title: Uphill walking with a simple exoskeleton: plantarflexion assistance leads to proximal adaptations.
abstract: While level walking with a pneumatic ankle-foot exoskeleton is studied extensively, less is known on uphill walking. The goals of this study were to get a better understanding of the biomechanical adaptations and the influence of actuation timing on metabolic cost during uphill walking with a plantarflexion assisting exoskeleton. Seven female subjects walked on a treadmill with 15% inclination at 1.36 ms(-1) in five conditions (4 min): one condition with an unpowered exoskeleton and four with a powered exoskeleton with onset of pneumatic muscle actuation at 19, 26, 34 and 41% of stride. During uphill walking the metabolic cost was more than 10% lower for all powered conditions compared to the unpowered condition. When actuation onset was in between 26 and 34% of the stride, metabolic cost was suggested to be minimal. While it was expected that exoskeleton assistance would reduce muscular activity of the plantarflexors during push-off, subjects used the additional power to raise the body centre of mass in the beginning of each step to a higher point compared to unpowered walking. This reduced the muscular activity in the m. vastus lateralis and the m. biceps femoris as less effort was necessary to reach the highest body centre of mass position in the single support phase. In conclusion, subjects can use plantarflexion assistance during the push-off to reduce muscular activity in more proximal joints in order to minimize energy cost during uphill locomotion. Kinetic data seem necessary to fully understand this mechanism, which highlights the complexity of human-exoskeleton interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: samuel.galle@ugent.be.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galle
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: philippe.malcolm@ugent.be.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malcolm
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: wim.derave@ugent.be.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Derave
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: dirk.declercq@ugent.be.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Clercq
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Exoskeleton; Locomotion; Metabolic cost; Robotics; Uphill walking