title: Antecedents and correlates of visual field deficits in children born extremely preterm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to identify the antecedents and correlates of visual field deficits (VFDs) at age 2 years among infants born before the 28th week of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The visual fields of 1023 infants were assessed by confrontation at age 2 years. We compared the ante-and postnatal characteristics and exposures of the 65 infants with a VFD to their peers who did not have a VFD. We used time-oriented logistic regression risk models to assess the associations of potential antecedents and correlates with a VFD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the final regression model, VFD was associated with maternal consumption of aspirin during the current pregnancy, recurring/persistent acidemia during the first 3 postnatal days, cerebral ventriculomegaly seen on neonatal ultrasound, prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and supplemental oxygen and ventilator dependence at 36 weeks post-menstrual age. Birth before the 27th week was also associated with increased risk, but its significance was diminished by the addition of postnatal variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample of extremely preterm born infants, antenatal as well as early and late postnatal characteristics and exposures are associated with an increased risk of having a VFD. Our study adds to our knowledge about the complex etiology of visual deficits of prematurity, and supports a multifactorial cause of these deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA. Electronic address: mari.holm@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics and JP Kennedy Research Center on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital, 5721 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Electronic address: mmsall@peds.bsd.uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Msall
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway. Electronic address: jon.skranes@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skranes
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA; Neuroepidemiology Unit, Hannover School of Medicine, Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: olaf.dammann@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dammann
authors.affiliation: Neurology Departments, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Au-414 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-5724, USA. Electronic address: lizard@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allred
authors.affiliation: Neurology Departments, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Au-414 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-5724, USA. Electronic address: alan.leviton@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leviton
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D010920:Placenta / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001241:Aspirin
keywords: Brain development; Prematurity; Preterm birth; ROP; Ventriculomegaly; Visual field deficits