title: Studying the relationships between the outlines of the face, maxillary central incisor, and maxillary arch in Jordanian adults by using Fourier analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The outline shapes of the dental arch, face, and tooth are esthetic factors used to determine the proper form of artificial teeth when selected for artificial prostheses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantitative relationships between the outlines of the face, the maxillary central incisor, and the maxillary arch by using Fourier analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frontal facial photographs and irreversible hydrocolloid impressions of the maxilla were obtained from 200 young, dentate individuals (100 men, 100 women) ages 22 to 28 years. On the resultant casts, standardized photographs were made for the dental arch and the maxillary central incisor. The outlines of the face, dental arch, and tooth were digitally traced and the digitized curved outlines were converted into X-Y coordinates with special software, which, in turn, were imported into Fourier Shape Descriptor software for harmonic analysis. The quantitative outputs of Fourier analyses were analyzed and tested with statistical software to investigate the differences across the shapes of the 3 outlines under study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Facial and tooth outlines were similar for each sex, although the similarity was stronger among the men. By contrast, no relationship was found between tooth and maxillary arch outlines or between face and maxillary arch outlines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Face and tooth forms were quantitatively related. Therefore, face form may reliably guide the selection of artificial anterior tooth form in complete denture prostheses or any complex anterior restorations.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Oral Sciences, Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. Electronic address: ashrafis@just.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Ashraf I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Shaweesh
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ziad N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Al-Dwairi
authors.affiliation: Prosthodontist, Dental Teaching Clinics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Halah D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Shamkhey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003761:Dental Impression Technique / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007597:Jordan; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009811:Odontometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010781:Photography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult