title: Do differences in chemical composition of stem and cap of Amanita muscaria fruiting bodies correlate with topsoil type?
abstract: Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) was investigated using a 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. The caps and stems were studied separately, revealing different metabolic compositions. Additionally, multivariate data analyses of the fungal basidiomata and the type of soil were performed. Compared to the stems, A. muscaria caps exhibited higher concentrations of isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, aspartate, asparagine, threonine, lipids (mainly free fatty acids), choline, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), acetate, adenosine, uridine, 4-aminobutyrate, 6-hydroxynicotinate, quinolinate, UDP-carbohydrate and glycerol. Conversely, they exhibited lower concentrations of formate, fumarate, trehalose, α- and β-glucose. Six metabolites, malate, succinate, gluconate, N-acetylated compounds (NAC), tyrosine and phenylalanine, were detected in whole A. muscaria fruiting bodies but did not show significant differences in their levels between caps and stems (P value>0.05 and/or OPLS-DA loading correlation coefficient <0.4). This methodology allowed for the differentiation between the fruiting bodies of A. muscaria from mineral and mineral-organic topsoil. Moreover, the metabolomic approach and multivariate tools enabled to ascribe the basidiomata of fly agaric to the type of topsoil. Obtained results revealed that stems metabolome is more dependent on the topsoil type than caps. The correlation between metabolites and topsoil contents together with its properties exhibited mutual dependences.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Opole, Poland.
authors.forename: Stanisław
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deja
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Opole, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Wieczorek
authors.affiliation: Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halama
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Opole, Poland.
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jasicka-Misiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kafarski
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Opole, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poliwoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Młynarz
mesh_terms: D000545:Amanita / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017753:Ecosystem; D048690:Fruiting Bodies, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil