title: Atherogenic index of plasma and atherogenic coefficient are increased in major depression and bipolar disorder, especially when comorbid with tobacco use disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a robust comorbidity between mood disorders and cardiovascular disorder (CVD). The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and the atherogenic coefficient (AC) are important atherogenic indexes. The aims of this study were to delineate whether AIP and AC are increased in mood disorders especially when comorbid with tobacco use disorder (TUD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this case-control study we included 134 patients with mood disorders, bipolar disorder and unipolar depression (cases), and 197 individuals without mood disorder (controls) divided into those with and without TUD (defined as never-smokers). Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) were measured. AIP and AC were computed as log (TG/HDLc) and non-HDLc/HDLc, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AIP and AC indexes were significantly increased in patients with mood disorders versus controls, both in depression and bipolar disorder. Patients with mood disorder without TUD and patients with TUD without mood disorder showed higher AIP and AC values than never-smokers while those with comorbid mood disorders and TUD showed significantly higher AIP and AC levels than all other individuals. A large part of the variance in the AIC (26.4%) and AC (20.4%) was explained by mood disorders, TUD, male gender and body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that lipid abnormalities leading to an increased atherogenic potential are involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders (depression and bipolar disorder) and especially comorbid mood disorder and TUD. The comorbidity between mood disorders and CVD may be partly explained increased through AIP and AC indexes, impacting increments in atherogenic potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, University Hospital, Brazil; Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, University Campus, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sandra Odebrecht Vargas
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, University Campus, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Luiz Gustavo
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Piccoli de Melo
authors.affiliation: Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, University Campus, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Márcia Regina
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pizzo de Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicological, State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Décio Sabbatini
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, University Hospital, Brazil; Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, University Campus, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Heber Odebrecht
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Impact Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.affiliation: Impact Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Brazil. Electronic address: dr.michaelmaes@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000097:blood*; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Castelli risk index; Depression; Metabolic syndrome; Tobacco use disorder