title: NER enzymes maintain genome integrity and suppress homologous recombination in the absence of exogenously induced DNA damage in Pseudomonas putida.
abstract: In addition to its prominence in producing genetic diversity in bacterial species, homologous recombination (HR) plays a key role in DNA repair and damage tolerance. The frequency of HR depends on several factors, including the efficiency of DNA repair systems as HR is involved in recovery of replication forks perturbed by DNA damage. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the major DNA repair pathways involved in repair of a broad range of DNA lesions generally induced by exogenous chemicals or UV-irradiation and its functions in the cells not exposed to DNA-damaging agents have attracted less attention. In this study we have developed an assay that enables to investigate HR between chromosomal loci of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida both in growing and stationary-phase cells. The present assay detects HR events between two non-functional alleles of phenol degrading genes that produce a functional allele and allow the growth of bacteria on phenol as a sole carbon source. Our results indicate that HR between chromosomal loci takes place mainly in the growing cells and the frequency of HR is reduced during the following starvation in NER-proficient P. putida but not in the case when bacteria lack UvrA or UvrB enzymes. The absence of UvrA or UvrB resulted in a hyper-recombination phenotype in P. putida, the cells were filamented and their growth was impaired even in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. However, NER-deficient derivatives that overcame growth defects emerged rapidly. Such adaptation resulted in the decline of the frequency of HR. Although HR in actively replicating P. putida was still elevated in the adapted variants of the UvrA- and UvrB-deficient strains, the dynamics of emergence of the recombinants in these strains turned similar to NER-proficient bacteria. Additionally, we observed that HR was enhanced in the absence of the transcription repair coupling factor Mfd in growing cells but not during starvation. The frequency of HR was not affected by the UvrA homologue UvrA2 neither in NER-proficient bacteria nor in the absence of UvrA, suggesting a minor role of UvrA2 in NER. Thus, we conclude that NER functions are important also without exogenously induced DNA damage in P. putida and both transcription-coupled and global genome NER act to suppress HR in growing cells, whereas UvrA and UvrB are involved in the maintenance of the genome integrity also in stationary-phase cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: muss.musculus@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sidorenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kärt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ukkivi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: maia.kivisaar@ut.ee.
authors.forename: Maia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivisaar
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D042822:Genomic Instability; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D059767:Recombinational DNA Repair; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D014157:Transcription Factors; C072103:transcription repair coupling factor protein, Bacteria; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes
keywords: DNA damage tolerance; Homologous recombination; Nucleotide excision repair; Pseudomonas putida; Replication of bacterial chromosome; UvrA; UvrB