title: Development of eco-friendly submicron emulsions stabilized by a bio-derived gum.
abstract: Many traditional organic solvents are being gradually replaced by ecofriendly alternatives. D-Limonene is a terpenic (bio)-solvent that fulfils the requirements to be considered a green solvent. D-Limonene sub-micron emulsions suffer from Ostwald ripening destabilization. In this study, we examined the influence of the addition of a natural gum (rosin gum) to D-limonene in order to prevent Ostwald ripening. This contribution deals with the study of emulsions formulated with a mixture of D-limonene and rosin gum as dispersed phase and Pluronic PE9400 as emulsifier. The procedure followed for the development of these formulations was based on the application of product design principles. This led to the optimum ratio rosin gum/D-limonene and subsequently to the optimum surfactant concentration. The combination of different techniques (rheology, laser diffraction and multiple light scattering) was demonstrated to be a powerful tool to assist in the prediction of the emulsions destabilization process. Not only did the addition of rosin gum highly increase the stability of these emulsions by inhibiting the Ostwald ripening, but it also reduced the emulsions droplet size. Thus, we found that stable sub-micron D-limonene-in-water emulsions have been obtained in the range 3-6 wt% Pluronic PE-9400 by means of a single-step rotor/stator homogenizing process.
authors.affiliation: Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis María
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pérez-Mosqueda
authors.affiliation: Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012 Sevilla, Spain. Electronic address: pramirez@us.es.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Alfonso
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Trujillo-Cayado
authors.affiliation: Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Jenifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Reología Aplicada, Tecnología de Coloides, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla c/P, García González, 1, E41012 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz
mesh_terms: D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077222:Limonene; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004655:Emulsions; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene
keywords: Eco-friendly emulsions; Limonene; Ostwald ripening; Pluronic; Rosin gum