title: Effect of ammonium sulfate and urea on PCDD/F formation from active carbon and possible mechanism of inhibition.
abstract: The effect of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and urea (CO(NH2)2) on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) formation from active carbon was investigated in this study. Both additives could significantly inhibit PCDD/F formation, and PCDD/F (TEQ) generation was reduced to 98.5% (98%) or 64.5% (77.2%) after 5% (NH4)2SO4 or CO(NH2)2 was added into model ash, respectively. The inhibition efficiency of PCDDs was higher than the value of PCDFs, however, the reduction of PCDD/F yield was mainly from PCDFs decreasing. In addition, the solid-phase products were reduced more than the gas-phase compounds by inhibitors. By the measurement of chlorine emission in the phase of ion (Cl[Cl(-)]) and molecule gas (Cl[Cl2]), it was observed that both Cl[Cl(-)] and Cl[Cl2] were reduced after inhibitors were added into ash. Cl[Cl2] was reduced to 51.0% by urea addition, which was supposed as one possible mechanism of PCDD/F inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; State Key laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. Electronic address: yanmi1985@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Mi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: State Key laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Zhifu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: State Key laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. Electronic address: lixd@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
authors.forename: Jianli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000645:Ammonium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D002244:Carbon; D014508:Urea; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate
keywords: Ammonium sulfate; Chlorine emission; Inhibition; PCDD/Fs; Urea