title: Fiber supplementation lowers plasma p-cresol in chronic kidney disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of supplemental fiber on plasma p-cresol, stool frequency, and quality of life (QoL) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 12-week single-blind study, participants were provided with control muffins and supplements (5.5 g sucrose/day) for 2 weeks, muffins containing 10 g/day pea hull fiber and control supplements for 4 weeks, and muffins with 10 g/day pea hull fiber and 15 g/day inulin as a supplement for 6 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with CKD (n = 13; 6 males, 7 females; aged 65 ± 3 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate <50 mL/minute/1.73(2)) completed the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma p-cresol was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, stool frequency by 5-day journals, and QoL by the KDQOL-36™.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma p-cresol decreased from 7.25 ± 1.74 mg/L during week 1 to 5.82 ± 1.72 mg/L during week 12 (P < .05), and in participants with high compliance (>70% inulin intake), from 6.71 ± 1.98 mg/L to 4.22 ± 1.16 mg/L (P < .05). Total fiber intake increased from 16.6 ± 1.7 g/day during control to 26.5 ± 2.4 g/day (P < .0001) with the added pea hull and to 34.5 ± 2.2 g/day with pea hull and inulin (P < .0001). Stool frequency increased from 1.4 ± 0.2 stools/day during control to 1.9 ± 0.3 stools/day during both fiber periods (P < .05). No change in overall QoL was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementing the diet of CKD patients with fiber may be a dietary therapy to reduce p-cresol and improve stool frequency.
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Younis A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Salmean
authors.affiliation: North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida; Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Translational Science Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Sergiu P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Palii
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Electronic address: wdahl@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Dahl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003408:Cresols / Q000097:blood*; D003672:Defecation; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood*; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; D004043:Dietary Fiber; C032538:4-cresol