title: Salter-Harris type III and IV displaced fracture of the hallux in young gymnasts: A series of four cases at 1-year follow-up.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe four exceptional cases of Salter-Harris type III and IV fractures of the proximal phalanx of the hallux in young high-level gymnasts. All gymnasts underwent the same mechanism of injury of hyperadduction, which indicates a role of the abductor hallucis muscle in the genesis and displacement of these fractures. An open reduction and internal fixation was performed to achieve an anatomical reduction and avoid chronic disability. At 1-year follow-up, all patients had an excellent American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score (100 points), and there was no shortening or angulation of the first ray and no evidence of degenerative joint disease on X-ray. Moreover, all the gymnasts had returned to pre-injury levels of sporting activity. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies that address these types of injuries and how they are handled in gymnasts.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Italy. Electronic address: dario.perugia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perugia
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mattia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabbri
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lepri
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Masi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006173:Gymnastics; D006214:Hallux / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D020127:Recovery of Function; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Athletes; Big toe; Foot injuries; Gymnast; Hallux; Salter–Harris