title: Is top-down vs bottom-up radiological evaluation after febrile urinary tract infection really less stressful for the child and family? Challenging the dogma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated whether stress levels in children and parents during radiological evaluation after febrile urinary tract infection are really lower using the top-down approach, where (99m)technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy is used initially, than the bottom-up approach, where voiding cystourethrography is initially performed and repeated examinations are easier for all.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated 120 children 3 to 8 years old. Pain ratings were obtained using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised, and conversation during the procedure was evaluated using the Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised by 2 independent observers. To evaluate parental anxiety, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form was also completed. Following a documented febrile urinary tract infection children were randomized to the top-down or bottom-up group. A third group of 44 children undergoing repeat voiding cystourethrography and their parents were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Child ratings of pain using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised were not significantly different between the top-down group following (99m)technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy (2.99 on a scale of 10) and the bottom-up group following voiding cystourethrography (3.21). Also the Faces Pain Scale-Revised was not significantly different in the repeat voiding cystourethrography group (3.35). On the Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised there was negative correlation between child coping and child distress, as well as rate of child distress and adult coping promoting behavior. Parental state anxiety scores were significantly less in the top-down and repeat voiding cystourethrography groups than in the bottom-up group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the top-down approach and repeat voiding cystourethrography cause less anxiety for caregivers, these values do not correlate to pain scale in children. This finding might be due to lack of appropriate evaluation tools of pediatric pain and anxiety. However, the theory that the top-down approach is less invasive, and thus less stressful, requires further research. The Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised data indicate that influences in adult-child interaction are bidirectional.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: onurtelli@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Telli
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mermerkaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Perviz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hajiyev
authors.affiliation: Urology Clinic, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozgu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aydogdu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Faraj
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Afandiyev
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Evren
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tarkan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soygur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Berk
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burgu
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010290:Parents; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014567:Urography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid
keywords: child; parents; technetium Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid; urinary tract infections