title: An overview of the use and implementation of checklists in surgical specialities - a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical procedures present an immense risk to patients, and adverse patient outcomes are frequently due to substandard non-technical skills amongst surgical staff. The implementation of a 19-item Surgical Safety Checklist, developed by the World Health Organization, is being enforced in operating theatres globally. The objective is to systematically analyze published literature to assess the use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist and their impact in on patient safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  An English literature search was carried out using MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases. Relevant information was extracted relating to surgical specialities, compliance with the checklist, effects of checklist use on patient outcomes, and staff perceptions of the checklist. Selection was restricted to articles that used the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search found 916 potentially relevant articles, which were narrowed down following an abstract review and a full text review. A final total of 16 studies were identified that observed the use of checklists in various surgical specialties; all surgical specialities (n-10), pediatric surgery (n-2), orthopedic surgery (n-2), otorhinolaryngology surgery (n-2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical checklists have been shown to significantly improve patient outcomes subsequent to surgery, and therefore their use is being widely encouraged and accepted. Continual feedback could be given to maintain high checklist compliance, and thus high patient safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recent use of checklists in surgery has shown improvements in patient outcomes post-operatively. A review was conducted to establish the impact of the checklist on different surgical specialities.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Urology, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Janki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Urology, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK. Electronic address: kamran.ahmed@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Roswell Park Center for Robotic Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Khurshid A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Guru
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Urology, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Fahd
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham, Kent ME7 5NY, UK.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Urology, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamim Khan
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Urology, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Prokar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057189:Checklist / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D016208:Databases, Factual; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009873:Operating Rooms; D061214:Patient Safety; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011643:Publishing; D012306:Risk; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014944:World Health Organization
keywords: Checklist; Education; Patient outcomes; Patient safety; Surgery