title: Delay between symptoms and surgery for carotid artery stenosis: modification of our practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent data from the literature concerning symptomatic carotid stenosis show that the long-term benefits of surgery are greater when the surgery is performed soon after the neurologic event, ideally within 2 weeks. Since 2009, following recommendations, we decided to perform surgery as quick as possible. The aim of the study was to determine whether this approach increased postoperative morbimortality and the way it could change our practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a prospective database containing a consecutive and continuous series of 1,500 carotid endarterectomies performed between 2003 and 2012, we extracted the records concerning the 417 symptomatic carotid stenoses (27.8%). We compared the 30-day and long-term outcome in 3 groups of patients: those operated within 2 weeks of the neurologic event (early surgery group [ESG], n = 158, 37.9%), those operated between 16 days and 6 weeks after the event (deferred surgery group [DSG], n = 79, 18.9%), and those operated more than 6 weeks after the event (late surgery group [LSG], n = 180, 43.2%). In the second part, to assess the new management beginning 2009, patients were divided in 2 periods 2003-2008 (period A) and 2009-2012 (period B) and we compared the 2 period's descriptive data and outcome. The primary outcome was the 30-day combined stroke and death rate. Secondary end points were follow-up freedoms from mortality and stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean time between symptom onset and surgery was 7.7 ± 3.8 days for the ESG, 28.3 ± 8.6 days for the DSG, and 89.4 ± 36.7 days for the LSG. In the 3 groups, the types of symptoms leading to the indication for carotid surgery were comparable, with a stroke in 221 cases (53.0%), a transient ischemic attack in 146 cases (35.40%), and amaurosis fugax in 50 cases (12.0%). The groups were comparable in terms of comorbidities. The overall 30-day stroke rate was 1.4% (6 cases), the 30-day death rate was 1.7% (7 cases), and the combined stroke and death rate was 3.4% (3.2% in the ESG, 5.1% in the DSG, and 2.8% in the LSG [P = 0.808]). Survival rates at 24, 48, and 60 months were, respectively, 95%, 78%, and 78% in ESG, 86%, 81%, and 81% in DSG, and 91%, 83%, and 74% in LSG (P = 0.78). Freedom from stroke at 60 months showed to be, respectively, 97% in ESG, 96% in DSG, and 91% in LSG (P = 0.32). During the period A (2003-2008), we had taken care of 217 symptomatic carotid artery stenosis patients (22.3% of stenosis) and during the period B (2009-2012), 200 symptomatic stenosis (37.9% of stenosis). During the period A, an early surgery (<15 days) had place in 31 cases (14.3%), and during the period B, in 127 cases (63.5%). The 30-day stroke and death rate was of 3.7% during the period A and of 3.0% during the period B (P = 0.455). The 24-month survival and stroke-free survival rates were comparable between the 2 periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience, surgery for symptomatic carotid stenosis can be performed early without increasing the rate of postoperative and long-term outcome. We have modified our practice, performing more and more early surgery for symptomatic stenosis without any impact on the outcome.
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Vasculaire, CH Pasteur, Colmar, France. Electronic address: benjamin.kretz@wanadoo.fr.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kretz
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire, CHU Le Bocage, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kazandjian
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie, CHU, Dijon, France; Registre Dijonnais des AVC, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bejot
authors.affiliation: Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, CHU Le Bocage, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abello
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire, CHU Le Bocage, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brenot
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie, CHU, Dijon, France; Registre Dijonnais des AVC, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giroud
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Cardio-vasculaire, CHU Le Bocage, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020757:Amaurosis Fugax / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D016896:Treatment Outcome