title: Substituting sugar-sweetened beverages with water or milk is inversely associated with body fatness development from childhood to adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the association between different types of beverage intake and substitution of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) by water, milk, or 100% fruit juice in relation to 6-y change in body fatness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 9-y-old children (N = 358) who participated in the Danish part of the European Youth Heart Study was followed for development of body fatness over 6 y. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the associations between beverage intake at baseline and change in body fatness (body mass index z score [BMIz]), waist circumference (WC), and sum of four skinfolds (Σ4SF) over 6 y with adjustment for potential confounders. Substitution models were used to evaluate various beverages as alternatives to SSBs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SSB intake at age 9 y, but not intake of other beverages, was directly associated with subsequent 6-y changes in BMIz (β = 0.05; P = 0.02) and Σ4SF (β = 0.86; P = 0.02). Daily substitution of 100 g water for 100 g SSB was inversely associated with changes in BMIz (β = -0.04; P = 0.02), WC (β =-0.29; P = 0.04), and Σ4SF (β = -0.91; P = 0.02) over 6 y. Daily substitution of 100 g milk for 100 g SSB was also inversely associated with changes in BMIz (β = -0.05; P = 0.02), WC (β = -0.33; P = 0.046), and Σ4SF (β = -0.79; P = 0.06). No effect was observed for substitution of SSB by 100% fruit juice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that SSB intake is associated with long-term changes in body fatness in children, and replacing SSBs with water or milk, but not 100% fruit juice, is inversely associated with body fatness development.
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Bioscience, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: mzhe4938@uni.sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Miaobing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Bioscience, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rangan
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Part of Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nanna Julie
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Childhood Health, Department of Exercise Epidemiology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark; Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Childhood Health, Department of Exercise Epidemiology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wedderkopp
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Childhood Health, Department of Exercise Epidemiology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Childhood Health, Department of Exercise Epidemiology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grøntved
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Childhood Health, Department of Exercise Epidemiology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ried-Larsen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Susanne Merethe
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lempert
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Bioscience, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allman-Farinelli
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Part of Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Berit Lilienthal
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Heitmann
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners; D014867:Water
keywords: Adolescents; Body fatness; Children; Substitution; Sugar-sweetened beverages