title: Taxonomic reorganization of the family Bornaviridae.
abstract: Knowledge of bornaviruses has expanded considerably during the last decade. A possible reservoir of mammalian Borna disease virus has been identified, divergent bornaviruses have been detected in birds and reptiles, and endogenous bornavirus-like elements have been discovered in the genomes of vertebrates of several species. Previous sequence comparisons and alignments have indicated that the members of the current family Bornaviridae are phylogenetically diverse and are not adequately classified in the existing bornavirus taxonomy supported by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). We provide an update of these analyses and describe their implications for taxonomy. We propose retaining the family name Bornaviridae and the genus Bornavirus but reorganizing species classification. PAirwise Sequence Comparison (PASC) of bornavirus genomes and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) comparison of genomic and protein sequences, in combination with other already published phylogenetic analyses and known biological characteristics of bornaviruses, indicate that this genus should include at least five species: Mammalian 1 bornavirus (classical Borna disease virus and divergent Borna disease virus isolate No/98), Psittaciform 1 bornavirus (avian/psittacine bornaviruses 1, 2, 3, 4, 7), Passeriform 1 bornavirus (avian/canary bornaviruses C1, C2, C3, LS), Passeriform 2 bornavirus (estrildid finch bornavirus EF), and Waterbird 1 bornavirus (avian bornavirus 062CG). This classification is also in line with biological characteristics of these viruses and their vertebrate hosts. A snake bornavirus, proposed to be named Loveridge's garter snake virus 1, should be classified as a member of an additional species (Elapid 1 bornavirus), unassigned to a genus, in the family Bornaviridae. Avian bornaviruses 5, 6, MALL, and another "reptile bornavirus" ("Gaboon viper virus") should stay unclassified until further information becomes available. Finally, we propose new virus names and abbreviations when necessary to achieve clear differentiation and unique identification.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD, USA, kuhnjens@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Jens H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dürrwald
authors.forename: Yīmíng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bào
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Briese
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.forename: Anna N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Clawson
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: deRisi
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Garten
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Jahrling
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kolodziejek
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rubbenstroth
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwemmle
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stenglein
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomonaga
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weissenböck
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nowotny
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001890:Borna Disease / Q000821:virology*; D028981:Bornaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000821:virology*; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment