title: Interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers: evidence of parallels between butyl paraben intoxication and the valproic acid brain physiopathology in autism rat model.
abstract: Butyl paraben is a preservative used in food, drugs and cosmetics. Neurotoxic effect was reported recently beside the potential estrogenic activity of parabens. There is controversy as to the potential harmful effects of butyl parabens, which are suspected to contribute to autism and learning disabilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the similarities between paraben intoxication signs in the rat brain and brain markers in an autistic like rat model. This study provides evidence of many parallels between the two, including (1) oxidative stress, (2) decreased reduced glutathione levels and elevated oxidised glutathione, (3) mitochondrial dysfunction, and (4) neuroinflammation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain (tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1-beta, and interleukin-6). (5) Increased protein oxidation reported by a significant increase in 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT)/tyrosine ratio. (6) A marked disturbance was found in the production of energy carriers (AMP, ATP and AMP/ATP ratio) in comparison with the control. The evidence suggests that paraben may, to some extent, either cause or contribute to the brain physiopathology in ASDs or pathogens that produce the brain pathology observed in the diagnosed rat model of ASD.
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hoda G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Hegazy
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: elhamhassan2006@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Elham H A
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Hormone Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control And Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amany H Mahmoud
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Elgoly
mesh_terms: D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010226:Parabens; D011247:Pregnancy; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014635:Valproic Acid
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010226:Parabens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; C038091:butylparaben; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D014443:Tyrosine; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide
keywords: Autism animal model; Brain cytokine; Brain oxidative stress; Butyl paraben; Valproic acid