title: Coupling online control and inhibitory systems in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Goal-directed reaching.
abstract: For children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), the real-time coupling between frontal executive function and online motor control has not been explored despite reported deficits in each domain. The aim of the present study was to investigate how children with DCD enlist online control under task constraints that compel the need for inhibitory control. A total of 129 school children were sampled from mainstream primary schools. Forty-two children who met research criteria for DCD were compared with 87 typically developing controls on a modified double-jump reaching task. Children within each skill group were divided into three age bands: younger (6-7 years), mid-aged (8-9), and older (10-12). Online control was compared between groups as a function of trial type (non-jump, jump, anti-jump). Overall, results showed that while movement times were similar between skill groups under simple task constraints (non-jump), on perturbation (or jump) trials the DCD group were significantly slower than controls and corrected trajectories later. Critically, the DCD group was further disadvantaged by anti-jump trials where inhibitory control was required; however, this effect reduced with age. While coupling online control and executive systems is not well developed in younger and mid-aged children, there is evidence of age-appropriate coupling in older children. Longitudinal data are needed to clarify this intriguing finding. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruddock
authors.affiliation: Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piek
authors.affiliation: University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sugden
authors.affiliation: Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.affiliation: Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caeyenberghs
authors.affiliation: Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: peterh.wilson@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilson
keywords: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD); Executive function; Inhibitory control; Motor control; Motor development; Motor learning; Predictive modelling