title: Seasonal dynamics of water and air chemistry in an indoor chlorinated swimming pool.
abstract: Although swimming is known to be beneficial in terms of cardiovascular health, as well as for some forms of rehabilitation, swimming is also known to present risks to human health, largely in the form of exposure to microbial pathogens and disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Relatively little information is available in the literature to characterize the seasonal dynamics of air and water chemistry in indoor chlorinated swimming pools. To address this issue, water samples were collected five days per week from an indoor chlorinated swimming pool facility at a high school during the academic year and once per week during summer over a fourteen-month period. The samples were analyzed for free and combined chlorine, urea, volatile DBPs, pH, temperature and total alkalinity. Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS) was used to identify and measure the concentrations of eleven aqueous-phase volatile DBPs. Variability in the concentrations of these DBPs was observed. Factors that influenced variability included bather loading and mixing by swimmers. These compounds have the ability to adversely affect water and air quality and human health. A large fraction of the existing literature regarding swimming pool air quality has focused on trichloramine (NCl₃). For this work, gas-phase NCl₃ was analyzed by an air sparging-DPD/KI method. The results showed that gas-phase NCl₃ concentration is influenced by bather loading and liquid-phase NCl₃ concentration. Urea is the dominant organic-N compound in human urine and sweat, and is known to be an important precursor for producing NCl₃ in swimming pools. Results of daily measurements of urea indicated a link between bather load and urea concentration in the pool.
authors.affiliation: Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Mehrnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zare Afifi
authors.forename: Ernest R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Blatchley
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000032:analysis; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002700:Chloramines / Q000032:analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis*; D004203:Disinfection; D054879:Halogenation; D006219:Halogens / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons; D013551:Swimming Pools; D013696:Temperature; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis; D014835:Volatilization; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D000393:Air Pollutants; D002700:Chloramines; D002712:Chlorides; D004202:Disinfectants; D006219:Halogens; D009570:Nitriles; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; D014508:Urea; C051716:dichloroacetonitrile; C037454:nitrogen chloride