title: Seed-mediated gene flow promotes genetic diversity of weedy rice within populations: implications for weed management.
abstract: Increased infestation of weedy rice-a noxious agricultural pest has caused significant reduction of grain yield of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) worldwide. Knowledge on genetic diversity and structure of weedy rice populations will facilitate the design of effective methods to control this weed by tracing its origins and dispersal patterns in a given region. To generate such knowledge, we studied genetic diversity and structure of 21 weedy rice populations from Sri Lanka based on 23 selected microsatellite (SSR) loci. Results indicated an exceptionally high level of within-population genetic diversity (He = 0.62) and limited among-population differentiation (Fst = 0.17) for this predominantly self-pollinating weed. UPGMA analysis showed a loose genetic affinity of the weedy rice populations in relation to their geographical locations, and no obvious genetic structure among populations across the country. This phenomenon was associated with the considerable amount of gene flow between populations. Limited admixture from STRUCTURE analyses suggested a very low level of hybridization (pollen-mediated gene flow) between populations. The abundant within-population genetic diversity coupled with limited population genetic structure and differentiation is likely caused by the considerable seed-mediated gene flow of weedy rice along with the long-distance exchange of farmer-saved rice seeds between weedy-rice contaminated regions in Sri Lanka. In addition to other effective weed management strategies, promoting the application of certified rice seeds with no weedy rice contamination should be the immediate action to significantly reduce the proliferation and infestation of this weed in rice ecosystems in countries with similar rice farming styles as in Sri Lanka.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhuoxian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Disna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ratnasekera
authors.affiliation: Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Udugahapattuwage
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Rong
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D057685:Plant Weeds / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics*; D058728:Weed Control