title: Quantification of the amount of blue light passing through monolithic zirconia with respect to thickness and polymerization conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dual-polymerized luting composite resin cements would benefit from enhanced irradiance transmitted through a ceramic restoration. A quantification of the amount of transmitted light through translucent zirconia is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of light (360 to 540 nm) passing through translucent and conventional zirconia and a glass ceramic with respect to material thickness and different polymerizing modes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six translucent and a conventional zirconia (negative control) and a glass ceramic (positive control) were considered. Ten specimens of each material and thickness (.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 mm) were fabricated (n=480). Zirconia materials were sintered according to manufacturers' instructions. The irradiance passing the different ceramics and thicknesses was measured with a violet-blue LED polymerizing unit in 3 polymerizing modes (plasma, high, and standard power mode) with a USB4000 Spectrometer. The polymerizing unit was placed directly on the specimen's surface. Data were analyzed with one and multivariate analysis and the Pearson correlation analysis (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all materials, the translucency and its rate decreased exponentially according to the specimen thickness. The highest influence on the measured irradiance passing through translucent zirconia was exerted by ceramic thickness (P<.05, partial eta squared [ηP²]=.998), closely followed by polymerizing mode (ηP²=.973), while the effect of the material (P=.03, ηP²=.06) and mean grain size (P=.029, ηP²=.027) was significant but low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zirconia was less translucent than the glass ceramic, but the translucency decreased more slowly with material thickness, thus approaching the translucency of glass ceramics at a specimen thicknesses of 2.5 to 3 mm.
authors.affiliation: Senior Material Scientist, Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians University School of Dental Medicine Munich, Germany. Electronic address: nilie@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Nicoleta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ilie
authors.affiliation: Senior Material Scientist, Department of Prosthodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians University School of Dental Medicine Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Bogna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stawarczyk
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental / Q000145:classification; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D058105:Polymerization; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D013499:Surface Properties; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003764:Dental Materials; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C082340:Vita Mark II; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C016447:feldspar; D015019:Yttrium; C023506:Glass ceramics; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide