title: Cardiac sarcoidosis: clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, and therapeutic approach.
abstract: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease pathologically characterized by the accumulation of T-lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes into the sine qua non pathologic structure of the noncaseating granuloma. Cardiac involvement remains a key source of morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Definitive diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis, particularly early enough in the disease course to provide maximal therapeutic impact, has proven a particularly difficult challenge. However, major advancements in imaging techniques have been made in the last decade. Advancements in imaging modalities including echocardiography, nuclear spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging all have improved our ability to diagnose cardiac sarcoidosis, and in many cases to provide a more accurate prognosis and thus targeted therapy. Likewise, therapy for cardiac sarcoidosis is beginning to advance past a "steroids-only" approach, as novel immunosuppressant agents provide effective steroid-sparing options. The following focused review will provide a brief discussion of the epidemiology and clinical presentation of cardiac sarcoidosis followed by a discussion of up-to-date imaging modalities employed in its assessment and therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
keywords: cardiac MRI; cardiac imaging; cardiac sarcoidosis