title: Detection and quantification of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in Spanish authorized shellfish harvesting areas.
abstract: An 18-month survey was conducted in ten class "B" harvesting areas from two Galician Rias (NW of Spain), the most important bivalve production area in Europe, to determine the prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus (NoV), including genogroups I (GI) and II (GII). Quantification was performed by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), according to the recently developed standard method ISO/TS 15216-1:2013. Four bivalve species were studied, including wild and cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), clams (Venerupis philippinarum and Venerupis decussata) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Overall, 55.4% of samples were contaminated by at least one of the studied viruses, being detected the simultaneous presence of two or three viruses in 11.3% of the cases. NoV GI was the most prevalent virus (32.1%), followed by NoV GII (25.6%) and HAV (10.1%). Cultured mussels showed the highest percentage of positive samples (61.4%), followed by cockles (59.4%), wild mussels (54.3%) and clams (38.7%). Viral contamination levels for most of the positive samples ranged from 10(2) to 10(3) RNA copies/g of digestive tissue (RNAc/g DT). The presence of viral contamination was statistically higher (P<0.0001) in warm months (April to September) than in cold months (October to March). The data presented here may contribute to the development of more representative sampling strategies, in monitoring and management of shellfish growing areas as well as being useful in a future scenario in which viral critical values are adopted in legislation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Polo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain. Electronic address: jesus.romalde@usc.es.
authors.forename: Jesús L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Romalde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology; D017756:Aquaculture; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000821:virology*; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012621:Seasons; D012758:Shellfish / Q000821:virology*; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Hepatitis A virus; Norovirus; RT-qPCR; Shellfish; Survey