title: The addition of medium-chain triglycerides to a purified fish oil-based diet alters inflammatory profiles in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parenteral nutrition associated liver disease (PNALD) is a deadly complication of long term parenteral nutrition (PN) use in infants. Fish oil-based lipid emulsion has been shown in recent years to effectively treat PNALD. Alternative fat sources free of essential fatty acids have recently been investigated for health benefits related to decreased inflammatory response. We hypothesized that the addition of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) to a purified fish oil-based diet would decrease the response to inflammatory challenge in mice, while allowing for sufficient growth and development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six groups of ten adult male C57/Bl6 mice were pair-fed different dietary treatments for a period of twelve weeks, varying only in fat source (percent calories by weight): 10.84% soybean oil (SOY), 10% coconut oil (HCO), 10% medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), 3% purified fish oil (PFO), 3% purified fish oil with 3% medium-chain triglycerides (50:50 MCT:PFO) and 3% purified fish oil with 7.59% medium-chain triglycerides (70:30 MCT:PFO). An endotoxin challenge was administered to half of the animals in each group at the completion of dietary treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All groups demonstrated normal growth throughout the study period. Groups fed MCT and HCO diets demonstrated biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency and decreased IL-6 and TNF-α response to endotoxin challenge. Groups containing PFO had increased inflammatory response to endotoxin challenge, and the addition of MCT to PFO mitigated this inflammatory response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the addition of MCT to PFO formulations may decrease the host response to inflammatory challenge, which may pose potential for optimized PN formulations. Inclusion of MCT in lipid emulsions given with PN formulations may be of use in therapeutic interventions for disease states resulting from chronic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Prathima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nandivada
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Melissa I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital Clinical Research Center, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Loughlin
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital Department of Pharmacy, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gura
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Vania
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nose
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Department of Medicine, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bistrian
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA. Electronic address: mark.puder@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004655:Emulsions; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000172:deficiency / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000009:adverse effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004655:Emulsions; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D005395:Fish Oils; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Fish oil; Inflammation; Medium-chain triglycerides; Parenteral nutrition