title: Blueprint of quartz crystal microbalance biosensor for early detection of breast cancer through salivary autoantibodies against ATP6AP1.
abstract: Breast cancer represents a significant health problem because of its high prevalence. Tests like mammography, which are used abundantly for the detection of breast cancer, suffer from serious limitations. Mammography correctly detects malignancy about 80-90% of the times, failing in places when (1) the tumor is small at early stage, (2) breast tissue is dense or (3) in women of less than 40 years. Serum-based detection of biomarkers involves risk of disease transfer, along with other concerns. These techniques compromise in the early detection of breast cancer. Early detection of breast cancer is a crucial factor to enhance the survival rate of patient. Development of regular screening tests for early diagnosis of breast cancer is a challenge. This review highlights the design of a handy and household biosensor device aimed for self-screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer. The design makes use of salivary autoantibodies for specificity to develop a noninvasive procedure, breast cancer specific biomarkers for precision for the development of device, and biosensor technology for sensitivity to screen the early cases of breast cancer more efficiently.
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arif
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Material Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syeda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qudsia
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Samina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urooj
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nazia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaudry
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Aneeqa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arshad
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: saadia.andleeb@asab.nust.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Saadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andleeb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001940:Breast / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058525:Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology*; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C089598:ATP6AP1 protein, human; D001323:Autoantibodies; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases
keywords: ATP6AP1; Biosensor; Early detection of breast cancer through saliva; Piezoelectric; Salivary autoantibodies