title: Effect of self-ligating bracket type and vibration on frictional force and stick-slip phenomenon in diverse tooth displacement conditions: an in vitro mechanical analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of self-ligating bracket (SLB) type and vibration on frictional force and stick-slip phenomenon (SSP) in diverse tooth displacement conditions when a levelling/alignment wire was drawn.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 16 groups were tested (n = 10/group): Two types of SLBs [active SLB (ASLB, In-Ovation R) and passive SLB (PSLB, Damon Q)]; vibration (30 Hz and 0.25 N) and non-vibration conditions; and 4 types of displacement [2mm lingual displacement of the maxillary right lateral incisor (LD), 2mm gingival displacement of the maxillary right canine (GD), combination of LD and GD (LGD), and control]. After applying artificial saliva to the typodont system, 0.018 copper nickel-titanium archwire was drawn by Instron with a speed of 0.5mm/min for 5 minutes at 36.5°C. After static/kinetic frictional forces (SFF/KFF), and frequency/amplitude of SSP were measured, statistical analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ASLB exhibited higher SFF, KFF, and SSP amplitude (all P < 0.001) and lower SSF frequency (all P < 0.05) than PSLB in all displacement groups. Vibration decreased SFF, KFF, and SSP amplitude and increased SSP frequency in control and all displacement groups (all P < 0.001). ASLB exhibited lower SSP frequency than PSLB only under non-vibration condition (P < 0.05 in LD and GD, P < 0.01 in LGD). However, regardless of vibration conditions, ASLB demonstrated higher SSP amplitude than PSLB in all displacement groups (all P < 0.001 under non-vibration; all P < 0.01 under vibration).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in tooth displacement conditions, vibration significantly reduced SFF, KFF, SSP amplitude, and increased SPP frequency in both PSLB and ASLB. However, in vivo studies would be needed to confirm the clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, **Department of Orthodontics, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, and.
authors.forename: Yu-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: ***Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Bum-Soon
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: **Department of Orthodontics, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, and.
authors.forename: Young Guk
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University.
authors.forename: Il-Hyung
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University.
authors.forename: Seok-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University.
authors.forename: Tae-Woo
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, drwhite@unitel.co.kr.
authors.forename: Seung-Hak
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Baek
mesh_terms: D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000145:classification*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; C415948:Copper NiTi; D003722:Dental Alloys; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D013193:Stainless Steel; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium