title: Influence of the perivitelline space on the quantification of internal concentrations of chemicals in eggs of zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio).
abstract: The chorion and the perivitelline space which surround unhatched zebrafish embryos (ZFE, Danio rerio) may affect the determination of internal concentrations of study compounds taken up in early life-stages of ZFE. Internal concentration-time profiles were gathered for benzocaine, caffeine, clofibric acid, metribuzin and phenacetin as study compounds over 96 h of exposure starting with ZFE at 4h post-fertilization. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the concentration of the study compounds from intact (i.e. unhatched), dechorionated and from hatched ZFE. The mass of the study compounds per ZFE was 5-30 ng higher for intact ZFE compared to dechorionated ones. Thus, internal concentrations were overestimated if only intact ZFE were analyzed. Dechorionation of unhatched ZFE after their exposure is proposed to determine the true internal concentration in the embryo. For the compounds studied here the mass of the study compounds determined in unhatched ZFE after a short term (5 min) exposure provided a reasonable estimate of the mass taken up by the chorion and the PVS. This mass can be subtracted from the total mass found in unhatched ZFE to calculate the true internal mass. Estimating the mass in the chorion and the PVS from the concentration of the study compound in the external exposure medium and the volume of the PVS provided no reasonable results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brox
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.affiliation: Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Küster
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: thorsten.reemtsma@ufz.de.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reemtsma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Permeability; Pesticides; Pharmaceuticals; Toxicity; Toxicokinetics; Uptake pattern