title: Human health risks from metals and metalloid via consumption of food animals near gold mines in Tarkwa, Ghana: estimation of the daily intakes and target hazard quotients (THQs).
abstract: Heavy metal and metalloid contamination in food resulting from mining is of major concern due to the potential risk involved. Food consumption is the most likely route of human exposure to metals. This study was therefore to assess metals in different organs and different animal species near gold mines used for human consumption (free-range chicken, goat and sheep) in Tarkwa, Ghana, and to estimate the daily intake and health risk. The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were measured with an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and Hg analysis was done using the mercury analyzer. Principal component analysis of the results showed a clear separation between chicken, grouped on one side, and the ruminants clustered on another side in both offal and muscle. Interestingly, As, Cd, Hg, Mn and Pb made one cluster in the offal of chicken. Chicken muscle also showed similar distribution with As, Hg and Pb clustered together. The daily intake of metals (μg/kg body weight/day) were in the following ranges; As [0.002 (kidneys of goat and sheep)-0.19 (chicken gizzard)], Cd [0.003 (chicken muscle)-0.55 (chicken liver)], Hg [0.002 (goat muscle)-0.29 (chicken liver)], Pb [0.01 (muscles and kidneys of goat and sheep)-0.96 (chicken gizzard)] and Mn [0.13 (goat kidney)-8.92 (sheep liver)]. From the results, daily intakes of As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Mn in these food animals were low compared to the provisional tolerable daily intake guidelines. The THQs although less than one, indicated that contributions of chicken gizzard and liver to toxic metal exposure in adults and especially children could be significant.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Nesta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bortey-Sam
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Shouta M M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikenaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Osei
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Elvis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baidoo
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Yared Beyene
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Yohannes
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Hazuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizukawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan. Electronic address: ishizum@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002648:Child; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005869:Ghana; D006041:Goats; D006046:Gold; D064088:Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points / Q000379:methods; D006262:Health; D000075322:Heavy Metal Poisoning; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D058955:Metalloids / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008906:Mining; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011041:Poisoning / Q000209:etiology; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D058955:Metalloids; D008670:Metals; D006046:Gold; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Estimated daily intake; Ghana; Muscle; Offal; Target hazard quotient