title: A new classification scheme of plastic wastes based upon recycling labels.
abstract: Since recycling of materials is widely assumed to be environmentally and economically beneficial, reliable sorting and processing of waste packaging materials such as plastics is very important for recycling with high efficiency. An automated system that can quickly categorize these materials is certainly needed for obtaining maximum classification while maintaining high throughput. In this paper, first of all, the photographs of the plastic bottles have been taken and several preprocessing steps were carried out. The first preprocessing step is to extract the plastic area of a bottle from the background. Then, the morphological image operations are implemented. These operations are edge detection, noise removal, hole removing, image enhancement, and image segmentation. These morphological operations can be generally defined in terms of the combinations of erosion and dilation. The effect of bottle color as well as label are eliminated using these operations. Secondly, the pixel-wise intensity values of the plastic bottle images have been used together with the most popular subspace and statistical feature extraction methods to construct the feature vectors in this study. Only three types of plastics are considered due to higher existence ratio of them than the other plastic types in the world. The decision mechanism consists of five different feature extraction methods including as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Kernel PCA (KPCA), Fisher's Linear Discriminant Analysis (FLDA), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Laplacian Eigenmaps (LEMAP) and uses a simple experimental setup with a camera and homogenous backlighting. Due to the giving global solution for a classification problem, Support Vector Machine (SVM) is selected to achieve the classification task and majority voting technique is used as the decision mechanism. This technique equally weights each classification result and assigns the given plastic object to the class that the most classification results agree on. The proposed classification scheme provides high accuracy rate, and also it is able to run in real-time applications. It can automatically classify the plastic bottle types with approximately 90% recognition accuracy. Besides this, the proposed methodology yields approximately 96% classification rate for the separation of PET or non-PET plastic types. It also gives 92% accuracy for the categorization of non-PET plastic types into HPDE or PP.
authors.affiliation: Computer Engineering Dept., Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey. Electronic address: kozkan@ogu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Kemal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Özkan
authors.affiliation: Electrical Electronics Engineering Dept., Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey. Electronic address: sergin@ogu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Semih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ergin
authors.affiliation: Computer Engineering Dept., Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey. Electronic address: sahini@ogu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Şahin
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Işık
authors.affiliation: Electrical Electronics Engineering Dept., Bilecik University, 11210 Bilecik, Turkey. Electronic address: idil.isikli@bilecik.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Idil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Işıklı
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography; D010969:Plastics / Q000145:classification*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000145:classification*; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D018505:Waste Management / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D062611:Solid Waste
keywords: Classification; Feature extraction; Majority voting; Plastic waste; Support vector machine