title: Species distribution modelling for Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Benin, West Africa: comparing datasets and modelling algorithms.
abstract: Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most widely distributed and economically important ticks, transmitting Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma marginale. It was recently introduced to West Africa on live animals originating from Brazil. Knowing the precise environmental suitability for the tick would allow veterinary health officials to draft vector control strategies for different regions of the country. To test the performance of modelling algorithms and different sets of environmental explanatory variables, species distribution models for this tick species in Benin were developed using generalized linear models, linear discriminant analysis and random forests. The training data for these models were a dataset containing reported absence or presence in 104 farms, randomly selected across Benin. These farms were sampled at the end of the rainy season, which corresponds with an annual peak in tick abundance. Two environmental datasets for the country of Benin were compared: one based on interpolated climate data (WorldClim) and one based on remotely sensed images (MODIS). The pixel size for both environmental datasets was 1 km. Highly suitable areas occurred mainly along the warmer and humid coast extending northwards to central Benin. The northern hot and drier areas were found to be unsuitable. The models developed and tested on data from the entire country were generally found to perform well, having an AUC value greater than 0.92. Although statistically significant, only small differences in accuracy measures were found between the modelling algorithms, or between the environmental datasets. The resulting risk maps differed nonetheless. Models based on interpolated climate suggested gradual variations in habitat suitability, while those based on remotely sensed data indicated a sharper contrast between suitable and unsuitable areas, and a patchy distribution of the suitable areas. Remotely sensed data yielded more spatial detail in the predictions. When computing accuracy measures on a subset of data along the invasion front, the modelling technique Random Forest outperformed the other modelling approaches, and results with MODIS-derived variables were better than those using WorldClim data. The high environmental suitability for R. microplus in the southern half of Benin raises concern at the regional level for animal health, including its potential to substantially alter transmission risk of Babesia bovis. The northern part of Benin appeared overall of low environmental suitability. Continuous surveillance in the transition zone however remains relevant, in relation to important cattle movements in the region, and to the invasive character of R. microplus.
authors.affiliation: Research Fellow FNRS, Georges Lemaître Institute for Earth and Climate Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Electronic address: eva.declercq@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.affiliation: Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Adami Tullu, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leta
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estrada-Peña
authors.affiliation: Vector Biology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madder
authors.affiliation: Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Benin-INRAB, 01 BP 884 Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adehan
authors.affiliation: Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 35, Adami Tullu, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Vanwambeke
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western; D000383:Agriculture; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors; D002417:Cattle / Q000469:parasitology; D002980:Climate; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003710:Demography; D017753:Ecosystem; D016014:Linear Models; D008954:Models, Biological; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D062206:Spatial Analysis
keywords: Environmental data; Invasive tick; MODIS; Rhipicephalus microplus; Species distribution modelling; WorldClim