title: Toxic potencies of metabolite(s) of non-cylindrospermopsin producing Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii isolated from temperate zone in human white cells.
abstract: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) has worldwide distribution and is well known for producing the toxic alkaloid, cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Strains unable to synthesize this compound but potentially toxic were recently identified in Europe. Here, for the first time the effect of cell-free extracts of a non-CYN-producing strain of C. raciborskii was studied in human cells (neutrophils and lymphocytes) isolated from healthy donors. The observed effects were compared to those induced by CYN (1.0-0.01 μg mL(-1)). Short-term (1h) extract treatments resulted in altered viability of cells demonstrated by increased necrosis and apoptosis in neutrophils and elevated apoptosis in lymphocytes. CYN did not induce similar effects, regardless of the toxin concentration. Exposure of T-lymphocytes to 100% C. raciborskii extract in isolated and whole-blood 72 h cultures resulted in decrease of proliferation by 20.6% and 32.5%, respectively. In comparison, exposure to 1.0 μg mL(-1) of CYN caused lymphocytes proliferation to be inhibited by 91.0% in isolated cultures and 56.5% in whole-blood assay. Significant antiproliferative properties were also found for 0.1 μg mL(-1) of CYN in whole-blood culture. From the results we conclude that strains occurring in temperate zones may pose a threat to human health through the production of hitherto unknown metabolites that reveal a toxic pattern different to that of CYN. At the same time our study demonstrates that CYN is a powerful but slowly-acting toxin in human immune cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland. Electronic address: bpon@ump.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poniedziałek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland. Electronic address: rzymskipiotr@ump.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rzymski
authors.affiliation: Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Collegium Polonicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Słubice, Poland.
authors.forename: Mikołaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kokociński
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karczewski
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002474:Cell-Free System; D046891:Cylindrospermopsis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014118:Toxins, Biological
keywords: Cylindrospermopsin; Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii; Lymphocytes; Neutrophils; Whole blood