title: Assessment on the occupational exposure of urban public bus drivers to bioaccessible trace metals through resuspended fraction of settled bus dust.
abstract: Limited information is available on the bioaccessible fraction of trace metals in the resuspended fraction of settled bus dust in order to estimate bus drivers' occupational exposure. In this study, 45 resuspended fraction of settled dust samples were collected from gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG) powered buses and analyzed for trace metals and their fraction concentrations using a three-step sequential extraction procedure. Experimental results showed that zinc (Zn) had the greatest bioaccessible fraction, recorded as an average of 608.53 mg/kg, followed in order of decreasing concentration by 129.80 mg/kg lead (Pb), 56.77 mg/kg copper (Cu), 34.03 mg/kg chromium (Cr), 22.05 mg/kg nickel (Ni), 13.17 mg/kg arsenic (As) and 2.77 mg/kg cadmium (Cd). Among the three settled bus dust exposure pathways, ingestion was the main route. Total exposure hazard index (HIt) for non-carcinogenic effect trace metals was lower than the safety level of 1. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for drivers was estimated for trace metal exposure. Pb and Ni presented relatively high potential risks in the non-carcinogenic and potentially carcinogenic health assessment for all drivers. ILCR was in the range of 1.84E-05 to 7.37E-05 and 1.74E-05 to 6.95E-05 for gasoline and CNG buses, respectively.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
authors.forename: Sa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 46, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China. Electronic address: yujief@hit.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Fuyi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
authors.forename: Binyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Baoshan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D001336:Automobiles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D008670:Metals
keywords: Engine style; Health risk; Microenvironment; Non-carcinogenic and potential carcinogenic metal; Resuspended dusts; Sequential extraction