title: Cavernous sinus cavernous hemangioma: imaging features and therapeutic effect of Gamma Knife radiosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the imaging features of cavernous sinus cavernous hemangioma (CSCH) and evaluate the therapeutic effect of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in treatment of CSCH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with CSCH treated by GKRS in our institute, including 6 males and 9 females, age range 20-77 years old, were analyzed retrospectively. Three of them were given craniotomies as the initial therapy. All cases had performed conventional and contrast-enhanced MRI and 5 patients underwent dynamic enhanced MRI preoperatively. In 6 cases, the multi-directional continuous data of axial, coronal and sagittal enhanced MRI were acquired. Three cases performed digital subtraction angiography (DSA) simultaneously. The diagnoses of lesions were determined mainly depending on typical imaging features. In 3 patients, the diagnoses of CSCH were confirmed histopathologically. The radiation dosimetry was done with a goal of conformal and selective coverage of the lesion with a 50% prescription isodose line. The mean marginal dose constituted 13.4 Gy (range 10-16 Gy). After GKRS was performed, all patients were arranged regular clinical and MRI follow-up every 6 months during the first 12 months, and once per year thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On MRI, the lesions were typically demonstrated as iso/hypo-intensities on T1WI and remarkable hyper-intensities on T2WI, and apparent homogeneous enhancement. The phenomenon of dynamic enhancement was found in 11 cases. The progressive enhancing process from heterogeneous to uniform was displayed in the 5 patients performed same-slice dynamic MRI, including imaging characteristics of 'edge to center' enhancement in 2 case. In the other 6 cases, the delayed homogeneous enhancement of lesion was observed. Ten patients obtained radiological follow-up results after GKRS. Reviewing the follow-up data of 8 patients during the period of 3-6 months, the lesions were apparently shrunk in 5 patients with shrinkage rate of 20.8-46.8%. In 4 patients with imaging follow-up during the period of 6-12 months, the lesions of 3 patients were remarkably shrunk with shrinkage rate of 53.5-81.7%. Four patients had imaging follow-up data over 12 months, and all their lesion sizes were reduced with shrinkage rate of 19-83.6%. The clinical presentations of all patients after GKRS were followed up during the period of 1-30 months. In 7 of 9 cases with headache, the symptom was improved; in 5 of 6 cases, facial hypesthesia was improved; in 6 of 9 cases with visual impairments, the visions were markedly improved; and in 8 cases with preoperative diplopia, the symptoms were all resolved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although bright hyper-intensities on T2WI and significant homogeneous enhancement on contrast-enhanced T1WI are considered as typical imaging characteristics of CSCH, the dynamic process of progressive delayed enhancement on contrast-enhanced MR is more persuasive in diagnosis. According to our study, GKRS could be chosen as an effective and safe alternative treatment for CSCH. We consider that using relatively low marginal dose may get better effects in tumor shrinkage and protection of cranial nerves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Anqi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
authors.forename: Shangfu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiahe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China. Electronic address: shionaries@126.com.
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011874:Radiometry; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cavernous hemangioma; Cavernous sinus; Gamma Knife radiosurgery; MRI