title: Effect of temperature on removal of trace organic chemicals in managed aquifer recharge systems.
abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate whether changes in temperature experienced in MAR systems affect attenuation of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs). A set of laboratory-scale soil columns were placed in a temperature-controlled environmental chamber and operated at five different temperature set-points (30, 20, 10, 8 and 4°C) covering the range of typical groundwater temperatures in cold, moderate and arid climate regions. Removal of bulk organic carbon both in the infiltration zone as well as during deeper infiltration was independent of temperature. Of the 22 TOrCs investigated, only six chemicals exhibited changes in attenuation as a function of temperature. Attenuation of four of the compounds (diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ketoprofen and naproxen) decreased as the temperature was reduced from 30°C to 4°C, likely due to decreased microbial activity at lower temperatures. As the temperature was decreased, however, attenuation of oxybenzone and trimethoprim were noted to increase. This increased attenuation was likely due to more efficient sorption at lower temperatures, though possible changes in the microbial composition as the temperature decreased may also have contributed to this change. Changes in rate constants of attenuation (ka) for the biotransformed TOrCs with temperature suggested the existence of a critical temperature at 10°C for three of the four TOrCs, where significant changes to rates of attenuation occurred. Results from this study indicated that for most TOrCs, changes in temperature do not impact their attenuation. Thus, seasonal changes in temperature are not considered to be a major concern for attenuation of most TOrCs in MAR systems.
authors.affiliation: Water Reuse and Desalination Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mazahirali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alidina
authors.affiliation: Water Reuse and Desalination Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shewchuk
authors.affiliation: Water Reuse and Desalination Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany. Electronic address: jdrewes@tum.de.
authors.forename: Jörg E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Drewes
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000378:metabolism; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000378:metabolism; D060587:Groundwater; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000378:metabolism; D009288:Naproxen / Q000378:metabolism; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013696:Temperature; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D009288:Naproxen; D007660:Ketoprofen; C005290:oxybenzone; D014295:Trimethoprim; D015248:Gemfibrozil
keywords: LC–MS/MS; Managed aquifer recharge; Temperature; Trace organic chemicals; Water reuse