title: Provision of nitrogen as ammonium rather than nitrate increases silicon uptake in sugarcane.
abstract: Silicon (Si) is important in mitigating abiotic and biotic plant stresses, yet many agricultural soils, such as those of the rainfed production areas of the South African sugar industry, are deficient in plant-available Si, making Si supplementation necessary. However, Si uptake by sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is limited even where silicate amendments improve soil Si status. Rhizosphere pH, which can affect Si uptake, can be manipulated using different N-form fertilizers. We tested whether (i) fertilization with [Formula: see text] (rhizosphere acidification) increased Si uptake compared with [Formula: see text] (rhizosphere alkalinization); and (ii) uptake differed between an N-efficient, more acid-tolerant cultivar (N12) and an N-inefficient, less acid-tolerant cultivar (N14). Two pot trials with low-Si soil were fertilized with calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) slag, plus N from ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4], ammonium thiosulphate [(NH4)2S2O3] and calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] (Trial 1) or N from (NH4)2S2O3 and Ca(NO3)2 only (Trial 2). Trial 2 included cultivars N12 and N14. Nitrate treatments significantly increased soil pH and soil Si compared with [Formula: see text] However, [Formula: see text] treatments significantly increased leaf and stalk Si content compared with [Formula: see text] reflected in a significant negative relationship between soil pH and leaf Si. Acid-extracted soil Si was negatively related to leaf and stalk Si, likely due to adsorption of silicic acid to soil surfaces under higher pH of the [Formula: see text] treatment and its reduced availability for plant uptake. We conclude that [Formula: see text] increased Si uptake into leaf and stalk, and propose that reduced rhizosphere pH solubilized Si from Ca2SiO4 and increased silicic acid availability for plant uptake. By contrast, [Formula: see text] may have reduced Si uptake due to adsorption of Si to soil surfaces at higher pH. Our results indicate that ammoniacal fertilizers, such as (NH4)2SO4 and urea, have potential for promoting dissolution of applied Ca2SiO4 and subsequent uptake of Si by sugarcane.
authors.affiliation: South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa malcolm.keeping@sugar.org.za.
authors.forename: Malcolm G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Keeping
authors.affiliation: South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: R Stuart
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rutherford
authors.affiliation: South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sewpersad
authors.affiliation: South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miles
keywords: Ammonium; calcium silicate; nitrate; nitrogen; pH; rhizosphere; silicon uptake; sugarcane.