title: The known and unknown sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in haemocytes of marine bivalve molluscs.
abstract: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are naturally produced in all cells and organisms. Modifications of standard conditions alter reactive species generation and may result in oxidative stress. Because of the degradation of marine ecosystems, massive aquaculture productions, global change and pathogenic infections, oxidative stress is highly prevalent in marine bivalve molluscs. Haemocytes of bivalve molluscs produce ROS and RNS as part of their basal metabolism as well as in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. However, sources and pathways of reactive species production are currently poorly deciphered in marine bivalves, potentially leading to misinterpretations. Although sources and pathways of ROS and RNS productions are highly conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates, some uncommon pathways seem to only exist in marine bivalves. To understand the biology and pathobiology of ROS and RNS in haemocytes of marine bivalves, it is necessary to characterise their sources and pathways of production. The aims of the present review are to discuss the currently known and unknown intracellular sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in marine bivalve molluscs, in light of terrestrial vertebrates, and to expose principal pitfalls usually encountered.
authors.affiliation: Shellfish Research and Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ludovic.donaghy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Donaghy
authors.affiliation: Shellfish Research and Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 7093, Biodiversity & Biogeochemistry, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jauzein
authors.affiliation: Shellfish Research and Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: skchoi@jejunu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kwang-Sik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D020675:Peroxisomes / Q000378:metabolism; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase
keywords: Bivalve molluscs; Haemocytes; Reactive nitrogen species; Reactive oxygen species