title: Intestinal microbiota development in preterm neonates and effect of perinatal antibiotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the establishment of the intestinal microbiota in very low birthweight preterm infants and to evaluate the impact of perinatal factors, such as delivery mode and perinatal antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence-based microbiota analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the establishment of the intestinal microbiota. We also evaluated factors affecting the microbiota, during the first 3 months of life in preterm infants (n = 27) compared with full-term babies (n = 13).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immaturity affects the microbiota as indicated by a reduced percentage of the family Bacteroidaceae during the first months of life and by a higher initial percentage of Lactobacillaceae in preterm infants compared with full term infants. Perinatal antibiotics, including intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis, affects the gut microbiota, as indicated by increased Enterobacteriaceae family organisms in the infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prematurity and perinatal antibiotic administration strongly affect the initial establishment of microbiota with potential consequences for later health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arboleya
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Borja
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duranti
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, SESPA, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Solís
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Service, Hospital de Cabueñes, Servicio de Salud Pública del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Clara G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: de los Reyes-Gavilán
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Abelardo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Margolles
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain. Electronic address: mgueimonde@ipla.csic.es.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gueimonde
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S