title: Metabolic and mitochondrial disorders associated with epilepsy in children with autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects a significant number of individuals in the United States, with the prevalence continuing to grow. A significant proportion of individuals with ASD have comorbid medical conditions such as epilepsy. In fact, treatment-resistant epilepsy appears to have a higher prevalence in children with ASD than in children without ASD, suggesting that current antiepileptic treatments may be suboptimal in controlling seizures in many individuals with ASD. Many individuals with ASD also appear to have underlying metabolic conditions. Metabolic conditions such as mitochondrial disease and dysfunction and abnormalities in cerebral folate metabolism may affect a substantial number of children with ASD, while other metabolic conditions that have been associated with ASD such as disorders of creatine, cholesterol, pyridoxine, biotin, carnitine, γ-aminobutyric acid, purine, pyrimidine, and amino acid metabolism and urea cycle disorders have also been associated with ASD without the prevalence clearly known. Interestingly, all of these metabolic conditions have been associated with epilepsy in children with ASD. The identification and treatment of these disorders could improve the underlying metabolic derangements and potentially improve behavior and seizure frequency and/or severity in these individuals. This paper provides an overview of these metabolic disorders in the context of ASD and discusses their characteristics, diagnostic testing, and treatment with concentration on mitochondrial disorders. To this end, this paper aims to help optimize the diagnosis and treatment of children with ASD and epilepsy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Autism and Epilepsy".
authors.affiliation: Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. Electronic address: REFrye@uams.edu.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Frye
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Autism; Cerebral folate deficiency; Comorbidities; Epilepsy; Metabolic disorders; Mitochondrial disease; Mitochondrial dysfunction