title: Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-Orbitrap analysis of fullerene aggregates on surface soils and river sediments from Santa Catarina (Brazil).
abstract: In the present work, a new analytical approach is proposed for the analysis of seven fullerenes (C₆₀, C₇₀, N-methylfulleropyrrolidine, [6,6]-phenyl C₆₁ butyric acid methyl ester, [6,6]-thienyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester, C60 pyrrolidine tris-acid ethyl ester and [6,6]-phenyl C₇₁ butyric acid methyl ester fullerenes) in soils and sediments. This procedure combines an ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) with toluene followed by liquid chromatography (LC), using a pyrenylpropyl group bonded silica based column, coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) using atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) in negative ion mode. The analytical performance for fullerene separation of the pyrenylpropyl group bonded silica column was compared to the C18 column. For the ultra-trace analysis of fullerenes in complex environmental samples, the use of the APPI source and the use of the electrospray ionisation (ESI) source were compared. Using this approach for the analysis of fullerenes in complex matrices, a series of advantages, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, have been demonstrated. The method limits of detection (MLOD) and the method limits of quantification (MLOQ) in soils and sediments ranged from 0.022 to 0.39 pg/g and from 0.072 to 1.3 pg/g, respectively. Recoveries were between 68 and 106%. The analytical method was applied in order to assess the occurrence of selected fullerenes in 45 soils of Sul Catarinense (Santa Catalina State, Brazil) and 15 sediments from the Tubarão River, presenting different pressures of contamination: a coal-combustion power plant, car exhaust, coal mining industry and wastewater effluents. C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes have been detected at concentrations ranging from the MLOD to 0.150 ng/g. None of the functionalised fullerenes were detected in any of the samples. Combustion processes, in particular car exhaust, were identified as the main source of fullerenes. However, the potential degradation of residual concentrations of engineered fullerenes to more stable forms, such as C₆₀ and C₇₀, should also be considered.
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08911 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchís
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Felipe Silva
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais, Victor Barreto, 2288 Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe Baptista
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: de Leão
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08911 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: mfuqam@cid.csic.es.
authors.forename: Marinella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08911 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA), C/ Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C069836:fullerene C70
keywords: APPI; C(60); C(70); Fullerenes; Sediments; Soils