title: In-vivo quantification of human breast deformation associated with the position change from supine to upright.
abstract: Stereophotographic imaging and digital image correlation are used to determine the variation of breast skin deformation as the subject orientation is altered from supine to upright. A change in subject's position from supine to upright can result in significant stretches in some parts of the breast skin. The maximum of the major principal stretch ratio of the skin is different in different subjects and varies in the range of 1.25-1.60. It is also found that the boundaries of the breast move significantly relative to the skeletal structure and other fixed points such as the sternal notch. Such measurements are crucial since they provide basic data for validation of biomechanical breast models based on finite element formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering & Engineering Mechanics, Research Center for Mechanics of Solids, Structures, and Materials, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khatam
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fingeret
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Mia K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Markey
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering & Engineering Mechanics, Research Center for Mechanics of Solids, Structures, and Materials, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States. Electronic address: ravi@utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Krishnaswamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ravi-Chandar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009929:Organ Size; D011187:Posture; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Biomechanics; Deformation measurement; Image correlation