title: Cardiac manifestations of primary mitochondrial disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the most frequently affected organs in mitochondrial disorders (MIDs), defined as hereditary diseases due to affection of the mitochondrial energy metabolism, is the heart. Cardiac involvement (CI) in MIDs has therapeutic and prognostic implications. This review aims at summarizing and discussing the various cardiac manifestations in MIDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this review were identified by searches of MEDLINE, Current Contents, and PubMed using appropriate search terms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CI in MIDs may be classified according to various different criteria. In the present review cardiac abnormalities in MIDs are discussed according to their frequency with which they occur. CI in MIDs includes cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, dilation of the aortic root, pericardial effusion, coronary heart disease, autonomous nervous system dysfunction, congenital heart defects, or sudden cardiac death. The most frequent among the cardiomyopathies is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, followed by dilated cardiomyopathy, and noncompaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CI in MID is more variable and prevalent than previously thought. All tissues of the heart may be variably affected. The most frequently affected tissue is the myocardium. MIDs should be included in the differential diagnoses of cardiac disease.
authors.affiliation: Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: fifigs1@yahoo.de.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Finsterer
authors.affiliation: NIMHANS, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Sonam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kothari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Arrhythmias; Cardiac involvement; Cardiomyopathy; Heart failure; Mitochondrial disorder; Myopathy; Neuropathy; Sudden cardiac death; Systolic dysfunction; Takotsubo