title: Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning and carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygen and nitrogen containing derivatives in Xi'an, central China.
abstract: 29 parent- and alkyl-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 15 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), 11 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) and 4 azaarenes (AZAs) in both the gaseous and particulate phases, as well as the particulate-bound carbon fractions (organic carbon, elemental carbon, char, and soot) in ambient air sampled in March and September 2012 from an urban site in Xi'an, central China were extracted and analyzed. The average concentrations (gaseous+particulate) of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs and ∑4AZAs were 1267.0 ± 307.5, 113.8 ± 46.1, 11.8 ± 4.8 and 26.5 ± 11.8 ng m(-3) in March and 784.7 ± 165.1, 67.2 ± 9.8, 9.0 ± 1.5 and 21.6 ± 5.1 ng m(-3) in September, respectively. Concentrations of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs and ∑11NPAHs in particulates were significantly correlated with those of the carbon fractions (OC, EC, char and soot). Both absorption into organic matter in particles and adsorption onto the surface of particles were important for PAHs and OPAHs in both sampling periods, with more absorption occurring in September, while absorption was always the most important process for NPAHs. The total carcinogenic risk of PAHs plus the NPAHs was higher in March. Gaseous compounds, which were not considered in most previous studies, contributed 29 to 44% of the total health risk in March and September, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China. Electronic address: yongming@ieecas.cn.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Benjamin A Musa
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bandowe
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ru-Jin
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilcke
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002273:Carcinogens; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Carbon fractions; Carcinogenic risk; Gas/particle partitioning; Polycyclic aromatic compounds