title: Strain-dependent effects of transforming growth factor-β1 and 2 during mouse secondary palate development.
abstract: Cleft palate is a common birth defect affecting 1 in 700 births. Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) are important signaling molecules, and their functions in murine palate development have received great attention. TGF-β3 is expressed exclusively in palatal epithelial cells and mediates epithelial fusion, whereas the importance of TGF-β1 and 2 in palate have not yet been demonstrated in vivo, since inactivation of Tgf-β1 or Tgf-β2 genes in mice did not reveal significant palate defects. We hypothesized that TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 can compensate each other during palate formation. To test this, we generated Tgf-β1 and Tgf-β2 compound mutant mice and found that approximately 40% of [Tgf-β1(+/-); Tgf-β2(-/-)] compound mutant embryos display cleft palate on C57 background. In addition, 26% of Tgf-β2(-/-) embryos on 129 background, but not in C57 or Black Swiss, displayed cleft palate. TGF-β1 and 2 functions are required for murine palate development in strain-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cellular & Craniofacial Biology and Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Jiu-Zhen
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cellular & Craniofacial Biology and Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. Electronic address: j0ding03@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Jixiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010159:Palate / Q000196:embryology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000502:physiology*; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2
keywords: Cleft palate; Secondary palate; TGF-β1; TGF-β2