title: Soft drink consumption is associated with depressive symptoms among adults in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research evidence supports a positive link between soft drinks and depressive symptoms. However, data thus far are only from Caucasian populations. We investigated whether high levels of consumption of soft drinks were associated with the depressive symptoms among adults in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 3667 adults in Tianjin, China. Dietary intake was assessed using a valid self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), cut-off point of 40, 45 or 50 indicating elevated depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms was 7.6% (SDS ≥50). After adjustments for potentially confounding factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of having elevated depressive symptoms by increasing levels of soft drink consumption were 1.00, 1.43 (1.01, 2.01) and 2.00 (1.15, 3.37) (p for trend <0.01). Similar relations were observed when SDS ≥40 or 45 were used as a definition of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a cross-sectional study, causal relation remains unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggested that high consumption of soft drinks was significantly related to a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms among adults in China. This is the first large cross-sectional study addressing this topic in an Asia population.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Institute of Psychology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Binhai New Area Dagang Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Huanmin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Chongjin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Chunlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jiaqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Shaomei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qiyu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Honglin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. Electronic address: nkj0809@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kaijun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: Cross-sectional study; Depressive symptoms; Soft drinks