title: Effect of malachite green toxicity on non target soil organisms.
abstract: Although malachite green (MG), is banned in Europe and US for its carcinogenic and teratogenic effect, the dye being cheap, is persistently used in various countries for fish farming, silk, dye, leather and textile industries. Current research, however, fails to elucidate adequate knowledge concerning the effects of MG in our ecosystem. In the present investigation, for the first time, an attempt has been made to study the effects of MG on soil biota by testing Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter chroococcum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium roqueforti, Eisenia fetida and seeds of three crop plants of different families. Various tests were conducted for determining cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, acute toxicity, morphological and germination effect. Our data confirmed MG toxicity on fungi and bacteria (gram positive and gram negative organisms) showing elevated level of ROS. Genotoxicity caused in the microorganisms was detected by DNA polymorphism and fragmentation. Also, scanning electron microscopy data suggests that the inhibitory effect of MG to these beneficial microbes in the ecosystem might be due to pore formation in the cell and its eventual disruption. Filter paper and artificial soil test conducted on earthworms demonstrated a LC 50 of 2.6 mg cm(-2) and 1.45 mg kg(-1) respectively with severe morphological damage. However, seed germination of Mung bean, Wheat and Mustard was found to be unaffected in presence of MG up to 100 mL(-1) concentration. Thus, understanding MG toxicity in non target soil organisms and emphasis on its toxicological effects would potentially explicate its role as an environmental contaminant.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gopinathan
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanhere
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, 900 NCL Innovation Park, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India. Electronic address: jayeetab@iiserpune.ac.in.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001395:Azotobacter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D007211:Indoles; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000633:toxicity*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C005095:malachite green; C007293:DAPI
keywords: Earthworms; Malachite green; Microorganisms; Seed germination; Toxicity