title: An extract from medical leech improve the function of endothelial cells in vitro and attenuates atherosclerosis in ApoE null mice by reducing macrophages in the lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medicinal leech has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine in cardiovascular diseases. However, its pharmaceutical effect is not fully revealed. The goal of this study was to determine whether a leech extract has the effect of anti-atherosclerosis in ApoE −/− mice and the mechanism of this effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo experiments: ApoE −/− mice fed on high-cholesterol diet were separated into 5 groups. Control group was administrated with normal water; leech extract of low dose treatment group was given a leech extract of 0.02 g/kg/d; leech extract of medium dose treatment group was given a leech extract of 0.1 g/kg/d; leech extract of high dose treatment group was given a leech extract of 0.5 g/kg/d; simvastatin group was given simvastatin of 10 mg/kg/d. Leech extract significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions in aortic root compared with control group. And the number of macrophage in or around the atherosclerosis plaque is significantly reduced in the leech extract groups compared with control group. In vitro experiments: human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926, was induced with TNF-α to perform endothelial dysfunction. Control group: EA.hy926 cells with no special treatment; TNF-α group: EA.hy926 cells were induced by 10 ng/ml TNF-α for 6 h; leech extract only group: EA.hy926 cells were treated with 200 mg/ml leech extract only; leech extract and TNF-α group: 200 mg/ml leech extract was applied before TNF-α induction. Protein and mRNA level were detected in each group, leech extract can decrease the expression of intercellular adhesion factor (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) compared with TNF-α group. Furthermore, it showed less adhesion and migration of THP-1 cells to EA.hy926 cells in the adhesion assay and transwell assay. The NF-κB translation to nucleus was blocked by leech extract in the NF-κB translocation assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leech extract could obviously attenuate the area of atherosclerosis lesion in ApoE −/− mice. And this effect is dose dependent. The effect is mainly a result of reduced invasion of monocyte in artery walls by blocking NF-κB translocation.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yun-Shan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shu-Liang
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Ai-Guo
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007865:Leeches; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014020:Tissue Extracts; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1