title: Electromagnetic interference caused by common surgical energy-based devices on an implanted cardiac defibrillator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical energy-based devices emit energy, which can interfere with other electronic devices (eg, implanted cardiac pacemakers and/or defibrillators). The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of unintentional energy (electromagnetic interference [EMI]) transferred to an implanted cardiac defibrillator by common surgical energy-based devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A transvenous cardiac defibrillator was implanted in an anesthetized pig. The primary outcome measure was the average maximum EMI occurring on the implanted cardiac device during activations of multiple different surgical energy-based devices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EMI transferred to the implanted cardiac device is as follows: traditional bipolar 30 W .01 ± .004 mV, advanced bipolar .004 ± .003 mV, ultrasonic shears .01 ± .004 mV, monopolar Bovie 30 W coagulation .50 ± .20 mV, monopolar Bovie 30 W blend .92 ± .63 mV, monopolar instrument without dispersive electrode .21 ± .07 mV, plasma energy 3.48 ± .78 mV, and argon beam coagulator 2.58 ± .34 mV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons can minimize EMI on implanted cardiac defibrillators by preferentially utilizing bipolar and ultrasonic devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paniccia
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rozner
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
authors.forename: Nicole T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Varosy
authors.affiliation: Covidien, Boulder, CO.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.affiliation: Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.affiliation: Dermatology and Plastic Surgery of Arizona, Sierra Vista, AZ.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.
authors.forename: Gregory V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Stiegmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. Electronic address: thomas.robinson@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057908:Argon Plasma Coagulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011846:Radio Waves; D013552:Swine; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Defibrillator; Electromagnetic interference; Electrosurgery; Surgical energy-based device