title: Activity of liver enzymes in multiple sclerosis patients with Hot-nature diet and co-supplemented hemp seed, evening primrose oils intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unknown whether diets with a high dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) can modify oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, or liver dysfunction, all of which are risk factors for multiple sclerosis disease. This study assesses alanine amino-transferase (ALT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities in MS patients treated with co-supplemented hemp seed and evening primrose oils as well as Hot-nature diet and the therapeutic potential this intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double blind, randomized trial, 100 MS patients with EDSS<6 were allocated into 3 groups: "group A", who received co-supplemented hemp seed and evening primrose oils with advised Hot-nature diet; "group B",who received olive oil; and "group C", who received the co-supplemented oils. Clinically, EDSS as well as serum level of liver enzymes (GGT, AST, and ALT) were assessed at baseline and after 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean follow-up was 180±2.9 SD days (N=65, 23 M and 42 F aged 34.25±8.07 years with disease duration of 6.80±4.33 years). There was no significant difference in the study parameters at baseline. Serum levels of liver enzymes (GGT, AST, and ALT) were serially monitored. Intervention was associated with liver function alteration in three groups. Significance decreased in EDSS score and the levels of liver enzymes were found in groups A and C, whereas elevated serum liver enzymes and EDSS score were observed in group B after the intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selecting foods according to their Total antioxidant capacity such as co-supplemented hemp seed and evening primrose oils with Hot-nature diet affects antioxidant intake and can have beneficial effects on improving EDSS score and activity of liver enzymes in RRMS patients.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nutrition and Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: s.rfirozi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Soheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rezapour-Firouzi
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Nutrition and Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: arefhosseinir@tbzmed.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Seyed Rafie
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Arefhosseini
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: ebrahimimamagani@tbzmed.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mehrangiz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi-Mamaghani
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: Behzad_im@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baradaran
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: aeass@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Elyar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sadeghihokmabad
authors.affiliation: Food &drug organization, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: drtorbati@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammadali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torbati
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: somaiyehmostafaei@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Somaiyeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mostafaei
authors.affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: mchehreh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mahtaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chehreh
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: fatemeh.zamanipour@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zamani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002188:Cannabis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008041:Linoleic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000201:enzymology*; D031665:Oenothera biennis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012639:Seeds; D055815:Young Adult; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D008041:Linoleic Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; C028498:evening primrose oil; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid
keywords: Autoimmune liver dysfunction; Cannabis sativa L.; Inflammation; Oenothera biennis L.; PUFA; Side effects; Total antioxidant capacity