title: Effect of maternal use of flaxseed oil during pregnancy and lactation on glucose metabolism and pancreas histomorphometry of male offspring from diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigate if the maternal use of flaxseed oil prevents pancreatic alterations in the offspring of diabetic mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in female wistar rats (n=12) by a high-fat diet and low-dose of streptozotocin. After the confirmation of the diabetes (glucose >300 mg/dL), rats were mated and once pregnancy was confirmed, they were allocated into three groups (n=6): high-fat group (HFG); flaxseed oil group (FOG); and control group (CG) (nondiabetic rats). At weaning, male offspring (n=12/group) received a standard chow diet. The animals were euthanized in two phases: at 100 and at 180 days, (n=6/group). The pancreas was collected for histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HFG showed hypertrophy of pancreatic islets at 100 and at 180 days (p<0.0001), while the FOG offspring had islets with smaller diameters compared to HFG at both phases of sacrifice (p<0.0001). HFG had a lower percentage of small islets when compared to CG and FOG, which had a higher percentage when compared to HFG (p=0.0053) at 100 days. At 180 days HFG showed higher percentage of larger islets (p=0.00137) and lower percentage of smaller islets (p=0.00112), when compared to FOG. HFG showed lower islet insulin immunodensity at 100 days (p<0.0001) and 180 days (p<0.0001), whereas FOG was similar to CG (p<0.0001) at 100 days and higher at 180 days (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flaxseed oil reduced the damage caused by maternal hyperglycemia, promoting normal pancreas histomorphometry and β cell mass.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition College, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: andremcorreia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: André Manoel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Correia-Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition College, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition College, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela Câmara
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition College, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Saraiva
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dos Anjos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition College, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline D'Avila
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Medical College, Rio de Janeiro Feredal University - Campus UFRJ, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kátia Calvi
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lenzi-Almeida
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition College, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilson Teles
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Boaventura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D008043:Linseed Oil; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Diabetes; Flaxseed oil; Gestational; Metabolic programming; Pancreas; Rat