title: Photoactivation of curcumin and sodium hypochlorite to enhance antibiofilm efficacy in root canal dentin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To test the effect of ultrasonic or light activated curcumin and sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  E. faecalis biofilms were grown within root canals (n=175) and divided into 7 groups (n=25). Group 1, sterile saline; group 2, 3% sodium hypochlorite; group 3, 3% sodium hypochlorite activated with ultrasonic files (30s cycles for 4min); group 4, 3% sodium hypochlorite irradiated with blue light (1200mw/cm(2) for 4min); group 5, curcumin (2.5mg/mL); group 6, curcumin (2.5mg/mL) activated with ultrasonic files (30s cycles for 4min); group 7, curcumin (2.5mg/mL) irradiated with blue light. The biofilms' ultrastructure was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial viability was assessed by confocal microscopy. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test (P=0.05). The quantitative analysis of the colony-forming units was carried out from dentinal shaving and analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test (P=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All treatment groups showed a significantly higher percentage of dead bacteria than the saline control (P<0.05). The percentage of dead bacteria was significantly higher when light activated curcumin was used (P<0.05). At both depths (200 and 400 microns), light activated curcumin showed no growth of bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Light activation produced significantly higher antibacterial efficacy than ultrasonic agitation, with light activated curcumin producing the maximum elimination of biofilm bacteria within the root canal lumen and dentinal tubules.
authors.affiliation: Biofilm Research Cluster and Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. Electronic address: prasanna_neelakantan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Prasanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neelakantan
authors.affiliation: Biofilm Research Cluster and Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Cheng Qing
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Biofilm Research Cluster and Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Vinoddhine
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ravichandran
authors.affiliation: Biofilm Research Cluster and Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Biofilm Research Cluster and Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sriraman
authors.affiliation: Biofilm Research Cluster and Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Swetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sridharan
authors.affiliation: Biofilm Research Cluster and Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Chandana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Subbarao
authors.affiliation: Biofilm Research Cluster and Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Subash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003474:Curcumin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D003804:Dentin / Q000382:microbiology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004357:Drug Synergism; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D003474:Curcumin
keywords: Biofilm; Confocal microscopy; Curcumin; Enterococcus faecalis; Photosensitizer; Sodium hypochlorite