title: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: patient presentation, risk stratification, and early management.
abstract: The established quality indicators for early management of upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage are based on rapid diagnosis, risk stratification, and early management. Effective preendoscopic treatment may improve survivability of critically ill patients and improve resource allocation for all patients. Accurate risk stratification helps determine the need for hospital admission, hemodynamic monitoring, blood transfusion, and endoscopic hemostasis before esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) via indirect measures such as laboratory studies, physiologic data, and comorbidities. Early management before the definitive EGD is essential to improving outcomes for patients with upper GI bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University, 2120 L Street Northwest, Suite 450, Washington, DC 20037, USA. Electronic address: ameltzer@mfa.gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, George Washington University, 2120 L Street Northwest, Suite 450, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006396:Hematemesis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008551:Melena / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents
keywords: Early management; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage; Hemorrhage; Nonvariceal; Risk stratification; Variceal