title: Ozone-induced kiwifruit ripening delay is mediated by ethylene biosynthesis inhibition and cell wall dismantling regulation.
abstract: Ozone treatments are used to preserve quality during cold storage of commercially important fruits due to its ethylene oxidizing capacity and its antimicrobial attributes. To address whether or not ozone also modulates ripening by directly affecting fruit physiology, kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. 'Hayward') were stored in very low ethylene atmosphere at 0°C (95% RH) in air (control) or in the presence of ozone (0.3μLL(-1)) for 2 or 4 months and subsequently ripened at 20°C (90% RH) for up to 8d. Ozone-treated kiwifruit showed a significant delay of ripening during maintenance at 20°C, accompanied by a marked decrease in ethylene biosynthesis due to inhibited AdACS1 and AdACO1 expression and reduced ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) enzyme activity. Furthermore, ozone-treated fruit exhibited a marked reduction in flesh softening and cell wall disassembly. This effect was associated with reduced cell wall swelling and pectin and neutral sugar solubilization and was correlated with the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes activity, such as polygalacturonase (PG) and endo-1,4-β-glucanase/1,4-β-glucosidase (EGase/glu). Conclusively, the present study indicated that ozone may exert major residual effects in fruit ripening physiology and suggested that ethylene biosynthesis and cell walls turnover are specifically targeted by ozone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, United States; Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus. Electronic address: iminas@agro.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Ioannis S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Minas
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET-UNLP, 47 y 116, La Plata 1900, Argentina; LIPA, Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Agroindustriales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales Calle, 60 y 119, La Plata 1900, Argentina. Electronic address: arielvicente@quimica.unlp.edu.ar.
authors.forename: Ariel R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, United States. Electronic address: dhanapala@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Arun Prabhu
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dhanapal
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus. Electronic address: george.manganaris@cut.ac.cy.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Manganaris
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus. Electronic address: vlasios.goulas@cut.ac.cy.
authors.forename: Vlasios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goulas
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: vasilaka@agro.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Miltiadis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vasilakakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, United States. Electronic address: chcrisosto@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Crisosto
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: amolasio@agro.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molassiotis
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D008190:Lyases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010126:Ozone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic; D002241:Carbohydrates; D005030:Ethylenes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C023863:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; D010126:Ozone; C036216:ethylene; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; C059460:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase; D008190:Lyases; C021773:1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase
keywords: Cell wall degrading enzymes; Cell wall metabolism; Cold storage; Ethylene biosynthetic enzymes; Pectin; Softening