title: Mucosal trauma induced apoptosis in guinea pig middle ear: comparision of hemostatic agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the absorbable gelatin sponge (AGS), microporous polysaccharide hemospheres (MPH), and Ankaferd on wound healing after middle ear trauma and to evaluate their ototoxicity in an experimental guinea pig model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Middle ear mucosal trauma was created in 21 healthy adult guinea pigs. MPH, Ankaferd, and AGS were applied into the right tympanic bulla of the guinea pigs (7 ears for each treatment modality). The left ears of the seven animals were used as the sham group. At the fourth postoperative week (28-30 days), the guinea pigs were decapitated. Apoptosis was investigated, and the expression of Bcl-xl, Apaf, p53, cytochrome 3, and caspase 3 were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ankaferd and AGS groups demonstrated significantly lower epithelial thickness, inflammation, and capillary dilatation than did the control group (p<0.001, <0.001, /0.001, <0.001/, 0.005, and 0.005, respectively). A statistically significant decrease in Bcl-xl staining was observed in the middle ears of animals treated with MPH (p=0.003). There was significantly higher caspase 3 expression in the Ankaferd and AGS groups than in the control group (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Light microscopy indicates that Ankaferd and AGS create less inflammation and increased caspase expression, which seems to induce inflammatory cell apoptosis. Ankaferd seems to be a promising hemostatic agent in otology.
authors.affiliation: İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Research and Education Hospital, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, İzmir, Turkey. Electronic address: erd2eren@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Erdem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eren
authors.affiliation: İzmir Aliağa State Hospital, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Sinan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Başoğlu
authors.affiliation: Mardin State Hospital, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, Mardin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kulduk
authors.affiliation: İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embrology, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Şimsek
authors.affiliation: Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embrology, Manisa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevinç
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: İnan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005781:Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable / Q000494:pharmacology; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008853:Microscopy; D023421:Models, Animal; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006490:Hemostatics; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; C539751:ankaferd blood stopper; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Apoptosis; Hemostatic; Immunohistochemical; Inflammation