title: Optical simulation for subsurface nanoglistening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether subsurface nanoglistening in hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOL) diminishes visual performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of subsurface nanoglistenings was simulated using optical design software Lighttools and Code V with the Liou-Brenann model eye and an acrylic IOL. Peak irradiance of the retina, forward light scattering, and modulation transfer function (MTF) were evaluated. During optical simulation, particle diameters were set at 100 nm, 150 nm, and 200 nm and volume ratios at 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1.0%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak irradiance decreased as subsurface nanoglistening volume ratio and particle size increased. At a volume ratio of 0.05%, the peak irradiance of subsurface nanoglistening particles 100 nm, 150 nm, and 200 nm in diameter decreased 0.7%, 1.8%, and 2.9%, respectively, compared with those at volume ratio 0% (no subsurface nanoglistenings). At a volume ratio of 0.1%, the peak irradiance of subsurface nanoglistening particles 100 nm, 150 nm, and 200 nm decreased 1.5%, 3.6%, and 5.7%, respectively. Forward light scattering increased with increased size of subsurface nanoglistening particle and volume ratio. The MTF was not altered by changes in subsurface nanoglistening particle size or volume ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subsurface nanoglistenings increased forward scattering slightly and reduced irradiance but significantly diminished retinal image. The effect of subsurface nanoglistenings on visual function in the absence of severe retinal disease was minimal.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology (Takahashi, Mita, Hatsusaka, S. Shibata, N. Shibata, Kubo, Sasaki) and the Division of Vision, Research for Environmental Health (Hatsusaka, Sasaki), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, the Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences (Kawamorita), and the Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine (Kawamorita), Sagamihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoriko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology (Takahashi, Mita, Hatsusaka, S. Shibata, N. Shibata, Kubo, Sasaki) and the Division of Vision, Research for Environmental Health (Hatsusaka, Sasaki), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, the Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences (Kawamorita), and the Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine (Kawamorita), Sagamihara, Japan. Electronic address: kawa2008@kitasato-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takushi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamorita
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology (Takahashi, Mita, Hatsusaka, S. Shibata, N. Shibata, Kubo, Sasaki) and the Division of Vision, Research for Environmental Health (Hatsusaka, Sasaki), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, the Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences (Kawamorita), and the Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine (Kawamorita), Sagamihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology (Takahashi, Mita, Hatsusaka, S. Shibata, N. Shibata, Kubo, Sasaki) and the Division of Vision, Research for Environmental Health (Hatsusaka, Sasaki), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, the Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences (Kawamorita), and the Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine (Kawamorita), Sagamihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hatsusaka
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology (Takahashi, Mita, Hatsusaka, S. Shibata, N. Shibata, Kubo, Sasaki) and the Division of Vision, Research for Environmental Health (Hatsusaka, Sasaki), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, the Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences (Kawamorita), and the Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine (Kawamorita), Sagamihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology (Takahashi, Mita, Hatsusaka, S. Shibata, N. Shibata, Kubo, Sasaki) and the Division of Vision, Research for Environmental Health (Hatsusaka, Sasaki), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, the Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences (Kawamorita), and the Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine (Kawamorita), Sagamihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology (Takahashi, Mita, Hatsusaka, S. Shibata, N. Shibata, Kubo, Sasaki) and the Division of Vision, Research for Environmental Health (Hatsusaka, Sasaki), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, the Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences (Kawamorita), and the Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine (Kawamorita), Sagamihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Ophthalmology (Takahashi, Mita, Hatsusaka, S. Shibata, N. Shibata, Kubo, Sasaki) and the Division of Vision, Research for Environmental Health (Hatsusaka, Sasaki), Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, the Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences (Kawamorita), and the Department of Ophthalmology, Kitasato University School of Medicine (Kawamorita), Sagamihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D019466:Glare; D006801:Humans; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D008027:Light; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012160:Retina / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014617:Vacuoles; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*