title: Optimization of the AC-gradient method for velocity profile measurement and application to slow flow.
abstract: This work presents a spectroscopic method to measure slow flow. Within a single shot the velocity distribution is acquired. This allows distinguishing rapidly between single velocities within the sampled volume with a high sensitivity. The technique is based on signal acquisition in the presence of a periodic gradient and a train of refocussing RF pulses. The theoretical model for trapezoidal bipolar pulse shaped gradients under consideration of diffusion and the outflow effect is introduced. A phase correction technique is presented that improves the spectral accuracy. Therefore, flow phantom measurements are used to validate the new sequence and the simulation based on the theoretical model. It was demonstrated that accurate parabolic flow profiles can be acquired and flow variations below 200 μm/s can be detected. Three post-processing methods that eliminate static background signal are also presented for applications in which static background signal dominates. Finally, this technique is applied to flow measurement of a small alder tree demonstrating a typical application of in vivo plant measurements.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Magnetic Resonance Bavaria e.V., Würzburg, Germany. Electronic address: ralf.kartaeusch@physik.uni-wuerzburg.de.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kartäusch
authors.affiliation: Germany Department of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Helluy
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Magnetic Resonance Bavaria e.V., Würzburg, Germany; Germany Department of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter Michael
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Magnetic Resonance Bavaria e.V., Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fidler
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D029661:Alnus / Q000502:physiology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000502:physiology*; D058526:Plant Vascular Bundle / Q000502:physiology*; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Flow quantification; MR spectroscopy; Periodic gradient; Plant measurements