title: (1)H NMR analysis of the lactose/β-galactosidase-derived galacto-oligosaccharide components of Vivinal® GOS up to DP5.
abstract: Vivinal® GOS is a galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) product, prepared from lactose by incubation with Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23). This complex mixture of saccharides with degree of polymerization (DP) between 1 and 8 is generally applied in infant nutrition. Here, a detailed structural description of the commercial product up to the DP5 level is given. First, Vivinal® GOS was subjected to DP analysis using HPLC-SEC (Rezex RSO-01 oligosaccharide Ag(+) column) and (1)H NMR analysis. Then, the product was fractionated on Bio-Gel P-2, and the obtained fractions were pooled according to DP, as indicated by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Finally, fractions of single DP, as well as their subfractions obtained by HPAEC-PAD on CarboPac PA-1, were analyzed by 1D/2D (1)H/(13)C NMR spectroscopy and linkage analysis. In total, over 40 structures, providing a structural coverage of over 99% of the product, have been characterized. Detailed (1)H and (13)C NMR data, as well as G.U. values (glucose units; malto-oligosaccharide ladder) on CarboPac PA-1 of all oligosaccharides are included.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sander S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, NL-3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bas J H
authors.initials: BJH
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.affiliation: Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: l.dijkhuizen@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Lubbert
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dijkhuizen
authors.affiliation: Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannis P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kamerling
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005690:Galactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D056692:Prebiotics; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; D011108:Polymers; D056692:Prebiotics; C020845:P-2; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; D005947:Glucose; D007785:Lactose; D005690:Galactose
keywords: Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase; Galacto-oligosaccharides; NMR spectroscopy; Prebiotics; Vivinal® GOS