title: Effect of adjuncts on sensory properties and consumer liking of Scamorza cheese.
abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a peptidolytic adjunct (Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus helveticus, and Lactobacillus paracasei), as a tool to accelerate ripening, on sensory properties and acceptability of Scamorza cheese obtained using 2 types of milk (Friesian and Friesian+Jersey) and Streptococcus thermophilus as primary starter. A 10-member panel was trained using a specific frame of references and used a specific vocabulary to assess cheese sensory properties through quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), whereas 87 consumers were used to evaluate product acceptability. Analysis of variance showed that milk type did not markedly alter cheese sensory properties. Conversely, panelists perceived higher intensities of butter, saltiness, and sweetness flavors in cheese without adjunct culture (ST), whereas the addition of the adjunct culture (ST+A) induced higher and sourness flavors, oiliness and grainy textures, and lower adhesiveness, moisture, springiness, and tenderness. Principal component analysis showed positive relationships between pH and tenderness, sweetness and saltiness and a negative correlation between pH and grainy, oiliness, color and structure uniformity, sourness, and milk. Most of the differences observed in QDA and most of the relationships observed in the principal component analysis were linked to the higher microbial activity induced by the adjunct culture. Independently of milk and starter types, consumers perceived Scamorza cheese as characterized by a good eating quality (mean liking scores were all above the neutral point of the hedonic scale). Although ST cheeses showed higher values for overall liking, 2 homogeneous groups of consumers were identified using partial least squares regression analysis. One group preferred ST cheeses with higher levels of tenderness, adhesiveness, springiness, and moisture in terms of texture, butter in terms of flavor, and sweetness in terms of taste, whereas a second group preferred ST+A products characterized by specific attributes of texture (cohesiveness and oiliness), flavor (milk), taste (sourness), and appearance (structure and color uniformity). We conclude that further studies for the development of short-ripened products based on the use of adjunct cultures should be conducted to promote product differentiation and meet the sensory requirements of particular segments of consumers.
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braghieri
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Piazzolla
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romaniello
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di ricerca per la Zootecnia Estensiva, 85054 Muro Lucano (PZ), Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paladino
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy. Electronic address: fabio.napolitano@unibas.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Napolitano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D003116:Color; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052198:Lactobacillus helveticus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009812:Odorants; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013649:Taste
keywords: Scamorza; adjunct; consumer segmentation; pasta filata cheese; sensory analysis