title: Loss of echogenicity and onset of cavitation from echogenic liposomes: pulse repetition frequency independence.
abstract: Echogenic liposomes (ELIP) are being developed for the early detection and treatment of atherosclerotic lesions. An 80% loss of echogenicity of ELIP has been found to be concomitant with the onset of stable and inertial cavitation. The ultrasound pressure amplitude at which this occurs is weakly dependent on pulse duration. It has been reported that the rapid fragmentation threshold of ELIP (based on changes in echogenicity) is dependent on the insonation pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The study described here evaluates the relationship between loss of echogenicity and cavitation emissions from ELIP insonified by duplex Doppler pulses at four PRFs (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 8.33 kHz). Loss of echogenicity was evaluated on B-mode images of ELIP. Cavitation emissions from ELIP were recorded passively on a focused single-element transducer and a linear array. Emissions recorded by the linear array were beamformed, and the spatial widths of stable and inertial cavitation emissions were compared with the calibrated azimuthal beamwidth of the Doppler pulse exceeding the stable and inertial cavitation thresholds. The inertial cavitation thresholds had a very weak dependence on PRF, and stable cavitation thresholds were independent of PRF. The spatial widths of the cavitation emissions recorded by the passive cavitation imaging system agreed with the calibrated Doppler beamwidths. The results also indicate that 64%-79% loss of echogenicity can be used to classify the presence or absence of cavitation emissions with greater than 80% accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Electronic address: radhakki@mail.uc.edu.
authors.forename: Kirthi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Christy K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005740:Gases / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D011829:Radiation Dosage
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D008081:Liposomes
keywords: Doppler ultrasound; Echogenic liposomes; Inertial cavitation; Passive cavitation imaging; Stable cavitation