title: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus: prevalence and risk factors among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in an Urban District of Karachi, Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to explore the prevalence of, and factors associated with, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (UDM) in a community setting in Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-center, cross-sectional study, conducted in a community-based specialized care center (SCC) for diabetes in District Central Karachi, in 2003, registered 452 type 2 DM participants, tested for HbA1c and interviewed face-to-face for other information. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with UDM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of UDM among diabetes patients was found to be 38.9% (95% CI: 34.4-43.4%). Multivariable logistic regression model analysis indicated that age <50 years (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2-2.9), being diagnosed in a hospital (vs. a clinic) (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-2.8), diabetes information from a doctor or nurse only (vs. multiple sources) (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.9), higher monthly treatment cost (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6; for every extra 500 PKR), and higher consumption of tea (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0-2.2; for every 2 extra cups) were independently associated with UDM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of UDM was approximately 39% among persons with type 2 diabetes visiting a community based SCC for diabetes. Modifiable risk factors such as sources of diabetes information and black tea consumption can be considered as potential targets of interventions in Karachi.
authors.affiliation: Center for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Clinical Research Institute, Singapore. Electronic address: Fahad.siddiqui@duke-nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Fahad Javaid
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Electronic address: Bilal.Avan@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Bilal Iqbal
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Avan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Pakistan; Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Pakistan. Electronic address: mahmud_Sadia@Yahoo.Com.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahmud
authors.affiliation: Pacific Health & Development Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. Electronic address: pacificsci@Shaw.Ca.
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nanan
authors.affiliation: The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. Electronic address: abdul.Jabbar@Aku.Edu.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jabbar
authors.affiliation: Center for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Clinical Research Institute, Singapore. Electronic address: Pryseley.assam@duke-nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Pryseley Nkouibert
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Assam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Asia; Diabetes mellitusType 2; Prevalence; Risk factors; Tea; Uncontrolled