title: Relationship between ecophysiological factors, growth and ochratoxin A contamination of dry-cured sausage based matrices.
abstract: Dry-cured sausages are colonised by moulds during the ripening process. The temperature and the salt content (which affects water activity, aw) predispose the surface to colonisation by Penicillium species, including Penicillium nordicum and Penicillium verrucosum which can lead to contamination of the sausages with ochratoxin A (OTA). The objective of this work was to obtain scientific data on the impact that interaction between ionic water stress (aw; 0.97, 0.94, 0.90, 0.87 and 0.84) and temperature (30, 25, 20, 15 and 10°C) may have on lag phases prior to growth, growth and OTA production by some P. verrucosum and P. nordicum strains isolated from dry-cured meat products on a dry-cured sausage-based medium over a period of 12days. Although P. nordicum had shorter lag phases than P. verrucosum, the latter grew faster than P. nordicum in most conditions tested. For both species, there was no growth and OTA production at 0.84 aw at all the temperatures tested. The fungi were more tolerant at moderate ionic aw conditions (0.94 and 0.90) and 20 and 25°C. In contrast, the patterns of production of OTA were very different from those for growth. Different OTA production profiles between the two OTA-producing species were found. While P. nordicum began producing OTA in most of the conditions tested by day 6, P. verrucosum only produced the toxin in these conditions when the temperature and aw were >10°C and >0.90, respectively. However, the P. verrucosum strain produced much higher concentrations of OTA than the P. nordicum strain in all conditions. We developed contour maps of the optimum and marginal aw×temperature conditions for growth/OTA production on dry-cured sausage-based medium for the first time. This suggests that these interacting conditions during the early phases of production must be effectively controlled as these favour growth of the toxigenic Penicillia. Knowledge on the ecophysiology of these two important Penicillium species on these matrices could help to make appropriate technological modifications during the sausage ripening process. Thus, our findings may help in informed decision-making in relation to temperature and salt additions at the beginning of processing/curing. Such changes may favour colonisation of starter cultures over OTA producing Penicillia and minimise OTA contamination risks in dry-cured sausages. This may be then effectively incorporated into the hygienic production system in the framework of HACCP.
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Beds MK43 0AL, UK; Food Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain. Electronic address: a.rodriguezjimenez@cranfield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Beds MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Capela
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Beds MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: Food Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Córdoba
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Beds MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Naresh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003890:Desiccation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010407:Penicillium / Q000254:growth & development*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D009793:Ochratoxins; D014867:Water; C025589:ochratoxin A; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Growth; NaCl; Ochratoxin A; Penicillium nordicum; Penicillium verrucosum; Sausages