title: Association of inflammatory biomarkers with depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in a community-dwelling healthy older sample: a 3-year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between the pathophysiology of dementia and neuroinflammation is well-known. The number of reports stating that depression is a risk factor for dementia has recently been increasing. These epidemiological findings suggest the possibility that both depression and dementia have common pathophysiological backgrounds of neuroinflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consists of 64 non-demented community-dwelling older participants aged 65 years or over. Participants were assessed at baseline (2004-2006) and 3 years later (2007-2009). Plasma concentration of markers of inflammation (interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) were measured at baseline. Depression symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and cognitive decline was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) at baseline and follow-up. All analyses were adjusted for age, gender and years of education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cross-sectional analysis, the present study found soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) to be associated only with the MMSE score at baseline in men. In the longitudinal analysis, none of our inflammatory biomarkers were associated with either depressive symptoms or cognitive decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study consists of small number of participants and body mass index (BMI) scores were not obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that sIL-2R is associated with current cognitive function in men. None of our inflammatory markers predicted future depressive state or cognitive decline in our community-dwelling healthy older sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan. Electronic address: jun-matsu.77@nifty.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nabeta
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; Institute of Comparative Studies of International Cultures and Societies, Kurume University, Fukuoka 839-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiomi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; Ureshino Onsen Hospital, Saga 843-0301, Japan.
authors.forename: Itaru
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
authors.affiliation: Kojima Hospital, Imari, Saga 848-0121, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.affiliation: St Lucia׳s Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan. Electronic address: amonji@hf.rim.or.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monji
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Cognitive decline; Community-dwelling healthy older people; Depression; Inflammatory biomarkers; Prospective study