title: Ketamine ameliorates depressive-like behaviors and immune alterations in adult rats following maternal deprivation.
abstract: A growing body of evidence points toward an association between the glutamatergic system, as well as immune system dysregulation and major depression. So, the present study was aimed at evaluating the behavioral and molecular effects of the ketamine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor of glutamate in maternally deprived adult rats. In deprived rats treated with saline, we observed an increase in the immobility time; however, ketamine treatment reversed this effect, decreasing immobility time. In addition, maternal deprivation induced an increase in cytokines: TNF-α and IL-1 in serum, and in IL-6 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Interestingly, ketamine treatment reduced the levels of all the cytokines in deprived rats. In conclusion, these findings further support a relationship between immune activation and depression. Considering the action of ketamine, this study suggested that antagonists of the NMDA receptor, such as ketamine, could exert their effects by modulation of the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: gislaine.z.reus@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Gislaine Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Réus
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Marcos Paulo
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nacif
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Helena M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Abelaira
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Débora B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Tomaz
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Maria Augusta B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Anelise S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Carlessi
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaine R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: da Luz
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francieli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vuolo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dal-Pizzol
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: André F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quevedo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007649:Ketamine
keywords: Depression; Immune system; Ketamine; NMDA receptor