title: Disruption of SOX6 is associated with a rapid-onset dopa-responsive movement disorder, delayed development, and dysmorphic features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sox6 is a transcription factor that is crucial for the differentiation and development of cortical interneurons and dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compact. Loss-of-function mutations might thus result in complex paroxysmal diseases such as epilepsy syndromes or movement disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a 15-year-old boy with delayed speech development and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who presented with a rapid-onset generalized dopa-responsive dystonia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurological examination revealed generalized dystonic and frequent athetoid movements of the arms, trunk, and neck. Gait was severely impaired secondary to frequent dystonic postures. Both a resting tremor and action tremors were observed in both hands. Speech was dysarthric but language comprehension was unimpaired. Testing for saccadic dysfunction revealed hypometric horizontal and vertical saccades. Physical examination was otherwise significant for a pectus carinatum and splenomegaly. Laboratory studies, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalography were unremarkable. Treatment with levodopa/carbidopa led to a complete and sustained remission of neurological symptoms. Genetic testing revealed a mono-allelic de novo 84-kb deletion on chromosome 11p15.2 encompassing exons 14-16 of the SOX6 gene (chr11: 15944880-16029095, NCBI 37/hg19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of a dopa-responsive movement disorder associated with SOX6 disruption. SOX6 mutations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained dopa-responsive dystonia syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: d.ebrahimi-fakhari@uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Darius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi-Fakhari
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Helios Hospital Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haneke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Helios Hospital Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niehues
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hinderhofer
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Assmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Runz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D055755:SOXD Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C486270:SOX6 protein, human; D055755:SOXD Transcription Factors
keywords: SOX6; athetosis; development; dopa-responsive dystonia; dysarthria; dysmorphism; dystonia; levodopa; neuronal differentiation