title: The absence of task-related increases in BOLD signal does not equate to absence of task-related brain activation.
abstract: Most fMRI studies employ general-linear-model-based analyses (GLM-BA) of BOLD signal changes to identify regions that are active (or not) during specific cognitive processes. However, alternate analytic approaches (like independent component analysis) may identify more complex patterns of activation, including in regions not implicated in GLM-BA of the same data. In our opinion, fMRI findings revealed by a GLM-BA cannot exclude any brain regions from contributing to specific cognitive processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States. Electronic address: Jiansong.xu@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Jiansong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Department of ECE, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
authors.forename: Vince D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Potenza
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Balanced excitation and inhibition; Functional heterogeneity; General linear model; Spatial independent component analysis