title: Music lessons are associated with increased verbal memory in individuals with Williams syndrome.
abstract: Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder characterized by intellectual delay and an affinity for music. It has been previously shown that familiar music can enhance verbal memory in individuals with WS who have had music training. There is also evidence that unfamiliar, or novel, music may also improve cognitive recall. This study was designed to examine if a novel melody could also enhance verbal memory in individuals with WS, and to more fully characterize music training in this population. We presented spoken or sung sentences that described an animal and its group name to 44 individuals with WS, and then tested their immediate and delayed memory using both recall and multiple choice formats. Those with formal music training (average duration of training 4½ years) scored significantly higher on both the spoken and sung recall items, as well as on the spoken multiple choice items, than those with no music training. Music therapy, music enjoyment, age, and Verbal IQ did not impact performance on the memory tasks. These findings provide further evidence that formal music lessons may impact the neurological pathways associated with verbal memory in individuals with WS, consistent with findings in typically developing individuals.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University at Newark, 1179 University Dr., Newark, OH 43055, USA. Electronic address: brittany.a.dunning@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Brittany A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University at Newark, 1179 University Dr., Newark, OH 43055, USA; Nisonger Center, The Ohio State University, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Electronic address: martens.22@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Marilee A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University at Newark, 1179 University Dr., Newark, OH 43055, USA. Electronic address: jungers.2@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Melissa K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jungers
keywords: Developmental disabilities; Music; Verbal memory; Williams syndrome