title: A sensitive and selective magnetic graphene composite-modified polycrystalline-silicon nanowire field-effect transistor for bladder cancer diagnosis.
abstract: In this study, we describe the urinary quantification of apolipoprotein A II protein (APOA2 protein), a biomarker for the diagnosis of bladder cancer, using an n-type polycrystalline silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (poly-SiNW-FET). The modification of poly-SiNW-FET by magnetic graphene with long-chain acid groups (MGLA) synthesized via Friedel-Crafts acylation was compared with that obtained using short-chain acid groups (MGSA). Compared with MGSA, the MGLA showed a higher immobilization degree and bioactivity to the anti-APOA2 antibody (Ab) due to its lower steric hindrance. In addition, the magnetic properties enabled rapid separation and purification during Ab immobilization, ultimately preserving its bioactivity. The Ab-MGLA/poly-SiNW-FET exhibited a linear dependence of relative response to the logarithmical concentration in a range between 19.5pgmL(-1) and 1.95µgmL(-1), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.7pgmL(-1). An additional washing step before measurement aimed at excluding the interfering biocomponents ensured the reliability of the assay. We conclude that our biosensor efficiently distinguishes mean values of urinary APOA2 protein concentrations between patients with bladder cancer (29-344ngmL(-1)) and those with hernia (0.425-9.47ngmL(-1)).
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Chien
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yi-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Electronics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Rung-Ywan
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: National Nano Device Laboratories, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Min-Cheng
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Shi-Liang
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Min-Cong
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine and Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chien-Lun
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: huamy@mail.cgu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Mu-Yi
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hua
mesh_terms: D016633:Apolipoprotein A-II / Q000652:urine*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D053770:Nanowires / Q000737:chemistry*; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: C115794:APOA2 protein, human; D016633:Apolipoprotein A-II; D006108:Graphite; D012825:Silicon
keywords: Apolipoprotein A II protein; Biosensor; Bladder cancer; FET; Graphene