title: Stuttering, induced fluency, and natural fluency: a hierarchical series of activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses.
abstract: Developmental stuttering is a speech disorder most likely due to a heritable form of developmental dysmyelination impairing the function of the speech-motor system. Speech-induced brain-activation patterns in persons who stutter (PWS) are anomalous in various ways; the consistency of these aberrant patterns is a matter of ongoing debate. Here, we present a hierarchical series of coordinate-based meta-analyses addressing this issue. Two tiers of meta-analyses were performed on a 17-paper dataset (202 PWS; 167 fluent controls). Four large-scale (top-tier) meta-analyses were performed, two for each subject group (PWS and controls). These analyses robustly confirmed the regional effects previously postulated as "neural signatures of stuttering" (Brown, Ingham, Ingham, Laird, & Fox, 2005) and extended this designation to additional regions. Two smaller-scale (lower-tier) meta-analyses refined the interpretation of the large-scale analyses: (1) a between-group contrast targeting differences between PWS and controls (stuttering trait); and (2) a within-group contrast (PWS only) of stuttering with induced fluency (stuttering state).
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Institute, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States. Electronic address: kristin.budde@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Kristin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Budde
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Institute, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Institute, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, United States; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, United States; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Linguistics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013342:Stuttering / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: ALE; Activation likelihood estimation; Functional neuroimaging; Meta-analysis; Persistent developmental stuttering