title: The impact of diabetes-related complications on healthcare costs: new results from the UKPDS (UKPDS 84).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the immediate and long-term inpatient and non-inpatient costs for Type 2 diabetes-related complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The costs of all consultations, visits, admissions and procedures associated with diabetes-related complications during UK Prospective Diabetes Study post-trial monitoring in the period 1997-2007 were estimated using hospitalization records for 2791 patients in England and resource use questionnaires that were administered to 3589 patients across the UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated (95% CI) inpatient care costs (in 2012 pounds sterling) in the event year for the example of a 60-year-old man were: non-fatal ischaemic heart disease £9767 (£7038-£12 696); amputation £9546 (£6416-£13 463); non-fatal stroke £6805 (£3856-£10 278); non-fatal myocardial infarction £6379 (£4290-£8339); fatal stroke £3954 (£2012-£6428); fatal ischaemic heart disease £3766 (£746-£5512); heart failure £3191 (£1678-4903); fatal myocardial infarction £1521 (£647-£2670); and blindness in one eye £1355 (£415-£2655). In subsequent years, estimated (95% CI) costs ranged from £1792 (£1060-£2943) for amputations to £453 (£315-£691) for blindness in one eye. Costs of non-inpatient healthcare in the event year were: amputation £2699 (£1409-£4126); blindness in one eye £1790 (£878-£3056); non-fatal stroke £1019 (£770-£1499); nonfatal myocardial infarction £1963 (£794-£1157); heart failure £979 (£708-£1344); non-fatal ischaemic heart disease £864 (£718-£1014); and cataract extraction £700 (£619-£780). In each subsequent year, non-inpatient costs ranged from £1611 (£1193-£2116) for amputations to £654 (£572-£799) for ischaemic heart disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic complications are associated with substantial immediate and long-term healthcare costs. Our comprehensive new estimates of these costs, derived from detailed recent UK Prospective Diabetes Study post-trial data, should aid researchers and health policy analyses.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; RTI International, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Alva
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mihaylova
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Holman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000191:economics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom