title: Animal models of tick-borne hemorrhagic Fever viruses.
abstract: Tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses (TBHFV) are detected throughout the African and Eurasian continents and are an emerging or re-emerging threat to many nations. Due to the largely sporadic incidences of these severe diseases, information on human cases and research activities in general have been limited. In the past decade, however, novel TBHFVs have emerged and areas of endemicity have expanded. Therefore, the development of countermeasures is of utmost importance in combating TBHFV as elimination of vectors and interrupting enzootic cycles is all but impossible and ecologically questionable. As in vivo models are the only way to test efficacy and safety of countermeasures, understanding of the available animal models and the development and refinement of animal models is critical in negating the detrimental impact of TBHFVs on public and animal health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, Canada. safronetzd@niaid.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zivcec
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology Division of Intramural Research, National Institute Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton 59840, Montana, USA. safronetzd@niaid.nih.gov.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Safronetz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, Canada. feldmannh@niaid.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feldmann