title: Treatment modalities of thyroid related orbitopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to highlight recent advances in the treatment of thyroid eye disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review article.
  
  
  METHODS
  Existing literature and the authors' experience was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thyroid ophthalmopathy is a disfiguring and vision-threatening complication of autoimmune thyroid disease that may develop or persist even in the setting of well-controlled systemic thyroid status. Treatment response can be difficult to predict, and optimized algorithms for disease management do not exist. Thyroid ophthalmopathy should be graded for both severity and disease activity before choosing a treatment modality for each patient. The severity of the disease may not correlate directly with the activity; medical treatment is most effective in active disease, and surgery is usually reserved for quiescent disease with persistent proptosis and/or eyelid changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous pulsed corticosteroids, orbital radiotherapy, and orbital surgical techniques form the mainstay of current management of thyroid ophthalmopathy. Immunosuppressive and biologic agents may have a role in treating active disease although additional safety and efficacy studies are needed.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Woods 457, Baltimore MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Prem S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Subramanian
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D019468:Disease Management; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans