title: [Investigation of urinary cadmium reference of general population in two rural high background areas of soil cadmium and non-cadmium-polluted in China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the reference of urinary. cadmium of the general population in rural high background areas of soil cadmium and non-cadmium contaminated in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  In rural high background areas of soil cadmium and non-cadmium contaminated, randomly selected non-occupational-cadmium exposed population 1134 people (male 519, female 615) with each gender and age groups, questionnaire surveyed and collected random urine. Urinary cadmium and urinary creatinine (Cr) concentration were tested, excluding urinary Cr <0.3 g/L and >3 g/L. Analyze the impact factors of urinary cadmium and calculated 95% quantile (P,95 ) of urinary cadmium after correction by urinary Cr.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female median urinary cadmium was significantly higher than men, male smokers median urinary cadmium was significantly higher than male non-smokers (P <0. 05) , but differ slightly in P95. Both men and women, the median and P95 of urinary cadmium were low when 15 -30 year-old, and higher when <15 or >30 year-old. According to gender, and 15 -30, <15 and >30 years old, analysis the upper limit of cadmium in urine. The 95% upper limit of urinary cadmium of <15 and >30 year-old female (12.24 microg/gCr) was significantly higher than other populations ( <9.0 microg/gCr). Addition, the 95% upper limit of uriniary cadmium of the survey population exceeded the upper limit (5 microg/gCr) of the occupational cadmium poisoning diagnostic criteria in China (GBZ 17-2002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the two rural high background areas of soil cadmium and non-cadmium polluted , urinary cadmium reference of non-cadmium-occupational-exposed male is <9.0 microg/gCr, and female <13.0 microg/gCr.
authors.forename: Jingxiu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Qiujuan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dancheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Wenli
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shang
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine*; D002681:China; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012016:Reference Values; D012424:Rural Population; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D003404:Creatinine