title: Effects of glyphosate on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): transcriptional and enzymatic analyses of antioxidant defence system, histopathological liver damage and swimming performance.
abstract: This study aims to determine the effect of glyphosate on the transcriptional and enzymatic activity of antioxidant metabolism enzymes of juvenile rainbow trout with short term (6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h) and long term (21 days) exposures followed by a recovery treatment. This study also aims to determine the effects of glyphosate exposure on liver tissue damage and swimming performance due to short term (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L) and long term (2.5 and 5 mg/L) exposures. Following pesticide administration, ten fish, each as a sample, were caught at 6th, 12th, 24th, 48th and 96th -h for the short term, and at 21st day for the long term exposure study. GPx activity was found to be significantly induced 12 h after the exposure to 2.5 mg/L of glyphosate as compared with the control group. A similar degree of induction was also observed for CAT activity but not for SOD. For long term exposure, except for the GPx activity after exposure to 5 mg/L of glyphosate, the activities of all other enzymes remained on a par with the control group. It was also observed that the levels of gene expression of these enzymes were not comparable with each other. It is assumed that these differences might result from the effect of glyphosate before translation and the possible reasons for this scenario are also discussed. The results of swimming performance are found to be consistent with responses of the antioxidant system, and they are attributed to the energy metabolism. The data are also supported with liver histopathology analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: drahmettopal@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Topal
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: matamanalp@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atamanalp
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: arzuucar@atauni.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uçar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: ertanoruc@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oruç
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: ekocaman@atauni.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Esat Mahmut
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kocaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: sulukanekrem@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ekrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sulukan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: fatihcell@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akdemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: beydemirs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Şükrü
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Beydemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: namik.kilinc@atauni.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Namık
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kılınç
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: oerdogan@atauni.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erdoğan
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: saltukceyhun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Saltuk Buğrahan
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ceyhun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000502:physiology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013550:Swimming; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005998:Glycine; D010575:Pesticides; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Behaviour; Gene expression; Histopathology