title: Iliac bone grafting of the intact glenoid improves shoulder stability with optimal graft positioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone grafting procedures are increasingly popular for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability. In patients with a high risk of recurrence, open coracoid transplantation is preferred but can be technically demanding. Free bone graft glenoid augmentation may be an alternative strategy for high-risk patients without significant glenoid bone loss. This biomechanical cadaveric study assessed the stabilizing effect of free iliac crest bone grafting of the intact glenoid and the importance of sagittal graft position.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight fresh frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested. The bone graft was fixed on the glenoid neck at 3 sagittal positions (50%, 75%, and 100% below the glenoid equator). Displacement and reaction force were monitored with a custom device while translating the humeral head over the glenoid surface in both anterior and anteroinferior direction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak force (PF) increased significantly from the standard labral repair to the grafted conditions in both anterior (14.7 ± 5.5 N vs 27.3 ± 6.9 N) and anteroinferior translation (22.0 ± 5.3 N vs 29.3 ± 6.9 N). PF was significantly higher for the grafts at the 50% and 75% positions compared with the grafts 100% below the equator with anterior translation. Anteroinferior translation resulted in significantly higher values for the 100% and 75% positions compared with the 50% position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This biomechanical study confirms improved anterior glenohumeral stability after iliac crest bone graft augmentation of the anterior glenoid. The results also demonstrate the importance of bone graft position in the sagittal plane, with the ideal position determined by the direction of dislocation.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Laurent B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Willemot
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Medical School, Mayo Graduate School, and Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Eby
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Thoreson
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Pellenberg, Belgium.
authors.forename: Phillipe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Debeer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Victor
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: an@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Kai-Nan
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, AZ Monica, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Verborgt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D061165:Glenoid Cavity / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D058430:Humeral Head; D007085:Ilium / Q000637:transplantation*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Bone graft; biomechanics; dislocation; glenoid; shoulder; stability