title: Imaging the knee in the setting of metal hardware.
abstract: Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is an established modality for the evaluation of musculoskeletal structures, including the knee. Metallic implants are increasingly used and techniques to minimize artifacts are continuously improving. This article reviews the general principles behind the effects of metal on MR imaging, various MR imaging techniques that are available or have been recently described in the literature, and abnormalities that can be encountered during MR imaging of patients related to knee arthroplasty, hardware after internal fixation, or hardware used for soft tissue fixation.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, USA. Electronic address: ericchangmd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eric Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
authors.forename: Won C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Knee; Metal artifact reduction sequences; Metal hardware; Metal imaging; Multiacquisition variable-resonance image combination; Slice encoding for metal artifact correction; Ultrashort echo time-MAVRIC; View angle tilting