title: An association mapping approach to identify favourable alleles for tomato fruit quality breeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have been recently used to dissect complex quantitative traits and identify candidate genes affecting phenotype variation of polygenic traits. In order to map loci controlling variation in tomato marketable and nutritional fruit traits, we used a collection of 96 cultivated genotypes, including Italian, Latin American, and other worldwide-spread landraces and varieties. Phenotyping was carried out by measuring ten quality traits and metabolites in red ripe fruits. In parallel, genotyping was carried out by using the Illumina Infinium SolCAP array, which allows data to be collected from 7,720 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Mixed Linear Model used to detect associations between markers and traits allowed population structure and relatedness to be evidenced within our collection, which have been taken into consideration for association analysis. GWAS identified 20 SNPs that were significantly associated with seven out of ten traits considered. In particular, our analysis revealed two markers associated with phenolic compounds, three with ascorbic acid, β-carotene and trans-lycopene, six with titratable acidity, and only one with pH and fresh weight. Co-localization of a group of associated loci with candidate genes/QTLs previously reported in other studies validated the approach. Moreover, 19 putative genes in linkage disequilibrium with markers were found. These genes might be involved in the biosynthetic pathways of the traits analyzed or might be implied in their transcriptional regulation. Finally, favourable allelic combinations between associated loci were identified that could be pyramided to obtain new improved genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results led to the identification of promising candidate loci controlling fruit quality that, in the future, might be transferred into tomato genotypes by Marker Assisted Selection or genetic engineering, and highlighted that intraspecific variability might be still exploited for enhancing tomato fruit quality.
authors.forename: Valentino
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruggieri
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Francese
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: Maria Manuela
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rigano
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milone
authors.forename: Teodoro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cardi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mennella
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barone
mesh_terms: D005638:Fruit / Q000502:physiology*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins