title: Risk assessment for children exposed to DDT residues in various milk types from the Greek market.
abstract: The occurrence of residues of DDT and its metabolites was monitored in 196 cow milk samples of various pasteurized commercial types collected from the Greek market. Residue levels were determined by GC-MS analysis. In 97.4% of the samples at least one DDT isomer or one of the DDT metabolites was detected, in levels not exceeding the maximum permitted residue level by the EU. Hazard Index for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects was estimated under two assumptions: a) using DDT concentrations from positive samples and b) imputing LOD/2 as an arbitrary concentration for negative samples. No statistically significant differences in detected or summed residue (p > 0.05) concentrations between different milk types were observed, with the exception of specific metabolites of DDT in some milk types. Exposure assessment scenarios were developed for children aged 1, 3, 5, 7 and 12 years old based on estimated body weights and daily milk consumption. Hazard Indices for non-carcinogenic effects were below 0.109 covering also carcinogenic effects according to WHO approach. The cancer risk values for carcinogenic effects according to the US EPA Cancer Benchmark Concentration approach, ranged from 0.4 to 18. For both effects the highest values were calculated for the 1- to 3-year-old age groups.
authors.affiliation: TEI of Western Macedonia, Florina Branch, Department of Agricultural Products Management and Quality Control, TermaKontopoulou, 53100 Florina, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Tsakiris
authors.affiliation: European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goumenou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Manolis N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tzatzarakis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Alegakis
authors.affiliation: General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, 16, An. Tsocha Str., 11521, Ampelokipi, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsitsimpikou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit-Istanbul 34116, Turkey.
authors.forename: Eren
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozcagli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Dionysios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vynias
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes 71003, Heraklion, Greece. Electronic address: aris@med.uoc.gr.
authors.forename: Aristidis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tsatsakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D003634:DDT
keywords: DDT; Exposure assessment; GC-MS; Milk; Organochlorine pesticides; Risk assessment