title: Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes Part 4: mechanistic investigations, smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicity.
abstract: The smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicity of mainstream smoke (MS) was investigated in American-blended cigarettes with or without the addition of 2.5%, 5% or 10% eugenol to the tobacco and in Indonesian-blended cigarettes with and without the addition of cloves, cloves extracted with hot ethanol, and extracted cloves replenished with eugenol or clove oil. The addition of eugenol reduced the concentration of nearly all toxicants measured in MS as well as the in vitro cytotoxicity of the gas/vapor phase. Reductions were also seen in bacterial mutagenicity of the total particulate matter (TPM) assessed by the Ames Assay. The addition of extracted cloves led to increases and decreases of toxicant concentrations in MS. Replenishment with eugenol or clove oil decreased the toxicant concentrations; with most smoke constituent concentrations reduced below the concentration found in tobacco-only cigarettes. Cytotoxicity of the TPM was not affected by the clove preparations. However, GVP cytotoxicity was reduced (untreated cloves showing the highest reductions). Mutagenicity of TPM was decreased by the clove preparations. Mechanisms for the reductions, (up to 40%), are most likely due to dilution effects by eugenol, changed burning characteristics of the tobacco, and free radical scavenging by eugenol.
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roemer
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Electronic address: Ruth.Dempsey@pmi.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.affiliation: PT HM Sampoerna Tbk, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lawless-Pyne
authors.affiliation: PT HM Sampoerna Tbk, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lukman
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A Deger
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trelles-Sticken
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wittke
authors.affiliation: Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Schorp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D041702:BALB 3T3 Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D045783:Clove Oil / Q000633:toxicity*; D005054:Eugenol / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D027842:Syzygium; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D045783:Clove Oil; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012906:Smoke; C018620:oleoresins; D005054:Eugenol
keywords: Clove cigarettes; Cytotoxicity; Eugenol; Kretek; Mutagenicity; Smoke chemistry