title: Modeling human carcinomas: physiologically relevant 3D models to improve anti-cancer drug development.
abstract: Anti-cancer drug development is inefficient, mostly due to lack of efficacy in human patients. The high fail rate is partly due to the lack of predictive models or the inadequate use of existing preclinical test systems. However, progress has been made and preclinical models were improved or newly developed, which all account for basic features of solid cancers, three-dimensionality and heterotypic cell interaction. Here we give an overview of available in vivo and in vitro models of cancer, which meet the criteria of being 3D and mirroring human tumor-stroma interactions. We only focus on drug response models without touching models for pharmacokinetic and dynamic, toxicity or delivery aspects.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walzl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scherzer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hengstschläger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: helmut.dolznig@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dolznig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D015195:Drug Design; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: 3D cultures; Human cancer models; Microenvironment; Organoid models; Patient derived xenograft; Spheroid; Tumor slices; Tumor stroma