title: The combined impact of vineyard origin and processing winery on the elemental profile of red wines.
abstract: The combined effects of vineyard origin and winery processing have been studied in 65 red wines samples. Grapes originating from five different vineyards within 40 miles of each other were processed in at least two different wineries. Sixty-three different elements were determined with inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and wines were classified according to vineyard origin, processing winery, and the combination of both factors. Vineyard origin as well as winery processing have an impact on the elemental composition of wine, but each winery and each vineyard change the composition to a different degree. For some vineyards, wines showed a characteristic elemental pattern, independent of the processing winery, but the same was found for some wineries, with similar elemental pattern for all grapes processed in these wineries, independent of the vineyard origin. Studying the combined effects of grapegrowing and winemaking provides insight into the determination of geographical origin of red wines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address: hhopfer@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hopfer
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Hildegarde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heymann
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ebeler
mesh_terms: D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005843:Geography; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Determination of geographical origin; Elemental composition; Inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); Vineyard; Wine; Winery