title: Performance-enhancing drugs: understanding the risks.
abstract: To help clinicians understand the risks associated with performance-enhancing drugs, this overview covers prohibited lists of substances and methods, therapeutic use exemptions, the legitimate indications and adverse effects, including for megadose and polypharmacy doping of stimulants, anabolic steroids, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and growth hormone and ways in which physicians or patients risk committing anti-doping rule violations inadvertently.
authors.affiliation: Sports Antidoping Science Consultant, PO Box 4795, Culver City, CA 90231, USA. Electronic address: ckhatton@aol.com.
authors.forename: Caroline K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Hatton
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Pacific Palisades Medical Group, University of California, Los Angeles, 15200 Sunset Boulevard, Suite 107, Pacific Palisades, CA 90272, USA.
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco, 450 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ambrose
mesh_terms: D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D006801:Humans; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances
keywords: Anabolic steroids; Blood doping; Dietary supplements; Growth hormone; Nonanalytical positive doping cases; Sports doping; Stimulants; Therapeutic use exemptions