title: Assessing motivation orientations in schizophrenia: Scale development and validation.
abstract: Motivation deficits are common in several disorders including schizophrenia, and are an important factor in both functioning and treatment adherence. Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a leading macro-theory of motivation, has contributed a number of insights into how motivation is impaired in schizophrenia. Nonetheless, self-report measures of motivation appropriate for people with severe mental illness (including those that emphasize SDT) are generally lacking in the literature. To fill this gap, we adapted and abbreviated the well-validated General Causality Orientation Scale for use with people with schizophrenia and with other severe mental disorders (GCOS-clinical populations; GCOS-CP). In Study 1, we tested the similarity of our measure to the existing GCOS (using a college sample) and then validated this new measure in a schizophrenia and healthy control sample (Study 2). Results from Study 1 (N=360) indicated that the GCOS-CP was psychometrically similar to the original GCOS and provided good convergent and discriminant validity. In Study 2, the GCOS-CP was given to individuals with (N=44) and without schizophrenia (N=42). In line with both laboratory-based and observer-based research, people with schizophrenia showed lower motivational autonomy and higher impersonal/amotivated orientations. Additional applications of the GCOS-CP are discussed.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco State University, Department of Psychology, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Shanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: San Francisco State University, Department of Psychology, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsey M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lavaysse
authors.affiliation: San Francisco State University, Department of Psychology, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. Electronic address: dgard@sfsu.edu.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Gard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amotivation; Extrinsic motivation; Intrinsic motivation; Self-Determination Theory