title: Combining motion analysis and microfluidics--a novel approach for detecting whole-animal responses to test substances.
abstract: Small, early life stages, such as zebrafish embryos are increasingly used to assess the biological effects of chemical compounds in vivo. However, behavioural screens of such organisms are challenging in terms of both data collection (culture techniques, drug delivery and imaging) and data evaluation (very large data sets), restricting the use of high throughput systems compared to in vitro assays. Here, we combine the use of a microfluidic flow-through culture system, or BioWell plate, with a novel motion analysis technique, (sparse optic flow - SOF) followed by spectral analysis (discrete Fourier transformation - DFT), as a first step towards automating data extraction and analysis for such screenings. Replicate zebrafish embryos housed in a BioWell plate within a custom-built imaging system were subject to a chemical exposure (1.5% ethanol). Embryo movement was videoed before (30 min), during (60 min) and after (60 min) exposure and SOF was then used to extract data on movement (angles of rotation and angular changes to the centre of mass of embryos). DFT was subsequently used to quantify the movement patterns exhibited during these periods and Multidimensional Scaling and ANOSIM were used to test for differences. Motion analysis revealed that zebrafish had significantly altered movements during both the second half of the alcohol exposure period and also the second half of the recovery period compared to their pre-treatment movements. Manual quantification of tail flicking revealed the same differences between exposure-periods as detected using the automated approach. However, the automated approach also incorporates other movements visible in the organism such as blood flow and heart beat, and has greater power to discern environmentally-driven changes in the behaviour and physiology of organisms. We suggest that combining these technologies could provide a highly efficient, high throughput assay, for assessing whole embryo responses to various drugs and chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tabitha S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Rudin-Bitterli
authors.affiliation: Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tills
authors.affiliation: Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.affiliation: Centre for Robotics and Neural Systems, School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Phil F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Culverhouse
authors.affiliation: Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Syntecnos, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wielhouwer
authors.affiliation: Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rundle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D044085:Microfluidics; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol