title: Stress and dietary behaviour among first-year university students in Australia: sex differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between stress and food selection patterns by sex among first-year undergraduate students studying in an Australian university.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participating in this cross-sectional study were 728 (331 men and 397 female students) first-year students, ages >18 y, attending the Gold Coast Campus of Griffith University. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of three sections: sociodemographic information, stress measures, and a 7-d food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than half (52.9%) of the participants were found to suffer from some level of stress, with relatively more female students (57.4%) suffering than men (47.4%). Men who experienced mild to moderate levels of stress were two to three times more likely to eat cereal foods (P < 0.01), fish/seafood (P < 0.001), and protein powder (P < 0.05). They also tended to eat more meat alternatives (P < 0.05), highly processed foods (P < 0.05), and to drink more alcohol (P < 0.05) than unstressed male students. However, they were less likely to consume vegetables and fruit (P < 0.05) compared with their unstressed counterparts. The trend analysis results indicated significant dose-response patterns in the relationship between stress level and consumption of cereal food, meat alternatives, vegetables and fruit (negative trend), highly processed food, protein powder, beverages and alcoholic beverages (all P < 0.05). Female students who experienced mild to moderate stress were 2.22 times more likely to eat processed food (P < 0.01) than unstressed female students. Female students who experienced severe stress were less likely to consume meat alternatives (P < 0.05) than their unstressed counterparts. Significant dose-response trends were found in the relationship between stress levels and the consumption of meat alternatives, vegetables and fruit (both negative trends), and processed food (all P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate a clear difference in food selection patterns between stressed male and female students, with stress being a more significant predictor of unhealthy food selection among male students. Further research is needed using a qualitative approach to understand how stress and eating behavior are related in university students.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Population Health Department, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Keren
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Papier
authors.affiliation: Public Health, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: F.ahmed@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Public Health, School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiseman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia; D001628:Beverages; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017747:Seafood; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Australia; Dietary pattern; Stress; Students