title: Use of mobile devices in nursing student-nurse teacher cooperation during the clinical practicum: an integrative review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and appraise study findings on the use of mobile devices, in particular for what purposes and how, in nursing student-nurse teacher cooperation during the clinical practicum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO and ERIC for primary empirical studies published in English.
  
  
  METHODS
  An integrative literature review was undertaken. Quality appraisal of the included studies was conducted using design-specific standardized checklists. Studies were thematically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eleven studies were included in the review. Weaknesses in designs, samples, questionnaires and results, compromised comparison and/or generalization of the findings of the studies. Three main themes were identified: (1) features of mobile devices (2) utility of mobile devices and (3) barriers to the use of mobile devices. Problems of connectivity were the main challenges reported in the use of mobile devices. Participants used mobile devices primarily as reference tools, but less frequently as tools for reflection, assessment or cooperation during the clinical practicum. Interest in mobile device use during the clinical practicum was reported, but training and ongoing support are needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As only a small number of eligible primary empirical studies were found, it is not possible to draw firm conclusions on the results. In the future, rigorous primary empirical studies are needed to explore the potential of mobile devices in providing a supplementary pedagogical method in nursing student-nurse teacher cooperation during the clinical practicum. Robust study designs, including experimental ones, are clearly needed to assess the effectiveness of mobile devices in nursing student-nurse teacher cooperation during the clinical practicum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. Electronic address: castla@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strandell-Laine
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stolt
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Finland.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leino-Kilpi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saarikoski
mesh_terms: D034201:Computers, Handheld / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005181:Faculty, Nursing; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D011231:Preceptorship / Q000379:methods*; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013338:Students, Nursing
keywords: Clinical practicum; Cooperation; Mobile device; Nurse teacher; Nursing students; Review