title: Genomic and non-genomic actions of estrogen: recent developments.
abstract: Abstract Estrogen affects transcriptional status by activating its corresponding nuclear receptor, the estrogen receptor (ER). It can also induce rapid cellular reactions within a few minutes, and this feature cannot be explained by the transcription-mediated effects of estrogen. The latter mechanisms are called 'non-genomic actions' of estrogen. In contrast, the former classic modes of action came to be called 'genomic actions'. One of the recent developments of research on estrogen was the substantiation of the non-genomic actions of estrogen; these were initially observed and reported as intriguing phenomena more than 40 years ago. The interacting molecules as well as the biological significance of non-genomic actions have now been shown. In the field of genomic actions, invention and spread of new technologies, including high-throughput sequencers, promoted a comprehensive view of estrogen-mediated transcriptional regulation.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue