title: Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals from Portuguese wastewaters: geographical and seasonal occurrence, removal and risk assessment.
abstract: The occurrence, fate, geographical and seasonal influence and environmental risk assessment of eleven of the most consumed pharmaceuticals in Portugal were studied in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influents and (WWI) and effluents (WWE). WWI and WWE samples, from two sampling campaigns (spring and summer), in 2013, were evaluated in 15 different WWTPs across the country, by solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass detection (LC-MS-MS). Lipid regulators were the most frequently found in WWI and WWE (184.1 and 22.3mg/day/1000 inhab., respectively), followed by anti-inflammatories (1339.4 and 15.0mg/day/1000 inhab., respectively), and antibiotics (330.7 and 68.6 mg/day/1000 inhab., respectively). Anxiolytics were the least detected with 3.3 and 3.4 mg/day/1000 inhab. in WWI and WWE, respectively. The mass loads, both in WWI and WWE, were higher in summer than those found during the spring season, being remarkable the high values registered in a region where population triplicates in this time of the year. The mean removal efficiency achieved was of 94.5%, nonetheless, between the different therapeutic groups, as well as within each group, important variations in removal were observed, going from not eliminated to 100%. In the summer higher efficiencies were observed regarding lipid regulators and antibiotics. Furthermore, an important outcome was the evaluation, by means of risk quotients (RQs), of the potential ecotoxicological risk posed by the selected pharmaceuticals to different aquatic organisms, exposed to the effluents studied. Ciprofloxacin, bezafibrate, gemfibrozil, simvastatin and diclofenac showed RQs higher than one, being expected that these pharmaceuticals might pose a threat to the three trophic levels (algae, daphnids and fish) evaluated. These results highlight the importance of these monitoring studies, as required by the Directive 2013/39/EU, in order to minimize their aquatic environmental contamination and support future prioritization measures.
authors.affiliation: Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: amptpereira@gmail.com.
authors.forename: André M P T
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: ljgsilva@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Liliana J G
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: INFARMED, I.P.-National Authority of Medicines and Health Products, 1749-004 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: cmlino@ff.uc.pt.
authors.forename: Leonor M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Meisel
authors.affiliation: Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: leonor.meisel@infarmed.pt.
authors.forename: Celeste M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lino
authors.affiliation: Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: apena@ci.uc.pt.
authors.forename: Angelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pena
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011174:Portugal; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Environmental contaminants; Environmental risk assessment; Municipal wastewaters; Occurrence and fate; Pharmaceuticals; Seasonal variation