title: Temporomandibular disorders: evaluation and management.
abstract: Temporomandibular disorders remain a common cause of visits to primary care physicians, internists, pediatricians, and emergency departments. Advances in the clinical diagnosis, radiographic imaging, and classification of these disorders have improved long-term management. There are several types of disorders of the masticatory muscles and the temporomandibular joint as well as associated structures and each may have a complex cause, clinical course, and response to therapy. Host susceptibility plays a role at several stages of these disorders. Future research offers greater possibility in defining this heterogeneous group of disorders and providing more focused and effective treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine, Oral Health & Diagnostic Sciences, Georgia Regents University, 1120, 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Dermatology, Georgia Regents University, 1120, 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Georgia Regents University, 1120, 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Electronic address: sderossi@gru.edu.
authors.forename: Scott S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: De Rossi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital Affairs, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinkeler
mesh_terms: D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D063806:Myalgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011320:Primary Health Care; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Arthralgia; Myalgia; Orofacial pain; TMJ surgery; Temporomandibular disorders