title: Obesity and its relation to depressive symptoms and sedentary lifestyle in middle-aged women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of obesity increases during female mid-life and although many factors have been identified, data from Latin America is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess factors related to obesity among middle-aged women and determine the association with depressive symptoms, sedentary lifestyle and other factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6079 women aged 40-59 years of 11 Latin American countries were asked to fill out the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Menopause Rating Scale, the Athens Insomnia Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and a general questionnaire containing personal socio-demographic data, anthropometric measures and lifestyle information. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obesity was observed in 18.5% and sedentary lifestyle in 63.9%. A 55.5% presented vasomotor symptoms, 12.2% had severe menopausal symptoms and 13.2% used hormone therapy for the menopause. Prevalence of depressive symptoms was 46.5% and anxiety 59.7%. Our logistic regression model found that significant factors associated to obesity included: arterial hypertension (OR: 1.87), depressive symptoms (OR: 1.57), sedentary lifestyle (OR: 1.50) diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.34), higher number of individuals living at home (OR: 1.31), sleep problems (OR:1.22), anxiety (OR: 1.21), having a stable partner (OR: 1.20), parity (OR: 1.16) and vasomotor symptoms (OR:1.14). A lower risk for obesity was found among women using hormonal contraceptives (OR: 0.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity in middle-aged women is the consequence of the interaction of multiple factors. It was associated to hypertension, depressive symptoms, sedentary lifestyle, climacteric symptoms and other factors.
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile; Departamento Medicina Sur, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile Orquídeas 1068, Dpto 302 PO Box 7510258, Providencia, Santiago de Chile, Chile. Electronic address: juan.blumel@redsalud.gov.cl.
authors.forename: Juan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blümel
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile; Institute of Biomedicine, Research Area for Women's Health, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Av. Carlos J Arosemena km 1.5, PO Box 09-01-4671, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chedraui
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile; Departamento Medicina Sur, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile Orquídeas 1068, Dpto 302 PO Box 7510258, Providencia, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Sócrates
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aedo
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fica
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mezones-Holguín
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barón
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Ascanio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bencosme
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Zully
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Benítez
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Luz M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calle
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: María T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hernández-Bueno
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Fiorella
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laribezcoa
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Mabel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Selva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monterrosa
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Desiree
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mostajo
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ojeda
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Onatra
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Konstatinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tserotas
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: María S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vallejo
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: Silvina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Witis
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC), Santiago de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zúñiga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid; D015995:Prevalence; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: Depressed mood; Depressive symptoms; Menopause; Middle-aged women; Obesity; Sedentary lifestyle