title: Hazard quotient profiles used as a risk assessment tool for PFOS and PFOA serum levels in three distinctive European populations.
abstract: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) blood levels are commonly used as biomarkers of human environmental exposure to these compounds. Many biomonitoring studies indicate 100% detection for PFOS and PFOA thus justifying a concern of possible risk for the most exposed individuals. This study addresses the predictive value of hazard quotients (HQs) calculated on the basis of serum PFOS and PFOA in male and female populations of reproductive age in Greenland, Poland and Ukraine. Overall, 2026 results of PFOS and PFOA serum concentrations (589 males, 1437 females) were obtained from the INUENDO database. HQs were calculated from the actual biomonitoring results and literature-based animal data linking toxicological outcomes and critical PFOS/PFOA serum levels. HQs for serum PFOS were calculated based on Points of Departure (PoD) at 13μgmL(-1) (cynomolgus monkeys, 183days, changes in THS and T3) and for PFOA at 7.1μgmL(-1) serum (male rats, 90days, hepatocellular necrosis, increased liver weight). Uncertainty factors were applied to reflect interspecies differences and human variability. Serum HQs were expressed as a ratio relative to the point of departure for each PFOS and PFOA. Only in the three cases of males in Greenland were there serum PFOS levels showing HQ values exceeding 1, so indicating that such serum levels may be of concern. The mean serum concentration of PFOS was significantly higher in male than in female populations. Despite significant differences between HQ profiles for PFOS and PFOA in donors from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine, the concentrations of these perfluoroalkylated compounds do not indicate a cause for concern, except for the three aforementioned cases from Greenland. This study demonstrates that the HQ approach can help to interpret human biomonitoring data and thus serve as a valuable tool in further risk assessment priority settings and may also be used as a basis for taking decisions in risk management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: k.ludwicki@pzh.gov.pl.
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ludwicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: kgoralczyk@pzh.gov.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Góralczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: pstrucinski@pzh.gov.pl.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Struciński
authors.affiliation: Centre of Monitoring and Analyses of Population Health, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: bogdan@pzh.gov.pl.
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wojtyniak
authors.affiliation: Centre of Monitoring and Analyses of Population Health, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: daniel@pzh.gov.pl.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rabczenko
authors.affiliation: Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2c, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Electronic address: gunntoft@rm.dk.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden. Electronic address: Christian.Lindh@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Christian H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden. Electronic address: bo_a.jonsson@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Bo A G
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: V.C.Lenters@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Virissa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lenters
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: D.Heederik@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heederik
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: kczaja@pzh.gov.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Czaja
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: ahernik@pzh.gov.pl.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernik
authors.affiliation: Primary Health Care Clinic, Postbox 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland. Electronic address: HSP@MIL.AU.DK.
authors.forename: Henning S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine and Organization of Public Health, Kharkiv National Medical University, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine. Electronic address: dmusic@ic.kharkov.ua.
authors.forename: Valentyna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zvyezday
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark. Electronic address: Jens.Peter.Ellekilde.Bonde@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Jens Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bonde
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood*; D006116:Greenland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011044:Poland; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014455:Ukraine
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: Environmental contaminants; Hazard quotients; Perfluorooctane sulfonate; Perfluorooctanoic acid; Risk assessment; Serum levels