing ACT remained in use as first-line treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These 'ballpark' figures for the magnitude of the health and economic threat posed by artemisinin resistance add weight to the call for urgent action to detect the emergence of resistance as early as possible and contain its spread from known locations in the Mekong region to elsewhere in the endemic world.
authors.affiliation: Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. yoel@tropmedres.ac.
authors.forename: Yoel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lubell
authors.forename: Arjen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dondorp
authors.forename: Philippe J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meek
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: Nicholas P J
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077332:Artesunate; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011803:Quinine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D000077332:Artesunate; C031327:artemisinin; D011803:Quinine