title: The adverse effect profile of oral azathioprine in pediatric atopic dermatitis, and recommendations for monitoring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Azathioprine is efficacious in the treatment of severe childhood atopic dermatitis; however, robust data on adverse effects in this population are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess adverse effects of azathioprine treatment in a pediatric atopic dermatitis cohort, and make recommendations for monitoring based on these data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood test results for all 82 children prescribed oral azathioprine for atopic dermatitis in our department between 2010 and 2012 were collated prospectively, and clinical notes were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age at commencing azathioprine was 8.3 years (SEM 0.4). Mean maximum doses were 2.4 mg/kg (SEM 0.1) and 1.5 mg/kg (SEM 0.1) for normal and reduced serum thiopurine-S-methyltransferase levels, respectively. Adverse effects on blood indices occurred in 34 of 82 patients (41%), with pronounced effects in 18 of 82 (22%) after a median time of 0.4 years. Two patients stopped therapy as a result of abnormal blood indices. Clinical adverse effects occurred in 16 of 82 (20%), two resulting in cessation of therapy. Incidence of adverse effects was unaffected by age, sex, thiopurine-S-methyltransferase level, and drug dose on multivariate regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparison with other studies is limited by varying definitions of adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral azathioprine was associated with few pronounced adverse effects for the duration of use and dosage in this cohort. Recommendations for monitoring are made.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dermatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Fuggle
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dermatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bragoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahto
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dermatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dermatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dermatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: v.kinsler@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Veronica A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Kinsler
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D001379:Azathioprine
keywords: atopic dermatitis; azathioprine; child; eczema; guidelines; monitoring; pediatric; safety; systemic; therapy