title: Toxicity of cobalt oxide nanoparticles to normal cells; an in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: The aim of this study was to find out the intracellular signaling transduction pathways involved in cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO NPs) mediated oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo system. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles released excess Co++ ions which could activated the NADPH oxidase and helps in generating the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results showed that CoO NPs elicited a significant (p<0.05) amount of ROS in lymphocytes. In vitro pretreatment with N-acetylene cystine had a protective role on lymphocytes death induced by CoO NPs. In vitro and in vivo results showed the elevated level of TNF-α after CoO NPs treatment. This TNF-α phosphorylated the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase followed by activation of caspase 8 and caspase 3 which could induce cell death. This study showed that CoO NPs induced oxidative stress and activated the signaling pathway of TNF-α-caspase-8-p38-caspase-3 to primary immune cells. This study suggested that bare CoO NPs are a toxic for primary human immune cells that deals directly with human health. Surface modification or surface functionalization may open the gateway for further use of CoO NPs in different industrial use or in biomedical sciences.
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Sourav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Satyajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathy
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Balaram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Debasis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.affiliation: Nano materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Panchanan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: sroy.vu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Somenath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001692:Biological Transport; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D003035:Cobalt; C060728:cobalt oxide; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: Cobalt oxide nanoparticles; Lymphocytes; ROS; TNF-α; p38-MAPK