title: The associations between preexisting mental disorders and subsequent onset of chronic headaches: a worldwide epidemiologic perspective.
abstract: Although there is a significant association between preexisting depression and later onset of chronic headache, the extent to which other preexisting mental disorders are associated with subsequent onset of headache in the general population is not known. Also unknown is the extent to which these associations vary by gender or by life course. We report global data from the WHO's World Mental Health surveys (n = 52,095), in which, by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-3.0, 16 mental disorders from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, were retrospectively assessed in terms of lifetime prevalence and age of onset. Frequent or severe headaches were assessed using self-reports. After adjustment for covariates, survival models showed a moderate but consistent association between preexisting mood (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.3-1.4), anxiety (ORs = 1.2-1.7), and impulse-control disorders (ORs = 1.7-1.9) and the subsequent onset of headache. We also found a dose-response relationship between the number of preexisting mental disorders and subsequent headache onset (OR ranging from 1.9 for 1 preexisting mental disorder to 3.4 for ≥5 preexisting mental disorders). Our findings suggest a consistent and pervasive relationship between a wide range of preexisting mental disorders and the subsequent onset of headaches. This highlights the importance of assessing a broad range of mental disorders, not just depression, as specific risk factors for the subsequent onset of frequent or severe headaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that there is a temporal association between a broad range of preexisting mental disorders and the subsequent onset of severe or frequent headaches in general population samples across the world.
authors.affiliation: Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: ronny.bruffaerts@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruffaerts
authors.affiliation: Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Demyttenaere
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisateru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tachimori
authors.affiliation: Psychology Research Institute, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bunting
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health and Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Guangdong Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Chiyi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development, Romania.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Florescu
authors.affiliation: Saint John of God Health Park, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Haro
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Carmen C W
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes & EHESP School for Public Health Department of Epidemiology, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kovess-Masfety
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Daphna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Medina Mora
authors.affiliation: Mental Health, Alcohol and Drugs Research Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano, Heredia, Peru.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.affiliation: Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Patryk
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piotrowski
authors.affiliation: Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, DC, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Posada-Villa
authors.affiliation: Ibn Sena Teaching Hospital, Mosul, Iraq.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salih Khalaf
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: ten Have
authors.affiliation: Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014944:World Health Organization; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epidemiology; headache onset; preexisting mental disorders