title: cCMP and cUMP: emerging second messengers.
abstract: The cyclic purine nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are established second messengers. By contrast, the existence of the cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cCMP) and uridine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cUMP) has been controversial for decades. The recent development of highly sensitive mass spectrometry (MS) methods allowed precise quantitation and unequivocal identification of cCMP and cUMP in cells. Importantly, cCMP and cUMP generators, effectors, cleaving enzymes, and transporters have now been identified. Here, I discuss evidence in support of cCMP and cUMP as bona fide second messengers, the emerging therapeutic implications of cCMP and cUMP signaling, and important unresolved questions for this field.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: seifert.roland@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seifert
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism; D003563:Cyclic CMP / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000378:metabolism; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014542:Uridine Monophosphate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic; D003563:Cyclic CMP; C045338:cyclic 3',5'-uridine monophosphate; D014542:Uridine Monophosphate; C111504:ExoY protein, bacteria; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase
keywords: bacterial toxins; cCMP; cUMP; nucleotidyl cyclases; phosphodiesterases; protein kinases