title: Effects of phonophoresis and gold nanoparticles in experimental model of muscle overuse: role of oxidative stress.
abstract: The aim of the study described here was to investigate the effects of pulsed ultrasound and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on behavioral, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in an experimental model of overuse. Wistar rats performed 21 d of exercise on a treadmill at different intensities and were exposed to ultrasound in the presence or absence of AuNPs. The overuse model promoted behavioral changes and increased creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as the levels of superoxide, nitrotyrosine, nitric oxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, carbonyl, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6. These values were significantly decreased by AuNPs and by AuNPs plus ultrasound. Catalase activity remained unchanged and the glutathione level increased significantly after exposure to AuNPs plus ultrasound. These results suggest a susceptibility to anxiety as well as elevated levels of oxidative stress. However, therapeutic interventions with AuNPs plus ultrasound reduced the production of oxidants and oxidative damage and improved the anti-oxidant defense system.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zortéa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo C L
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giulia S P
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fidelis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Paganini
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Pozzi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Talita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: De Souza
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Synthesis of Multifunctional Complexes, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos M S
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Paula
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil. Electronic address: ap@unesc.net.
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pinho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006046:Gold / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006046:Gold
keywords: Exercise; Gold nanoparticles; Muscle damage; Overuse; Oxidative stress; Ultrasound