title: Shared microbiome in gums and the lung in an outpatient population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whether periopathogenic bacteria occur in the lung and gums simultaneously and what impact periodontitis has is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In consecutive outpatients scheduled for bronchoscopies we performed a periodontal screening index. PCR to determine four periopathogens and seven less pathogenic species in both the periodontal pocket and bronchial protected specimen brush was used. Activated MMP8 in saliva and bronchial fluid was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Periopathogens were detectable in gums and in the bronchial protected specimen brush in 75 (80%) and 27 (30%) of the cases, respectively. The concentration of activated MMP 8 was above 40 ng/ml in the saliva and in the bronchial fluid sample in six and 31 subjects, respectively. Significant agreement between the periodontal and bronchial compartment was found in three out of the four periopathogens. Patients with periopathogens in the lung suffered from periodontitis more frequently (p = 0.01). In patients with periopathogens detectable in the lung the concentration of aMMP8 tends to be more frequently above 40 ng/ml in the bronchial fluid (p = 0.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Agreement between periodontal and bronchial microbiome is more distinct for periopathogens than for less pathogenic species. Periodontitis itself represents a risk factor for pulmonary colonization with certain periopathogens. Pulmonary colonization with periopathogens seems to be associated with increased local inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, Zurich CH-8032, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schmidlin
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Tellstrasse, Aarau CH-5001, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fachinger
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Tellstrasse, Aarau CH-5001, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gabrielo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tini
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, Zurich CH-8001, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sereina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graber
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, Zurich CH-8001, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Burkhardt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.affiliation: Hain Lifescience, Hardwiesenstrasse 1, Nehren D-72147, Germany.
authors.forename: Sylke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dombrowa
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Tellstrasse, Aarau CH-5001, Switzerland. Electronic address: siran@gmx.ch.
authors.forename: Sarosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Irani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001980:Bronchi / Q000382:microbiology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8
keywords: Bronchial inflammation; Microbiome; Periodontitis; Periopathogens