title: A review on the sustainability of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Design and operation.
abstract: Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used as a green technology to treat various wastewaters for several decades. CWs offer a land-intensive, low-energy, and less-operational-requirements alternative to conventional treatment systems, especially for small communities and remote locations. However, the sustainable operation and successful application of these systems remains a challenge. Hence, this paper aims to provide and inspire sustainable solutions for the performance and application of CWs by giving a comprehensive review of CWs' application and the recent development on their sustainable design and operation for wastewater treatment. Firstly, a brief summary on the definition, classification and application of current CWs was presented. The design parameters and operational conditions of CWs including plant species, substrate types, water depth, hydraulic load, hydraulic retention time and feeding mode related to the sustainable operation for wastewater treatments were then discussed. Lastly, future research on improving the stability and sustainability of CWs were highlighted.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: Haiming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China. Electronic address: zhangjian00@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Huu Hao
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Wenshan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory of Coal-Fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China.
authors.forename: Jinlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Constructed wetland; Pollutant removal; Wastewater treatment; Wetland plants