title: Use, development and improvements in the protocol of whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation using benthic copepods.
abstract: The whole-sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) approach is a useful technique that allows for the identification of the contaminants responsible for the toxicity of complex sediment samples. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of this technique in identifying the causes of toxicity when the test organism used in the toxicity test is capable of ingesting sediment particles. Two forms of exposure were compared: whole-sediment (WS), which integrates dermic and dietary exposures; and sediment-water interface (SWI), which involves dermic exposure only. The combined analysis of the TIE experiments revealed that metals, ammonia and, at one station, organic compounds, were responsible for sediment toxicity. The integrated use of WS and SWI TIE manipulations provided a more complete overview of the causes of toxicity, and thus enabled a better comprehension of complex contamination situations and, consequently, a better ecological assessment.
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, UNESP, Praça Infante D. Henrique, s/n, São Paulo, SP 11330-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlia B D A
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, UNESP, Praça Infante D. Henrique, s/n, São Paulo, SP 11330-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana C F
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, UNESP, Praça Infante D. Henrique, s/n, São Paulo, SP 11330-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, UNESP, Praça Infante D. Henrique, s/n, São Paulo, SP 11330-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giuliana S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, UNESP, Praça Infante D. Henrique, s/n, São Paulo, SP 11330-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tainá G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, UNESP, Praça Infante D. Henrique, s/n, São Paulo, SP 11330-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denis M S
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Abessa
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D033342:Copepoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Nitocra sp.; Sediment–water interface; TIE; Whole-sediment