title: Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a water supply system and related human health risk assessment.
abstract: A monitoring study of 31 pharmaceuticals along Lisbon's drinking water supply system was implemented, which comprised the analysis of 250 samples including raw water (surface water and groundwater), and drinking water. Of the 31 pharmaceutical compounds, only sixteen were quantified in the analyzed samples, with levels ranging from 0.005 to 46 ng/L in raw water samples and 0.09-46 ng/L in drinking water samples. The human health risk assessment performed showed that appreciable risks to the consumer's health arising from exposure to trace levels of pharmaceuticals in drinking water are extremely unlikely, as RQs values were all below 0.001. Also, pharmaceuticals were selected as indicators to be used as a tool to control the quality of raw water and the treatment efficiency in the drinking water treatment plants.
authors.affiliation: iMed.UL (Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Portugal), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa (FFUL), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Jesus Gaffney
authors.affiliation: iMed.UL (Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Portugal), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa (FFUL), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Laboratório de Bromatologia e Qualidade da Água, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina M M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S.A. -EPAL, Direção de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Av. de Berlim, 15, 1800-031 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S.A. -EPAL, Direção de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Av. de Berlim, 15, 1800-031 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S.A. -EPAL, Direção de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Av. de Berlim, 15, 1800-031 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria João
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Benoliel
authors.affiliation: Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres, S.A. -EPAL, Direção de Controlo da Qualidade da Água, Av. de Berlim, 15, 1800-031 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: vitorcar@epal.pt.
authors.forename: Vitor Vale
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Cardoso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D011174:Portugal; D018570:Risk Assessment; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Drinking water; Indicators; Pharmaceuticals; Risk assessment