title: Assessment of electrochemical properties of a biogalvanic system for  tissue characterisation.
abstract: Biogalvanic characterisation is a promising method for obtaining health-specific tissue information. However, there is a dearth of understanding in the literature regarding the underlying galvanic cell, electrode reactions and their controlling factors which limits the application of the technique. This work presents a parametric electrochemical investigation into a zinc–copper galvanic system using salt (NaCl) solution analogues at physiologically-relevant concentrations (1.71, 17.1 & 154 mM). The potential difference at open cell, closed cell maximum current and the internal resistance (based on published characterisation methods) were measured. Additionally, independent and relative polarisation scans of the electrodes were performed to improve understanding of the system. Our findings suggest that the prominent reaction at the cathode is that of oxygen-reduction, not hydrogen-evolution. Results indicate that cell potentials are influenced by the concentration of dissolved oxygen at low currents and maximum closed cell currents are limited by the rate of oxygen diffusion to the cathode. Characterised internal resistance values for the salt solutions did not correspond to theoretical values at the extremes of concentration (1.71 and 154 mM) due to electrode resistance and current limitation. Existing biogalvanic models do not consider these phenomena and should be improved to advance the technique and its practical application.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Culmer
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Jayne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neville
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D003343:Corrosion; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D012007:Rectum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc; D010100:Oxygen