title: Comparison of inflammatory responses to a soccer match between elite male and female players.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the inflammatory responses between male and female soccer players for a period of 48 hours after an official match. Blood samples were taken from 83 subjects (22 elite male and 21 elite female soccer players and 20 male and 20 female inactive individuals) in the morning of the game day, immediately after the soccer game and 24 and 48 hours after the match. Average relative exercise intensity during the match was similar in male and female players, as indicated by mean heart rate that was 86.9 ± 4.3 and 85.6 ± 2.3% of maximal heart rate (p = 0.23), respectively. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) increased 2- to 4-fold above resting values, peaking immediately after the match. C-reactive protein (CRP) and creatine kinase peaked 24 hours after the match. Interleukin 6, CRP, and creatine kinase responses were similar in male and female players, but the peak in TNF-α was 18% higher in male players. Interleukin 6, TNF-α, and CRP at rest were lower in male and female players compared with the control subjects, suggesting a protective effect of regular exercise training regarding the inflammatory profile. The results of this study show that a soccer match induces significant inflammatory responses in both male and female players, with only TNF-α peak values being lower in females. Because of the effects of inflammatory responses on performance and health of the players, it is suggested that coaches and trainers should adjust exercise training programs after a match to promote recovery and protect the athletes' health.
authors.affiliation: 1School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; 2Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and 3Department of Sport Organization and Management, University of Peloponnese, Peloponnese, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Souglis
authors.forename: Angeliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papapanagiotou
authors.forename: Gregory C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Bogdanis
authors.forename: Antonis K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Travlos
authors.forename: Nikolaos G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Apostolidis
authors.forename: Nikolaos D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Geladas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003402:Creatine Kinase