title: Auditory driving of the autonomic nervous system: Listening to theta-frequency binaural beats post-exercise increases parasympathetic activation and sympathetic withdrawal.
abstract: Binaural beats are an auditory illusion perceived when two or more pure tones of similar frequencies are presented dichotically through stereo headphones. Although this phenomenon is thought to facilitate state changes (e.g., relaxation), few empirical studies have reported on whether binaural beats produce changes in autonomic arousal. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of binaural beating on autonomic dynamics [heart rate variability (HRV)] during post-exercise relaxation. Subjects (n = 21; 18-29 years old) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study during which binaural beats and placebo were administered over two randomized and counterbalanced sessions (within-subjects repeated-measures design). At the onset of each visit, subjects exercised for 20-min; post-exercise, subjects listened to either binaural beats ('wide-band' theta-frequency binaural beats) or placebo (carrier tones) for 20-min while relaxing alone in a quiet, low-light environment. Dependent variables consisted of high-frequency (HF, reflecting parasympathetic activity), low-frequency (LF, reflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic activity), and LF/HF normalized powers, as well as self-reported relaxation. As compared to the placebo visit, the binaural-beat visit resulted in greater self-reported relaxation, increased parasympathetic activation and increased sympathetic withdrawal. By the end of the 20-min relaxation period there were no observable differences in HRV between binaural-beat and placebo visits, although binaural-beat associated HRV significantly predicted subsequent reported relaxation. Findings suggest that listening to binaural beats may exert an acute influence on both LF and HF components of HRV and may increase subjective feelings of relaxation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Ithaca College Ithaca, NY, USA ; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Froeliger
authors.affiliation: College of Social Work and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Ithaca College Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Ithaca College Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Sforzo
keywords: auditory driving; autonomic; binaural-beat; exercise; heart rate variability; relaxation