title: Stress response, biotransformation effort, and immunotoxicity in captive birds exposed to inhaled benzene, toluene, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
abstract: In the oil sands of Alberta, Canada, toxicology research has largely neglected the effects of air contaminants on biota. Captive Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were exposed to mixtures of volatile organic compounds and oxidizing agents (benzene, toluene, NO2 and SO2) in a whole-body inhalation chamber, to test for toxicological responses. Hepatic biotransformation measured through 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) tended to be increased in exposed kestrels (p=0.06) but not in quail (p=0.15). Plasma corticosterone was increased in the low dose group for quail on the final day of exposure (p=0.0001), and midway through the exposure period in exposed kestrels (p=0.04). For both species, there was no alteration of T and B-cell responses, immune organ mass, or histology of immune organs (p>0.05). This study provides baseline information valuable to complement toxicology studies and provides a better understanding of potential health effects on wild avifauna.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N4Z6.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cruz-Martinez
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N4Z6. Electronic address: judit.smits@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Judit E G
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fernie
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001554:Benzene / Q000633:toxicity; D003370:Coturnix / Q000378:metabolism*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005241:Feathers / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D014050:Toluene / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D014050:Toluene; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D001554:Benzene; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Air contaminants; Avian sentinels; Corticosterone; EROD; NO(2); Oil sands