title: Anterior cingulate activity to monetary loss and basal ganglia activity to monetary gain uniquely contribute to the feedback negativity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The feedback negativity (FN) is an event-related potential that differentiates unfavorable versus favorable outcomes. Although thought to reflect error-related activity within the anterior cingulate cortex, recent work indicates the FN may also reflect reward-related activity that has been linked to the basal ganglia. To date, it remains unclear how to reconcile these conflicting perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  We decomposed the FN by applying time-frequency analysis to isolate activity unique to monetary losses and gains. The FN was recorded from 84 individuals during a laboratory gambling task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two signals contributed to the FN elicited by unpredictable outcomes: theta activity (4-7Hz) was increased following monetary loss, and delta activity (<3Hz) was increased following monetary gain. Predictable outcomes elicited delta but not theta activity. Source analysis revealed distinct generators, with loss-related theta localized to the anterior cingulate cortex and gain-related delta to a possible source in the striatum. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress reactivity were specifically associated with blunted gain-related delta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FN may be a composite of loss- and gain-related neural activity, reflecting distinct facets of reward processing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gain-related delta activity may provide unique information about reward dysfunction in major depression and other internalizing psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. Electronic address: foti@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bernat
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Greg H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Proudfit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000502:physiology; D003700:Delta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009341:Negativism; D011603:Psychophysiology; D012201:Reward; D013826:Theta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: ACC; Depression; ERP; Feedback negativity; Reward; Striatum