title: The role of human brain area hMT+ in the perception of global motion investigated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychophysical evidence suggests that the perception of the motion and color of moving stimuli are determined separately in the human brain. Here we aim to determine the role of visual cortical areas hMT+ and V1/V2 in each task by measuring the effect of rTMS of each area using an off-line continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the motion task, the direction of moving dots was identified using a global motion stimulus that avoids tracking, and in the detection task for the same stimulus, the presence of the dots was detected regardless of motion. Performance was measured using forced-choice methods in 8 subjects, both before and at 4 time-intervals in the 1-hour after brain stimulation. All experiments were done using achromatic and isoluminant, red-green chromatic stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance on global motion for both achromatic and chromatic stimuli was significantly impaired following cTBS of visual area hMT+, with a maximum effect occurring 11 min after stimulation. In comparison, there was no effect of cTBS on the motion task for areas V1/V2 or the vertex (control). cTBS did not affect the detection task in either area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experiments validate the use of cTBS as an advantageous off-line rTMS protocol for studying visual areas. The results indicate a causal link between neural activity in area hMT+ and perception of motion of isoluminant chromatic stimuli. We conclude that area hMT+ is part of a common pathway processing the global motion of chromatic and achromatic stimuli, but is not involved in their detection.
authors.affiliation: McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.
authors.forename: Shaleeza
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaderali
authors.affiliation: McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.
authors.forename: Yeon Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reynaud
authors.affiliation: McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada. Electronic address: kathy.mullen@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Kathy T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Mullen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003118:Color Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011601:Psychophysics; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Color vision; Motion discrimination; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; V1; V5; cTBS