title: Anticipatory changes in control of swing foot and lower limb joints when walking onto a moving surface traveling at constant speed.
abstract: Adapting to a predictable moving surface such as an escalator is a crucial part of daily locomotor tasks in modern cities. However, the associated biomechanics have remained unexplored. In a gait laboratory, fifteen young adults walked from the ground onto a moving or a static surface while their kinematic and kinetic data were obtained for calculating foot and pelvis motions, as well as the angles and moments of the lower limb joints. Between-surface-condition comparisons were performed using a paired t-test (α = 0.05). The results showed that anticipatory locomotor adjustments occurred at least a stride before successfully walking onto the moving surface, including increasing step length and speed in the trailing step (p < 0.05), but the opposite in the leading step (p < 0.05). These modifications reduced the plantarflexor moment of the trailing ankle needed for stabilizing the body, while placing increased demand on the knee extensors of the trailing stance limb. For a smooth landing and to reduce the risk of instability, the subjects adopted a flat foot contact pattern with reduced leading toe-clearance (p < 0.05) at an instantaneous speed matching that of the moving surface (p > 0.05), mainly through reduced extension of the trailing hip but increased pelvic anterior tilt and leading swing ankle plantarflexion (p < 0.05). The current results provide baseline data for future studies on other populations, which will contribute to the design and development of strategies to address falls while transferring onto moving surfaces such as escalators.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Wei-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ting-Ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hsuan-Lun
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: twlu@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tung-Wu
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anticipatory locomotor adjustments; Gait analysis; Kinematics; Kinetics; Moving surface