title: Cross-talk between redox regulation and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in mammalian cell differentiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Embryogenesis and stem cell differentiation are complex and orchestrated signaling processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as essential signal transducers in cellular differentiation, as has been shown through recent discoveries. On the other hand, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has long been known to play an important role in all cellular regulated processes, including differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present review, we focus on findings that highlight the interplay between redox signaling and the UPS regarding cell differentiation. Through systems biology analyses, we highlight major routes during cardiomyocyte differentiation based on redox signaling and UPS modulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxygen availability and redox signaling are fundamental regulators of cell fate upon differentiation. The UPS plays an important role in the maintenance of pluripotency and the triggering of differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cellular differentiation has been a matter of intense investigation mainly because of its potential therapeutic applications. Understanding regulatory mechanisms underlying cell differentiation is an important issue. Correspondingly, the role of UPS and regulation of redox processes have been emerged as essential factors to control the fate of cells upon differentiation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: marilene.demasi@butantan.gov.br.
authors.forename: Marilene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Evolutive Biology, IB, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.affiliation: Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul., Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: diego@cbiot.ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonatto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D025801:Ubiquitin; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
keywords: Cell differentiation; Proteasome; Redox regulation; Systems biology