title: Relationship between kidney disease and endothelial function in peripheral artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously shown that peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with marked impairment of endothelial function (EF). Given that poor EF is associated with functional status of PAD patients as well as with increased morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing vascular procedures, determination of factors associated with poor EF in a PAD cohort is important. We hypothesized that decreased kidney function is associated with impaired EF in patients with PAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of PAD patients presenting to a vascular surgery outpatient clinic at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center including patients enrolled in the OMEGA-PAD I trial (NCT01310270) and the OMEGA-PAD Cohort. Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation was performed to assess EF. Kidney function was characterized by estimated glomerular filtration rate with the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Linear regression was performed to assess the relationship between EF and kidney function in claudicants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-seven patients with intermittent claudication participated in this study. Mean age was 69 ± 8 years, 97% were male, and 79% were white. Comorbidities included hypertension (91%), dyslipidemia (87%), coronary artery disease (42%), and diabetes mellitus (38%). Mean ankle-brachial index was 0.73 ± 0.14 and mean flow-mediated vasodilation was 7.0% ± 3.8%, indicating impaired EF. Linear regression showed an association between kidney function and EF (by 10 mL/min/1.73 m(2); β, 0.12; confidence interval, 0.05-0.20; P = .001). After multivariable regression adjusting for age, race, log tumor necrosis factor α, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate remained significantly associated with EF (P = .033).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with PAD, decreased kidney function is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Further longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the impact of kidney function on PAD progression and the role of endothelial dysfunction in this process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; VIPERx Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; VIPERx Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; Division of Vascular Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Meyeon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; VIPERx Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Hugh F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Alley
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: W John
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Boscardin
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; VIPERx Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; Division of Vascular Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif.
authors.forename: Warren J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gasper
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; VIPERx Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; Division of Vascular Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif. Electronic address: marlene.grenon@ucsfmedctr.org.
authors.forename: S Marlene
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Grenon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D014664:Vasodilation; D058014:Veterans Health