title: Effect of cigarette smoking on vascular flows in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction.
abstract: Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy may result in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In the study, the effect of tobacco smoke on vascular flows in the middle cerebral artery, umbilical artery, ductus venosus in fetuses and uterine artery in pregnancies complicated by IUGR was investigated. The study subjects were divided into three groups: smoking women with IUGR (n=31), women with idiopathic IUGR (n=28) and healthy controls (n=50). Fetal biometry and flow parameters were measured. Concentration of heavy metals and antioxidants was tested in maternal blood and fetal umbilical cord blood. The Student t test and multiple regression analysis were used. Cotinine and cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in smokers (55.23±54.23, 1.52±0.9), while metallothionein was significantly higher (22.94±8.64) in the idiopathic IUGR group. Strong correlations between cotinine and cadmium concentrations and cerebral-umbilical index were found. Long-term exposure to tobacco smoke deteriorates flows in vital fetal vessels.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: ewa.milnerowicz@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bizoń
mesh_terms: D001775:Blood Circulation; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein; D005978:Glutathione; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Glutathione; Intrauterine growth restriction; Metallothionein; Smoking; Vascular flows