title: Protective effects of water fraction of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract against hypercalciuria and trabecular bone deterioration in experimentally type 1 diabetic mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL), the fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait, is a commonly prescribed herb to nourish the endocrine and renal systems and to strengthen the bones in Traditional Chinese Medicine. This study was aimed to determine the effects of water fraction of FLL ethanol extract (WF-EE) on urinary calcium excretion and trabecular bone properties in type 1 diabetic mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DBA/2J mice with type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin injection were orally administered with WF-EE. After 6 weeks of treatment, the level of biomarkers, including serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and urine calcium, was measured. Micro-CT was performed to detect trabecular bone properties of the proximal tibial metaphysis. The expression of active calcium transporting proteins in kidney and duodenum was determined by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunostaining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 1 diabetes induced hypercalciuria and trabecular bone deterioration. The WF-EE could significantly inhibit hypercalciuria and ameliorate the micro-structure of trabecular bone as well as increase serum PTH and FGF-23 levels in type 1 diabetic mice. The gene expressions of active calcium transporting proteins in duodenum were up-regulated, and the gene and protein expressions of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in kidney were dramatically down-regulated in diabetic mice in response to the treatment with WF-EE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated the protective effects of the water fraction of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi ethanol extract against hypercalciuria and trabecular bone deterioration in experimentally type 1 diabetic mice, and the underlying mechanism may be attributed to its regulations on duodenal calcium transporting proteins and renal CaSR.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Bright Dairy Research Institute, Shanghai 200436, China; Center for Systems Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China. Electronic address: medicineyan@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
authors.forename: Teng-Yue
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, The 309th hospital of Chinese People׳s Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Chun-Tao
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Man-Sau
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D031659:Ligustrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C000717428:Fgf23 protein, mouse; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
keywords: Calcium; Calcium-sensing receptor; Diabetes; Fructus Ligustri Lucidi; Kidney; Trabecular bone