title: Prognostication systems as applied to primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies.
abstract: Staging systems are an attempt to incorporate the biology and therapy for cancer in a way that enables categorization and prediction of oncologic outcomes. Because of unusual disease biology and complexities related to treatment intervention, efforts to develop reliable staging systems for hepatic malignancies have been challenging. This article discusses the ways in which improved understanding of these diseases has informed the evolution of prognostication systems as applied to hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic colorectal adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Section of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, J4/703 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA. Electronic address: cho@surgery.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Clifford S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: Hepatic; Malignancy; Metastatic; Primary; Prognostication