title: Standing time and all-cause mortality in a large cohort of Australian adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between standing time and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective questionnaire data from 221,240 individuals from the 45 and Up Study were linked to mortality data from the New South Wales Registry of Deaths (Australia) from February 1, 2006 to June 17, 2012. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality according to standing time at baseline were estimated in 2013 using Cox regression modelling, adjusted for sex, age, education, urban/rural residence, physical activity, sitting time, body mass index, smoking status, self-rated health and disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 937,411 person years (mean follow-up=4.2 yr) 8009 deaths occurred. All-cause mortality hazard ratios were 0.90 (95% CI 0.85-0.95), 0.85 (95% CI 0.80-0.95), and 0.76 (95% CI 0.69-0.95) for standing 2-≤5h/d, 5-≤8h/d, or >8h/d respectively, compared to standing two or less hours per day. Further analyses revealed no significant interactions between standing and sex (p=0.93), the presence/absence of cardiovascular disease or diabetes (p=0.22), BMI (p=0.78), physical activity (p=0.16) and sitting time (p=0.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a dose-response association between standing time and all-cause mortality in Australian adults aged 45 years and older. Increasing standing may hold promise for alleviating the health risks of prolonged sitting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: hp.vanderploeg@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Hidde P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: van der Ploeg
authors.affiliation: Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Tien
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chey
authors.affiliation: Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Ding
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Josephine Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Physical Activity Research Group (UCL-PARG), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stamatakis
authors.affiliation: Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Adrian E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bauman
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: All-cause mortality; Epidemiology; Physical activity; Sedentary behaviour; Standing