title: A review of PAH exposure from the combustion of biomass fuel and their less surveyed effect on the blood parameters.
abstract: Many epidemiological studies from all over the world have reported that populations of rural and urban environments differ in their health issues due to the differences in the countrywide pollution pattern. In developing countries, various occupational cohorts and subsections of the population in urban and rural areas are routinely exposed to several environmentally widespread contaminants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over hundred different compounds and have ubiquitous presence in rural and urban environments. Smoke from the combustion of biomass fuel contains a high concentration of carcinogenic PAHs, which are related with several human morbidities. The sources and types of biomass fuel are diverse and wide in distribution. Limited numbers of literature reports have focused the significant impact of PAHs on several components of blood, both in human and wildlife. The toxicity of PAHs to rapidly dividing cells (e.g., bone marrow cells) and other tissues is largely attributed to their reactive oxygenated metabolites, potential of causing oxidative stress, and the adducts of their metabolites with DNA. This review aims to encompass the blood-related effects of PAHs and associated human health risks-an aspect that needs further research-on the population of developing countries of the world in particular.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan, dr.atifkamal@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cincinelli
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martellini
authors.forename: Riffat Naseem
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003906:Developing Countries; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012906:Smoke