title: What if endoscopic hemostasis fails? Alternative treatment strategies: interventional radiology.
abstract: Since the 1960s, interventional radiology has played a role in the management of gastrointestinal bleeding. What began primarily as a diagnostic modality has evolved into much more of a therapeutic tool. And although the frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding has diminished thanks to management by pharmacologic and endoscopic methods, the need for additional invasive interventions still exists. Transcatheter angiography and intervention is a fundamental step in the algorithm for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Rm. 1x55, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. Electronic address: sujal.nanavati@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Sujal M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nanavati
mesh_terms: D004378:Duodenal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019233:Retreatment; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D017211:Treatment Failure
keywords: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding; Embolization; Endoscopic hemostasis; Interventional radiology; Treatment