title: [Comparative ultrasonographic and histomorphologic examination of the lips].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-resolution ultrasonography of the lips offers the opportunity to investigate the orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) and evaluate its morphology and function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this paper are verification of the lip structures visible on ultrasound images by using histological section preparations and recommendation of uniform standards for sonographic examinations of the lips.
  
  
  METHODS
  The lips of 78 healthy volunteers (age 4-77 years) where scanned with a Hitachi Hi Vision Avius ultrasound device equipped with a linear transducer (L75, variable frequency range 5.0-18.0 MHz). Systematic B-mode examination was performed at five defined points, and the lips where also scanned dynamically in multiple directions. The ultrasonography findings were verified by using histologic samples from five male body donors (age 72-83 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All parts of the OOM could be well distinguished from one another both histologically and ultrasonographically. Sonographically visible lip structures could be verified histologically. Labial glands and blood vessels of the mucosa could be identified with both methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography allows identification of lip structures and all parts of the OOM. Scars, injuries and atrophy of the lip musculature are well detectable. Functional examinations can visualize muscular dysfunctions and may support the diagnosis of dystonic or hypotonic functional deficits. The following parameters are mandatory for a standardized examination of the lips: sagittal and transverse images of upper and lower lips; use of anatomical "landmarks"; functional diagnostics in tensed and relaxed conditions.
authors.affiliation: Selbständiger Funktionsbereich für Phoniatrie und Pädaudiologie, Univ.-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5/Geb. 13.77, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland, florian.lefarth@uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Lefarth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prescher
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Angerstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000166:cytology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult