title: Effect of permethrin, anthracene and mixture exposure on shell components, enzymatic activities and proteins status in the Mediterranean clam Venerupis decussata.
abstract: Anthracene (ANT) and permethrin (PER) are two of the more toxic compounds reaching the marine environment. This study aimed to determine the impact of these molecules on Venerupis decussata, an economically important species cultured on the Tunisian coast. Shell structure and its possible transformation upon exposure to the two contaminants were studied by X-ray diffraction and gravimetric analyses. Results revealed a phase transition in shell composition from aragonite to calcite after PER exposure, to a mixture of PER and ANT (Mix) but not for ANT alone. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione transferase (GST) activities were determined in digestive gland and gills after exposure to ANT, PER and Mix to assess the impact of the contamination on the oxidative status of V. decussata. Enzyme activities increased in the digestive gland after PER treatment and in the gills after ANT treatment. PER exposure significantly reduced the levels of free thiols and increased levels of carbonylated proteins in the digestive gland, as compared to controls. In contrast, ANT exposure significantly reduced free thiols and increased the number of carbonylated proteins in the gills. Mix induced additive effects as measured by both enzymatic and proteomic approaches. The present study suggests that PER has a strong effect on shell structure; that PER and ANT exposure generate compound-dependent oxidative stress in the tissues of V. decussata and that a mixture of the two compounds has synergistic effects on biochemical response.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia. Electronic address: sellamibadreddine@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Badreddine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sellami
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Abdelhafidh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khazri
authors.affiliation: Unit of Research 99/UR12-30, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Amine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mezni
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Héla
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Louati
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dellali
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aissa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ezzeddine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mahmoudi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Hamouda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beyrem
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: d.sheehan@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sheehan
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004064:Digestive System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D026023:Permethrin / Q000633:toxicity*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D040901:Proteomics; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D026023:Permethrin; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C034020:anthracene
keywords: Anthracene; Biomarkers; Permethrin; Shell structure; Venerupis decussata