title: Production of inflammatory mediators and extracellular traps by carp macrophages and neutrophils in response to lipopolysaccharide and/or interferon-γ2.
abstract: Neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages are crucial for the innate immune response against infections. They migrate into the focus of inflammation, where they efficiently bind, engulf and kill bacteria by proteolytic enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. Moreover, activated neutrophils and macrophages can form extracellular traps (ETs). Fish neutrophils and macrophages are morphologically, histochemically, and functionally similar to their mammalian counterparts, but their significance for regulation of inflammatory responses and pathogen killing needs further elucidation. We compared the activity of head kidney monocytes/macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes of common carp and established that upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation, not only neutrophils, but also carp monocytes/macrophages release extracellular DNA and are capable to form macrophage extracellular traps (METs). To clarify whether many specific LPS functions reported for piscine phagocytes might be due to impurities in the commonly used LPS preparations we studied expression of inflammatory mediators, release of DNA, ROS and RNS in cells stimulated with LPS or its highly purified form (pLPS). Also IFN-γ2 stimulation and its synergism with LPS/pLPS in stimulating expression of pro-inflammatory mediators was studied. Results substantiate that a classical stimulation of TLR4 by LPS may indeed be absent in carp as most of the classically reported LPS effects are abolished or diminished when pLPS is used. Interestingly, we also observed a potent IL-10 expression in neutrophilic granulocytes upon LPS stimulation, which, apart from their pro-inflammatory function, clearly indicates a role in restrictive control of the inflammatory reaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pijanowski
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheer
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B M L
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Verburg-van Kemenade
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: magdalena.chadzinska@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chadzinska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000276:immunology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Carp; Extracellular traps; Interferon gamma2; Monocytes/macrophages; Neutrophilic granulocytes