title: Ecotoxicity of ketoprofen, diclofenac, atenolol and their photolysis byproducts in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
abstract: The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater treatment plants and surface waters has been detected worldwide, constituting a potential risk for aquatic ecosystems. Adult zebrafish, of both sexes, were exposed to three common pharmaceutical compounds (atenolol, ketoprofen and diclofenac) and their UV photolysis by-products over seven days. The results show that diclofenac was removed to concentrations<LOD after 5 min of UV irradiation. The oxidative stress response of zebrafish to pharmaceuticals and their photolysis by-products was evaluated through oxidative stress enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) and lipid peroxidation. Results suggest that the photolysis by-products of diclofenac were more toxic than those from the other compounds tested, showing an increase in GST and CAT levels, which are also supported by higher MDA levels. Overall, the toxicity of waters containing atenolol and ketoprofen was reduced after the parent compounds were transformed by photolysis, whereas the toxicity increased significantly from the by-products generated through diclofenac photolysis. Therefore, diclofenac photolysis would possibly necessitate higher irradiation time to ensure that the associated by-products are completely degraded to harmless form(s).
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. Electronic address: mesd@fct.unl.pt.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; ESTS-IPS, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Rua Vale de Chaves, Campus do IPS, Estefanilha, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal. Electronic address: r.salgado@campus.fct.unl.pt.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Av. da República (EAN), 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB)-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Estação Agronómica Nacional, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal. Electronic address: vanessap@itqb.unl.pt.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Av. da República (EAN), 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal. Electronic address: gs.carvalho@fct.unl.pt.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. Electronic address: a.oehmen@fct.unl.pt.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oehmen
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. Electronic address: amr@fct.unl.pt.
authors.forename: M A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. Electronic address: jpnoronha@fct.unl.pt.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Noronha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001262:Atenolol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010782:Photolysis; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001262:Atenolol; D002374:Catalase; D004008:Diclofenac; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007660:Ketoprofen; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: By-products; Oxidative stress; Pharmaceuticals; Photolysis; Toxicity; Zebrafish