title: Vertical photogrammetric evaluation of the soft tissue profiles of two different racial groups: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facial soft-tissue analyses based on photographic records (photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissues) highlight interracial and interethnic dimorphism. The standards for facial analyses, originally obtained from Caucasian subjects, are not appropriate for the diagnosis and treatment planning of other groups of orthodontic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the photogrammetric soft tissue profile characteristics in the vertical dimension of Senegalese and Moroccan adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed on a group of Senegalese and Moroccan students in the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Dakar. Standardized profile photographs were taken for each student in a natural head position, centric relation, and relaxed lip posture. Fourteen linear and ten angular parameters were measured on a paper print using a graduated ruler and a protractor. The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for each variable. In addition an independent samples t-test was performed to detect sexual and racial dimorphism. Results were regarded as significant at P=0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moroccan subjects had a less pronounced nasal bridge and a significantly more open nasolabial angle than the Senegalese, who had significantly greater lip height and a significantly less open inter-labial angle than the Moroccans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies including different age groups would enable longitudinal data according to age to be obtained.
authors.affiliation: Service d'orthodontie, département d'odontologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal. Electronic address: joediouf@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Joseph Samba
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Diouf
authors.affiliation: Service d'orthodontie, département d'odontologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Papa Ibrahima
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Ngom
authors.affiliation: Service d'odontostomatologie et chirurgie maxillo-faciale, hôpital national Donka, CHU de Conakry, Conakry, Republique of Guinea.
authors.forename: Mohamed Siddick
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fadiga
authors.affiliation: Service d'orthodontie, département d'odontologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Alpha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badiane
authors.affiliation: Service d'orthodontie, département d'odontologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Khady
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Diop-Ba
authors.affiliation: Service d'orthodontie, département d'odontologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Marième
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: Service d'orthodontie, département d'odontologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Falou
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diagne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology*; D016302:Centric Relation; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D009018:Morocco; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods; D011187:Posture; D012675:Senegal; D012737:Sex Factors; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Photogrammetric analysis; Soft tissue profile; Vertical dimension