title: Alcohol mixed with energy drinks are robustly associated with patterns of problematic alcohol consumption among young adult college students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Young adults are a population at great risk for problematic health behaviors. Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) consumption is a relatively popular health risk behavior among young adults. AmED consumption continues to illustrate negative outcomes in the research literature, having been linked with other substance use, high-risk sexual behavior, and sexual victimization. Limited research to date has examined associations between AmED consumption and patterns of alcohol dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undergraduate college students (n=757) filled out an online survey which assessed their drinking habits in the past week and month, including their consumption of AmED beverages, personality characteristics, substance use, and problematic alcohol consumption via the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A minority of participants reported AmED consumption in both the past month (11.6%) and past week (9.7%). Compared to their alcohol-only drinking counterparts, AmED consumers scored significantly higher on measures of impulsivity, and lower on anxiety sensitivity when compared to their alcohol-only drinking counterparts. In multivariate analyses, AmED consumption was robustly associated with patterns of alcohol dependence (AUDIT score≥8) among young adult college students, while controlling for energy drink use, alcohol use, personality factors, substance use, and demographic variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AmED consumption in the past month is robustly associated with problematic alcohol consumption. The present study describes harmful outcomes associated with AmED consumption, and extends the literature on the combined effects of alcohol and energy drinks on young adult risk behaviors. Further research needs to address causal mechanisms for the AmED and problematic alcohol consumption relation.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, United States. Electronic address: Snipesd@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Snipes
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, United States.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jeffers
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, United States.
authors.forename: Brooke A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, United States.
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Benotsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008873:Mid-Atlantic Region; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: AUDIT; Alcohol; AmED; Energy drinks; Young adult