title: Inhaled formulations and pulmonary drug delivery systems for respiratory infections.
abstract: Respiratory infections represent a major global health problem. They are often treated by parenteral administrations of antimicrobials. Unfortunately, systemic therapies of high-dose antimicrobials can lead to severe adverse effects and this calls for a need to develop inhaled formulations that enable targeted drug delivery to the airways with minimal systemic drug exposure. Recent technological advances facilitate the development of inhaled anti-microbial therapies. The newer mesh nebulisers have achieved minimal drug residue, higher aerosolisation efficiencies and rapid administration compared to traditional jet nebulisers. Novel particle engineering and intelligent device design also make dry powder inhalers appealing for the delivery of high-dose antibiotics. In view of the fact that no new antibiotic entities against multi-drug resistant bacteria have come close to commercialisation, advanced formulation strategies are in high demand for combating respiratory 'super bugs'.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Qi Tony
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon Shui Yee
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Thaigarajan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Parumasivam
authors.affiliation: GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
authors.forename: Zhi Hui
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.affiliation: Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Electronic address: kim.chan@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Hak-Kim
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004355:Drug Stability; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D008081:Liposomes
keywords: Dry powder inhaler; Inhaled antibiotics; Liposomes; Nanoparticles; Nebulisation; Particle engineering; Pharmaceutical aerosol; Polymeric particles