title: Six years ahead: a longitudinal analysis regarding course and predictive value of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scientifically sound and valid information concerning course and prediction of mental health problems in children and adolescents in the general population is scarce, although needed for public mental health issues and daily clinical practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The psychopathological profiles of children and adolescents were analysed using the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-P) in a longitudinal setting, also investigating the predictive value of the SDQ-scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  SDQ's total psychopathological difficulties, emotional symptoms and hyperactivity-inattention scores of n = 630 children and adolescents (age 6-18;11 years) were examined along four assessment measurement points (T0-T3) over 6 years, using data from the BELLA study. According to the English normative data, the participants were categorized as "normal", "borderline" or "abnormal" based on their SDQ-scores. Groups remaining within categories were descriptively determined by means of frequency analysis, a subsequent graphical evaluation displayed the transitions from T0 to T3 concerning the different categorical classifications. Finally, ordered probit regression was used to examine whether age, gender, socio-economic status (SES) and baseline impact-score (IS) correspond to the SDQ-predicted classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, low SES and high SDQ-IS were associated with significantly increased scores on all examined SDQ-scales. Regarding the long-term aspect of SDQ-scores it could be shown that most children and adolescents remained "normal" over a measurement period of 6 years, while only a small number of children and adolescents steadily remained "abnormal" or newly developed mental health problems, respectively. For example, on the "hyperactivity-inattention"-scale, only 1 % of the children and adolescents changed from "normal" to "abnormal" (T0-T3), whereas on the "emotional symptoms"-scale, 7 % changed from "normal" to "abnormal" (T0-T3). In general, the SDQ-category "borderline" and specifically the subscale "emotional symptoms" change in both directions. Abnormal SDQ-scores at baseline, SES, gender and IS were related to the prediction of the SDQ-sores at T3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An SDQ-screening of children and adolescents may help for early detection, prediction and treatment planning. Also, these results may contribute to a better understanding of the course of mental health problems in childhood and concurrently may allow a better psychoeducation and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany, abecker4@gwdg.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ravens-Sieberer
authors.forename: Fionna
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Klasen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*