title: Innovative diagnostic tools for early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Current state-of-the-art diagnostic measures of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are invasive (cerebrospinal fluid analysis), expensive (neuroimaging) and time-consuming (neuropsychological assessment) and thus have limited accessibility as frontline screening and diagnostic tools for AD. Thus, there is an increasing need for additional noninvasive and/or cost-effective tools, allowing identification of subjects in the preclinical or early clinical stages of AD who could be suitable for further cognitive evaluation and dementia diagnostics. Implementation of such tests may facilitate early and potentially more effective therapeutic and preventative strategies for AD. Before applying them in clinical practice, these tools should be examined in ongoing large clinical trials. This review will summarize and highlight the most promising screening tools including neuropsychometric, clinical, blood, and neurophysiological tests.
authors.affiliation: Section for Dementia Research, Hertie-Institute of Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: christoph.laske@med.uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laske
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Hamid R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sohrabi
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Perth, Australia; Australian e-Health Research Centre, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Shaun M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.affiliation: Systems Engineering and Automation Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain.
authors.forename: Karmele
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: López-de-Ipiña
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garrard
authors.affiliation: Semeion Research Centre of Sciences of Communication, Rome, Italy; Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Center for Computational and Mathematical Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buscema
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dauwels
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Surjo R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Soekadar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linnemann
authors.affiliation: Felix Platter Hospital, University Center for Medicine of Aging Basel, Basel Mobility Center, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bridenbaugh
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Perth, Australia; Australian e-Health Research Centre, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Yogesan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanagasingam
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Ralph N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine & Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Sid E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: O'Bryant
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005123:Eye / Q000503:physiopathology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Diagnostic tools; Early detection; Noninvasive tests; Screening tests