title: Uptake and elimination of permethrin related to the use of permethrin treated clothing for forestry workers.
abstract: Wearing of permethrin treated clothing usually implicates an uptake of permethrin by the user. Aim of our study was to examine the kinetics of internal permethrin exposure in volunteers during and after a single 8h-use of treated clothing as well as factors potentially influencing permethrin uptake. 28 male volunteers (age: 20-34 years) were equipped with permethrin treated jackets and pants from two different suppliers. The clothing was worn for 8h, simulating differing external conditions, including comfort conditions as well as conditions of increased temperature and humidity without and with additional physical workload. Internal permethrin exposure was monitored by determination of permethrin metabolites (DCCA and 3-PBA) in a set of 12 urine samples, covering a period of 504 h from the beginning of the wearing interval. Time-concentration curves showed an increase of internal exposure associated with wearing of the clothing (individual maximum: 109.5 μg/L) followed by a first-order like decay (mean half-life: 38.5 h). Metabolite excretion was affected by the make of clothing, which could be explained by differing permethrin contents of the garment. Furthermore, internal exposure increased with increasing temperature/humidity and additional physical workload. Assuming dermal uptake of permethrin, this may be ascribed to an alteration of the barrier function of the skin.
authors.affiliation: Univaersity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany. Electronic address: rossbach@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rossbach
authors.affiliation: Univaersity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niemietz
authors.affiliation: Univaersity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kegel
authors.affiliation: Univaersity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Letzel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001565:Benzoates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D003020:Clothing; D016468:Forestry; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D026023:Permethrin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D026023:Permethrin; C069616:3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid; C017618:3-phenoxybenzoic acid
keywords: Biological monitoring; Exposure assessment; Forestry works; Impregnated clothing; Permethrin; Ticks