title: Cognitive deficits and ALA-D-inhibition in children exposed to multiple metals.
abstract: Children are especially vulnerable to adverse effects of multiple metals exposure. The aim of this study was to assess some metals concentrations such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in whole blood, serum, hair and drinking water samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in rural and urban children. In addition, evaluate the adverse effects of multiple metals exposure on cognitive function and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) activity. The cognitive ability assessment was performed by the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) test. The ALA-D activity and ALA-D reactivation index (ALA-RE) activity with DTT and ZnCl2 also were determined. Forty-six rural children and 23 urban children were enrolled in this study. Rural children showed percentile IQ scores in the RCPM test significantly decreased in relation to urban children. According to multiple linear regression analysis, the Mn and Fe in hair may account for the cognitive deficits of children. Manganese and Fe in hair also were positively correlated with Mn and Fe in drinking water, respectively. These results suggest that drinking water is possibly a source of metals exposure in children. ALA-D activity was decreased and ALA-RE with DTT and ZnCl2 was increased in rural children in comparison to urban children. Moreover, ALA-D inhibition was correlated with Cr blood levels and ALA-RE/DDT and ALA-RE/ZnCl2 were correlated with levels of Cr and Hg in blood. Thus, our results indicated some adverse effects of children's exposure to multiple metals, such as cognitive deficits and ALA-D inhibition, mainly associated to Mn, Fe, Cr and Hg.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sabrina N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anelise
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Göethel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baierle
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariele F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Charão
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brucker
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Bubols
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Johanna S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sobreira
authors.affiliation: Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Post-graduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gioda
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Post-graduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jerusa F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Salles
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: solange.garcia@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Solange C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity*; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D000623:Porphobilinogen Synthase
keywords: ALA-inhibition; Cognitive deficits; Metals; Rural children; Urban children