title: Injectable silk-polyethylene glycol hydrogels.
abstract: Silk hydrogels for tissue repair are usually pre-formed via chemical or physical treatments from silk solutions. For many medical applications, it is desirable to utilize injectable silk hydrogels at high concentrations (>8%) to avoid surgical implantation and to achieve slow in vivo degradation of the gel. In the present study, injectable silk solutions that formed hydrogels in situ were generated by mixing silk with low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG), especially PEG300 and 400 (molecular weight 300 and 400g mol(-1)). Gelation time was dependent on the concentration and molecular weight of PEG. When the concentration of PEG in the gel reached 40-45%, gelation time was less than 30min, as revealed by measurements of optical density and rheological studies, with kinetics of PEG400 faster than PEG300. Gelation was accompanied by structural changes in silk, leading to the conversion from random coil in solution to crystalline β-sheets in the gels, based on circular dichroism, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The modulus (127.5kPa) and yield strength (11.5kPa) determined were comparable to those of sonication-induced hydrogels at the same concentrations of silk. The time-dependent injectability of 15% PEG-silk hydrogel through 27G needles showed a gradual increase of compression forces from ∼10 to 50N within 60min. The growth of human mesenchymal stem cells on the PEG-silk hydrogels was hindered, likely due to the presence of PEG, which grew after a 5 day delay, presumably while the PEG solubilized away from the gel. When 5% PEG-silk hydrogel was subcutaneously injected in rats, significant degradation and tissue in-growth took place after 20 days, as revealed by ultrasound imaging and histological analysis. No significant inflammation around the gel was observed. The features of injectability, slow degradation and low initial cell attachment suggests that these PEG-silk hydrogels are of interest for many biomedical applications, such as anti-fouling and anti-adhesion.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA. Electronic address: wangxiaoqin@suda.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Partlow
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors.forename: Zhaozhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China. Electronic address: wangyansong@ems.hrbmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yansong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020100:Hydrogels; D007700:Kinetics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D047011:Silk; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D047011:Silk; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: Hydrogel; Injectable; Polyethylene glycol; Silk; Stem cells