title: The effect of the modified Z trendelenburg position on intraocular pressure during robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a randomized, controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Trendelenburg position has a dramatic effect on circulation, consequently increasing cerebral and intraocular pressure. We evaluated whether modifying the Trendelenburg position would minimize the increase in intraocular pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, randomized, controlled study we compared intraocular pressure in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy while in the Trendelenburg position or the modified Z Trendelenburg position. In group 1 intraocular pressure, blood pressure and endotracheal CO2 were measured in the patient at anesthesia induction (time 1), before positioning (time 2), and while in the Trendelenburg position (time 3) and in the modified Z Trendelenburg position (time 4). They were also measured after pneumoperitoneum (time 5), every 30 minutes (times 6 to 16), while supine at the end of pneumoperitoneum (time 17) and before awakening (time 18). We modified the Trendelenburg position by placing the head and shoulders horizontally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 included 29 patients in the modified Z Trendelenburg position. Group 2 included 21 patients in the Trendelenburg position. No difference was found in patient demographics or surgical outcomes. Median intraocular pressure was in the low normal range at times 1 and 2, and increased in time 3 in each group. From time 4 intraocular pressure decreased and at all time points it was significantly lower in group 1 by a mean of 4.61 mm Hg (95% CI -6.90-2.30, p <0.001). At time 17 mean intraocular pressure decreased to normal (19.6 mm Hg) in group 1 but remained in the hypertensive range (24.9 mm Hg) in group 2. At time 18 mean intraocular pressure was 17 mm Hg in each group. Blood pressure was significantly lower in group 1 with a mean reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure of 6.3 and 4.3 mm Hg, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that modifying the Trendelenburg position during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy has a significant positive effect on patient neuro-ocular safety by lowering intraocular pressure and accelerating its recovery to the normal range without affecting the operation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Macquarie University Hospital, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: droritraz@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Macquarie University Hospital, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Tillman W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Boesel
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Macquarie University Hospital, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arianayagam
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Macquarie University Hospital, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Macquarie University Hospital, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vass
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Macquarie University Hospital, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Chi Can
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Macquarie University Hospital, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Stuart L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Macquarie University Hospital, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Celi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Varol
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures
keywords: head-down tilt; intraocular pressure; prostate; prostatectomy; robotics