title: Evaluation of cognitive function in bipolar disorder using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders (BAC-A).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although cognitive impairment is a core feature of bipolar disorder (BD) there is no instrument of choice for the assessment of bipolar patients. The aim of this study is to assess cognitive performance using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders (BAC-A), a comprehensive test battery developed specifically for BD, and determine its suitability to estimate global functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  The BAC-A was administered to 93 BD patients (M ± S.E: 35.18 ± 1.39 years) and 56 healthy controls (HC - M ± S.E: 36.17 ± 1.91 years). The scores of the BAC-A were combined in eight summary scores: visuomotor, immediate affective and non-affective memory, verbal fluency, delayed affective and non-affective memory, inhibition, and problem solving. Post hoc analyses were performed on subtests of the summary scores found to be significantly different between BD patients and HC. Correlational analyses explored the association between the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score and cognitive functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to HC, BD patients showed a significant impairment in short-term non-affective memory and verbal fluency. Poorer performance in verbal memory and verbal fluency summary scores correlated positively with reduced GAF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are consistent with previous reports of verbal memory and verbal fluency impairment in BD. The deficits in short-term memory and semantic fluency may indicate inefficient learning strategies and/or difficulties in retrieving information. The BAC-A could be used to estimate global functioning in BD patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 77054 Houston, TX, United States. Electronic address: Isabelle.E.Bauer@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Isabelle E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University, Medical Centre, 27710 Durham, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Richard S E
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 77054 Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Marsal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanches
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 77054 Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suchting
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 77054 Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 77054 Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Jair C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014706:Verbal Learning
keywords: BAC-A; Bipolar disorder; Cognitive; Psychometrics; Verbal fluency; Verbal memory