title: Human cancer immunotherapy with antibodies to the PD-1 and PD-L1 pathway.
abstract: The programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2, members of the CD28 and B7 families, play critical roles in T cell coinhibition and exhaustion. Overexpression of PD-L1 and PD-1 on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, respectively, correlates with poor disease outcome in some human cancers. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blockading the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have been developed for cancer immunotherapy via enhancing T cell functions. Clinical trials with mAbs to PD-1 and PD-L1 have shown impressive response rates in patients, particularly for melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and bladder cancer. Further studies are needed to dissect the mechanisms of variable response rate, to identify biomarkers for clinical response, to develop small-molecule inhibitors, and to combine these treatments with other therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Kim C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ohaegbulam
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Amer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Assal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Eszter
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazar-Molnar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10467, USA. Electronic address: xing-xing.zang@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Xingxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: PD-1; PD-L1; PD-L2; human cancer; immunotherapy; monoclonal antibody