title: Acceleration of the herbicide isoproturon degradation in wheat by glycosyltransferases and salicylic acid.
abstract: Isoproturon (IPU) is a herbicide widely used to prevent weeds in cereal production. Due to its extensive use in agriculture, residues of IPU are often detected in soils and crops. Overload of IPU to crops is associated with human health risks. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop an approach to mitigate its accumulation in crops. In this study, the IPU residues and its degradation products in wheat were characterized using ultra performance liquid chromatography-time of fight tandem-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (UPLC-TOF-MS/MS). Most detected IPU-derivatives were sugar-conjugated. Degradation and glycosylation of IPU-derivatives could be enhanced by applying salicylic acid (SA). While more sugar-conjugated IPU-derivatives were identified in wheat with SA application, lower levels of IPU were detected, indicating that SA is able to accelerate intracellular IPU catabolism. All structures of IPU-derivatives and sugar-conjugated products were characterized. Comparative data were provided with specific activities and gene expression of certain glucosyltransferases. A pathway with IPU degradation and glucosylation was discussed. Our work indicates that SA-accelerated degradation is practically useful for wheat crops growing in IPU-contaminated soils because such crops with SA application can potentially lower or minimize IPU accumulation in levels below the threshold for adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yi Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State key laboratory of food science and technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: hongyang@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006031:Glycosylation; D016695:Glycosyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000737:chemistry*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014908:Triticum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; C028904:isoproturon; D016695:Glycosyltransferases; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: Degradation; Glucasyltransferases; Isoproturon; Salicylic acid; Wheat