title: Toxicity of the veterinary sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamonomethoxine to five aquatic organisms.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic toxicity of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) to aquatic organisms to evaluate its impact at different trophic levels in the ecosystem. Regarding the growth inhibition of microalgae, SMM exhibited 72-h median effective concentration (EC50) values of 5.9mgL(-1) for freshwater Chlorella vulgaris and 9.7mgL(-1) for marine Isochrysis galbana. In a study on the cladocerans, SMM exhibited acute toxicity and 48-h median lethal concentrations of 48mgL(-1) for Daphnia magna and 283mgL(-1) for D. similis. An examination of chronic toxicity revealed that SMM inhibited the brook production of the cladocerans and exhibited 21-day EC50 values of 14.9mgL(-1) for D. magna and 41.9mgL(-1) for D. similis. This study investigated the potentially adverse effects of SMM on aquatic organisms and revealed that microalgae exhibited higher sensitivity to SMM than cladocerans did. The residue of SMM in water is recommended to be carefully evaluated to reduce ecological impacts after applied to cultured animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, No. 60, Sec. 1, Erren Road, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Da-Ji
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jung-Hsin
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzong-Fu
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan. Electronic address: htlai@mail.ncyu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hong-Thih
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D058087:Haptophyta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009990:Oryzias / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D013422:Sulfamonomethoxine / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D013422:Sulfamonomethoxine
keywords: Algae; Antibiotic; Cladoceran; Fish; Sulfamonomethoxine; Toxicity