title: Promotion of tobacco use cessation for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are at increased risk for the adverse effects of tobacco use, given their high prevalence of use, especially smoking. Evidence regarding cessation is limited. To determine if efficacious interventions are available and to aid the development of interventions, a systematic review was conducted of grey and peer-reviewed literature describing clinical, community, and policy interventions, as well as knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding tobacco use cessation among LGBT people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight databases for articles from 1987 to April 23, 2014, were searched. In February-November 2013, authors and researchers were contacted to identify grey literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search identified 57 records, of which 51 were included and 22 were from the grey literature; these were abstracted into evidence tables, and a narrative synthesis was conducted in October 2013-May 2014. Group cessation curricula tailored for LGBT populations were found feasible to implement and show evidence of effectiveness. Community interventions have been implemented by and for LGBT communities, although these interventions showed feasibility, no rigorous outcome evaluations exist. Clinical interventions show little difference between LGBT and heterosexual people. Focus groups suggest that care is needed in selecting the messaging used in media campaigns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LGBT-serving organizations should implement existing evidence-based tobacco-dependence treatment and clinical systems to support treatment of tobacco use. A clear commitment from government and funders is needed to investigate whether sexual orientation and gender identity moderate the impacts of policy interventions, media campaigns, and clinical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Electronic address: jose.lee@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph G L
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Alicia K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Cramer A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McCullen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Cathy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Melvin
mesh_terms: D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D018452:Homosexuality, Female / Q000523:psychology*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D063106:Transgender Persons / Q000523:psychology*