title: Extracellular cyclophilins in health and disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracellular cyclophilins (eCyPs) are pro-inflammatory factors implicated in pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases. Most pathogenic activities of eCyPs are related to their chemotactic action towards leukocytes, which is mediated by eCyP receptor on target cells, CD147, and involves peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity of cyclophilins. This activity is inhibited by cyclosporine A (CsA) and non-immunosuppressive derivatives of this drug. Accumulating evidence for the role of eCyPs in disease pathogenesis stimulated research on the mechanisms of eCyP-initiated events, resulting in identification of multiple signaling pathways, characterization of a variety of effector molecules released from eCyP-treated cells, and synthesis of CsA derivatives specifically blocking eCyPs. However, a number of important questions related to the mode of action of eCyPs remain unanswered.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this article, we integrate available information on release and function of extracellular cyclophilins into a unified model, focusing on outstanding issues that need to be clarified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracellular cyclophilins are critical players in pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases. Their mechanism of action involves interaction with the receptor, CD147, and initiation of a poorly characterized signal transduction process culminating in chemotaxis and production of pro-inflammatory factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extracellular cyclophilins present an attractive target for therapeutic interventions that can be used to alleviate symptoms and consequences of acute and chronic inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
authors.affiliation: George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA. Electronic address: mbukrins@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bukrinsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051926:Basigin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D021983:Cyclophilins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C497886:BSG protein, human; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D051926:Basigin; D016572:Cyclosporine; D021983:Cyclophilins
keywords: CD147; Chemotaxis; Cyclosporine A; Disease model; Extracellular cyclophilin; Inflammation