title: Modulation of the inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells by cholecalciferol (vitamin D) during Staphylococcus aureus internalization.
abstract: Vitamin D is an immunomodulator that exerts anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, the effects of cholecalciferol, a vitamin D precursor, on the inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) during the internalization of Staphylococcus aureus were analyzed. Cholecalciferol and S. aureus inhibited TLR2 mRNA expression, but cholecalciferol differentially modulated the TLR2 membrane abundance. In fact, 50 nM cholecalciferol inhibited the TLR2 membrane abundance in bMECs infected with S. aureus, and this concentration also exerted the highest inhibitory effect on internalization. Cholecalciferol down-regulated the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β and up-regulated that of RANTES and IL-10 but did not modify IL-6 and IL-8 expression. S. aureus strongly induced the mRNA expression of TNF-α, RANTES and IL-10 and inhibited IL-8 expression. Interestingly, cholecalciferol pre-treatments inhibited the bacterial-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, RANTES and IL-10. In conclusion, cholecalciferol differentially regulates the inflammatory response of bMECs during S. aureus internalization and may be an effective innate immunity modulator in mammary gland tissues.
authors.affiliation: Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nayeli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alva-Murillo
authors.affiliation: Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Dolores
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Téllez-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Medina-Estrada
authors.affiliation: Hospital General Regional No. 1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Cleto
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ochoa-Zarzosa
authors.affiliation: Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carr. Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, C.P. 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. Electronic address: elmeza@umich.mx.
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: López-Meza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D002762:Cholecalciferol
keywords: Bovine mastitis; Cholecalciferol; Epithelial cells; Inflammation; Staphylococcus aureus; Vitamin D