title: Occurrence and distribution of two phthalate esters in the sediments of the Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran).
abstract: This study provides the first data on distribution of phthalate Acid esters (PAEs) in surface sediment samples taken from Anzali Wetland, Iran. These samples were collected from 43 stations. Two PAEs consist of di(2-ethylhexylphthalate) (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were detected and the total concentrations of these two pollutants ranged from 0.25 to 43.12, 0.12 to 19.02μgg(-1) dry weight, respectively. Among all the 43 samples analyzed, no sample was found to be free of DEHP and DBP, which indicates these two phthalate esters were ubiquitous in sediments. The concentrations in the near urban regions were higher than other regions because of higher discharge of PAEs from plastic materials in urbanized areas. Concentrations of PAEs were positively correlated with total organic carbon (TOC). Generally the median concentrations of DEHP and DnBP in the sediments were 15 and 14 times higher than the ERL. These results show that the Anzali wetland are highly polluted by major PAE congeners consist of DEHP and DnBP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nasrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hassanzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran. Electronic address: esmaili@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmaili Sari
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biology, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saber
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khodabandeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bahramifar
mesh_terms: D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000032:analysis*; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D007492:Iran; D010969:Plastics; D014507:Urbanization; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004952:Esters; D010969:Plastics; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate
keywords: Anzali wetland; Di(2-ethylhexylphtalate) (DEHP); Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP); Ecological Risk Limit (ERL); Sediment