title: Continued implication of the banned pesticides carbofuran and aldicarb in the poisoning of domestic and wild animals of the Canary Islands (Spain).
abstract: Although nowadays the intentional poisoning of domestic and wild animals is a crime in EU, in the past the poison was used in rural areas of a number of European countries to kill animals that were considered harmful for human activities. In Spain evidences indicate that intentional poisonings continue to occur throughout the entire country nowadays. This situation seems to be of particular concern in the Canary Islands (Spain), where this study was performed. Our results confirmed that 225 animals were poisoned by pesticides over the study period (32 months; 2010-2013). The intentionality of the poisoning was confirmed in 117 cases. It has to be highlighted that the other 108 animals also died by pesticide poisoning, although the intentionality was only suspected. This incidence is currently the highest reported in any region from European Union. The pesticides carbofuran, bromadiolone, brodifacoum and aldicarb were the most frequently detected involved. Among the affected species, it has to be highlighted that endangered species are frequently affected in poisoning incidents. Notably, chemicals banned in the EU (carbofuran and aldicarb) were identified in approximately 75% of cases, and in almost 100% of baits, which suggests that these pesticides are still available to the population. Several circumstances may explain these results. Firstly, little control over the sale and possession of pesticide products, and the potential existence of an illegal market of pesticides banned in the European Union in the neighbouring African continent. In addition, the limited awareness of the population about the dangerousness of these compounds, for the environment, animals, or even people, make the situation very worrying in these islands. Stronger regulations, control of legal and illegal pesticide use, development of educational programs and legal action in poisoning incidents are needed to decrease the impact of pesticide misuse on wildlife and domestic animals.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: Norberto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Suárez
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Boada
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Henríquez-Hernández
authors.affiliation: AVAFES (Veterinary Association for the Protection of Exotic and Wild Fauna). Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontana s/n, 35400 Arucas (Las Palmas), Spain.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González-Moreo
authors.affiliation: AVAFES (Veterinary Association for the Protection of Exotic and Wild Fauna). Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontana s/n, 35400 Arucas (Las Palmas), Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suárez-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; AVAFES (Veterinary Association for the Protection of Exotic and Wild Fauna). Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontana s/n, 35400 Arucas (Las Palmas), Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zumbado
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almeida-González
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Mar Travieso-Aja
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; AVAFES (Veterinary Association for the Protection of Exotic and Wild Fauna). Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontana s/n, 35400 Arucas (Las Palmas), Spain. Electronic address: operez@dcc.ulpgc.es.
authors.forename: Octavio P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Luzardo
mesh_terms: D000448:Aldicarb / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000378:metabolism*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011042:Poisons / Q000378:metabolism; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D011042:Poisons; D000448:Aldicarb; D002235:Carbofuran
keywords: Aldicarb; Banned pesticides; Carbofuran; Intentional poisoning; Poisoning