title: Effects of cadmium and 17β-estradiol on Mytilus galloprovincialis redox status. Prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) as a novel approach in biomonitoring of marine environments.
abstract: Cadmium and 17β-estradiol are rapidly accumulated in mussel tissues, making mussels excellent pollution sentinel organisms. The aim of the present study was to compare the oxidative responses of the mussels after 1, 3 and 7 days of exposure to cadmium with those to 17β-estradiol and subsequently, to suggest a multi-parametric approach for biomonitoring studies. Our results showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of either cadmium or 17β-estradiol for 1, 3 and 7 days induced oxidative stress in hemocytes of exposed mussels. The latter was determined by significantly increased ROS levels and apoptosis, by suppression of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) expression levels and subsequent increased prooxidant levels, as measured by prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) assay. To our knowledge this is the first time that prooxidant-antioxidant balance is evaluated in invertebrates as an index of oxidative stress. The simultaneous use of the parameters of prooxidant-antioxidant balance and antioxidant enzymes expression patterns, in combination with ROS production levels and apoptosis, in mussel hemocytes is suggested as an approach that may help to better evaluate the impact of environmental pollution on marine organisms and thereupon ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Zoology Department, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: skout@upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koutsogiannaki
authors.affiliation: University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Via Selmi 3, 40100 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franzellitti
authors.affiliation: Alexander Technological Educational Institution of Thessaloniki, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalogiannis
authors.affiliation: University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Via Selmi 3, 40100 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fabbri
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasileios K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Dimitriadis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Zoology Department, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaloyianni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000633:toxicity; D006115:Greece; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004967:Estrogens; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: 17β-Estradiol; Apoptosis; Cadmium; Hemocytes; Mussels; Prooxidant–antioxidant balance; ROS; mRNA expression levels