title: Externalizing behavior and emotion dysregulation are indicators of transmissible risk for substance use disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological items discriminating children of fathers diagnosed with an illicit drug-related substance use disorder and normal controls are indicators of a unidimensional construct termed transmissible liability index (TLI) (Vanyukov et al., 2009). TLI is a highly heritable (Vanyukov et al., 2009; Hicks, Iacono, McGue, 2012) and valid (Vanyukov et al., 2009; Hicks et al., 2009; Kirisci et al., 2013a) measure of childhood liability to substance use disorders (SUDs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This longitudinal study determined whether TLI has incremental validity for predicting SUD beyond commonly measured psychological indicators of risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  TLI and measures of executive cognitive capacity, emotion dysregulation and externalizing disturbance were administered to boys at ages 10-12 and 16. SUD outcome determined at age 22 was assessed as (1) any SUD, (2) the number of drug-specific SUDs, and (3) SUD severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLI predicted SUD beyond the contribution of measures of emotion dysregulation, executive cognitive capacity and externalizing disturbance. The association of emotion dysregulation and externalizing behavior at ages 10-12 and 16 with SUD at age 22 was also reduced to non-significance after controlling for transmissible risk measured by TLI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLI's incremental validity beyond these latter indicators of risk points to its utility for identifying vulnerable youths requiring intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Electronic address: levent@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kirisci
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tarter
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
authors.forename: Ty
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ridenour
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3501 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanyukov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Children; Family history; Risk; Substance use disorder; Vulnerability