title: The effect of HIV infection on the host response to bacterial sepsis.
abstract: Bacterial sepsis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV. HIV causes increased susceptibility to invasive infections and affects sepsis pathogenesis caused by pre-existing activation and exhaustion of the immune system. We review the effect of HIV on different components of immune responses implicated in bacterial sepsis, and possible mechanisms underlying the increased risk of invasive bacterial infections. We focus on pattern recognition receptors and innate cellular responses, cytokines, lymphocytes, coagulation, and the complement system. A combination of factors causes increased susceptibility to infection and can contribute to a disturbed immune response during a septic event in patients with HIV. HIV-induced perturbations of the immune system depend on stage of infection and are only in part restored by combination antiretroviral therapy. Immunomodulatory treatments currently under development for sepsis might be particularly beneficial to patients with HIV co-infection because many pathogenic mechanisms in HIV and sepsis overlap.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: m.a.huson@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Michaëla A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huson
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Grobusch
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Poll
mesh_terms: D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors