title: Emergency surgery pre-operative delays - realities and economic impacts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A key principle of acute surgical service provision is the establishment of a distinct patient flow process and an emergency theatre. Time-to-theatre (TTT) is a key performance indicator of theatre efficiency. The combined impacts of an aging population, increasing demands and complexity associated with centralisation of emergency and oncology services has placed pressure on emergency theatre access. We examined our institution's experience with running a designated emergency theatre for acute surgical patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of an electronic prospectively maintained database was performed between 1/1/12 and 31/12/13. A cost analysis was conducted to assess the economic impact of delayed TTT, with every 24hr delay incurring the cost of an additional overnight bed. Delays and the economic effects were assessed only after the first 24 h as an in-patient had elapsed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 7041 procedures were performed. Overall mean TTT was 26 h, 2 min. There were significant differences between different age groups, with those aged under 16 year and over 65 having mean TTT at 6 h, 34 min (95% C.I. 0.51-2.15, p < 0.001) and 23 h, 41 min (95% C.I. 19.6-23.9, p < 0.001) respectively. 2421 (34%) waited greater than 24 h for emergency procedures. The >65 years age group had a mean TTT of 23 h, 41 min which was significantly longer than the overall mean TTT Vascular and urological emergencies are significantly disadvantaged in competition with other services for a shared emergency theatre. The economic impact of delayed TTT was calculated at €7,116,000, or €9880/day of additional costs generated from delayed TTT over a 24 month period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One third of patients waited longer than 24 h for emergency surgery, with the elderly disproportionately represented in this group. Aside from the clinical risks of delayed and out of hours surgery, such practices incur significant additional costs. New strategies must be devised to ensure efficient access to emergency theatres, investment in such services is likely to be financially and clinically beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospital, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland. Electronic address: donaloleary@rcsi.ie.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospital, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beecher
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospital, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004630:Emergencies / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061665:Time-to-Treatment / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Cost; Emergency theatre; Time-to-theatre