title: The metabolic syndrome and ECG detected left ventricular hypertrophy--influences from IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate potential influences from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) on the relationship between the MetS and LVH, also taking into account the role of physical activity (PA), use of oestrogen and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a population-based cross-sectional study of 60-year-old men (n = 1822) and women (n = 2049) participants underwent physical examination and laboratory tests, including electrocardiography (ECG), and completed an extensive questionnaire. Women showed higher levels of IGFBP-1 than men (37.0 vs. 28.0 µg/l, p < 0.001), and women with LVH had lower levels of IGFBP-1 than women without LVH (31.0 µg/l vs. 37.0 µg/l, p < 0.001). Furthermore, women with low levels of IGFBP-1 had a significantly increased risk of having LVH (crude OR ≈ 2.5). When stratifying for PA and oestrogen, respectively, a weaker association between IGFBP-1 and LVH was demonstrated in physically active men and women, compared to inactive individuals, as well as in women using oestrogen, compared to non-users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a representative sample of 60-year-old Swedish men and women, the main findings were higher levels of IGFBP-1 in women than in men; lower levels of IGFBP-1 in women with LVH, compared to women without LVH; and an increased risk of having LVH in women with low levels of IGFBP-1. The association between IGFBP-1 and LVH was diminished in physically active men and women, as well as in women using oestrogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halldin
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brismar
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fahlstadius
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vikström
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: de Faire
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mai-Lis
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hellénius
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; C583557:IGF1 protein, human; C032231:IGFBP1 protein, human; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I