title: Effect of a combination of torsional and cyclic fatigue preloading on the fracture behavior of K3 and K3XF instruments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various degrees of cyclic fatigue on torsional failure and torsional preloading on the cyclic fatigue life of heat-treated K3XF nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments (SybronEndo, Orange, CA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The mean number of cycles until failure (Nf) of K3XF and K3 NiTi instruments was examined in a 3-point bending apparatus with a 7-mm radius and 45° curve. Torque and distortion angles at failure of new instruments and instruments stressed to 25%, 50%, and 75% of the Nf were measured according to ISO 3630-1. Other new files were preloaded at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the mean distortion angles before the fatigue test. After torsional preloading, the Nf was examined. The fracture surface of each fragment was examined with a scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fatigue resistance of K3XF instruments was 2 times higher than that of K3 instruments (P < .05). The torque and angle of rotation at fracture of K3XF instruments were similar to those of K3 instruments. The 25%, 50%, and 75% torsional preloading significantly lowered the Nf of both K3 and K3XF instruments (P < .05). In the fatigue prestressed groups, K3 instruments with 75% preloading had significantly lower torque and distortion angles than unused K3 instruments (P < .05). The fractographic patterns corresponded to the pattern defined by the last stage test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low amount of torsional preloading reduced the fatigue resistance of K3 and K3XF instruments. A high amount of precycling fatigue significantly reduced the torsional resistance of K3 instruments. The torsional resistance of K3XF instruments was less affected by previous load cycling even after extensive precycling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Abdullah Mahmoud
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Riyahi
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Private Practice, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Huimin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Tianfeng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhejun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: markush@dentistry.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapasalo
mesh_terms: D003748:Dental Equipment; D004868:Equipment Failure; D009532:Nickel; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical
chemical_list: C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Endodontic; K3; K3XF; fatigue; fracture; nickel-titanium instrument; torsion