title: Optimizing energy for a 'green' vaccine supply chain.
abstract: This paper describes an approach piloted in the Kasserine region of Tunisia to increase the energy efficiency of the distribution of vaccines and temperature sensitive drugs. The objectives of an approach, known as the 'net zero energy' (NZE) supply chain were demonstrated within the first year of operation. The existing distribution system was modified to store vaccines and medicines in the same buildings and to transport them according to pre-scheduled and optimized delivery circuits. Electric utility vehicles, dedicated to the integrated delivery of vaccines and medicines, improved the regularity and reliability of the supply chains. Solar energy, linked to the electricity grid at regional and district stores, supplied over 100% of consumption meeting all energy needs for storage, cooling and transportation. Significant benefits to the quality and costs of distribution were demonstrated. Supply trips were scheduled, integrated and reliable, energy consumption was reduced, the recurrent cost of electricity was eliminated and the release of carbon to the atmosphere was reduced. Although the initial capital cost of scaling up implementation of NZE remain high today, commercial forecasts predict cost reduction for solar energy and electric vehicles that may permit a step-wise implementation over the next 7-10 years. Efficiency in the use of energy and in the deployment of transport is already a critical component of distribution logistics in both private and public sectors of industrialized countries. The NZE approach has an intensified rationale in countries where energy costs threaten the maintenance of public health services in areas of low population density. In these countries where the mobility of health personnel and timely arrival of supplies is at risk, NZE has the potential to reduce energy costs and release recurrent budget to other needs of service delivery while also improving the supply chain.
authors.affiliation: France. Electronic address: john.lloyd1945@gmail.com.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCarney
authors.affiliation: Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ramzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ouhichi
authors.affiliation: WHO, Geneva.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lydon
authors.affiliation: WHO, Geneva.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaffran
mesh_terms: D004356:Drug Storage / Q000379:methods*; D012993:Solar Energy; D014612:Vaccines
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Coldchain; Energy; Immunization; Solar; Supply; Vaccines