title: Uniaxial and biaxial mechanical properties of porcine linea alba.
abstract: Incisional hernia is a severe complication post-laparoscopic/laparotomy surgery that is commonly associated with the linea alba. However, the few studies on the mechanical properties of the linea alba in the literature appear contradictory, possible due to challenges with the physical dimensions of samples and variations in protocol. This study focuses on the tensile mechanical characterisation of the porcine linea alba, as determined by uniaxial and equi-load biaxial testing using image-based strain measurement methods. Results show that the linea alba demonstrated a non-linear elastic, anisotropic behaviour which is often observed in biological soft tissues. The transverse direction (parallel to fibres) was found to be approximately eight times stiffer than the longitudinal (cross-fibre) direction under both uniaxial and equi-load biaxial loading. The equi-load biaxial tensile tests revealed that contraction could occur in the transverse direction despite increasing load, probably due to the anisotropy of the tissue. Optical surface marker tracking and digital image correlation methods were found to greatly improve the accuracy of stretch measurement, resulting in a 75% change in the apparent stiffness compared to using strain derived from machine cross-head displacement. Additionally, a finite element model of the experiments using a combination of an Ogden and fibre exponential power law model for the linea alba was implemented to quantify the effect of clamping and tissue dimensions (which are suboptimal for tensile testing) on the results. The preliminary model results were used to apply a correction factor to the uniaxial experimental data prior to inverse optimisation to derive best fit material parameters for the fibre reinforced Ogden model. Application of the model to the equi-load biaxial case showed some differences compared to the experimental data, suggesting a more complex anisotropic model may be necessary to capture biaxial behaviour. These results provide an improved assessment of the mechanical properties of the porcine linea alba for wound closure and other studies.
authors.affiliation: Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: cooneyg@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Gerard M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre, Department of Radiology, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: k.m.moerman@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Moerman
authors.affiliation: Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: takazam@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takaza
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St. Vincent׳s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland. Electronic address: des.winter@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Des C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.affiliation: Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: csimms@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Ciaran K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Simms
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013552:Swine
keywords: Biaxial tension; FEBio model; Linea alba; Physical sample size effect; Uniaxial tension