title: Resting heart rate: risk indicator and emerging risk factor in cardiovascular disease.
abstract: Resting heart rate is central to cardiac output and is influenced by changes occurring in numerous diseases. It predicts longevity and cardiovascular diseases, and current evidence suggests that it is also an important marker of outcome in cardiovascular disease, including heart failure. Beta-blockers improve outcomes in heart failure; however, they have effects outside reducing heart rate. Ivabradine has demonstrated efficacy in reducing rehospitalizations and mortality in heart failure and in improving exercise tolerance and reducing angina attacks in patients with coronary artery disease, whereas selective heart rate reduction may also prove to be beneficial in therapeutic areas outside those in which ivabradine has already demonstrated clinical efficacy. This review provides an update on the associations between heart rate and cardiovascular outcomes in various conditions, the experimental effects of heart rate reduction with ivabradine, and the potential new indications in cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany. Electronic address: michael.boehm@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan-Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reil
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, Fresno.
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deedwania
authors.affiliation: Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, Calif.
authors.forename: Jae B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Borer
mesh_terms: D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D000077550:Ivabradine; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D000077550:Ivabradine
keywords: Angina; Heart failure; Heart rate; Ivabradine