title: Dexterity as measured with the 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) across the age span.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-sectional observational, clinical measurement.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Manual dexterity is an important aspect of motor function across the age span.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present the norms for the 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) across the age span (3-85 years) and compare the 9-HPT performance by age group, gender, dominance, handedness, ethnicity, race, and language preference.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based sample of 4319 subjects contributed data to this study which was part of the NIH Toolbox Norming Project.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 16-39 age groups demonstrated the shortest completion time (dominant hand, males completed a trial in 19-20 s, and females 18-19 s), and the youngest children 3-5 age groups showed the longest completion time with largest variation (males 32-51 s and females 32-45 s). Across all age groups, females performed slightly better as compared to males (22.5 versus 24.2 s). Dominant hands completed the test more quickly than the non-dominant hands (23.3 versus 25.4 s). Individuals who are not Hispanic or Latino performed slightly better than individuals who are Hispanic or Latino (22.2 versus 25.6 s). The completion time for English speakers was shorter than Spanish speakers (22.3 versus 27.8 s). There were no statistical differences by handedness (P = 0.6) or race (White versus Black or African American, P = 0.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present norms of the 9-HPT established by the NIH Toolbox. The norms can be used to determine the presence of impairments in dexterity across the age span.
  
  
  METHODS
  NA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Science & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2400 E. Hartford Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53211-3159, USA. Electronic address: wang52@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: Ying-Chih
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, U-2101, Storrs, CT 06269-2101, USA.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Bohannon
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Science & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2400 E. Hartford Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53211-3159, USA.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kapellusch
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Science & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2400 E. Hartford Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53211-3159, USA.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611-2654, USA.
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gershon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Age groups; Assessment; Hand function; Motor skills