title: Towards real-time detection of seizures in awake rats with GPU-accelerated diffuse optical tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advancement in clinically relevant studies like seizure interruption using functional neuro imaging tools has shown that specific changes in hemodynamics precede and accompany seizure onset and propagation. However, preclinical seizure experiments need to be conducted in awake animals with images reconstructed and displayed in real-time.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article describes an approach that can be utilized to tackle these challenges. A subject specific head interface and restraining method was designed to allow for DOT to imaging of hemodynamic changes in unanesthetized rats during evoked acute seizures. Using CUDA programming model, the finite-element based nonlinear iterative algorithm for image reconstruction was parallelized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early hemodynamic changes were monitored in real time and observed tens of seconds prior to seizure onset. Utilizing the massive parallelization offered by graphic processing units (GPU), DOT was extended to online image reconstruction within 1s.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-seizure state related hemodynamic changes were detected in awake rats. 3D monitoring of hemodynamic changes was performed in real time with our parallelized image reconstruction procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a promising neuroimaging tool for the investigation of seizures in awake animals.
authors.affiliation: J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Junli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.affiliation: J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Electronic address: hjiang@bme.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Huabei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010433:Pentylenetetrazole
keywords: GPU computing; Noninvasive seizure dynamic imaging; Real-time diffuse optical tomography