title: Dynamic inversion enables external magnets to concentrate ferromagnetic rods to a central target.
abstract: The ability to use magnets external to the body to focus therapy to deep tissue targets has remained an elusive goal in magnetic drug targeting. Researchers have hitherto been able to manipulate magnetic nanotherapeutics in vivo with nearby magnets but have remained unable to focus these therapies to targets deep within the body using magnets external to the body. One of the factors that has made focusing of therapy to central targets between magnets challenging is Samuel Earnshaw's theorem as applied to Maxwell's equations. These mathematical formulations imply that external static magnets cannot create a stable potential energy well between them. We posited that fast magnetic pulses could act on ferromagnetic rods before they could realign with the magnetic field. Mathematically, this is equivalent to reversing the sign of the potential energy term in Earnshaw's theorem, thus enabling a quasi-static stable trap between magnets. With in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that quick, shaped magnetic pulses can be successfully used to create inward pointing magnetic forces that, on average, enable external magnets to concentrate ferromagnetic rods to a central location.
authors.affiliation: Weinberg Medical Physics LLC, 5611 Roosevelt St, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nacev
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Stepanov
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Mair
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Urdaneta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimoji
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fricke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D059346:Magnets; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D043942:Nanotubes
keywords: Earnshaw’s theorem; Magnetic targeting; concentrating magnetic nanoparticles; deep targeting; ferromagnetic rods; nanoparticles; pulsed magnetic fields