title: Self-affirmation theory and cigarette smoking warning images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study examined self-affirmation theory, cigarette smoking, and health-related images depicting adverse effects of smoking. Previous research examining self-affirmation and negative health-related images has shown that individuals who engage in a self-affirmation activity are more receptive to messages when compared to those who do not affirm. We were interested in examining the extent to which self-affirmation would reduce defensive responding to negative health images related to cigarette smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 203 daily smokers who were undergraduate students at a large southern university. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires and were then randomly assigned to one of four conditions (non-smoking image control, smoking image control, low affirmation, and high affirmation). Analyses evaluated the effectiveness of affirmation condition as it related to defensive responding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that both affirmation conditions were effective in reducing defensive responding for those at greatest risk (heavier smokers) and those more resistant to health benefits associated with quitting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings are discussed in terms of potential public health implications as well as the role defensive responding plays in the evaluation and processing of negative health messages.
authors.affiliation: University of Houston, United States. Electronic address: amdibello@uh.edu.
authors.forename: Angelo M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: DiBello
authors.affiliation: University of Houston, United States.
authors.forename: Clayton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neighbors
authors.affiliation: University of Houston, United States.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ammar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cigarette smoking; Defensive responding; Health messages; Self-affirmation theory