title: Resting state networks in major depressive disorder.
abstract: Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examines the spontaneous low frequency neural activity of the brain to reveal networks of correlated neural activity. A number of different methodologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, have been used to examine networks of neural activity that may be related to clinical presentation. Major depressive disorder (MDD) research has largely focused on the default mode network (DMN), which is most active at rest and may relate to negative rumination. However, other networks can be discerned in the resting state such as salience and affective and cognitive control networks, all of which may be relevant to MDD psychopathology. This article reviews the rapidly increasing literature on resting state networks. A number of state- and trait-dependent abnormalities have been reported in MDD in a wide variety of regions including the cerebellum, lingual gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), amygdala and insula. Current and chronic medication is often a potential confound. Few trials have examined the immediate or delayed effects of antidepressants on resting state networks. This article presents a novel approach to the analysis of drug effects, the identification of signatures of efficacy, and thus for drug development.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. Electronic address: arpan.dutta@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Arpan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McKie
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
authors.forename: J F William
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Deakin
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Default mode network; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Major depressive disorder; Resting state; Salience network