title: On the Efficacy and Mediation of a One-on-One HIV Risk-Reduction Intervention for African American Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: We examined the efficacy and mediation of Being Responsible for Ourselves (BRO), an HIV/STI risk-reduction intervention for African American men who have sex with men (MSM), the population with the highest HIV-diagnosis rate in the US. We randomized African American MSM to one of two interventions: BRO HIV/STI risk-reduction, targeting condom use; or attention-matched control, targeting physical activity and healthy diet. The interventions were based on social cognitive theory, the reasoned-action approach, and qualitative research. Men reporting anal intercourse with other men in the past 90 days were eligible and completed pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, and 6 and 12 months post-intervention surveys. Of 595 participants, 503 (85 %) completed the 12-month follow-up. Generalized-estimating-equations analysis indicated that, compared with the attention-matched control intervention, the BRO intervention did not increase consistent condom use averaged over the 6- and 12-month follow-ups, which was the primary outcome. Although BRO did not affect the proportion of condom-protected intercourse acts, unprotected sexual intercourse, multiple partners, or insertive anal intercourse, it did reduce receptive anal intercourse compared with the control, a behavior linked to incident HIV infection. Mediation analysis using the product-of-coefficients approach revealed that although BRO increased seven of nine theoretical constructs it was designed to affect, it increased only one of three theoretical constructs that predicted consistent condom use: condom-use impulse-control self-efficacy. Thus, BRO indirectly increased consistent condom use through condom-use impulse-control self-efficacy. In conclusion, although BRO increased several theoretical constructs, most of those constructs did not predict consistent condom use; hence, the intervention did not increase it. Theoretical constructs that interventions should target to increase African American MSM's condom use are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Annenberg School for Communication and Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 520, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3309, USA, jjemmott@asc.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jemmott
authors.forename: Loretta Sweet
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jemmott
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Icard
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Alisa J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D017008:Negotiating; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D021841:Safe Sex; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D012747:Sexual Partners; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult