title: Factor weighting in DRASTIC modeling.
abstract: Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability comprehends the integration of very diverse data, including soil characteristics (texture), hydrologic settings (recharge), aquifer properties (hydraulic conductivity), environmental parameters (relief), and ground water quality (nitrate contamination). It is therefore a multi-geosphere problem to be handled by a multidisciplinary team. The DRASTIC model remains the most popular technique in use for aquifer vulnerability assessments. The algorithm calculates an intrinsic vulnerability index based on a weighted addition of seven factors. In many studies, the method is subject to adjustments, especially in the factor weights, to meet the particularities of the studied regions. However, adjustments made by different techniques may lead to markedly different vulnerabilities and hence to insecurity in the selection of an appropriate technique. This paper reports the comparison of 5 weighting techniques, an enterprise not attempted before. The studied area comprises 26 aquifer systems located in Portugal. The tested approaches include: the Delphi consensus (original DRASTIC, used as reference), Sensitivity Analysis, Spearman correlations, Logistic Regression and Correspondence Analysis (used as adjustment techniques). In all cases but Sensitivity Analysis, adjustment techniques have privileged the factors representing soil characteristics, hydrologic settings, aquifer properties and environmental parameters, by leveling their weights to ≈4.4, and have subordinated the factors describing the aquifer media by downgrading their weights to ≈1.5. Logistic Regression predicts the highest and Sensitivity Analysis the lowest vulnerabilities. Overall, the vulnerability indices may be separated by a maximum value of 51 points. This represents an uncertainty of 2.5 vulnerability classes, because they are 20 points wide. Given this ambiguity, the selection of a weighting technique to integrate a vulnerability index may require additional expertise to be set up satisfactorily. Following a general criterion that weights must be proportional to the range of the ratings, Correspondence Analysis may be recommended as the best adjustment technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Chemistry Research Centre, Vila Real, Portugal. Electronic address: fpacheco@utad.pt.
authors.forename: F A L
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: L M G R
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Research Centre, Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: R M B
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Ap 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Sanches Fernandes
keywords: Correspondence Analysis; DRASTIC aquifer vulnerability model; Factor weighting; Logistic Regression; Sensitivity Analysis; Spearman rank-order correlation