title: Nonvascular transport distraction osteogenesis in bone formation and regeneration. Is it an accidental phenomenon?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the osteogenic mechanism of nonvascular transport distraction osteogenesis (NTDO) by constructing mandibular defects in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty adult dogs were randomly divided into three groups with 20 dogs in each group. Canine mandibular defect models of NTDO were constructed. Animals were euthanized 1, 4 and 12 weeks after distraction, and the transport disc and surrounding tissue were collected and fixed. Histochemical staining using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and electron microscopic observations were used to examine bone regeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distraction bone regeneration was observed in the distraction gap and around the transport disc, and osseous connections had formed between new bone and the transport disc after one week. Osteoclasts gathered around the transport disc, and bone absorption pit formation could be seen. After 4 weeks of distraction, the new bone around the transport disc was close to maturity with thick sclerostin on the middle of the transport disc. After 12 weeks the new bone and the transport disc were fully integrated, and were difficult to distinguish by H&E staining and electron microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Canine mandibular defects were successfully repaired by NTDO resulting in ideal new bone formation and fully recovered mandibular physiological function. The surrounding tissues, including musculoskeletal tissues, the periosteum and other soft tissues and the nonvascular transport disc, together contribute to bone regeneration and neovascularization in NTDO.
authors.affiliation: College of Stomatology, GuangXi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Stomatology, GuangXi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: College of Stomatology, GuangXi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China. Electronic address: james249540408@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000473:pathology; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000473:pathology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004285:Dogs; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006253:Haversian System / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008334:Mandible / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000473:pathology; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000473:pathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes
keywords: Animal model; Bone regeneration; Distraction osteogenesis; Electron microscope