title: Molecular and genetic aspects of controlling the soilborne necrotrophic pathogens Rhizoctonia and Pythium.
abstract: The soilborne necrotrophic pathogens Rhizoctonia and Pythium infect a wide range of crops in the US and worldwide. These pathogens pose challenges to growers because the diseases they cause are not adequately controlled by fungicides, rotation or, for many hosts, natural genetic resistance. Although a combination of management practices are likely to be required for control of Rhizoctonia and Pythium, genetic resistance remains a key missing component. This review discusses the recent deployment of introduced genes and genome-based information for control of Rhizoctonia, with emphasis on three pathosystems: Rhizoctonia solani AG8 and wheat, R. solani AG1-IA and rice, and R. solani AG3 or AG4 and potato. Molecular mechanisms underlying disease suppression will be addressed, if appropriate. Although less is known about genes and factors suppressive to Pythium, pathogen genomics and biological control studies are providing useful leads to effectors and antifungal factors. Prospects for resistance to Rhizoctonia and Pythium spp. will continue to improve with growing knowledge of pathogenicity strategies, host defense gene action relative to the pathogen infection process, and the role of environmental factors on pathogen-host interactions.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Root Disease and Biological Control Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA. Electronic address: patricia.okubara@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Okubara
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2123, USA.
authors.forename: Martin B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dickman
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Utilization Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710-1105, USA.
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Blechl
mesh_terms: D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010945:Plants, Edible / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D011775:Pythium; D012232:Rhizoctonia; D019076:Transgenes
keywords: Engineered resistance; Genomics; Innate immunity; Potato; Pythium root rot; Rhizoctonia root rot; Rice; Sheath blight; Wheat