title: Longitudinal association of anthropometric measures of adiposity  with cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some studies suggest that anthropometric measures of abdominal obesity may be superior to body mass index (BMI) for the prediction of cardiometabolic risk factors; however, most studies have been cross-sectional. Our aim was to prospectively examine the association of change in BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and waist circumference-to-height ratio (WCHtR) with change in markers of cardiometabolic risk in a population of postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a subsample of participants in the Women's Health Initiative aged 50 to 79 years at entry with available fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements obtained at multiple time points over 12.8 years of follow-up (n = 2672). The blood samples were used to measure blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides at baseline, and at years 1, 3, and 6. We conducted mixed-effects linear regression analyses to examine associations at baseline and longitudinal associations between change in anthropometric measures and change in cardiometabolic risk factors, adjusting for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In longitudinal analyses, change in BMI, WC, and WCHtR robustly predicted change in cardiometabolic risk, whereas change in WHR did not. The strongest associations were seen for change in triglycerides, glucose, and HDL-C (inverse association).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increase in BMI, WC, and WCHtR strongly predicted increases in serum triglycerides and glucose, and reduced HDL-C. WC and WCHtR were superior to BMI in predicting serum glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides. WCHtR was superior to WC only in predicting serum glucose. BMI, WC, and WCHtR were all superior to WHR.
authors.forename: Geoffrey C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kabat
authors.forename: Moonseong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Linda V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Van Horn
authors.forename: Rasa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kazlauskaite
authors.forename: Asqual
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Getaneh
authors.forename: Jamy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ard
authors.forename: Mara Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Vitolins
authors.forename: Molly E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Waring
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zaslavsky
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wassertheil-Smoller
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides