title: Poly I:C adjuvanted inactivated swine influenza vaccine induces heterologous protective immunity in pigs.
abstract: Swine influenza is widely prevalent in swine herds in North America and Europe causing enormous economic losses and a public health threat. Pigs can be infected by both avian and mammalian influenza viruses and are sources of generation of reassortant influenza viruses capable of causing pandemics in humans. Current commercial vaccines provide satisfactory immunity against homologous viruses; however, protection against heterologous viruses is not adequate. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of an intranasal Poly I:C adjuvanted UV inactivated bivalent swine influenza vaccine consisting of Swine/OH/24366/07 H1N1 and Swine/CO/99 H3N2, referred as PAV, in maternal antibody positive pigs against an antigenic variant and a heterologous swine influenza virus challenge. Groups of three-week-old commercial-grade pigs were immunized intranasally with PAV or a commercial vaccine (CV) twice at 2 weeks intervals. Three weeks after the second immunization, pigs were challenged with the antigenic variant Swine/MN/08 H1N1 (MN08) and the heterologous Swine/NC/10 H1N2 (NC10) influenza virus. Antibodies in serum and respiratory tract, lung lesions, virus shedding in nasal secretions and virus load in lungs were assessed. Intranasal administration of PAV induced challenge viruses specific-hemagglutination inhibition- and IgG antibodies in the serum and IgA and IgG antibodies in the respiratory tract. Importantly, intranasal administration of PAV provided protection against the antigenic variant MN08 and the heterologous NC10 swine influenza viruses as evidenced by significant reductions in lung virus load, gross lung lesions and significantly reduced shedding of challenge viruses in nasal secretions. These results indicate that Poly I:C or its homologues may be effective as vaccine adjuvants capable of generating cross-protective immunity against antigenic variants/heterologous swine influenza viruses in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
authors.forename: Chithra C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sreenivasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Ben M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hause
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
authors.lastname: Gourapura J Renukaradhya
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA; Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA; Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
authors.forename: Radhey S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA. Electronic address: khatri.14@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khatri
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000276:immunology; D005060:Europe; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053121:Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D009656:North America; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000276:immunology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D019562:Viral Load; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D011070:Poly I-C
keywords: Inactivated swine influenza vaccines; Poly I:C; Swine influenza virus; Vaccine adjuvants