title: Challenges posed by extracellular vesicles from eukaryotic microbes.
abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EV) produced by eukaryotic microbes play an important role during infection. EV release is thought to benefit microbial invasion by delivering a high concentration of virulence factors to distal host cells or to the cytoplasm of a host cell. EV can significantly impact the outcome of host–pathogen interaction in a cargo-dependent manner. Release of EV from eukaryotic microbes poses unique challenges when compared to their bacterial or archaeal counterparts. Firstly, the membrane-bound organelles within eukaryotes facilitate multiple mechanisms of vesicle generation. Secondly, the fungal cell wall poses a unique barrier between the vesicle release site at the plasma membrane and its destined extracellular environment. This review focuses on these eukaryotic-specific aspects of vesicle synthesis and release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000378:metabolism*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*