title: [The use of systematic review to develop a self-management program for CKD].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a public health issue of international concern due to its high prevalence. The concept of self-management has been comprehensively applied in education programs that address chronic diseases. In recent years, many studies have used self-management programs in CKD interventions and have investigated the pre- and post-intervention physiological and psychological effectiveness of this approach. However, a complete clinical application program in the self-management model has yet to be developed for use in clinical renal care settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A systematic review is used to develop a self-management program for CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three implementation steps were used in this study. These steps include: (1) A systematic literature search and review using databases including CEPS (Chinese Electronic Periodical Services) of Airiti, National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan, CINAHL, Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane Library, and Joanna Briggs Institute. A total of 22 studies were identified as valid and submitted to rigorous analysis. Of these, 4 were systematic literature reviews, 10 were randomized experimental studies, and 8 were non-randomized experimental studies. (2) Empirical evidence then was used to draft relevant guidelines on clinical application. (3) Finally, expert panels tested the validity of the draft to ensure the final version was valid for application in practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study designed a self-management program for CKD based on the findings of empirical studies. The content of this program included: design principles, categories, elements, and the intervention measures used in the self-management program. This program and then was assessed using the content validity index (CVI) and a four-point Liker's scale. The content validity score was .98. The guideline of self-management program to CKD was thus developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study developed a self-management program applicable to local care of CKD. It is hoped that the guidelines developed in this study offer a reference for clinical caregivers to improve their healthcare practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Hemodialysis Room, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan, ROC. shufang@ntunhs.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shu-Fang Vivienne
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Mei-Chen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Fu-An
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yen-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chin-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D012648:Self Care
keywords: chronic kidney disease; self-management program; systematic review