title: Biodegradation of 4-chloroindole by Exiguobacterium sp. PMA.
abstract: Exiguobacterium sp. PMA utilized 4-chloroindole as its sole source of carbon and energy. The effect of initial concentrations of substrate on the 4-chloroindole degradation was studied and observed that strain PMA was capable of degrading 4-chloroindole up to concentration of 0.5mM. The degradation pathway of 4-chloroindole was studied for Exiguobacterium sp. PMA based on metabolites identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 4-Chloroindole was initially dehalogenated to indole that was further degraded via isatin, anthranilic acid, and salicylic acid. The potential of strain PMA to degrade 4-chloroindole in soil was monitored using soil microcosms, and it was observed that the cells of strain PMA efficiently degraded 4-chloroindole in the soil. The results of microcosm studies show that strain PMA may be used for bioremediation of 4-chloroindole-contaminated sites. This is the first report of the bacterial degradation of 4-chloroindole.
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: arora484@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pankaj Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hanhongbae@ynu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hanhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bae
mesh_terms: D056449:Bacillales / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions; D007510:Isatin / Q000737:chemistry; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D007477:Ions; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C031385:anthranilic acid; C062517:4-chloroindole; D002244:Carbon; D007510:Isatin; C030374:indole; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: 4-Chloroindole; Anthranilic acid; Biodegradation; Isatin; Salicylic acid