title: External physical and biochemical stimulation to enhance skeletal muscle bioengineering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cell based muscle tissue engineering carries the potential to revert the functional loss of muscle tissue caused by disease and trauma. Although muscle tissue can be bioengineered using various precursor cells, major limitations still remain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the last decades several cellular pathways playing a crucial role in muscle tissue regeneration have been described. These pathways can be influenced by external stimuli and they not only orchestrate the regenerative process after physiologic wear and muscle trauma, but also play an important part in aging and maintaining the stem cell niche, which is required to maintain long-term muscle function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this review article we will highlight possible new avenues using external physical and biochemical stimulation in order to optimize muscle bioengineering.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Handschin
authors.forename: Askan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mortezavi
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plock
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eberli
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances
keywords: Cell regeneration; Contractility; Incontinence; Muscle precursor cells; Myoblast; Regenerative medicine; Stem cells; Urology