title: The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for  modulating craving and addictive behaviours: a critical literature  review of efficacy, technical and methodological considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of addiction. This critical review aims to summarise the recent developments with respect to the efficacy of rTMS for all types of addiction and related disorders (including eating disorders), and concentrates on the associated methodological and technical issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bibliographic search consisted of a computerised screening of the Medline and ScienceDirect databases up to December 2013. Criteria for inclusion were the target problem was an addiction, a related disorder, or craving; the intervention was performed using rTMS; and the study was a clinical trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the potential 638 articles, 18 met the criteria for inclusion. Most of these (11 of the 18) supported the efficacy of rTMS, especially in the short term. In most cases, the main assessment criterion was the measurement of craving using a Visual Analogue Scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are discussed with respect to the study limitations and, in particular, the many methodological and technical discrepancies that were identified. Key recommendations are provided.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grall-Bronnec
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sauvaget
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066249:Craving / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome