title: Low doses of ethanol markedly potentiate the anti-seizure effect of diazepam in a mouse model of difficult-to-treat focal seizures.
abstract: Ethanol is commonly used as a solvent in injectable formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs. The concentrations of ethanol in such formulations are generally considered reasonably safe. It is long known that ethanol can potentiate central effects of sedatives and tranquillizers, particularly the benzodiazepines, most likely as a result of a synergistic interaction at the GABAA receptor. However, whether this occurs at the low systemic doses of ethanol resulting from its use as solvent in parenteral formulations of benzodiazepines is not known. In the present study we evaluated whether a commercial ethanol-containing aqueous solution of diazepam exerts more potent anti-seizure effects than an aqueous solution of diazepam hydrochloride or an aqueous emulsion of this drug in the intrahippocampal kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy in mice. Spontaneous epileptic seizures in this model are known to be resistant to major antiepileptic drugs. Administration of the ethanol-containing formulation of diazepam caused an almost complete suppression of seizures. This was not seen when the same dose (5 mg/kg) of diazepam was administered as aqueous solution or emulsion, although all three diazepam formulations resulted in similar drug and metabolite concentrations in plasma. Our data demonstrate that ethanol-containing solutions of diazepam are superior to block difficult-to-treat seizures to other formulations of diazepam. To our knowledge, this has not been demonstrated before and, if this finding can be translated to humans, may have important consequences for emergency treatment of acute seizures, series of seizures, and initial treatment of status epilepticus in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bankstahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hausknecht
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: wolfgang.loescher@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Löscher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D007608:Kainic Acid; D051379:Mice; D003708:Nordazepam / Q000097:blood; D010076:Oxazepam / Q000097:blood; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013693:Temazepam / Q000097:blood; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; D003708:Nordazepam; D010076:Oxazepam; D013693:Temazepam; D003975:Diazepam; D007608:Kainic Acid
keywords: Benzodiazepines; Epilepsy; GABA receptors; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; Kainate; Pharmacoresistance