title: Neuroprotective effect of purple rice extract and its constituent against amyloid beta-induced neuronal cell death in SK-N-SH cells.
abstract: This study evaluated the protective effects of purple rice (Oryza sativa L.) extract (PRE) and its major constituent, cyanidin, and their underlying mechanisms against Aβ 25-35-induced neuronal cell death in SK-N-SH cells. Aβ 25-35-induced neuronal toxicity is characterized by decrease in cell viability, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), decrease superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, morphological alteration, and activation of mitochondrial death pathway. Pretreatment with PRE and cyanidin significantly attenuated Aβ 25-35-induced loss of cell viability, apoptosis, and increase in ROS and RNS production in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, PRE and cyanidin also helped to bring about the downregulation of the expression of Bax, cytochrome c, cleavage caspase-9, and cleavage caspase-3 proteins, and the upregulation of the Bcl-XL protein in cascade. Therefore, it is evident that PRE and its major constituent, cyanidin, were successful in protecting from the cytotoxic effect of Aβ 25-35 through attenuation ROS and RNS production and modulation of mitochondrial death pathway in SK-N-SH cells. This result suggests that PRE and its major constituent, cyanidin, might be beneficial as potential therapeutic agents in preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sarinthorn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thummayot
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chainarong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tocharus
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Decha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pinkaew
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kittikun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Viwatpinyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Aquatic Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Korawan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sringarm
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. Electronic address: jtocharus@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jiraporn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tocharus
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012275:Oryza; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; C017154:cyanidin
keywords: Alzheimer's disease (AD); Amyloid-beta; Apoptosis; Cyanidin-3-glucoside; Purple rice extract