title: Human embryonic stem cells vs human induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac repair.
abstract: Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into any specialized cell type, including cardiomyocytes. Therefore, hESC-derived and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs and hiPSC-CMs, respectively) offer great potential for cardiac regenerative medicine. Unlike some organs, the heart has a limited ability to regenerate, and dysfunction resulting from significant cardiomyocyte loss under pathophysiological conditions, such as myocardial infarction (MI), can lead to heart failure. Unfortunately, for patients with end-stage heart failure, heart transplantation remains the main alternative, and it is insufficient, mainly because of the limited availability of donor organs. Although left ventricular assist devices are progressively entering clinical practice as a bridge to transplantation and even as an optional therapy, cell replacement therapy presents a plausible alternative to donor organ transplantation. During the past decade, multiple candidate cells were proposed for cardiac regeneration, and their mechanisms of action in the myocardium have been explored. The purpose of this article is to critically review the comprehensive research involving the use of hESCs and hiPSCs in MI models and to discuss current controversies, unresolved issues, challenges, and future directions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barad
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Revital
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.affiliation: Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Naama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zeevi-Levin
authors.affiliation: The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Itskovitz-Eldor
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: binah@tx.technion.ac.il.
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Binah
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*