title: Temporal profile of improvement of tardive dystonia after globus pallidus deep brain stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several case reports and small series have indicated that tardive dystonia is responsive to globus pallidus deep brain stimulation. Whether different subtypes or distributions of tardive dystonia are associated with different outcomes remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the outcomes and temporal profile of improvement of eight tardive dystonia patients who underwent globus pallidus deep brain stimulation over the past six years through record review. Due to the retrospective nature of this study, it was not blinded or placebo controlled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with previous studies, deep brain stimulation improved the overall the Burke-Fahn-Marsden motor scores by 85.1 ± 13.5%. The distributions with best responses in descending order were upper face, lower face, larynx/pharynx, limbs, trunk, and neck. Patients with prominent cervical dystonia demonstrated improvement in the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale but improvements took several months. In four patients the effects of deep brain stimulation on improvement in Burke Fahn Marsden score was rapid, while in four cases there was partial rapid response of neck and trunk dystonia followed by was gradual resolution of residual symptoms over 48 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our retrospective analysis shows excellent resolution of tardive dystonia after globus pallidus deep brain stimulation. We found instantaneous response, except with neck and trunk dystonia where partial recovery was followed by further resolution at slower rate. Such outcome is encouraging for using deep brain stimulation in treatment of tardive dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: aasefshaikh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aasef G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mewes
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Mahlon R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: DeLong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Shirley D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Triche
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Jinnah
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boulis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Jon T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Willie
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Garrett E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Pratibha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Cathrine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Butefisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Christine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Esper
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Stewart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Factor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Antiemetic; Axial dystonia; Basal ganglia; DBS; Dopamine receptor blocker; Drug-induced movement disorders