title: A short-term sublethal toxicity assay with zebra fish based on preying rate and its integration with mortality.
abstract: Contaminant-induced feeding inhibition has direct and immediate consequences at higher levels of biological organization, by depressing the population consumption and thus hampering ecosystem functioning (e.g. grazing, organic matter decomposition). Thus, similarly to lethality and avoidance, feeding is mechanistically linked to ecosystem processes and is therefore an unequivocal ecologically meaningful response. The objective of the present study was to develop a short-term assay with the small freshwater fish Danio rerio, based on feeding. For this, a methodology to easily and precisely quantify feeding was first optimized: each fish was allowed to prey on ten live Daphnia magna juveniles, for 1h, just before the end of a 48-h exposure test period. Secondly, copper sensitivity of feeding relatively to survival and growth was evaluated. At the growth EC20 (40 μg L(-1)), feeding was inhibited by 53%, and at the feeding EC50 (36 μg L(-1)), mortality was negligible (1.3%). Integrating feeding and survival revealed a 97% depression in the population consumption at the LC50 (61 μg L(-1)). Thirdly, the influence of pH, conductivity and hardness on the feeding background variability was assessed by assaying waters collected at eight reference sites and was found to be negligible, within tested ranges. Fourthly, feeding assays with natural waters contaminated with acid mine drainage confirmed the integration of lethality and feeding to be pertinent at estimating contaminant effects at higher levels of biological organization.
authors.affiliation: IMAR - Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: a.elmehrezy@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdel-moneim
authors.affiliation: IMAR - Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: matilde.santos@zoo.uc.pt.
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreira-Santos
authors.affiliation: IMAR - Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: rui.ribeiro@zoo.uc.pt.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia; D017753:Ecosystem; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D009026:Mortality; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper
keywords: Acid mine drainage; Copper; Freshwater toxicology; Live food; Small fish; Sublethal assay