title: Depression and nicotine dependence from adolescence to young adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the highly replicated relationship between depression and nicotine dependence, little is known about this association across both time and levels of lifetime smoking exposure. In the present study, we evaluate if symptoms of depression are associated with emerging nicotine dependence after accounting for smoking exposure and whether this relationship varies from adolescence to young adulthood and across increasing levels of smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was drawn from the Social and Emotional Contexts of Adolescent Smoking Patterns Study which measured smoking, nicotine dependence and depression over 6 assessment waves spanning 6years. Analyses were based on repeated assessment of 941 participants reporting any smoking 30days prior to individual assessment waves. Mixed-effects regression models were estimated to examine potential time and smoking exposure varying effects in the association between depression and nicotine dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-individual differences in mean levels of depression and within subject changes in depression from adolescence to young adulthood were each significantly associated with nicotine dependence symptoms over and above lifetime smoking exposure. This association was consistent across both time and increasing levels of lifetime smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression is a consistent risk factor for nicotine dependence over and above exposure to cigarettes and this association can be demonstrated from the earliest experiences with smoking in adolescents through the establishment of more regular smoking patterns across the transition to young adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression remains a prominent risk factor for nicotine dependence, and youth with depression symptoms represent an important subgroup in need of targeted smoking intervention.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States. Electronic address: ldierker@wesleyan.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dierker
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Arielle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Selya
authors.affiliation: Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Piasecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, United States.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hedeker
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mermelstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression symptoms; Mixed-effects regression model; Tobacco