title: Effects of subchronic exposure to glyphosate in juvenile oysters (Crassostrea gigas): From molecular to individual levels.
abstract: Glyphosate-based herbicides are extensively used and can be measured in aquatic ecosystems, including coastal waters. The effect of glyphosate on non-target organisms is an issue of worldwide concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of subchronic exposure to glyphosate in juvenile oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Yearling oysters were exposed to three concentrations of glyphosate (0.1, 1 and 100μgL(-1)) for 56days. Various endpoints were studied, from the individual level (e.g., gametogenesis and tissue alterations) to the molecular level (mRNA quantification), including biochemical endpoints such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase activities and malondialdehyde content. No mortality and growth occurred during the experiment, and individual biomarkers revealed only slight effects. The levels of gene expression significantly increased in oysters exposed to the highest glyphosate concentration (GST and metallothioneins) or to all concentrations (multi-xenobiotic resistance). These results suggested an activation of defence mechanisms at the molecular level.
authors.affiliation: Normandie Université, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA (Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mottier
authors.affiliation: Normandie Université, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA (Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Séguin
authors.affiliation: Radioecology Laboratory of Cherbourg-Octeville, Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety/PRP-ENV/SERIS, BP n°10, rue Max Pol Fouchet, 50130 Octeville, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devos
authors.affiliation: Normandie Université, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA (Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Charles Le
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pabic
authors.affiliation: Radioecology Laboratory of Cherbourg-Octeville, Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety/PRP-ENV/SERIS, BP n°10, rue Max Pol Fouchet, 50130 Octeville, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Voiseux
authors.affiliation: Normandie Université, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA (Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Jean Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lebel
authors.affiliation: Normandie Université, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA (Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serpentini
authors.affiliation: Radioecology Laboratory of Cherbourg-Octeville, Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety/PRP-ENV/SERIS, BP n°10, rue Max Pol Fouchet, 50130 Octeville, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fievet
authors.affiliation: Normandie Université, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA (Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France. Electronic address: katherine.costil@unicaen.fr.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Costil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D008668:Metallothionein; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: Condition index; Crassostrea gigas; Enzyme activities; Gene expression; Glyphosate; Histopathology