title: A modeling assessment of the physicochemical properties and environmental fate of emerging and novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
abstract: Long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic contaminants that are globally present in the environment, wildlife and humans. Phase-out actions and use restrictions to reduce the environmental release of long-chain PFCAs, PFSAs and their precursors have been taken since 2000. In particular, long-chain poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are being replaced with shorter-chain homologues or other fluorinated or non-fluorinated alternatives. A key question is: are these alternatives, particularly the structurally similar fluorinated alternatives, less hazardous to humans and the environment than the substances they replace? Several fluorinated alternatives including perfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) and perfluoroether sulfonic acids (PFESAs) have been recently identified. However, the scarcity of experimental data prevents hazard and risk assessments for these substances. In this study, we use state-of-the-art in silico tools to estimate key properties of these newly identified fluorinated alternatives. [i] COSMOtherm and SPARC are used to estimate physicochemical properties. The US EPA EPISuite software package is used to predict degradation half-lives in air, water and soil. [ii] In combination with estimated chemical properties, a fugacity-based multimedia mass-balance unit-world model - the OECD Overall Persistence (POV) and Long-Range Transport Potential (LRTP) Screening Tool - is used to assess the likely environmental fate of these alternatives. Even though the fluorinated alternatives contain some structural differences, their physicochemical properties are not significantly different from those of their predecessors. Furthermore, most of the alternatives are estimated to be similarly persistent and mobile in the environment as the long-chain PFASs. The models therefore predict that the fluorinated alternatives will become globally distributed in the environment similar to their predecessors. Although such in silico methods are coupled with uncertainties, this preliminary assessment provides enough cause for concern to warrant experimental work to better determine the properties of these fluorinated alternatives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Melissa Ines
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Gomis
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Zhanyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheringer
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: ian.cousins@itm.su.se.
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Cousins
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons
keywords: Environmental fate; Fluorinated alternative; Hazard assessment; In silico tool; PFOA; PFOS