title: Modeling the safety impacts of driving hours and rest breaks on truck drivers considering time-dependent covariates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Driving hours and rest breaks are closely related to driver fatigue, which is a major contributor to truck crashes. This study investigates the effects of driving hours and rest breaks on commercial truck driver safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  A discrete-time logistic regression model is used to evaluate the crash odds ratios of driving hours and rest breaks. Driving time is divided into 11 one hour intervals. These intervals and rest breaks are modeled as dummy variables. In addition, a Cox proportional hazards regression model with time-dependent covariates is used to assess the transient effects of rest breaks, which consists of a fixed effect and a variable effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data collected from two national truckload carriers in 2009 and 2010 are used. The discrete-time logistic regression result indicates that only the crash odds ratio of the 11th driving hour is statistically significant. Taking one, two, and three rest breaks can reduce drivers' crash odds by 68%, 83%, and 85%, respectively, compared to drivers who did not take any rest breaks. The Cox regression result shows clear transient effects for rest breaks. It also suggests that drivers may need some time to adjust themselves to normal driving tasks after a rest break. Overall, the third rest break's safety benefit is very limited based on the results of both models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this research can help policy makers better understand the impact of driving time and rest breaks and develop more effective rules to improve commercial truck safety.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 108 Falmouth Hall, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. Electronic address: power.julian.chen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 108 Falmouth Hall, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. Electronic address: yuanchang_xie@uml.edu.
authors.forename: Yuanchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005221:Fatigue; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012146:Rest; D012449:Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Cox proportional hazards model; Discrete-time logistic regression; Driver fatigue; Hours of Service; Survival analysis