title: Nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight/adiposity parameters in breakfast patterns compared with no breakfast in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of different breakfast consumption patterns on nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight/adiposity status is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight/adiposity measures of consumers assigned to different breakfast patterns with breakfast skippers.
  
  
  METHODS
  These associations were assessed in adults 19+ years (N=18,988) participating in the 2001-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Intake was determined from 1-day 24-hour dietary recall. Diet quality was quantified using the Healthy Eating Index-2005. Body mass index (calculated as kg/m(2)) and waist circumferences were determined. Twelve patterns (including No Breakfast [approximately 19% of population]), explaining 58% of the variance in energy from the breakfast meal, were examined. Covariate adjusted general linear models were used to compare nutrient intakes, Healthy Eating Index-2005 scores, and body mass index/waist circumference of consumers of different patterns with breakfast skippers. The P value was Bonferroni corrected (<0.05/12 breakfast patterns <0.0042).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumers of the Grain/100% Fruit Juice and Presweetened Ready-to-Eat Cereal (RTEC)/Lower-Fat Milk patterns had lower daily intakes of nutrients to limit (added sugars, saturated fatty acids, solid fats, cholesterol, and sodium) than breakfast skippers. Consumers of the Grain/100% Fruit Juice; Presweetened RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk; and RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk/Whole Fruit/100% Fruit Juice patterns had higher daily intakes of all shortfall nutrients examined (dietary fiber; vitamins A, D, and C; calcium, potassium, folate, iron, and magnesium) than breakfast skippers. Consumers of the Grain/100% Fruit Juice; Grain; Presweetened RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk; RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk/Whole Fruit/100% Fruit Juice; Cooked Cereal; Lower-Fat Milk/Whole Fruit; and Whole Fruit patterns had higher Healthy Eating Index-2005 scores than breakfast skippers. Consumers of the Grain/100% Fruit Juice; Presweetened RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk; RTEC/Lower-Fat Milk/Whole Fruit/100% Fruit Juice; and Cooked Cereal patterns had lower body mass indexes and waist circumferences than breakfast skippers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest dietary and weight advantages of consuming breakfast, especially ones that include grains, cereals, lower-fat milk, and whole fruit/100% fruit juice, in contrast to the potential adverse effects of skipping breakfast.
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: Victor L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Fulgoni
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D062408:Breakfast; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D063427:Food Quality; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients; D008892:Milk; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D014675:Vegetables; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: Adults; Breakfast; Breakfast patterns; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Nutrient intake