title: On the invariance of the Stimulant Craving Questionnaire (STCQ) across cocaine and methamphetamine users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rapid rise in the number of methamphetamine users, relative to cocaine users, has brought the number of each to nearly equal levels, making research on similarities and differences across these groups a needed area of exploration. Craving is postulated to play a significant role in relapse for both user types, yet group differences on observed scale scores have been reported without first assessing the prerequisite measurement equivalence (invariance) of the items, which is essential for meaningful group comparisons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from stimulant users in residential treatment (N=301; n=177 cocaine; n=124 methamphetamine) were used to assess the measurement invariance of the 10-item Stimulant Craving Questionnaire (STCQ), which was adapted from a cocaine-specific measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The unifactorial STCQ demonstrated measurement invariance across cocaine and methamphetamine users for factor loadings (metric), common residual covariances between item pairs, and item intercepts (scalar), as determined by fit indices (RMSEA<0.05; CFI & TLI>0.95; SRMR<0.10). The latent mean, as well as 5 (out of 10) item means and the overall composite scale score, was significantly greater for methamphetamine users compared to cocaine users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate the STCQ is an invariant tool for the assessment of stimulant craving across the two most prevalent user types. Methamphetamine users had significantly higher levels of observed and latent craving than cocaine users, demonstrating a potentially meaningful difference in craving between users of these two stimulants. Future research will determine if treatments and statistical models need to account for craving variations across methamphetamine and cocaine users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA. Electronic address: Thomas.F.Northrup@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Northrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9119, USA.
authors.forename: Robrina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9119, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9119, USA.
authors.forename: Madhukar H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Trivedi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D066249:Craving; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012114:Residential Treatment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cocaine; Craving; Invariance; Methamphetamine; Stimulant