title: Long-term application of fresh and composted manure increase tetracycline resistance in the arable soil of eastern China.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence, abundance, and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes (tet) in agricultural soils after 6 years' application of fresh or composted swine manure. Soil samples were collected from fresh or composted manure-treated farmland at three depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm). Nine classes of tet genes [tetW, tetB(P), tetO, tetS, tetC, tetG, tetZ, tetL, and tetX] were detected; tetG, tetZ, tetL, and tetB(P) were predominant in the manure-treated soil. The abundances of tetB(P), tetW, tetC, and tetO were reduced, while tetG and tetL were increased by fertilizing with composted versus fresh manure; thus, the total abundance of tet genes was not significantly reduced by compost manuring. tetG was the most abundant gene in manure-treated soil; the predominant tetG genotypes shared high homology with pathogenic bacteria. The tetG isolates were more diverse in soils treated with fresh versus composted manure, although the residual tet genes in composted manure remain a pollutant and produce a different influence on the tet gene resistome in field soil.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 Beijing East Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province, PR China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 Beijing East Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 Beijing East Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province, PR China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Beibei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 Beijing East Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province, PR China. Electronic address: xglin@issas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiangui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D002681:China; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil
keywords: Antibiotic resistance genes; Composting; Pollutant; Real-time PCR; Swine manure