title: Incidence, impact, and risk factors of adverse events in thoracic and lumbar spine fractures: an ambispective cohort analysis of 390 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse events (AEs) in thoracic and lumbar spine fractures are common, but little is known about the type of AEs that are specific to this population. Furthermore, very little is known about the incidence and clinical impact of these AEs on patients in the presence of traumatic spinal cord injury and whether they are treated operatively or nonoperatively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine primarily the incidence of AEs in patients with thoracic or lumbar spine fractures treated both operatively and nonoperatively and their impact on length of stay (LOS) and secondarily the difference in the incidence of AEs in both neurologically intact and compromised patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an ambispective cohort study at a quaternary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients admitted at our institution with thoracic or lumbar fractures from January 2009 to December 2013 were identified. Patients with full Spine Adverse Events Severity System (SAVES) data were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number and type of AEs collected from SAVES were assessed. Impact of AE on acute LOS was also determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on intraoperative, preoperative, and postoperative AEs were prospectively collected using the SAVES data collection. Logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of experiencing at least one AE based on the patient characteristics. The impact of the total number of AEs experienced by a patient and that of each of the most common AEs on LOS was determined using Poisson regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and ninety patients were included in the final analysis. Two hundred and seventy-six patients (70.8%) were treated operatively. One hundred and forty patients (36%) experienced neurologic deficit as a result of their initial injury. Adverse events occurred 56% of the time in the operatively treated patients and only 13% of the time in the nonoperative group. The presence of neurologic deficit increased the risk of AEs especially in high thoracic (T1-T6) trauma increasing the odds of having an AE by 12.1 (p<.0001). The most common AEs were urinary tract infections (19.7%), neuropathic pain (12.3%), pneumonias (11.8%), delirium (10.5%), and ileus (6.2%). Length of hospital stay increased significantly with pneumonia (p<.0001) and delirium (p=.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of neurologic injury and the need for operative fixation of thoracic or lumbar injuries lead to a greater risk of AEs. Only pneumonia and delirium consistently increase LOS.
authors.affiliation: Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z1M9.
authors.forename: R Andrew
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Glennie
authors.affiliation: Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z1M9.
authors.forename: Tamir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ailon
authors.affiliation: Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z1M9.
authors.forename: Kyun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z1M9.
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Batke
authors.affiliation: Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z1M9.
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Marcel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Spinal Program, University of Toronto and University Health Network, 585 University Ave. Toronto, Ontario M5G2C4, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fehlings
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Harrop
authors.affiliation: Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Spine Program, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, 818 West 10th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z1M9. Electronic address: john.street@vch.ca.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Street
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Adverse event; Lumbar; Operative; Spine; Thoracic; Traumatic spinal cord injury