title: Methods to analyze SNARE-dependent vesicular fusion events that regulate autophagosome biogenesis.
abstract: Autophagy is an important catabolic pathway that preserves cellular homeostasis. The formation of autophagosomes is a complex process requiring the reorganization of membranes from different compartments. Here we describe methods to analyze SNARE-dependent vesicular fusion events involving the homotypic and heterotypic fusion of autophagosome precursor structures. These two steps are essential for the maturation of small single-membrane autophagic precursors containing ATG16L1 and mATG9 proteins into double-membrane autophagosomes. The techniques described in this review are mostly based on live cell imaging, microscopy, and biochemistry using an in vitro fusion assay, and should help researchers to study autophagosome biogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK. Electronic address: dcr1000@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rubinsztein
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics*; D000071183:Autophagy-Related Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002966:Clathrin / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods*; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050600:SNARE Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C518959:ATG16L1 protein, human; C574794:ATG9A protein, human; D000071183:Autophagy-Related Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002966:Clathrin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050600:SNARE Proteins; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins
keywords: ATG16L1; Autophagy; Homotypic/heterotypic fusion; mATG9