title: Toxicological effects of clofibric acid and diclofenac on plasma thyroid hormones of an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala during short and long-term exposures.
abstract: In the present investigation, the toxicity of most commonly detected pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment namely clofibric acid (CA) and diclofenac (DCF) was investigated in an Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala. Fingerlings of C. mrigala were exposed to different concentrations (1, 10 and 100μgL(-1)) of CA and DCF for a period of 96h (short term) and 35 days (long term). The toxic effects of CA and DCF on thyroid hormones (THs) such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were evaluated. During the short and long-term exposure period TSH level was found to be decreased at all concentrations of CA (except at the end of 14(th) day in 1 and 10μgL(-l) and 21(st) day in 1μgL(-l)) whereas in DCF exposed fish TSH level was found to be increased when compared to control groups. T4 level was found to be decreased at 1 and 100μgL(-l) of CA exposure at the end of 96h. However, T4 level was decreased at all concentrations of CA and DCF during long-term (35 days) exposure period. Fish exposed to all concentrations of CA and DCF had lower level of T3 in both the treatments. These results suggest that both CA and DCF drugs induced significant changes (P<0.01 and P<0.05) on thyroid hormonal levels of C. mrigala. The alterations of these hormonal levels can be used as potential biomarkers in monitoring of pharmaceutical drugs in aquatic organisms.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India; Bio-Regulatory Chemistry Lab, Department of Biological Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Manoharan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saravanan
authors.affiliation: Bio-Regulatory Chemistry Lab, Department of Biological Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jang-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womens University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Narayanasamy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arul
authors.affiliation: Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: mathanramesh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mathan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramesh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D002995:Clofibric Acid
keywords: Cirrhinus mrigala; Clofibric acid; Diclofenac; Thyroid stimulating hormone; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine