title: Sex-specific enhanced behavioral toxicity induced by maternal exposure to a mixture of low dose endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
abstract: Humans are increasingly and consistently exposed to a variety of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), chemicals that have been linked to neurobehavioral disorders such as ADHD and autism. Many of such EDCs have been shown to adversely influence brain mesocorticolimbic systems raising the potential for cumulative toxicity. As such, understanding the effects of developmental exposure to mixtures of EDCs is critical to public health protection. Consequently, this study compared the effects of a mixture of four EDCs to their effects alone to examine potential for enhanced toxicity, using behavioral domains and paradigms known to be mediated by mesocorticolimbic circuits (fixed interval (FI) schedule controlled behavior, novel object recognition memory and locomotor activity) in offspring of pregnant mice that had been exposed to vehicle or relatively low doses of four EDCs, atrazine (ATR - 10mg/kg), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA - 0.1mg/kg), bisphenol-A (BPA - 50 μg/kg), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD - 0.25 μg/kg) alone or combined in a mixture (MIX), from gestational day 7 until weaning. EDC-treated males maintained significantly higher horizontal activity levels across three testing sessions, indicative of delayed habituation, whereas no effects were found in females. Statistically significant effects of MIX were seen in males, but not females, in the form of increased FI response rates, in contrast to reductions in response rate with ATR, BPA and TCDD, and reduced short term memory in the novel object recognition paradigm. MIX also reversed the typically lower neophobia levels of males compared to females. With respect to individual EDCs, TCDD produced notable increases in FI response rates in females, and PFOA significantly increased ambulatory locomotor activity in males. Collectively, these findings show the potential for enhanced behavioral effects of EDC mixtures in males and underscore the need for animal studies to fully investigate mixtures, including chemicals that converge on common physiological substrates to examine potential mechanisms of toxicity with full dose effect curves to assist in interpretations of relevant mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. Electronic address: Marissa_Sobolewski@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Marissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sobolewski
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. Electronic address: Katherine_Bachmann@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. Electronic address: Joshua_Allen@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. Electronic address: Hiromi_Ishitobi@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. Electronic address: Kyle_Martin@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. Electronic address: Paige_Lawrence@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: B Paige
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. Electronic address: Deborah_Cory-slechta@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cory-Slechta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D002210:Caprylates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D004147:Dioxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D004338:Drug Combinations; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology*; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012737:Sex Factors; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001280:Atrazine; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002210:Caprylates; D004147:Dioxins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D010636:Phenols; C066841:2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-4-dioxin; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Behavioral toxicity; Endocrine disrupting chemical; Mixture; Sex-specific