title: The genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in soil on Vicia faba seedlings.
abstract: Although considered as "green" solvents, the toxic effects of ionic liquids (ILs) on organisms have been widely investigated in recent years. However, studies on the toxic effects of ILs on plants all focus on toxicity in nutrient solution. In the present paper, the toxic effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) on Vicia faba seedlings in soil at 0, 500, 1500, and 2500 mg kg(-1) on day 10 were studied. The present results showed that the growth of V. faba seedlings may be seriously inhibited when the IL concentrations were higher than 500 mg kg(-1). The EC50 values for shoot length, root length, and dry weight were 3886, 2483, and 3359 mg kg(-1), respectively. In addition, [C4mim]Cl caused lipid peroxidation and DNA damage at 500 mg kg(-1) and oxidative stress at 1500 mg kg(-1), which indicated that [C4mim]Cl may have genotoxicity and cytotoxicity on V. faba seedlings. Moreover, oxidative damage may be the main toxic mechanism of ILs.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China. Electronic address: lushzhu@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China. Electronic address: wjh@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, PR China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D004249:DNA Damage; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D031307:Vicia faba / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002338:Carotenoids; C502841:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; C037184:chlorophyll b; D011392:Proline; C121048:guaiacol peroxidase; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D000077194:Chlorophyll A
keywords: Antioxidase system; DNA damage; EC(50); Lipid peroxidation; ROS