title: Depression, anxiety, antidepressant use, and cardiovascular disease among Hispanic men and women of different national backgrounds: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe prevalence and relationships to cardiovascular morbidity of depression, anxiety, and medication use among Hispanic/Latinos of different ethnic backgrounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of 15,864 men and women aged 18 to 74 years in the population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed with shortened Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of high depressive symptoms ranged from low of 22.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.4-24.3) to high of 38.0% (95% CI, 35.2-41.0) among those of Mexican or Puerto Rican background, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios for depression rose monotonically with number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor from 1.46 (95% CI, 1.18-1.75) for those with one risk factors to 4.36 (95% CI, 2.47-7.70) for those with five risk factors. Antidepressant medication was used by 5% with striking differences between those with and without history of CVD (15.4% and 4.6%, respectively) and between insured (8.2%) and uninsured (1.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among US Hispanics/Latinos, high depression and anxiety symptoms varied nearly twofold by Hispanic background and sex, history of CVD, and increasing number of CVD risk factors. Antidepressant medication use was lower than in the general population, suggesting under treatment especially among those who had no health insurance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY. Electronic address: sylvia.smoller@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wassertheil-Smoller
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Elva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Arredondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: JianWen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Sheila F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Castaneda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Choca
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: LaVange
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Lee-Rey
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mosley
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Penedo
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Santistaban
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Phyllis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Zee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents
keywords: Antianxiety medications; Antidepressants; Anxiety; Cardiovascular risk; Depression; Ethnic differences; HCHS/SOL; Hispanics; Latinos