title: Renal impairment in HIV-infected patients initiating tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy regimens in a Primary Healthcare Setting in South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is associated with declines in glomerular function and chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients. We aimed to assess the prevalence and incidence of renal impairment in a primary care setting in sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed data from 1092 HIV-infected patients initiating tenofovir at a primary care clinic in Cape Town, South Africa. Renal function was assessed for the first 12 months on ART by estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated using the Cockroft-Gault equation categorised into normal, mild, moderate and severe reduction in renal function based on values >90, 60-89, 30-59 and <30 ml/min/1.73 m(2) , respectively. Associations were assessed using logistic regression, and average GFR trajectory over time was modelled using linear mixed-effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort consisted of 62% women; median age was 34 years (IQR 29; 41 years). The majority had normal renal function pre-ART (79%), 19% had mildly reduced GFR, and 2% had moderate renal impairment. Older age, more advanced WHO stage and anaemia were independently associated with prevalent renal impairment. On average, estimated glomerular function improved over the first year on tenofovir [1.10 ml/min/1.73 m(2) average increase over 12 months (95% CI: 0.80; 1.40)]. Male gender, anaemia and immunosuppression (WHO Stage III/IV and CD4 cell counts <100 cells/mm(3) ) were associated with lower average eGFR levels over time. Overall, 3% developed eGFR <50 ml/min/1.73 m(2) during this period. Serum creatinine tests conducted before 4 months on ART had low predictive value for predicting change in eGFR after a year on ART.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generally, renal function improved in HIV-infected adults initiating ART in this primary healthcare setting during the first year on ART. While monitoring of renal function is recommended in the first 4 months on ART, renal impairment appears uncommon during the first 12 months of tenofovir-containing ART in primary care populations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamkuemah
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Linda-Gail
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Landon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Myer
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013019:South Africa; D000068698:Tenofovir
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine
keywords: Afrique du Sud; HIV/AIDS; South Africa; Sudáfrica; VIH/SIDA; antiretroviral therapy; atención primaria; fonction rénale; función renal; kidney function; primary healthcare; soins de santé primaires; tenofovir; terapia antirretroviral; traitement antirétroviral; ténofovir