title: Prevalence and behavioural risk factors of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in community-based injection drug users.
abstract: The aims of this study were to identify Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization prevalence, behavioural risk factors, and to determine staphylococcal protein A (spa) types in community-based injection drug users (IDUs). Nasal swabs were collected and methicillin susceptibility testing and spa/SCCmec typing were performed on S. aureus isolates. Generalized estimating equations were used to report adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Of the 440 participants, 24·1% were colonized and 5·7% had methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Colonization was associated with age, employment/marital status, and the presence of scabs but not with sexually transmitted disease co-infection, HIV status, antibiotic use, hospitalization, or drug treatment programme participation. The USA300 MRSA clone spa types were most common, but 15/49 spa types were new to one of the international databases. Community-based IDUs appear to have different risk factors compared to IDUs from clinical studies. In addition, the number of newly identified spa types indicates a diverse, understudied population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences,Center for Infectious Diseases,University of Texas Health Science Center,Houston,TX,USA.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Management, Policy & Community Health,University of Texas Health Science Center,Houston,TX,USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Padgett
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology,University of Mississippi Medical Center,Jackson,MS,USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences,Center for Infectious Diseases,University of Texas Health Science Center,Houston,TX,USA.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A / Q000235:genetics; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A; C487789:mecA protein, Staphylococcus aureus
keywords: Drug users; Staphylococcus aureus; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; prevalence; staphylococcal epidemiology