title: Oxidation of diclofenac by potassium ferrate (VI): reaction kinetics and toxicity evaluation.
abstract: The reaction kinetics and toxicity of diclofenac (DCF) oxidation by ferrate (VI) under simulated water disinfection conditions were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the reaction between DCF and Fe(VI) followed first-order kinetics with respect to each reactant. Furthermore, the effects of pH and temperature on DCF oxidation by Fe(VI) were elucidated using a systematic examination. The apparent second-order rate constants (kapp) increased significantly from 2.54 to 11.6M(-1)s(-1), as the pH of the solution decreased from 11.0 to 7.0, and the acid-base equilibriums of Fe(VI) and DCF were proposed to explain the pH dependence of kapp. The acute toxicity of DCF solution during Fe(VI) oxidation was evaluated using a Microtox bioassay. Overall, the DCF degradation process resulted in a rapid increase of the inhibition rate of luminescent bacteria. These toxicity tests suggest that the formation of enhanced toxic intermediates during the Fe(VI) disinfection process may pose potential health risk to consumers.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang 453007, PR China; School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China.
authors.forename: Yingling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
authors.forename: Haijin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang 453007, PR China; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China. Electronic address: liugg@gdut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guoguang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
authors.forename: Youhai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D004008:Diclofenac / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D058085:Iron Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D058085:Iron Compounds; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; C044384:potassium ferrate
keywords: Diclofenac; Ferrate (VI); Reaction kinetics; Toxicity; Water treatment