title: Endoscopic endonasal surgery for sinonasal and skull base lesions in the pediatric population.
abstract: Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgical techniques, initially developed in adult patients, are being utilized with increasing frequency in pediatric patients to treat sinonasal and skull base lesions. This article reviews the current state of endoscopic endonasal approaches to the skull base to both treat disease and reconstruct the skull base in pediatric patients. Sinonasal and skull base embryology and anatomy are reviewed as a foundation for understanding the disease processes and surgical techniques. Selected skull base pathologies and conditions that involve the pediatric skull base are also reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 25, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, NMH/Galter Room 15-200, 675 N Saint Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Electronic address: jrastatter@luriechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rastatter
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Eye & Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, PUH B-400, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. Electronic address: snydermanch@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Carl H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Snyderman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, PUH B-400, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 28, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, NMH/Arkes Family Pavilion Suite 2210, 676 N Saint Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Tord D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Alden
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, PUH B-400, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tyler-Kabara
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000601:surgery; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Cranial; Endonasal; Endoscopic; Pediatric; Reconstruction; Skull base surgery