title: Gender, race, and variation in the evaluation of microscopic hematuria among Medicare beneficiaries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female gender and black race are associated with delayed diagnosis and inferior survival in patients with bladder cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the association between gender, race, and evaluation of microscopic hematuria (an early sign of bladder cancer).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cohort study using a 5 % random sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with incident hematuria (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ICD-9] code 599.7x) between January 2009 and June 2010 in a primary care setting. Beneficiaries with pre-existing explanatory diagnoses or genitourinary procedures were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main endpoint was completeness of the hematuria evaluation in the 180 days after diagnosis. Evaluations were categorized as complete, incomplete, or absent based on receipt of relevant diagnostic procedures and imaging studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 9,211 beneficiaries met the study criteria. Hematuria evaluations were complete in 14 %, incomplete in 21 %, and absent in 65 % of subjects. Compared to males, females were less likely to have a procedure (26 vs. 12 %), imaging (41 vs. 30 %), and a complete evaluation (22 vs. 10 %) (p < 0.001 for each comparison). Receipt of a complete evaluation did not differ by race. Controlling for baseline characteristics, a complete evaluation was less likely in white women (OR, 0.40 [95 % CI, 0.35-0.46]) and black women (OR, 0.46 [95 % CI, 0.29-0.70]) compared to white men; no difference was found between black and white men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women are less likely than men to undergo a complete and timely hematuria evaluation, a finding likely relevant to women's more advanced stage at bladder cancer diagnosis. System-level process improvement between providers of urologic and primary care in the evaluation of hematuria may benefit women harboring malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A1302 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232-2765, USA, jeffrey.c.bassett@kp.org.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bassett
authors.forename: JoAnn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Tatsuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Chaochen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Shenghua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Penson
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Barocas
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007342:Insurance Benefits / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000592:standards*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*