title: Hitting a target is fundamentally different from avoiding obstacles.
abstract: To successfully move our hand to a target, it is important not only to consider the target of our movements but also to consider other objects in the environment that may act as obstacles. We previously found that the time needed to respond to a change in position was considerably longer for a displacement of an obstacle than for a displacement of the target (Aivar, Brenner, & Smeets, 2008. Experimental Brain Research 190, 251-264). In that study, the movement constraints imposed by the obstacles differed from those imposed by the target. To examine whether the latency is really different for targets and obstacles, irrespective of any constraints they impose, we modified the design of the previous experiment to make sure that the constraints were matched. In each trial, two aligned 'objects' of the same size were presented at different distances to the left of the initial position of the hand. Each of these objects could either be a target or a gap (opening between two obstacles). Participants were instructed to pass through both objects. All possible combinations of these two objects were tested: gap-target, target-gap, gap-gap, target-target. On some trials one of the objects changed position after movement onset. Participants systematically responded faster to the displacement of a target than to the displacement of a gap at the same location. We conclude that targets are prioritized over obstacles in movement control.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, s/n, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: mariapilar.aivar@uam.es.
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Aivar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: eli.brenner@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.b.j.smeets@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Jeroen B J
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Smeets
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Fast Responses; Human arm movements; Obstacles; Perturbations; Visual control