title: Mapping B(1)-induced eddy current effects near metallic structures in MR images: a comparison of simulation and experiment.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the presence of metallic structures is very common in medical and non-medical fields. Metallic structures cause MRI image distortions by three mechanisms: (1) static field distortion through magnetic susceptibility mismatch, (2) eddy currents induced by switched magnetic field gradients and (3) radio frequency (RF) induced eddy currents. Single point ramped imaging with T1 enhancement (SPRITE) MRI measurements are largely immune to susceptibility and gradient induced eddy current artifacts. As a result, one can isolate the effects of metal objects on the RF field. The RF field affects both the excitation and detection of the magnetic resonance (MR) signal. This is challenging with conventional MRI methods, which cannot readily separate the three effects. RF induced MRI artifacts were investigated experimentally at 2.4 T by analyzing image distortions surrounding two geometrically identical metallic strips of aluminum and lead. The strips were immersed in agar gel doped with contrast agent and imaged employing the conical SPRITE sequence. B1 mapping with pure phase encode SPRITE was employed to measure the B1 field around the strips of metal. The strip geometry was chosen to mimic metal electrodes employed in electrochemistry studies. Simulations are employed to investigate the RF field induced eddy currents in the two metallic strips. The RF simulation results are in good agreement with experimental results. Experimental and simulation results show that the metal has a pronounced effect on the B1 distribution and B1 amplitude in the surrounding space. The electrical conductivity of the metal has a minimal effect.
authors.affiliation: UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vashaee
authors.affiliation: UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goora
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.affiliation: UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Newling
authors.affiliation: UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada. Electronic address: bjb@unb.ca.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Balcom
keywords: B(1) mapping; MRI; Metal artifacts; Pure phase encode; RF eddy current; SPRITE