title: Chicken anemia virus and avian gyrovirus 2 as contaminants in poultry vaccines.
abstract: This study focuses on the detection of chicken anemia virus (CAV) and avian gyrovirus 2 (AGV2) genomes in commercially available poultry vaccines. A duplex quantitative real-time PCR (dqPCR), capable of identifying genomes of both viruses in a single assay, was employed to determine the viral loads of these agents in commercially available vaccines. Thirty five vaccines from eight manufacturers (32 prepared with live and 3 with inactivated microorganisms) were examined. Genomes of CAV were detected as contaminants in 6/32 live vaccines and in 1/3 inactivated vaccines. The CAV genome loads ranged from 6.4 to 173.4 per 50 ng of vaccine DNA (equivalent to 0.07 to 0.69 genome copies per dose of vaccine). Likewise, AGV2 genomes were detected in 9/32 live vaccines, with viral loads ranging from 93 to 156,187 per 50 ng of vaccine DNA (equivalent to 0.28-9176 genome copies per dose of vaccine). These findings provide evidence for the possibility of contamination of poultry vaccines with CAV and AGV2 and they also emphasize the need of searching for these agents in vaccines in order to ensure the absence of such potential contaminants.
authors.affiliation: FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul CEP 92990-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS. Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address: anapaulamut@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Muterle
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.affiliation: FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul CEP 92990-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helton Fernandes
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul CEP 92990-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS. Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samuel Paulo
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cibulski
authors.affiliation: FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul CEP 92990-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS. Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Mengue
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Scheffer
authors.affiliation: FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul CEP 92990-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS. Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS. Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Esmaile
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Sales Lima
authors.affiliation: EMBRAPA Suínos e Aves, BR 153 Km 110, Concordia CEP: 89700-000, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandra D'Avila
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: EMBRAPA Suínos e Aves, BR 153 Km 110, Concordia CEP: 89700-000, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Augusto
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS. Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cláudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul CEP 92990-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS. Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, Porto Alegre CEP 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Michel
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Roehe
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017727:Chicken anemia virus / Q000276:immunology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000821:virology; D018173:Circoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004340:Drug Contamination; D016679:Genome, Viral; D046810:Gyrovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000592:standards; D011200:Poultry; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000821:virology; D011786:Quality Control; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014612:Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D014612:Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D004247:DNA
keywords: Avian gyrovirus 2; Chicken anemia virus; Vaccine contaminants