title: Clinical and surgical management of unilateral prepubertal gynecomastia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gynecomastia is the benign proliferation of the glandular tissue in the male breast. This condition is thought to be caused by the imbalance between estrogen action relative to androgen action at the breast tissue level. Bilateral gynecomastia is frequently found in the neonatal period, early in puberty, and with increasing age. Prepubertal unilateral gynecomastia in the absence of endocrine abnormalities is extremely rare, with only a few cases in literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present an otherwise healthy boy of 12 years old with unilateral breast masses. No abnormalities were found on ultrasonography and on all endocrine parameters. Treatment consisted in a new "modified" Webster technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirmed validity of this technique in terms of esthetic and functional results, and patient satisfaction. Atypical presentations of gynecomastia are often not recognized. The main pathophysiology of gynecomastia is alteration in the balance between the stimulatory effect of estrogen and the inhibitory effects of androgens on the development of the breast. If there is no causal treatment, surgical resection is the therapy of first choice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exact mechanism of unilateral gynecomastia formation in our case is unclear. The evaluation of unilateral gynecomastia can therefore be complex. In conclusion, the surgical treatment of unilateral gynecomastia requires an individual approach, based on an appropriate diagnostic algorithm.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe Andrea
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. Electronic address: fran.defr@libero.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Francesco
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics "F.Fede", Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics "F.Fede", Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grandone
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics "F.Fede", Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miraglia Del Giudice
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics "F.Fede", Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
keywords: Adipose tissue pedicle; Diagnostic algorithm; Radical mastectomy; Unilateral gynecomastia