title: In depth analysis of apoptosis induced by silica coated manganese oxide nanoparticles in vitro.
abstract: Manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO NPs) have been regarded as a new class of T1-positive contrast agents. The cytotoxicity of silica coated MnO NPs (MnO@SiO2 NPs) was investigated in human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) and mouse fibroblast cells (L929). The changes of cell viability, cell morphology, cellular oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell cycle induced by MnO@SiO2 NPs were evaluated. Compared to HeLa cells, L929 cells showed lower cell viability, more strongly response to oxidative stress and higher percentage in the G2/M phase of cell cycle. The appearance of sub-G1 peak, double staining with Annexin V-FITC/PI and the increase of Caspase-3 activity further confirmed apoptosis should be the major form of cell death. Moreover, the apoptotic pathway was clarified as follows. Firstly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated induced by MnO@SiO2 NPs, then p53 is activated followed by an increase in the bax and a decrease in the bcl-2, ultimately leading to G2/M phase arrest, increasing the activity of caspase-3 and inducing apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China. Electronic address: zgzhou@shnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
authors.forename: Yanan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China; The Education Ministry Key Lab of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China. Electronic address: shipingy@shnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shiping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002460:Cell Line; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017895:Manganese Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C027424:manganese oxide; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: In vitro; Magnetic resonance imaging; MnO nanoparticle; Silica; Toxicity