title: Nasal temperatures in dairy cows are influenced by positive emotional state.
abstract: Understanding how animals express positive emotions is an important area of focus for animal welfare science, yet it is widely neglected. Emotions can be either positive or negative in valence, depending on the rewarding or punishing nature of the stimulus, and they can vary in the degree of arousal or excitement. Previous literature has shown a strong connection between peripheral temperatures and high arousal, negative experiences. Stress, fear and frustration have all been found to cause a drop in peripheral temperature. Little is known however, about whether the experience of positive emotions affects peripheral temperatures. In this study we sought to identify whether the nasal temperature of cows was affected by emotions, and if nasal temperature could be reliably used as a measure of emotional state in cows. We induced a positive, low arousal emotional state by stroking cows in preferred regions, in a similar manner to allogrooming. We performed 350 full focal observations, each comprising three conditions; pre-stroking, stroking, and post-stroking. During each 15minute focal observation we remotely took the focal cow's nasal temperature six times, twice during each condition. We analysed the data using the one-way ANOVA repeated measures test and found a significant difference overall (F (2, 1.935)=9.372, p<0.01). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that the total mean nasal temperature decreased significantly during the stroking condition (25.91°C, SD=1.21), compared with both the pre-stroking (26.27°C, SD=1.01, p<0.01) and post-stroking conditions (26.44°C, SD=1.12, p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the pre-stroking and post-stroking conditions (p=0.14). We suggest that the cows were in a low state of arousal during the entire focal observation, as no other changes to the cows' environment had been made, and the cows were habituated to both the procedure and the researchers. Furthermore, the stroking stimulus is known to induce a state of relaxation and lower the heart rate of cows. This leads us to conclude that the drop in nasal temperature was indicative of the change in valence, rather than a change in arousal. These findings show that positive emotional state may have the same effect on the peripheral temperatures of mammals as a negative state does. This raises questions regarding the triggers for emotional fever, which is often considered to be associated only with negative states and high arousal. Our results indicate that nasal temperature in cows may prove to be a useful measure of a change in emotional state, but further research is required to validate these findings and to explore the effect of arousal on peripheral temperatures.
authors.affiliation: World Animal Protection, 5th Floor, 222 Gray's Inn Rd, London WC1X 8HB, UK. Electronic address: helenproctor@worldanimalprotection.org.
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.affiliation: World Animal Protection, 5th Floor, 222 Gray's Inn Rd, London WC1X 8HB, UK.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carder
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011897:Random Allocation; D055698:Touch Perception / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Cows; Nasal temperature; Peripheral temperature; Positive emotions; Sentience; Welfare assessment