title: Epidemiology and outcome analysis of scalds in children caused by "guo lian kang": an 11-year review in a burn center in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of scalds induced by "guo lian kang" (literally "stove connected to bed") in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The demographic, burn features, outcome, and other information of 0-14-year-old children with "guo lian kang"-induced scalds admitted to the burn treatment center of the 322 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army in Datong from 30 September 2001 to 31 December 2011 were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 1993 children clearly documented with scalds due to hot liquid in vessels, 795 (39.89%) had burns due to "guo lian kang." The proportion of the pediatric burns caused by "guo lian kang" was 55.56% in 2002 and 37.30% in 2011, with a decreasing trend. One-year-old children accounted for the highest proportion of children with burns due to "guo lian kang" (male:female=1.54:1). Scalding mostly occurred from October to May; the most common times were around 8:00 AM, 11:00 AM, and 7:00 PM. Most scalds occurred on the upper limbs, 90.22% of which were dermal burns. The median burn area was 11% of the total body surface area. The burn agent was mainly hot water in pots. Scalding mostly occurred when the children accidentally sat on, or fell or stepped into the pot while playing. Among the children with "guo lian kang"-induced scalds, up to 42.26% of the children did not receive any treatment before hospital admission, and 18.86% of the children were admitted to the hospital ≥6h after the occurrence of burns. In addition, 74.97% of the children's families can afford the medical expenses, while 5.28% abandoned treatment because of financial difficulties. There were no significant differences between children with scalds caused by "guo lian kang" and scalds caused due to other reasons considering the age and sex. Compared to scalds due to other reasons, children with "guo lian kang"-induced scalds had greater burn area and depth, shock incidence, surgery rate, blood transfusion rate, length of hospital stay, and hospitalization costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preventive measures against burns should be taken from October to May and mainly during cooking time in order to prevent burns in children less than 3 years of age, especially in 1-year-old boys. The most simple and effective preventive measure is to install a barrier between the pot and bed. The incidence of shock in children may be reduced if parents and primary medical staff undergo training to perform first aid for burns and if there are improvements in the referral system after burns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Information, The 322 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Datong, Shanxi 037006, China.
authors.forename: Liqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Information Center, Beijing Military Region General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Burn, The 322 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Datong, Shanxi 037006, China.
authors.forename: Fusheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. Electronic address: yd_house@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Admin Office, Beidaihe Sanatorium of Beijing Command, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066105, China. Electronic address: zhuliqiang9923@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Guangjun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000061:Accidents, Home / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002053:Burn Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002056:Burns / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003296:Cooking; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D012648:Self Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Epidemiological characteristics; Guo lian kang; Northern Shanxi; Pediatric burn