title: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopy in children: evolutions.
abstract: The increasing incidence of pediatric stone disease has coincided with significant advances in technology and equipment, resulting in drastic improvements in management. Miniaturization of both ureteroscopes and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) equipment has facilitated access to the entirety of the urinary tract and has made ureteroscopy a first-line therapy option along with shock-wave lithotripsy for kidney and ureteral stones. Advances in PCNL have decreased patient morbidity while preserving stone clearance rates. In this review, the advances in operative approach for ureteroscopy and PCNL in children and its applicability to current surgical management of pediatric stone disease are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3rd Floor, Wood Center, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3rd Floor, Wood Center, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: srinivasana3@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011379:Prognosis; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D053039:Ureterolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends
keywords: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy; Surgical management pediatric stones; Ureteroscopy