title: Current concepts in penetrating and blast injury to the central nervous system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current management, prognostic factors and outcomes of penetrating and blast injuries to the central nervous system and highlight the differences between gunshot wound, blast injury and stabbing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the current literature was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of patients with craniocerebral GSW, 66-90% die before reaching hospital. Of those who are admitted to hospital, up to 51% survive. The patient age, GCS, pupil size and reaction, ballistics and CT features are important factors in the decision to operate and in prognostication. Blast injury to the brain is a component of multisystem polytrauma and has become a common injury encountered in war zones and following urban terrorist events. GSW to the spine account for 13-17% of all gunshot injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urgent resuscitation, correction of coagulopathy and early surgery with wide cranial decompression may improve the outcome in selected patients with severe craniocerebral GSW. More limited surgery is undertaken for focal brain injury due to GSW. A non-operative approach may be taken if the clinical status is very poor (GCS 3, fixed dilated pupils) or GCS 4-5 with adverse CT findings or where there is a high likelihood of death or poor outcome. Civilian spinal GSWs are usually stable neurologically and biomechanically and do not require exploration. The indications for exploration are as follows: (1) compressive lesions with partial spinal cord or cauda equina injury, (2) mechanical instability and (3) complications. The principles of management of blast injury to the head and spine are the same as for GSW. Multidisciplinary specialist management is required for these complex injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, j.rosenfeld@alfred.org.au.
authors.forename: Jeffrey V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Randy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Armonda
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004635:Emergency Medicine; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011379:Prognosis; D011681:Pupil Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D011859:Radiography; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014194:Traumatology; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*