title: Interrupted inferior vena cava in fetuses with omphalocele. Case series of fetuses referred for fetal echocardiography and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital heart disease is reported in 15-45% of omphalocele cases. Associated abnormalities of systemic veins have occasionally been reported in children and rarely documented in the fetus. We report a case series of interrupted inferior vena cava (Int-IVC) in association with omphalocele and review the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  From our fetal database we identified all cases of omphalocele referred for fetal echocardiography (FE) between 1997 and 2012. We reviewed pre and postnatal medical records and performed a literature search from 1975 to present to identify previous relevant publications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 9627 fetuses referred for FE, 34 had an omphalocele. Gestational age at FE was 17(+6) to 26(+4)weeks. Seven of the 34 fetuses were shown to have an Int-IVC with azygos continuation to a right-sided superior vena cava (SVC). The heart was structurally normal in all but one case. The abdominal wall defect was large and contained liver in all. There were three fetal demises and one neonatal death. Three cases were operated successfully. Since 1975, we identified 12 publications reporting omphalocele with systemic venous abnormalities. Abnormal IVC angulation may lead to surgical complications. Failure of IVC formation is likely to be a developmental rather than a situs abnormality. Int-IVC with a dilated azygos influences venous access and may predispose to venous thrombosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have documented an association between large omphalocele and Int-IVC with azygos continuation to the SVC. In this small series, this did not have surgical implications. It will however, influence route of any future cardiac catheterisation and may have long-term implications.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; Brompton Centre for Fetal Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mlczoch
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; Brompton Centre for Fetal Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; St George's University of London, UK. Electronic address: j.carvalho@rbht.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Julene S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014684:Venae Cavae / Q000002:abnormalities*
keywords: Azygos vein; Exomphalos; Interrupted inferior vena cava; Omphalocele; Prenatal diagnosis