title: Submarine groundwater discharge from the South Australian Limestone Coast region estimated using radium and salinity.
abstract: The Tertiary Limestone Aquifer (TLA) is one of the major regional hydrogeological systems of southern Australia. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) of freshwater from the TLA occurs through spring creeks, beach springs and diffusively through beach sands, but the magnitude of the total flux is not known. Here, a range of potential environmental tracers (including temperature, salinity, (222)Rn, (223)Ra, (224)Ra, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, and (4)He) were measured in potential sources of SGD and in seawater along a 45 km transect off the coastline to evaluate SGD from the TLA. Whilst most tracers had a distinct signature in the sources of water to the coastline, salinity and the radium quartet had the most distinct SGD signal in seawater. A one-dimensional advection-dispersion model was used to estimate the terrestrial freshwater component of SGD (Qfw) using salinity and the recirculated seawater component (Qrsw) using radium activity in seawater. Qfw was estimated at 1.2-4.6 m(3) s(-1), similar in magnitude to previously measured spring creek discharge (∼3 m(3) s(-1)) for the area. This suggests that other terrestrial groundwater discharge processes (beach springs and diffuse discharge through beach sands) were no more than 50% of spring creek discharge. The largest component of total SGD was Qrsw, estimated at 500-1000 m(3) s(-1) and possibly greater. The potential for wave, storm, or buoyancy-driven porewater displacement from the seafloor could explain the large recirculation flux for this section of the Southern Ocean Continental Shelf.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water and CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Waite Campus, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia. Electronic address: sebastien.lamontagne@csiro.au.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lamontagne
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water and CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Waite Campus, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia. Electronic address: andrew.r.taylor@csiro.au.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: South Australian Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, 11 Helen Street, Mt Gambier, SA 5290, Australia. Electronic address: darren.herpich@sa.gov.au.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herpich
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water and Water for a Healthy Country Flagship, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia. Electronic address: gary.hancock@csiro.au.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hancock
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis*; D011886:Radon / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011886:Radon; D011883:Radium
keywords: Radium; Radon; Salinity; Southern Australia; Submarine groundwater discharge