title: Environmentally relevant concentrations of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) induced oxidative and genetic damage in Dreissena polymorpha.
abstract: Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are extensively used as fragrances in several personal care products and have been recognized as emerging aquatic pollutants. Among SMCs, galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) are extensively used and have been measured in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, their potential risk to organisms remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 21-day exposures to HHCB and AHTN concentrations frequently measured in aquatic ecosystems can induce oxidative and genetic damage in Dreissena polymorpha. The lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were measured as oxidative stress indexes, while the DNA precipitation assay and the micronucleus test (MN test) were applied to investigate genetic injuries. HHCB induced significant increases in LPO and PCC levels, while AHTN enhanced only protein carbonylation. Moreover, significant increases in DNA strand breaks were caused by exposure to the highest concentrations of HHCB and AHTN tested in the present study, but no fixed genetic damage was observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: marco.parolini@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parolini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magni
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Traversi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finizio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: andrea.binelli@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Binelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D049875:Dreissena / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010476:Perfume / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D010476:Perfume; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C033119:galaxolide; C033116:acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin
keywords: Galaxolide (HHCB); Oxidative and genetic damage; The exposure to environmental concentrations of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) induced significant oxidative and genetic damage to the zebra mussel; Tonalide (AHTN)