title: Where there is smoke…there is sleep apnea: exploring the relationship between smoking and sleep apnea.
abstract: Smoking and OSA are widely prevalent and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It has been hypothesized that each of these conditions adversely affects the other, leading to increased comorbidity while altering the efficacy of existing therapies. However, while the association between smoking and OSA is plausible, the evidence is less than conclusive. Cigarette smoking may increase the severity of OSA through alterations in sleep architecture, upper airway neuromuscular function, arousal mechanisms, and upper airway inflammation. Conversely, some evidence links untreated OSA with smoking addiction. Smoking cessation should improve OSA, but the evidence to support this is also limited. This article reviews the current evidence linking both conditions and the efficacy of various treatments. Limitations of the current evidence and areas in need of future investigation are also addressed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, MetroHealth Campus of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Electronic address: vkrishnan@metrohealth.org.
authors.forename: Vidya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, MetroHealth Campus of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Sherrie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixon-Williams
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, MetroHealth Campus of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: J Daryl
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thornton
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*