title: The washing effect of precipitation on particulate matter and the pollution dynamics of rainwater in downtown Beijing.
abstract: The particulate matter (PM) pollution of Beijing fluctuated significantly before and after precipitation events during the rainy period. The rainwater samples were continually collected at five-minute intervals on the roof of a building in downtown Beijing. The PM₂.₅ was also monitored at same temporal scale. The pH and concentrations of ammonia-N, nitrate-N, phosphorus, sulfur, and heavy metals (Cd, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu) in the rainwater samples were measured, and the values were used to assess the effect of washing on PM₂.₅ and determine the characteristics of the rainwater pollutants. The PM₂.₅ was negatively correlated to the quantity of accumulated rainfall (R(2) value ranged from 0.668 to 0.974), which identified the function of the washing process on PM₂.₅ pollution. The washing process of rainfall strongly affects PM₂.₅, which decreased to 10-30 μg m(-3) with 5mm of rainfall. The analysis of the temporal patterns of ten pollutants in rainwater demonstrated that most of the pollution load was contributed by the first 5 to 10 min of the washing process. The event mean concentration (EMC) of nine inorganic pollutants was used to evaluate the pollution load and identify sources of particle pollution. Sulfur was the primary inorganic element detected in PM, and the average EMC of twelve rainfall events was 8.92 mg L(-1). The EMC of ammonia-N, nitrate-N, and phosphorus after significant PM₂.₅ pollution was 11.57 mg L(-1), 1.72 mg L(-1), and 0.019 mg L(-1), respectively. The total pollution load of the rainwater collecting area during the rainy reason was also calculated, and the largest heavy metal load of 3.11 mg was attributed to Zn. The pollution loads of heavy metals and the stable relationship between the pollutants indicate the potential urban environmental management policies in Beijing.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China. Electronic address: wo43@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Bobo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Guanqing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection (SEC, MEP), Beijing 100094, PR China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Xingang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002980:Climate; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Air pollution control; Downtown Beijing; Heavy metal; Particulate matter; Rainwater; Washing process