title: Leukotriene B4 activates intracellular calcium and augments human osteoclastogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis depends on the recruitment and activation of bone resorbing cells, the osteoclasts. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) has been primarily implicated in mediating inflammatory bone loss via the differentiation of Th17 receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-producing cells. In this article, we describe a new role of IL-23 in activating the synthesis and production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in innate immune cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized whole blood-derived human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), differentiated them towards an osteoclast lineage and then performed immunofluorescence and cytochemical staining to detect the expression of LTB4-associated receptors and enzymes such as phospholipase A2, 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 hydrolase, as well as the presence of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and F-actin rings on fully mature osteoclasts. We used enzyme immunoassays to measure LTB4 levels in culture media derived from IL-23-treated human PBMCs. We used real-time calcium imaging to study the effect of leukotrienes and requirements of different calcium sources and signaling proteins in activating intracellular calcium flux using pharmacological inhibitors to phospholipase C (U73122), membrane calcium channels (2-APB) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Wortmannin) and utilized qPCR for gene expression analysis in macrophages and osteoclasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data show that LTB4 engagement of BLT1 and BLT2 receptors on osteoclast precursors leads to activation of phospholipase C and calcium release-activated channel-mediated intracellular calcium flux, which can activate further LTB4 autocrine production. IL-23-induced synthesis and secretion of LTB4 resulted in the upregulation of osteoclast-related genes NFATC1, MMP9, ACP5, CTSK and ITGB3 and the formation of giant, multinucleated TRAP+ cells capable of F-actin ring formation. These effects were dependent on Ca2+ signaling and were completely inhibited by BLT1/BLT2 and/or PLC and CRAC inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, IL-23 can initiate osteoclast differentiation independently from the RANK-RANKL pathway by utilizing Ca2+ signaling and the LTB4 signaling cascade.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yesser H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Belgacem
authors.forename: Laura N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Borodinsky
authors.forename: M Eric
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gershwin
authors.forename: Iannis E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Adamopoulos
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D007975:Leukotriene B4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007975:Leukotriene B4; D002118:Calcium