title: Unexpected inverse correlation between Native American ancestry and Asian American variants of HPV16 in admixed Colombian cervical cancer cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  European (E) variants of HPV 16 are evenly distributed among world regions, meanwhile Non-European variants such as European-Asian (EAs), Asian American (AA) and African (Af) are mostly confined to Eastern Asia, The Americas and African regions respectively. Several studies have shown that genetic variation of HPV 16 is associated with the risk of cervical cancer, which also seems to be dependent on the population. This relationship between ethnicity and variants have led to the suggestion that there is co-evolution of variants with humankind. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between the individual ancestry proportion and infection with HPV 16 variants in cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between ancestry and HPV 16 variants in samples of 82 cervical cancer cases from different regions of Colombia. Individual ancestry proportions (European, African and Native American) were estimated by genotyping 106 ancestry informative markers. Variants were identified by PCR amplification of the E6 gene, followed by reverse line blot hybridization (RLB) with variants specific probes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall European (E) and Asian American (AA) variants frequency was 66.5% and 33.5% respectively. Similar distribution was observed in cases with higher proportions of European or African ancestry. A higher Native American ancestry was significantly associated with higher frequency of E variants (median ancestry>23.6%, Age and place of birth adjusted OR: 3.55, 95% CI: 1.26-10.03, p=0.01). Even further, an inverse geographic correlation between Native American ancestry and frequency of infections with AA variants was observed (ρ=-0.825, p=0.008). Regions with higher proportion of Native American ancestry had a lower frequency of AA variants of HPV 16.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests replacement of AA variants by E variants of human papillomavirus 16 in cervical cancer cases with high Native American ancestry.
authors.affiliation: Infection and Cancer Group, School of Medicine and Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Esteban A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lopera
authors.affiliation: Infection and Cancer Group, School of Medicine and Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baena
authors.affiliation: Infection and Cancer Group, School of Medicine and Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Florez
authors.affiliation: Infection and Cancer Group, School of Medicine and Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jehidys
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montiel
authors.affiliation: Genética Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Carrera 42 No 49-95, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Constanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.affiliation: Infection and Cancer Group, School of Medicine and Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Infection and Cancer Group, School of Medicine and Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Instituto de Cancerología Las Américas, Carrera 70 No 1-35, Torre 5, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-52, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borrero
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-52, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cordoba
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Cancerología Las Américas, Carrera 70 No 1-35, Torre 5, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Fredy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Cancerología Las Américas, Carrera 70 No 1-35, Torre 5, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pareja
authors.affiliation: Infection and Cancer Group, School of Medicine and Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Astrid M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bedoya
authors.affiliation: Genética Molecular, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedoya
authors.affiliation: Infection and Cancer Group, School of Medicine and Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia. Electronic address: sanchezg@medicina.udea.edu.co.
authors.forename: Gloria I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044467:American Indian or Alaska Native / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*
keywords: Admixture; Cervical cancer; Colombia; Genetic ancestry; HPV variants; Human papillomavirus 16