title: [Anesthetic management of severe or worsening postpartum hemorrhage].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk factors of maternal morbidity and mortality during postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) include non-optimal anesthetic management. As the anesthetic management of the initial phase is addressed elsewhere, the current chapter is dedicated to the management of severe PPH.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed using PubMed and Medline databases, and the Cochrane Library, for articles published from 2003 up to and including 2013. Several keywords related to anesthetic and critical care practice, and obstetrical management were used, in various combinations. Guidelines from several societies and organisations were also read.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When PPH worsens, one should ask for additional team personnel (professional consensus). Patients should be monitored for heart rate, blood pressure, skin and mucosal pallor, bleeding at skin puncture sites, diuresis and the volume of genital bleeding (grade B). Because of the possible rapid worsening of coagulapathy, patients should undergo regular evaluation of coagulation status (professional consensus). Prevention and management of hypothermia should be considered (professional consensus), by warming intravenous fluids and blood products, and by active body warming (grade C). Antibiotics should be given, if not already administered at the initial phase (professional consensus). Vascular fluids must be given (grade B), the choice being left at the physician discretion. Blood products transfusion should be decided based on the clinical severity of PPH (professional consensus). Priority is given to red blood cells (RBC) transfusion, with the aim to maintain Hb concentration>8g/dL. The first round of products could include 3 units of RBC (professional consensus), and the following round 3 units of RBC, and 3 units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP). The FFP:RBC ratio should be kept between 1:2 and 1:1 (professional consensus). Depending on the etiology of PPH, the early administration of FFP is left at the discretion of the physician (professional consensus). Platelet count should be maintained at>50 G/L (professional consensus). During massive PPH, fibrinogen concentration should be maintained at>2g/L (professional consensus). Fibrinogen can be given without prior fibrinogen measurement in case of massive bleeding (professional consensus). General anesthesia should be considered in case of hemodynamic instability, even when an epidural catheter is in place (professional consensus).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anesthetic management aims to restore and maintain optimal respiratory state and circulation, to treat coagulation disorders, and to allow invasive obstetrical and radiologic procedures. Clinical and instrumental monitoring are needed to evaluate the severity of PPH, to guide the choice of therapeutic options, and to assess treatments efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Département anesthésie-douleur, groupe hospitalo-universitaire Caremeau, place du Pr.-Debré, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France; EA2992, faculté de médecine Montpellier-Nîmes, 186, chemin du Carreau-de-Lanes, 30029 Nîmes cedex 2, France. Electronic address: antoine.aya@chu-nimes.fr.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Aya
authors.affiliation: Pôle d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU Lille, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59037 Lille, France.
authors.forename: A-S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ducloy-Bouthors
authors.affiliation: Unité d'hémostase clinique, hôpital Édouard-Herriot, pavillon E 5, place d'Arsonval, 69003 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rugeri
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire et consultations d'hématologie, groupe hospitalo-universitaire Caremeau, place du Pr.-Debré, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France; EA2992, faculté de médecine Montpellier-Nîmes, 186, chemin du Carreau-de-Lanes, 30029 Nîmes cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gris
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D016913:Blood Component Transfusion / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Anesthésie obstétricale; Hémorragie du post-partum; Monitorage; Monitoring; Obstetric anesthesia; Postpartum haemorrhage; Remplissage vasculaire; Transfusion; Volume replacement