title: Genetic polymorphisms of Foxp3 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to identify 2 polymorphic variants in the promoter region of the Foxp3 gene and their possible association with susceptibility to and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The association between genetic factors and pathogenesis suggests that T cells take part in the induction of RA. The CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ subset of regulatory T cells plays an essential role in preventing autoimmunity and maintaining immune homeostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with RA (n = 274) and healthy individuals (n = 295) were examined for -3279 C/A and -924 A/G Foxp3 gene polymorphisms by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method. Serum Foxp3 levels in patients with RA and controls were measured with ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Foxp3 -3279 A and -924 G alleles were associated with significantly elevated risk of RA in the population tested (p = 0.003 and p = 0.004, respectively) compared to the wild-type alleles. Overall, -3279 C/A and -924 A/G Foxp3 gene polymorphisms were in indistinct linkage disequilibrium with D' = 0.481 and r(2) = 0.225. From 4 possible haplotypes, frequencies of 2 (AG and CA) showed significant differences between both examined groups (respectively, p < 0.001 and p = 0.007). After appropriate adjustment of Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, the genotype-phenotype analysis showed no significant correlation of the Foxp3 -3279 C/A and -924 A/G polymorphisms with the disease activity, joint damage, laboratory variables, and extraarticular manifestation in patients with RA. Serum Foxp3 level was significantly higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current findings indicated that the Foxp3 genetic polymorphism and the Foxp3 protein level may be associated with susceptibility to RA in the Polish population.
authors.affiliation: From the departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Connective Tissue Diseases, and Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; the Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.A. Paradowska-Gorycka, PhD; M. Jurkowska, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Rheumatology; A. Felis-Giemza, MD; K. Romanowska-Próchnicka, MD, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology; M. Manczak, MS, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; S. Maslinski, Professor, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw; M. Olesinska, Professor, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology. paradowska_aga@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paradowska-Gorycka
authors.affiliation: From the departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Connective Tissue Diseases, and Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; the Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.A. Paradowska-Gorycka, PhD; M. Jurkowska, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Rheumatology; A. Felis-Giemza, MD; K. Romanowska-Próchnicka, MD, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology; M. Manczak, MS, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; S. Maslinski, Professor, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw; M. Olesinska, Professor, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jurkowska
authors.affiliation: From the departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Connective Tissue Diseases, and Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; the Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.A. Paradowska-Gorycka, PhD; M. Jurkowska, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Rheumatology; A. Felis-Giemza, MD; K. Romanowska-Próchnicka, MD, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology; M. Manczak, MS, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; S. Maslinski, Professor, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw; M. Olesinska, Professor, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Felis-Giemza
authors.affiliation: From the departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Connective Tissue Diseases, and Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; the Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.A. Paradowska-Gorycka, PhD; M. Jurkowska, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Rheumatology; A. Felis-Giemza, MD; K. Romanowska-Próchnicka, MD, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology; M. Manczak, MS, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; S. Maslinski, Professor, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw; M. Olesinska, Professor, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Romanowska-Próchnicka
authors.affiliation: From the departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Connective Tissue Diseases, and Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; the Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.A. Paradowska-Gorycka, PhD; M. Jurkowska, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Rheumatology; A. Felis-Giemza, MD; K. Romanowska-Próchnicka, MD, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology; M. Manczak, MS, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; S. Maslinski, Professor, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw; M. Olesinska, Professor, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manczak
authors.affiliation: From the departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Connective Tissue Diseases, and Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; the Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.A. Paradowska-Gorycka, PhD; M. Jurkowska, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Rheumatology; A. Felis-Giemza, MD; K. Romanowska-Próchnicka, MD, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology; M. Manczak, MS, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; S. Maslinski, Professor, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw; M. Olesinska, Professor, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology.
authors.forename: Slawomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maslinski
authors.affiliation: From the departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Connective Tissue Diseases, and Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; the Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.A. Paradowska-Gorycka, PhD; M. Jurkowska, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Rheumatology; A. Felis-Giemza, MD; K. Romanowska-Próchnicka, MD, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology; M. Manczak, MS, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute of Rheumatology; S. Maslinski, Professor, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw; M. Olesinska, Professor, Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, Institute of Rheumatology.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olesinska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors
keywords: FOXP3; GENE POLYMORPHISMS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SERUM LEVELS