title: A landscape-scale approach to examining the fate of atmospherically derived industrial metals in the surficial environment.
abstract: Industrial metals are now ubiquitous within the atmosphere and their deposition represents a potential source of contamination to surficial environments. Few studies, however, have examined the environmental fate of atmospheric industrial metals within different surface environments. In this study, patterns of accumulation of atmospherically transported industrial metals were investigated within the surface environments of the Snowy Mountains, Australia. Metals, including Pb, Sb, Cr and Mo, were enriched in aerosols collected in the Snowy Mountains by 3.5-50 times pre-industrial concentrations. In sedimentary environments (soils, lakes and reservoirs) metals showed varying degrees of enrichment. Differences were attributed to the relative degree of atmospheric input, metal sensitivity to enrichment, catchment area and metal behaviour following deposition. In settings where atmospheric deposition dominated (ombrotrophic peat mires in the upper parts of catchments), metal enrichment patterns most closely resembled those in collected aerosols. However, even in these environments significant dilution (by 5-7 times) occurred. The most sensitive industrial metals (those with the lowest natural concentration; Cd, Ag, Sb and Mo) were enriched throughout the studied environments. However, in alpine tarn-lakes no other metals were enriched, due to the dilution of pollutant-metals by catchment derived sediment. In reservoirs, which were located lower within catchments, industrial metals exhibited more complex patterns. Particle reactive metals (e.g. Pb) displayed little enrichment, implying that they were retained up catchment, whereas more soluble metals (e.g., Cu and Zn) showed evidence of concentration. These same metals (Cu and Zn) were depleted in soils, implying that they are preferentially transported through catchments. Enrichment of other metals (e.g. Cd) varied between reservoirs as a function of contributing catchment area. Overall this study showed that the fate of atmospherically derived metals is complex, and depends upon metal behaviour and geomorphic processes operating at landscape scales.
authors.affiliation: Climate Research Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. Electronic address: n.stromsoe@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stromsoe
authors.affiliation: GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia; Wollongong Isotope Geochronology Laboratory, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Samuel K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: Climate Research Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Hamish A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.affiliation: Environmental Dynamics and Ecohydrology, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Callow
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia.
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heijnis
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia.
authors.forename: Atun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zawadzki
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D001315:Australia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D007221:Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D012987:Soil
keywords: Aerosol; Australia; Industrial; Metals; Pollutants