title: Determination of loperamide in human plasma and saliva by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for quantification of loperamide in human plasma and saliva was developed and validated, and then successfully applied in pharmacokinetic clinical study to investigate and correlate bioavailability of Imodium(®) 2mg quartet tablet dose in both human plasma and saliva. Loperamide with labeled internal standard was extracted from its biological matrix by methanol as protein direct precipitant in single extraction step. Adequate chromatographic separation for analytes from plasma and saliva matrices was achieved using ACE C18 (50mm×2.1mm, 5μm) column, eluted by water/methanol/formic acid (30:70:0.1%, v/v), delivered isocratically at constant flow rate of 0.75ml/min. The method validation intends to investigate specificity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect and stability according to European guideline, and partial validation was applied on saliva, specificity, matrix effect, recovery, sensitivity, within and between day precision and accuracy. The calibration curve was linear through the range of 20-3000pg/ml in both plasma and saliva using a 50μl sample volume. The partial validation sections outcome in saliva was so close to those in plasma. The within- and between-day precisions were all below 8.7% for plasma and below 11.4% for saliva. Accuracies ranged from 94 to 105% for both matrices. In this study, 26 healthy volunteers participated in the clinical study, and 6 of gave their saliva samples in addition to plasma at the same time schedule. The pharmacokinetic parameters of Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞, Tmax and T1/2 in both plasma and saliva were calculated and correlated.
authors.affiliation: University of Petra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman, Jordan. Electronic address: tarafat@uop.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Tawfiq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arafat
authors.affiliation: Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Amman, Jordan. Electronic address: b.arafat@ammanu.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Basil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arafat
authors.affiliation: University of Petra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman, Jordan. Electronic address: r.awad@uop.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Riad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: awad
authors.affiliation: Jordan Center for Pharmaceutical Research, P.O. Box 950435, Amman 11105, Jordan. Electronic address: ahmad_chem@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmad Abu
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: awwad
mesh_terms: D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008139:Loperamide / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000930:Antidiarrheals; D008139:Loperamide
keywords: Clinical Study; Human plasma; LC–MS/MS; Loperamide; Protein precipitation; Saliva