title: Delayed contrast extravasation MRI: a new paradigm in neuro-oncology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unable to differentiate tumor/nontumor enhancing tissues. We have applied delayed-contrast MRI for calculating high resolution treatment response assessment maps (TRAMs) clearly differentiating tumor/nontumor tissues in brain tumor patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty patients with primary/metastatic tumors were recruited and scanned by delayed-contrast MRI and perfusion MRI. Of those, 47 patients underwent resection during their participation in the study. Region of interest/threshold analysis was performed on the TRAMs and on relative cerebral blood volume maps, and correlation with histology was studied. Relative cerebral blood volume was also assessed by the study neuroradiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histological validation confirmed that regions of contrast agent clearance in the TRAMs >1 h post contrast injection represent active tumor, while regions of contrast accumulation represent nontumor tissues with 100% sensitivity and 92% positive predictive value to active tumor. Significant correlation was found between tumor burden in the TRAMs and histology in a subgroup of lesions resected en bloc (r(2) = 0.90, P < .0001). Relative cerebral blood volume yielded sensitivity/positive predictive values of 51%/96% and there was no correlation with tumor burden. The feasibility of applying the TRAMs for differentiating progression from treatment effects, depicting tumor within hemorrhages, and detecting residual tumor postsurgery is demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TRAMs present a novel model-independent approach providing efficient separation between tumor/nontumor tissues by adding a short MRI scan >1 h post contrast injection. The methodology uses robust acquisition sequences, providing high resolution and easy to interpret maps with minimal sensitivity to susceptibility artifacts. The presented results provide histological validation of the TRAMs and demonstrate their potential contribution to the management of brain tumor patients.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Leor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zach
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guez
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Last
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Grober
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Ouzi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nissim
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Dvora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nass
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Alisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talianski
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spiegelmann
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Galia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsarfaty
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Sharona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadani
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanner
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Deborah T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bukstein
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yalon
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zauberman
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Yigal
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoshan
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Evgeniya
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fridman
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wygoda
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Limon
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Tzahala
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tzuk
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Zvi R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute (L.Z., A.T.); Advanced Technology Center (D.G., D.L., D.D., S.S., Y.M.); Neurosurgery Department (Y.G., O.N., R.S., M.H., J.Z., Z.R.C.); Radiology Institute (C.H., G.T.); Pathology Institute (D.N.); Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel (M.Y.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (L.Z., D.D., C.H., R.S., G.T., M.Y., Z.R.C., Y.M.); Neuro-Oncology Service (D.T.B., F.B.); Neurosurgery Department, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel (A.K., J.R.); Neuro-Oncology Service (E.F., M.W.); Neurosurgery Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.S.); Oncology Institute, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel (D.L.); Neuro-Oncology Service, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (T.T.).
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mardor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: brain metastases; brain tumor; delayed-contrast MRI; pseudoprogression; radiation necrosis