title: Satisfaction with known, open-identity, or unknown sperm donors: reports from lesbian mothers of 17-year-old adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether lesbian mothers of 17-year-old adolescents conceived through donor insemination are satisfied with their choice of a known, open-identity, or unknown sperm donor and whether the mothers' satisfaction is associated with psychological health problems in the index adolescent offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed-method study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-nine lesbian mothers and 77 index offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semistructured interviews with the mothers conducted by telephone and the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI) completed online by the adolescent offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Satisfaction with the type of sperm donor selected was assessed through multiple choice questions, and adolescent psychological health problems by the STPI. The reasons for the mothers' (dis)satisfaction were evaluated through a thematic analysis of transcribed interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 77.5% of mothers were satisfied with the type of donor chosen. There were no significant differences between birth mothers and comothers on (dis)satisfaction. In comparing satisfied with dissatisfied birth mothers by donor type, the only significant differences were that those selecting open-identity donors were more satisfied than dissatisfied and that those using unknown donors were more dissatisfied than satisfied; (dis)satisfaction with donor type was unrelated to offspring psychological health problems. Qualitative analyses revealed six themes concerning all mothers' reasons for (dis)satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Donor access and custody concerns were the primary themes mentioned by lesbian mothers regarding their (dis)satisfaction with the type of sperm donor they had selected.
authors.affiliation: Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, California; Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: ngartrell@nllfs.org.
authors.forename: Nanette K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Gartrell
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henny
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.affiliation: Movement Advancement Project, Denver, Colorado.
authors.forename: Naomi G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: Birth Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deck
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Loes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Rijn-van Gelderen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018452:Homosexuality, Female / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019520:Living Donors / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Lesbian mothers; donor insemination; known sperm donor; open-identity sperm donor; unknown sperm donor