title: Iota-carrageenan/chitosan/gelatin scaffold for the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived MSCs in vitro.
abstract: In this study, we have developed ι-carrageenan/chitosan/gelatin (CCG) scaffold containing multiple functional groups (-NH2 , -OH, -COOH, and -SO3 H) to resemble the native extracellular matrix (ECM), using the ion-shielding technology and ultrasonic dispersion method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the CCG scaffolds suggests that the formation of CCG network involves electrostatic interactions between ι-carrageenan (ι-CA) and chitosan/gelatin, and the covalent cross-linking among amino groups of chitosan and/or gelatin. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation reveals that the porous structure of scaffolds can be modulated by the ratio of ι-CA to chitosan/gelatin. The swelling ratio of the hydrogels increases as the ι-CA contents increase. Using differential scanning calorimetry, we found that the double helix structure of ι-CA is only stabilized at low contents of ι-CA in the CCG scaffolds (e.g., 5 wt %). The scaffolds containing 5% ι-CA showed the best protein adsorption capacity (4.46 ± 0.63 μg protein/mg scaffold) and elastic modulus (5.37 ± 1.03 MPa). In addition, the CCG scaffolds exhibit excellent support for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) attachment and proliferation, and they can improve the osteogenic differentiation and neovascularization capacities of ADMSCs. Overall, we conclude that the CCG may represent an ideal scaffold material for bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Polymer Science and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Boguang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway, Austin, Texas, 78712.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Qiyu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Ruijin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.|Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: Department of Polymer Science and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Yabin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Polymer Science and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Fanglian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
authors.forename: Changyong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002351:Carrageenan; D005780:Gelatin; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: carrageenan; chitosan; mesenchymal stem cells; scaffold; tissue engineering