title: Potent Anticancer Effects of Bioactive Mushroom Extracts (Phellinus linteus) on a Variety of Human Cancer Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several therapeutic options are currently available for patients with various cancers, the outcomes are often disappointing and a more effective modality needs to be promptly established. We have been exploring an alternative approach using natural agents and two bioactive mushroom extracts isolated from Phellinus linteus (PL), namely PL-ES and PL-I-ES, were of our interest. As anticancer effects of similar extracts have been reported in several cancers, we investigated whether PL-ES and PL-I-ES might have such anticancer activities on a variety of human cancer cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten different types of human cancer cell lines, including three metastatic prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast, stomach, liver, and brain cancer cells, were employed and tested with PL-ES or PL-I-ES. Cell growth/viability, exertion of oxidative stress, and induction of apoptosis were assessed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay, lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay, and specific enzymatic assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PL-ES (100 µg/mL) exhibited potent anticancer activity, resulting in a significant (40-80%) growth reduction in all 10 cancer cells at 72 hours. PL-I-ES (100 µg/mL) was effective on only four cancer cells but its higher concentration at 250 µg/mL led to a significant (25-90%) growth reduction in seven cancer cells. LPO assays indicated that such a significant growth reduction by PL-ES (100 µg/mL) or PL-I-ES (100 or 250 µg/mL) could result from cell death due to a cytotoxic effect of oxidative stress (through free radicals). Moreover, enzymatic assays for caspase-3 (Csp-3) and caspase-9 (Csp-9), the pro-apoptotic regulators, showed that both enzymes were significantly activated by PL-ES or PL-I-ES, indicating that cell death due to oxidative stress was more likely associated with apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that both PL-ES and PL-I-ES indeed have anticancer effects on a variety of cancer cells, although PL-ES appears to be more potent than PL-I-ES. Such an anticancer effect is presumably attributed to oxidative stress, which will ultimately lead to apoptosis. Therefore, these two bioactive mushroom extracts may have clinical implications in a more effective therapeutic option for a variety of human malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Sensuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Feuer
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choudhury
keywords: Anticancer; Apoptosis; Human cancer cells; Mushroom; PL-fractions