title: Differential behavior patterns in cynomolgus monkey Macaca fascicularis in home cage in response to human gaze.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-human primates, when encountering human beings, show wariness and alertness. These behaviors differ when there is direct human gaze vs. when human averts his gaze.
  
  
  METHODS
  We observed cynomolgus monkey in their home cage and studied their behaviors in response to human gaze. Four behaviors were analyzed: opening mouth, staring at observer, agitated activity, and approaching observer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three behaviors appeared to be sensitive to human gaze between when the human observer gazed at the monkey and when the human observer looked away. Individual animals also displayed subpatterns of responses to human gaze.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that, even in their home cage, monkeys display a heightened level of awareness when gazed upon by a human observer, suggesting that human gaze may elicit emotional reactions. Further, under the human gaze, distinct behavioral subpatterns were apparent within the monkey cohort in our study, indicative of subgroups within the cohort.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Agre
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buyske
authors.forename: Qinglian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Zhiheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Meilei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Gang Jason
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005133:Eye Movements; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D014796:Visual Perception
keywords: monkey; non-human primates; response to human gaze