title: Black wildebeest seek shade less and use solar orientation behavior more than do blue wildebeest.
abstract: Many ungulates, including wildebeest, seek shade and orient their bodies relative to incoming solar radiation in order to reduce environmental heat loads. Blue (Connochaetes taurinus) and black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou), which co-exist artificially in some reserves in South Africa, are thought to adopt different thermoregulatory behaviors to mitigate high environmental heat loads. However, whether or not blue and black wildebeest use different behaviors to reduce heat loads in regions where they co-occur has never previously been examined. We compared the shade seeking and solar orientation behavior of free-ranging blue and black wildebeest in summer at three locations in South Africa where both species co-occur. We found that blue wildebeest exhibited more shade seeking behavior than did black wildebeest at all times of day, at all study sites. Black wildebeest remained in the sun but were more likely than blue wildebeest to orient their bodies parallel to the sun at all study sites, a behavior which reduces the amount of surface area exposed to incoming radiation. Black wildebeest were most likely to employ parallel solar orientation during the hottest times of the day when the sun was not directly overhead (i.e., solar noon ± 1 hour). We thus demonstrate that co-occurring blue and black wildebeest use different thermoregulatory behaviors to reduce high heat loads. It is possible that the lack of shade in the historical distribution of black wildebeest led to selective pressure for reliance on solar orientation. Differences in thermoregulatory behavior can affect species-specific heat loads, habitat use, body mass, fitness and grazing activity. Such differences may also allow blue and black wildebeest to inhabit separate microclimates within the same habitat, provided there is sufficient heterogeneity in vegetation structure, potentially facilitating reproductive isolation.
authors.affiliation: Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa. Electronic address: Hilary.Lease@wits.ac.za.
authors.forename: Hilary M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lease
authors.affiliation: Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ian W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
authors.forename: Robyn S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hetem
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000818:Animals; D000866:Antelopes / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008124:Locomotion; D009949:Orientation; D013045:Species Specificity; D013472:Sunlight
keywords: Orientation; Temperature; Thermoregulation; Ungulate