title: Reservoir and reservoir-less pressure effects on arterial waves in the canine aorta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A time-domain approach to couple the Windkessel effect and wave propagation has been recently introduced. The technique assumes that the measured pressure in the aorta (P) is the sum of a reservoir pressure (Pr), due to the storage of blood, and an excess pressure (Pe), due to the waves. Since the subtraction of Pr from P results in a smaller component of Pe, we hypothesized that using the reservoir-wave approach would produce smaller values of wave speed and intensities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to quantify the differences in wave speed and intensity using P, wave-only, and Pe, reservoir-wave techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pressure and flow were measured in the canine aorta in the control condition and during total occlusion at four sites. Wave speed was determined using the PU-loop (c) and PeU-loop (ce) methods, and wave intensity analysis was performed using P and separately using Pe; the magnitude and time of the main waves and the reflection index were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both analyses produced similar wave intensity analysis curves, and no significant differences in the timing of the waves, except onset of the forward expansion wave, indicated that distal occlusions have little effect on haemodynamics in the ascending aorta. We consistently found lower values of wave speed and intensities when the reservoir-wave model was applied. In particular, the magnitude of the backward waves was markedly smaller, even during proximal occlusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of other independent techniques or evidence, it is not currently possible to decide which of the two models is more correct.
authors.affiliation: aBrunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Middlesex bDepartment of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borlotti
authors.forename: Chloe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kim H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Ashraf W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Khir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular