title: Content specificity of attention bias to threat in anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Despite the established evidence for threat-related attention bias in anxiety, the mechanisms underlying this bias remain unclear. One important unresolved question is whether disorder-congruent threats capture attention to a greater extent than do more general or disorder-incongruent threat stimuli. Evidence for attention bias specificity in anxiety would implicate involvement of previous learning and memory processes in threat-related attention bias, whereas lack of content specificity would point to perturbations in more generic attention processes. Enhanced clarity of mechanism could have clinical implications for the stimuli types used in Attention Bias Modification Treatments (ABMT). Content specificity of threat-related attention bias in anxiety and potential moderators of this effect were investigated. A systematic search identified 37 samples from 29 articles (N=866). Relevant data were extracted based on specific coding rules, and Cohen's d effect size was used to estimate bias specificity effects. The results indicate greater attention bias toward disorder-congruent relative to disorder-incongruent threat stimuli (d=0.28, p<0.0001). This effect was not moderated by age, type of anxiety disorder, visual attention tasks, or type of disorder-incongruent stimuli. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Implications for threat bias in anxiety and ABMT are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pergamin-Hight
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Electronic address: reutnaim@post.tau.ac.il.
authors.forename: Reut
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naim
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bakermans-Kranenburg
authors.affiliation: Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marinus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van IJzendoorn
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bar-Haim
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention; D006801:Humans
keywords: Anxiety; Attention; Attention bias modification; Threat