title: Adjunctive, pain-modifying, analgesic drugs.
abstract: Outside the realm of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(NSAID) and opioid exist a broad range of medications that exert an analgesic effect, or otherwise modify and protect against pain, by manipulating various targets along the nociceptive pathway. Strength of evidence for dogs and cats can vary widely, and this article will review the available literature that may guide clinical usage in these species.
authors.affiliation: TotalBond Veterinary Hospitals, Gastonia, NC, USA; Carolinas Animal Pain Management, Gastonia, NC, USA; International Veterinary Academy of Pain Management, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: mark.epstein@totalbondvets.com.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia
keywords: Adjunctive; Analgesia; Canine; Cat; Dog; Feline; Pain-modifying; Veterinary