title: Craniofacial anomalies.
abstract: Craniosynostosis, in which 1 or more cranial sutures prematurely fuse, is associated with diverse environmental and genetic factors. Whereas isolated single-suture synostosis is usually sporadic and nonfamilial, FGFR mutations account for most cases of syndromic craniosynostosis. This article reviews the etiology and various clinical manifestations of the most common isolated and syndromic forms of craniosynostosis, and provides a brief overview of genetics. Past and present surgical management approaches and techniques are examined in depth. Outcomes data in the recent literature are reviewed, and controversies in the field and promising trends in craniofacial surgery discussed.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, STOP 9406, Lubbock, TX 79430-9406, USA.
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, STOP 8312, Lubbock, TX 79430-8312, USA. Electronic address: joshua.demke@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Demke
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009154:Mutation; D019990:Perioperative Care; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
keywords: Brachycephaly; Craniosynostosis; Dolichocephaly; FGFR mutations; Minimally invasive surgery; Plagiocephaly; Scaphocephaly; Trigonocephaly