title: Contributions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ to skin health and disease.
abstract: Among the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) transcription factors, PPARβ/δ is the isotype with the broadest expression pattern. In fact, the expression of PPARβ/δ is ubiquitous, albeit at levels that are tightly regulated. Herein, we reviewed its multiple functions in skin health and disease. PPARβ/δ has pro-differentiating effects in keratinocytes, regulates sebocyte differentiation, and promotes hair follicle growth in healthy skin. Furthermore, we reviewed novel insights into the roles of PPARβ/δ in skin wound healing, especially in inhibiting apoptosis and in modulating keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Therefore, PPARβ/δ represents a research target for the understanding and treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis and acne vulgaris. In addition, PPARβ/δ is a tumor growth modifier. Epidemiological studies have established that tumor progression may be exacerbated by chronic low-grade inflammation, a condition promoting the production of the lipids that act as modulators of PPARβ/δ activity. The action of PPARβ/δ in skin cancer is ambivalent, which might be explained by this receptor's putative highly context-specific behavior, which depends on a combination of factors ranging from receptor expression levels to co-regulator distribution, diversity and activity of the ligands produced, and other tissue-specific conditions. Given its diverse and crucial roles in many tissues and organs, PPARβ/δ will remain a major focus of future research.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montagner
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wahli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000378:metabolism*; D048068:PPAR-beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D047494:PPAR delta; D048068:PPAR-beta