title: Association of soda consumption with subclinical cardiac remodeling in the Framingham heart study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diet soda consumption increases cardiometabolic risk. The aim of this investigation was to assess the relations between self-reported soda consumption and subclinical cardiac remodeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the relations between self-reported soda consumption and left ventricular mass (LVM) and left atrial dimension (LAD) (both standardized within sex) in a sample of middle-aged attendees from the Framingham Heart Offspring cohort examination 5 and 6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mean age was 55 years and 59% of the participants were women. Compared to non-consumers (n=1010), soda consumers (n=3192) had greater body weight (mean 86 vs. 82 kg among men, and 70 vs. 67 kg among women). Compared with non-consumers, age- and height-adjusted LAD was increased (standard deviation units) among soda consumers by 0.15 standard error 0.042, (p<0.001) for those drinking >0-7 diet soda (n=1023), -0.010 (0.043, p=0.82) for people drinking >0-7 regular soda (n=907), 0.22 (0.057, p<0.0001) for individuals consuming >7 diet soda (n=372), and 0.20 (0.092, p=0.034) for participants drinking >7 regular soda (n=116) per week. LVM was increased among participants consuming diet soda (p<0.05), but not in regular soda consumers (p>0.05). Upon adjustment for weight, however, all aforementioned associations were attenuated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed associations between soda consumption and LAD or LVM were likely related to the greater body weight of soda drinkers relative to non-drinkers.
authors.affiliation: The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Section of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Emelia J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.affiliation: Veterans Administration Hospital, West Roxbury, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jayashri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aragam
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.affiliation: The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Section of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: vasan@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D064752:Atrial Remodeling; D001835:Body Weight; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000009:adverse effects; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
chemical_list: D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners
keywords: Body weight; Cardiac remodeling; Cardiovascular disease; Soda consumption