title: The two-process theory of face processing: modifications based on two decades of data from infants and adults.
abstract: Johnson and Morton (1991. Biology and Cognitive Development: The Case of Face Recognition. Blackwell, Oxford) used Gabriel Horn's work on the filial imprinting model to inspire a two-process theory of the development of face processing in humans. In this paper we review evidence accrued over the past two decades from infants and adults, and from other primates, that informs this two-process model. While work with newborns and infants has been broadly consistent with predictions from the model, further refinements and questions have been raised. With regard to adults, we discuss more recent evidence on the extension of the model to eye contact detection, and to subcortical face processing, reviewing functional imaging and patient studies. We conclude with discussion of outstanding caveats and future directions of research in this field.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK. Electronic address: mark.johnson@bbk.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Senju
authors.affiliation: Neurocognitive Development Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Przemyslaw
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tomalski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D007173:Imprinting, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008959:Models, Neurological
keywords: Amygdala; Conlern; Conspec; Face detection; Filial imprinting; Gaze processing; Pulvinar; Sub-cortical face pathway; Superior colliculus; Two-process theory of face processing development