title: Toxicity of mixtures of λ-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid and cadmium on the earthworm Eisenia fetida by combination index (CI)-isobologram method.
abstract: Contaminants in the environment do not appear singly and usually occur as mixtures. We applied the combination index (CI)-isobologram method which allows computerized quantitation of synergism, additive effect and antagonism to determine the nature of toxicological interactions of two pesticides λ-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and heavy metal cadmium towards earthworm Eisenia fetida. In an artificial soil test, λ-cyhalothrin and Cd combination was slightly synergistic at low effect levels which turned into a slight antagonism above f(a) values of 0.6, while the binary mixtures containing imidacloprid exhibited antagonism. The presence of imidacloprid in the ternary mixture also resulted in an antagonistic effect to the earthworms. This behavior became more antagonistic in the ternary mixture in filter paper tests.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: qyzcaas@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Yongzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Xueping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China. Electronic address: qiangwang2003@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Xiangzhen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; C082359:imidacloprid; C037304:cyhalothrin
keywords: Acute mixture toxicity; Cadmium; Combination index; Eisenia fetida; Imidacloprid; λ-cyhalothrin