title: Fall frequency, predicting falls and participating in falls research: similarities among people with Parkinson's disease with and without cognitive impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared fall frequency and prediction among People with Parkinson's Disease (PwP) with and without cognitive impairment (CI); researchers sometimes overlook the former, concerned about consent, recall and adherence and differences in fall frequency and predictability.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 101 PwP from one clinic, used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to measure CI, noted repeated falls recalled retrospectively over 12 months and evaluated 'repeated falls' and 'difficulty turning' as predictors of falls over three months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participant median age was 76 years, and time since diagnosis 6 years. Of 40 participants without CI, 40% recalled falls and 55% fell during follow-up (1.9 (±3.8) falls/person), the sensitivity of fall history being 57% and of turning 36%. Of 36 participants with mild CI, 42% recalled falls and 42% fell during follow-up (1.2 (±1.8) falls/person), the sensitivity of fall history being 67% and of turning 69%. Of 25 participants with moderate CI, 60% recalled falls and 58% fell during follow-up (1.2 (±1.8) falls/person), the sensitivity of fall history being 71% and of turning 69%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Researchers need not exclude people with CI assuming falls are more frequent and less predictable than among those without. Fall rates (falls/person during follow-up) were similar among people with and without CI. Falls and difficulty turning were more sensitive predictors of falling in those with CI than those without: a simple mobility test may suggest an individual's risk of falling if a history is unavailable. Most PwP with moderate CI fall repeatedly: carer involvement facilitates their inclusion in research.
authors.affiliation: Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amar
authors.affiliation: University of Southampton, Faculty of Health Sciences, UK; NIHR CLAHRC Wessex, UK. Electronic address: E.L.Stack@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.affiliation: University of Southampton, Faculty of Health Sciences, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fitton
authors.affiliation: University of Southampton, Faculty of Health Sciences, UK; NIHR CLAHRC Wessex, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashburn
authors.affiliation: University of Southampton, Academic Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UK; Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Southampton and UHS NHS Foundation Trust, UK; NIHR CLAHRC Wessex, UK.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019370:Observation; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D004856:Postural Balance; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Cognitive impairment; Falls; Parkinson's; Research participation