title: Nausea: current knowledge of mechanisms, measurement and clinical impact.
abstract: Nausea is a subjective sensation, which often acts as a signal that emesis is imminent. It is a widespread problem that occurs as a clinical sign of disease or as an adverse effect of a drug therapy or surgical procedure. The mechanisms of nausea are complex and the neural pathways are currently poorly understood. This review summarises the current knowledge of nausea mechanisms, the available animal models for nausea research and the anti-nausea properties of commercially available anti-emetic drugs. The review also presents subjective assessment and scoring of nausea. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of nausea might reveal potential clinically useful biomarkers for objective measurement of nausea in species of veterinary interest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK. Electronic address: hkenward@rvc.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kenward
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pelligand
authors.affiliation: Zoetis International Services, 23-25 Av du Dr Lannelongue, Paris 75014, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savary-Bataille
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D009325:Nausea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics
keywords: Biomarker; Emesis; Maropitant; Nausea; VAS