title: Calcium precipitate induced aerobic granulation.
abstract: Aerobic granulation is a novel biotechnology for wastewater treatment. This study refined existing aerobic granulation mechanisms as a sequencing process including formation of calcium precipitate under alkaline pH to form inorganic cores, followed by bacterial attachment and growth on these cores to form the exopolysaccharide matrix. Mature granules comprised an inner core and a matrix layer and a rim layer with enriched microbial strains. The inorganic core was a mix of different crystals of calcium and phosphates. Functional strains including Sphingomonas sp., Paracoccus sp. Sinorhizobium americanum strain and Flavobacterium sp. attached onto the cores. These functional strains promote c-di-GMP production and the expression by Psl and Alg genes for exopolysaccharide production to enhance formation of mature granules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Chunli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Electronic address: djlee@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Duu-Jong
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Yayi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
authors.forename: Xingzu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D010802:Phylogeny; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D017931:DNA Primers; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D062065:Wastewater; C062025:bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid
keywords: Aerobic granules; Calcium precipitate; Exopolysaccharides; Phosphate