title: Twelve months of voluntary heavy alcohol consumption in male rhesus macaques suppresses intracortical bone remodeling.
abstract: Chronic heavy alcohol consumption is a risk factor for cortical bone fractures in males. The increase in fracture risk may be due, in part, to reduced bone quality. Intracortical (osteonal) bone remodeling is the principle mechanism for maintaining cortical bone quality. However, it is not clear how alcohol abuse impacts intracortical bone remodeling. This study investigated the effects of long-duration heavy alcohol consumption on intracortical bone remodeling in a non-human primate model. Following a 4-month induction period, male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, n=21) were allowed to voluntarily self-administer water or alcohol (4% ethanol w/v) for 22h/d, 7 d/wk for 12months. Control monkeys (n=13) received water and an isocaloric maltose-dextrin solution. Tetracycline hydrochloride was administered orally 17 and 3days prior to sacrifice for determination of active mineralization sites. Animals in the alcohol group consumed 2.7±0.2g alcohol/kg/d (mean±SE) during the 12months of self-administration, resulting in a mean daily blood alcohol concentration of 77±9mg/dl from samples taken at 7h after the start of a daily session. However, blood alcohol concentration varied widely from day to day, with peak levels exceeding 250mg/dl, modeling a binge-drinking pattern of alcohol consumption. The skeletal response to alcohol was determined by densitometry, microcomputed tomography and histomorphometry. Significant differences in tibial bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and cortical bone architecture (cross-sectional volume, cortical volume, marrow volume, cortical thickness, and polar moment of inertia) in the tibial diaphysis were not detected with treatment. However, cortical porosity was lower (1.8±0.5 % versus 0.6±0.1 %, p=0.021) and labeled osteon density was lower (0.41±0.2/mm(2)versus 0.04±0.01/mm(2), p<0.003) in alcohol-consuming monkeys compared to controls, indicating a reduced rate of intracortical bone remodeling. In concordance, plasma CTx was lower (2.5±0.3ng/ml versus 1.7±0.1ng/ml, p=0.028) in the alcohol group. These results suggest that chronic heavy alcohol consumption may negatively impact bone health, in part, by suppressing intracortical bone remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Gino W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Gaddini
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woodall
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stull
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Gianni F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Maddalozzo
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Office of Surveillance and Biometrics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Russell T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. Electronic address: urszula.iwaniec@oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: Urszula T
authors.initials: UT
authors.lastname: Iwaniec
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000097:blood; D018483:Diaphyses / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006253:Haversian System / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood; D016062:Porosity; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D010455:Peptides; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Ethanol; Haversian remodeling; Histomorphometry; Microcomputed tomography; Non-human primate