title: Linking online gaming and addictive behavior: converging evidence for a general reward deficiency in frequent online gamers.
abstract: Millions of people regularly play so-called massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs). Recently, it has been argued that MMORPG overuse is becoming a significant health problem worldwide. Symptoms such as tolerance, withdrawal, and craving have been described. Based on behavioral, resting state, and task-related neuroimaging data, we test whether frequent players of the MMORPG "World of Warcraft" (WoW) - similar to drug addicts and individuals with an increased risk for addictions - show a generally deficient reward system. In frequent players of the MMORPG "World of Warcraft" (WoW-players) and in a control group of non-gamers we assessed (1) trait sensitivity to reward (SR), (2) BOLD responses during monetary reward processing in the ventral striatum, and (3) ventral-striatal resting-state dynamics. We found a decreased neural activation in the ventral striatum during the anticipation of both small and large monetary rewards. Additionally, we show generally altered neurodynamics in this region independent of any specific task for WoW players (resting state). On the behavioral level, we found differences in trait SR, suggesting that the reward processing deficiencies found in this study are not a consequence of gaming, but predisposed to it. These findings empirically support a direct link between frequent online gaming and the broad field of behavioral and drug addiction research, thus opening new avenues for clinical interventions in addicted gamers and potentially improving the assessment of addiction-risk in the vast population of frequent gamers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Marketing and Consumer Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.
authors.forename: Karolien Hilde
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Notebaert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; LEAD Graduate School, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dresler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kowarsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reif
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; LEAD Graduate School, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Center of Integrative Neuroscience, Excellence Cluster, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fallgatter
keywords: behavioral activation system; massively multiplayer online role playing games; monetary incentive delay task; resting-state fMRI; reward deficiency syndrome; world of warcraft