title: Effect of serogroup, surface material and disinfectant on biofilm formation by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.
abstract: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry and are difficult to eradicate. Biofilm formation by APEC has the potential to reduce the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection. In this study, biofilm formation on materials used in poultry facilities by APEC strains from laying hens was determined. APEC strains were analysed for an association between biofilm forming capacity and O serogroup. The abilities of two routinely used disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), to kill adherent cells of two strong APEC biofilm producers (05/503 and 04/40) and a non-biofilm producer (05/293) on polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) surfaces were tested. Most APEC strains were moderate (PS) or strong biofilm producers (polypropylene, PP, and PVC). Strains in serogroup O2 more often belonged to the moderate (PS) or strong (PP and PVC) biofilm producers than to other groups, while most O78 strains were weak biofilm producers. O78 strains were stronger biofilm producers on stainless steel than on PP and PVC, while O2 strains were stronger biofilm producers on PP and PVC. A concentration of 1% H2O2 killed all adherent bacteria of strains 05/503 and 04/40 on PP and PVC, while 0.5% H2O2 killed all adherent bacteria of strain 05/293. QAC at a concentration of 0.01% killed all adherent cells of strains 05/503, 04/40 and 05/293 under equal conditions. In conclusion, biofilm formation by APEC was affected by serogroup and surface material, and inactivation of APEC was dependent on the disinfectant and surface material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of General Bacteriology, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: leon.oosterik@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Leon H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Oosterik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Chuo Kikuu, 67125 Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Huruma N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Tuntufye
authors.affiliation: Department of General Bacteriology, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Butaye
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bruno M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Goddeeris
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001530:Belgium; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002645:Chickens; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D065288:Serogroup
chemical_list: D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli; Biofilm formation; Disinfectants; Hydrogen peroxide; Quaternary ammonium compounds