title: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in eggshells of the Southern  Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) and Wattled Crane  (Bugeranus carunculatus) in South Africa.
abstract: This study was undertaken to assess the levels of eight PBDE congeners, namely: PBDE-17, 47, 100, 99, 154, 153, 183 and 209 in eggshells of Southern Ground-Hornbill (SGH) Bucorvus leadbeateri and Wattled Crane (WC) Bugeranus carunculatus obtained from different nesting sites within the eastern savanna of Limpopo Province and the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, respectively. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry employing the electron impact ionization technique. The results obtained indicated that the lower brominated congeners were predominant in both species. The total PBDEs ranged between not detected (ND) to 264 μg g−1 lipid weight and 5.98–7146 μg g−1 lipid weight in the SGH and WC samples, respectively. More so, the mean recoveries of the 13C-labelled surrogate standards ranged between 40% (PBDE-100) and 136% (PBDE-99). The potential hazards to these birds via PBDEs exposure were evaluated by determining the hazard quotients (HQs) by employing the established Lowest Observed Effect Level (LOEL) values associated with impaired pipping and hatching success as well as that associated with impaired reproduction. HQs values varying from 0.58 to 0.94 and 27.71 to 45.27, respectively were obtained for SGH and WC species. This implies that the SGH populations are exposed to low to moderate hazards, while the WC populations are susceptible to high hazards. Considering the potential threats posed by PBDEs, particularly to the WC species, it is likely that exposure to the current environmental levels of PBDEs by these birds may contribute to their reduced breeding success and declining population trends.
authors.forename: Adegbenro P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Daso
authors.forename: Jonathan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Patricia B C
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Antoinette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotzé
authors.forename: Egmont R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Rohwer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000378:metabolism*; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D056727:Endangered Species; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; C086401:pentabromodiphenyl ether