title: The role of lipotoxicity in smoke cardiomyopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental and clinical studies have shown the direct toxic effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on the myocardium, independent of vascular effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were allocated to control (C) and cigarette smoke (CS) groups. CS rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After that morphometric, functional and biochemical parameters were measured. The echocardiographic study showed enlargement of the left atria, increase in the left ventricular systolic volume and reduced systolic function. Within the cardiac metabolism, exposure to CS decreased beta hydroxy acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases and citrate synthases and increased lactate dehydrogenases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) were expressed similarly in both groups. CS increased serum lipids and myocardial triacylglycerols (TGs). These data suggest that impairment in fatty acid oxidation and the accumulation of cardiac lipids characterize lipotoxicity. CS group exhibited increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defense. Finally, the myocyte cross-sectional area and active Caspase 3 were increased in the CS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardiac remodeling that was observed in the CS exposure model may be explained by abnormalities in energy metabolism, including lipotoxicity and oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa C M P
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bertha F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Polegato
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Meliza G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Roscani
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Angelica
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Modesto
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna P M
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Rafacho
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silmeia G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Zanati
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center of Vascular Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Annarita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio A R
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo A M
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Zornoff
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Minicucci
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Azevedo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004452:Echocardiography; D004746:Enoyl-CoA Hydratase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D051381:Rats; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D047493:PPAR alpha; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C501429:Ppargc1a protein, rat; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014280:Triglycerides; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase; D004746:Enoyl-CoA Hydratase