title: Determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in fish fillet by micro-solid phase extraction, followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.
abstract: In the current study, a simple, fast and efficient combination of protein precipitation and micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in fish fillet. Ten PFCAs with different hydrocarbon chain lengths (C5-C14) were analysed simultaneously using this method. Protein precipitation by acetonitrile and μ-SPE by surfactant-incorporated ordered mesoporous silica were applied to the extraction and concentration of the PFCAs as well as for removal of interferences. Determination of the PFCAs was carried out by LC-MS/MS in negative electrospray ionization mode. MS/MS parameters were optimized for multiple reaction monitoring of the analytes. (13)C mass labelled PFOA as a stable-isotopic internal standard, was used for calibration. The detection limits of the method ranged from 0.97 ng/g to 2.7 ng/g, with a relative standard deviation of between 5.4 and 13.5. The recoveries were evaluated for each analyte and were ranged from 77% to 120%. The t-test at 95% confidence level showed that for all the analytes, the relative recoveries did not depend on their concentrations in the explored concentration range. The effect of the matrix on MS signals (suppression or enhancement) was also evaluated. Contamination at low levels was detected for some analytes in the fish samples. The protective role of the polypropylene membrane used in μ-SPE in the elimination of matrix effects was evaluated by parallel experiments in classical dispersive solid phase extraction. The results evidently showed that the polypropylene membrane was significantly effective in reducing matrix effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lashgari
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore. Electronic address: chmleehk@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Hian Kee
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes; D017611:Fluorine Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D017611:Fluorine Compounds
keywords: Micro-solid phase extraction; Ordered mesoporous silica; Perfluorocarboxylic acids