title: Anti-smoking legislation and its effects on urinary cotinine and cadmium levels.
abstract: Anti-smoking legislation has been associated with an improvement in health indicators. Since the cadmium (Cd) body burden in the general population is markedly increased by smoke exposure, we analyzed the impact of the more restrictive legislation that came into force in Spain in 2011 by measuring Cd and cotinine in first morning urine samples from 83 adults in Madrid (Spain) before (2010) and after (2011) introduction of this law. Individual pair-wise comparisons showed a reduction of creatinine corrected Cotinine and Cd levels for non-active smokers, i. e. those which urinary cotinine levels are below 50 μg/L. After the application of the stricter law, cotinine levels in urine only decreased in non-active smokers who self-reported not to be exposed to second-hand smoke. The reduction in second hand smoke exposure was significantly higher in weekends (Friday to Sunday) than in working days (Monday to Thursday). The decrease in U-Cd was highly significant in non-active smokers and, in general, correlated with lower creatinine excretion. Therefore correction by creatinine could bias urinary Cd results, at least for cotinine levels higher than 500 μg/L. The biochemical/toxicological benefits detected herein support the stricter application of anti-smoking legislation and emphasize the need to raise the awareness of the population as regards exposure at home.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: jinnysanchez@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Jinny E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: mbj@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartolomé
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: acanas@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Cañas
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: olgahh@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Huetos
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: carnavarro@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: acrodriguez@isciii.es.
authors.forename: A Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Prevención, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: marribas@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Misericordia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arribas
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: m.esteban@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: alopezh@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: castano@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Argelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castaño
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Cadmium; Cotinine; Human biomonitoring; Second-hand smoke (SHS); Smoke-free policy