title: TNT and RDX degradation and extraction from contaminated soil using subcritical water.
abstract: The use of explosives either for industrial or military operations have resulted in the environmental pollution, poses ecological and health hazard. In this work, a subcritical water extraction (SCWE) process at laboratory scale was used at varying water temperature (100-175 °C) and flow rate (0.5-1.5 mL min(-1)), to treat 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) contaminated soil, to reveal information with respect to the explosives removal (based on the analyses of soil residue after extraction), and degradation performance (based on the analyses of water extracts) of this process. Continuous flow subcritical water has been considered on removal of explosives to avoid the repartitioning of non-degraded compounds to the soil upon cooling which usually occurs in the batch system. In the SCWE experiments, near complete degradation of both TNT and RDX was observed at 175 °C based on analysis of water extracts and soil. Test results also indicated that TNT removal of >99% and a complete RDX removal were achieved by this process, when the operating conditions were 1 mL min(-1), and treatment time of 20 min, after the temperature reached 175 °C. HPLC-UV and ion chromatography analysis confirmed that the explosives underwent for degradation. The low concentration of explosives found in the process wastewater indicates that water recycling may be viable, to treat additional soil. Our results have shown in the remediation of explosives contaminated soil, the effectiveness of the continuous flow SCWE process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mohammad Nazrul
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Moon-Su
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: parkjeo1@jnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong-Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010316:Particle Size; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013696:Temperature; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D014867:Water; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C009160:cyclonite
keywords: Degradation; RDX; Removal efficiency; Subcritical water; TNT