title: The role of perceived discrimination during childhood and adolescence in understanding racial and socioeconomic influences on depression in young adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe levels of perceived lifetime discrimination among young adults and determine its role in understanding this racial/ethnic disparity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the Princeton School District study, a 10-year cohort study in which investigators followed 545 non-Hispanic black (46%) and white initial 5-12 graders. Perceived lifetime racial discrimination was assessed with the General Ethnic Discrimination Scale and depressive symptoms with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Stepped linear and logistic regression analyses assessed the relationships of race/ethnicity, parental education, and quintiles of discrimination to depressive symptoms. Stratification by race/ethnicity explored differences in the role of discrimination in explaining the relationship between parental education and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black students from professionally educated families had the greatest discrimination scores, 1.8 times greater than among their white peers (meanblack = 42.1 vs meanwhite = 22.8; P < .0001). Greater parental education was associated with lower depressive symptoms in all regression models. Race/ethnicity became predictive of depressive symptoms only after adjusting for discrimination, which was strongly associated with depressive symptoms. Stratified analysis suggested discrimination accounted for the relationship of parental education to depressive symptoms among whites. Among black subjects, accounting for discrimination unmasked a buffering effect of parental education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater levels of parent education are protective against depression for white youth. However, for black youth, greater parent education confers both risk and protective effects. The high discrimination among black youth from families with college or professionally educated parents overwhelms the protective effect of greater levels of parent education.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Academic Pediatrics/Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Erika R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Division of General Academic Pediatrics/Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Electronic address: egoodman3@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063505:Racism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult