title: Understanding and evaluating shoulder pain in the throwing athlete.
abstract: Shoulder pain in the throwing athlete can present at any age and in any level of sport and can lead to dysfunction. A thorough evaluation of the throwing athlete can often determine the cause of symptoms, which is frequently multifactorial. Although the pathophysiology leading to pain in the shoulder of the throwing athlete is not entirely known, nonoperative modalities remain the mainstay of treatment. In general, surgical intervention should be reserved as a last resort. Effective treatment often requires collaboration among trainers, players, physicians, and therapists to determine an appropriate course of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Nickolas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Garbis
authors.affiliation: Division of Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Electronic address: ehenze1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: McFarland
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Biomechanics; Overhead athlete; Rehabilitation; Surgical management; Throwing athletes; Throwing motion