title: The effect of gold nanoparticle size on osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells.
abstract: There have been many medical applications based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) over the past several centuries. Recently, researchers have focused on bone tissue engineering applications utilizing GNPs. The effect of various sizes of gold nanoparticles on the differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into osteoblasts was investigated. The concentration of gold nanoparticles was fixed at 1 μM and varying sizes of 15, 30, 50, 75 and 100 nm (spherical GNPs) were used. The lack of cytotoxicity was confirmed by establishing viability of ADSCs using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and live/dead assays. The results showed that each size of GNPs had no significant toxicity on ADSCs during 1 week of incubation. Osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP activity, calcium deposition, and real time PCR experiments. It was found, through dark field assays and microscope cell images, that 30 nm and 50 nm GNPs were preferentially up taken into the ADSCs. As expected, all sizes of gold nanoparticles promoted the differentiation of ADSCs toward osteoblasts more than control. Among all sizes, 30 and 50 nm GNPs appeared to have the highest differentiation rates. The data consistently demonstrated that 30 and 50 nm GNPs are the most effective in promoting osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wan-Kyu
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Nyoung
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Bok
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In-Cheol
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon Bong
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hun Kuk
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kwoni@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Il Keun
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010316:Particle Size; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006046:Gold
keywords: Gold nanoparticles; Human adipose-derived stem cell; Osteogenesis; Osteogenic differentiation; Uptake