title: Strategic test-day recording regimes to estimate lactation yield in tropical dairy animals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In developing dairy sectors, genetic improvement programs have limited resources and recording of herds is minimal. This study evaluated different methods to estimate lactation yield and sampling schedules with fewer test-day records per lactation to determine recording regimes that (1) estimate lactation yield with a minimal impact on the accuracy of selection and (2) optimise the available resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Sahiwal cattle as a tropical dairy breed example, weekly milk records from 464 cows were used in a simulation study to generate different shaped lactation curves. The daily milk yields from these simulated lactation curves were subset to equally spaced (weekly, monthly and quarterly) and unequally spaced (with four, five or six records per lactation) test-day intervals. Lactation yield estimates were calculated from these subsets using two methods: the test-interval method and Wood's (Nature 216:164-165, 1967) lactation curve model. Using the resulting lactation yields, breeding values were predicted and comparisons were made between the sampling regimes and estimation methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that, based on the mean square error of prediction, use of Wood's lactation curve model to estimate total yield was more accurate than use of the test-interval method. However, the differences in the ranking of animals were small, i.e. a 1 to 5% difference in accuracy. Comparisons between the different test-day sampling regimes showed that, with the same number of records per lactation (for example, quarterly and four test-days), strategically timed test-days can result in more accurate estimates of lactation yield than test-days at equal intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An important outcome of these results is that combining Wood's model for lactation yield estimation and as few as four, five or six strategically placed test-day records can produce estimates of lactation yield that are comparable with estimates based on monthly test-day records using the test-interval method. Furthermore, calculations show that although using fewer test-days results in a decrease in the accuracy of selection, it does provide an opportunity to progeny-test more sires. Thus, using strategically timed test-days and Wood's model to estimate lactation yield, can lead to a more efficient use of the allocated resources.
authors.affiliation: Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga 2678, NSW, Australia. dmcgill@csu.edu.au.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Herman A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lievaart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008892:Milk / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013997:Time Factors