title: A novel calibration and task guidance framework for motor imagery BCI via a tendon vibration induced sensation with kinesthesia illusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lack of efficient calibration and task guidance in motor imagery (MI) based brain-computer interface (BCI) would result in the failure of communication or control, especially in patients, such as a stroke with motor impairment and intact sensation, locked-in state amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in which the sources of data for calibration may worsen the subsequent decoding. In addition, enhancing the proprioceptive experience in MI might improve the BCI performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work, we propose a new calibrating and task guidance methodology to further improve the MI BCI, exploiting the afferent nerve system through tendon vibration stimulation to induce a sensation with kinesthesia illusion. A total of 30 subjects' experiments were carried out, and randomly divided into a control group (control-group) and calibration and task guidance group (CTG-group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Online experiments have shown that MI could be decoded by classifier calibrated solely using sensation data, with 8 of the 15 subjects in the CTG-Group above 80%, 3 above 95% and all above 65%. Offline chronological cross-validation analysis shows that it has reached a comparable performance with the traditional calibration method (F (1, 14) = 0.14, P = 0.7176). In addition, the discrimination accuracy of MI in the CTG-Group is significantly 12.17% higher on average than that in the control-group (unpaired-T test, P = 0.0086), and illusory sensation indicates no significant difference (unpaired-T test, p = 0.3412). The finding of the existed similarity of the discriminative brain patterns and grand averaged ERD/ERS between imagined movement (actively induced) and illusory movement (passively evoked) also validates the proposed calibration and task guidance framework.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cognitive complexity of the illusory sensation task is much lower and more objective than that of MI. In addition, subjects' kinesthetic experience mentally simulated during the MI task might be enhanced by accessing sensory experiences from the illusory stimulation. This sensory stimulation aided BCI design could help make MI BCI more applicable.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Xinjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Dingguo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiangyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces / Q000592:standards*; D002138:Calibration; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions / Q000502:physiology*; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration