title: Molybdenum nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, G2/M arrest, and DNA damage in mouse skin fibroblast cells (L929).
abstract: The present investigation was aimed to study the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity induced by molybdenum nanoparticles (Mo-NPs) in mouse skin fibroblast cells (L929). Cells were exposed to different concentrations (1-100 μg/ml) of Mo-NPs (size 40 nm) for 24 and 48 h. After the exposure, different cytotoxicity assays (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MTT; neutral red uptake, NRU; and cellular morphology) and oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation, LPO; glutathione, GSH; and catalase) were studied. Further, Mo-NPs-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage were also studied. L929 cells treated with Mo-NPs showed a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability and a loss of the normal cell morphology. The percentage cell viability was recorded as 25%, 42%, and 58% by MTT assay and 24%, 46%, and 56% by NRU assay at 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml of Mo-NPs, respectively after 48 h exposure. Furthermore, the cells showed a significant induction of oxidative stress. This was confirmed by the increase in LPO and ROS generation, as well as the decrease in the GSH and catalase levels. The decrease in MMP also confirms the impaired mitochondrial membrane. The cell cycle analysis and comet assay data revealed that Mo-NPs induced G2/M arrest and DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results demonstrated, for the first time, Mo-NPs induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity in L929 cells. Thus, data suggest the potential hazardous nature of Mo-NPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: maqsoodahmads@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maqsood A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Quaiser
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Saquib
authors.affiliation: King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Maqusood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nida N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Farshori
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rizwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wahab
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Shams T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hisham A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Alhadlaq
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Musarrat
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Khedhairy
authors.affiliation: In Vitro Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Aditya B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Pant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D059565:G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008982:Molybdenum; D002374:Catalase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Cell cycle; Cytotoxicity; DNA damage; Molybdenum nanoparticles; Oxidative stress