title: Hypnotic use and fatigue in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep disturbances and fatigue are common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), but little is known about hypnotic use patterns in MS, or the relationship between these medications and fatigue. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) hypnotic use among MS patients, and to assess the relationships between fatigue severity and hypnotic use among persons with MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on hypnotic use frequency, hypnotic agents of choice, and clinical characteristics were extracted from medical records and a survey dataset from 190 MS patients who completed questionnaires regarding sleep quality, sleep quantity, nocturnal symptoms, sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), obstructive sleep apnea risk (STOP-Bang questionnaire), insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index), and fatigue level (Fatigue Severity Scale - FSS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine subjects (47%) endorsed hypnotic use occasionally, frequently, or always. OTC diphenhydramine-containing products accounted for the majority of utilization, reported by 47 (25%). The occurrence of occasional or more frequent hypnotic use correlated with daytime fatigue (Spearman rho = 0.28, P = 0.0002), but not sleepiness. Regression of FSS scores on hypnotic use confirmed the association [beta (SE) = 0.55 (0.21), P = 0.0092] after adjustment for clinical and sleep-related confounds. In separate, similarly adjusted models, the use of OTC hypnotics but not prescription hypnotics was independently associated with higher FSS scores [0.54 (0.22), P = 0.0159]. An analogous association was observed more specifically for the use of diphenhydramine-containing products (0.49 (0.24), P = 0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypnotic use is highly prevalent among MS patients. Carryover effects from hypnotic agents, and in particular OTC diphenhydramine-containing products, could contribute to daytime fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neurology and Sleep Disorders Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: tbraley@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Tiffany J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Braley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Sleep Disorders Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Chervin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: Diphenhydramine; Fatigue; Fatigue severity scale; Hypnotic; Insomnia; MS; Multiple sclerosis; Sleepiness