title: Upper cervical mobility, posture and myofascial trigger points in subjects with episodic migraine: Case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between episodic migraines and the prevalence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius, forward head posture (FHP), neck range of motion (ROM) and cervical facet joint stiffness.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 physiotherapy students with episodic migraines and 20 age- and sex matched healthy controls were included in this observational case-control study. Demographics and headache status were evaluated through questionnaires. Active neck ROM, presence of MTrPs, and cervical facet joint mobility were assessed by physical examination. FHP was measured using a lateral digital photograph taken in a sitting position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found in neck ROM measurements and FHP between the migraine and control groups. Significant differences were found in the prevalence of cervical facet joints stiffness in Occiput-C1 (χ(2) = 4.444, p = 0.035) and C1-C2 (χ(2) = 10.157, p = 0.001), but not in other segments. Significant differences were found in the prevalence of active and latent MTrPs between the migraine and control subjects in the right trapezius (χ(2) = 11.649, p = 0.003) and right sternocleidomastoid (χ(2) = 8.485, p = 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the hypothesis that the prevalence of MTrPs in neck muscles and hypomobility in the upper cervical facet joints are associated with migraines.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
authors.forename: Danit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tali
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
authors.forename: Itay
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Menahem
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
authors.forename: Elisha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vered
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. Electronic address: kalichman@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalichman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064131:Back Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D064746:Therapy, Soft Tissue / Q000379:methods*; D061028:Trigger Points / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Facet joints mobility; Forward head posture; Migraine; Myofascial trigger points; Neck mobility