title: Incidence of chemotherapy- and chemoradiotherapy-induced amenorrhea in premenopausal women with stage II/III colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) in young individuals are increasing. There has been a significant improvement in overall survival in CRC because of advances in adjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy over the past decades. However, these procedures may compromise the function of the reproductive system, and ovarian failure and premature menopause may occur. The objective of this analysis was to determine the incidence of long-term amenorrhea (≥ 12 months) in women with CRC aged 40 years and younger after adjuvant treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors identified 162 premenopausal women with CRC aged 40 years or younger who were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center from January 2008 to December 2012. One hundred twenty-three patients met all eligibility criteria and had sufficient follow-up for evaluation. The median age at diagnosis in patients with colon and rectal cancers was, respectively, 36 and 35 years (range, 17-40 and 24-40 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had regular menses before treatment; 3 patients with colon cancer (4.2%) experienced long-term amenorrhea, and 48 patients with rectal cancer (94.1%) experienced long-term amenorrhea. The incidence of amenorrhea was significantly lower in patients with colon cancer (4.2%; 3 of 72) than in patients with rectal cancer (94.1%; 48 of 51) (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this retrospective series, the incidence of amenorrhea in patients with colon and rectal cancers was 4.2% and 94.1%, respectively. We believe our data support the fact that young female patients with CRC, especially those with rectal cancer who are scheduled to undergo pelvic irradiation, should be counseled regarding fertility preservation options, including ovarian transposition and cryopreservation of ovarian tissue, embryo, or oocyte.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Juefeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guichao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhonghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: zhenzhang6@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D059247:Fertility Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D017697:Premenopause; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amenorrhea; Chemoradiotherapy; Chemotherapy; Fertility; Premenopausal women