title: The external-internal loop of interference: two types of attention and their influence on the learning abilities of mice.
abstract: Attention is a component of the working memory system, and is responsible for protecting task-relevant information from interference. Cognitive performance (particularly outside of the laboratory) is often plagued by interference, and the source of this interference, either external or internal, might influence the expression of individual differences in attentional ability. By definition, external attention (also described as "selective attention") protects working memory against sensorial distractors of all kinds, while internal attention (also called "inhibition") protects working memory against emotional impulses, irrelevant information from memory, and automatically-generated responses. At present, it is unclear if these two types of attention are expressed independently in non-human animals, and how they might differentially impact performance on other cognitive processes, such as learning. By using a diverse battery of four attention tests (with varying levels of internal and external sources of interference), here we aimed both to explore this issue, and to obtain a robust and general (less task-specific) measure of attention in mice. Exploratory factor analyses revealed two factors (external and internal attention) that in total, accounted for 73% of the variance in attentional performance. Confirmatory factor analyses found an excellent fit with the data of the model of attention that assumed an external and internal distinction (with a resulting correlation of 0.43). In contrast, a model of attention that assumed one source of variance (i.e., "general attention") exhibited a poor fit with the data. Regarding the relationship between attention and learning, higher resistance against external sources of interference promoted better new learning, but tended to impair performance when cognitive flexibility was required, such as during the reversal of a previously instantiated response. The present results suggest that there can be (at least) two types of attention that contribute to the common variance in attentional performance in mice, and that external and internal attentions might have opposing influences on the rate at which animals learn.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sauce
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wass
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Program in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States. Electronic address: matzel@rci.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Louis D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Matzel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D012193:Reversal Learning / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Attention; External attention; Individual differences; Internal attention; Learning; Mice; Working memory