title: The impact of emotions on body-Focused repetitive behaviors:  evidence from a non-treatment-seeking sample.
abstract: Body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) are repetitive, injurious, and non-functional habits that cause significant distress or impairment, including hair-pulling, skin-picking, and nail-biting. The emotion regulation (ER) model suggests that BFRBs are triggered by negative emotions and reinforced by alleviation of unpleasant affect. The frustrated action (FA) model suggests that BFRBs are triggered by and alleviate impatience, boredom, frustration, and dissatisfaction. Individuals with BFRBs are hypothesized to be particularly susceptible to these emotions because they demonstrate maladaptive planning styles characterized by high standards and unwillingness to relax.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to test these two models.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study compared urge to engage in BFRBs in a BFRB group (n = 24) and a control group (n = 23) in experimental conditions designed to elicit boredom/frustration, stress, and relaxation, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BFRB group reported a significantly greater urge to engage in BFRBs than did the control group across conditions. Participants in the BFRB group reported a stronger urge to engage in BFRBs in the boredom/frustration condition than in the relaxation condition but not in the stress condition. Finally, the BFRB group presented significantly higher scores on maladaptive planning style, and maladaptive planning style was significantly correlated with difficulties with ER.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future studies may wish to exclusively use validated mood induction techniques and more stringent inclusion criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight the role of boredom, frustration, and impatience in triggering BFRBs, and support the FA model.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Kieron
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aardema
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bélanger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014256:Trichotillomania / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult