title: Level of male involvement and associated factors in family planning services utilization among married men in Debremarkos town, Northwest Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Men's participation is crucial to the success of family planning programs and women's empowerment and associated with better outcomes in reproductive health such as contraceptive acceptance and continuation, and safer sexual behaviors. Limited choice and access to methods, attitudes of men towards family planning, perceived fear of side-effects, poor quality of available services, cultural or religious oppositions and gender-based barriers are some of the reasons for low utilization of family planning. Hence, this study assessed the level of male involvement in family planning services utilization and its associated factors in Debremarkos town, Northwest Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November, 2013. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 524 eligible samples. Data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires. Epi Info and SPSS were used to enter and analyze the data; univariate, bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to display the outputs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 44 (8.4%) respondents were using or directly participating in the use of family planning services mainly male condoms. The reasons mentioned for the low participation were the desire to have more children, wife or partner refusal, fear of side effects, religious prohibition, lack of awareness about contraceptives and the thinking that it is the only issue for women. Opinion about family planning services, men approval and current use of family planning methods were associated with male involvement in the services utilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the level of male involvement was low. Lack of information, inaccessibility to the services and the desire to have more children were found to be the reasons for low male involvement in family planning services utilization. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations, donors and relevant stakeholders should ensure availability, accessibility and sustained advocacy for use of family planning services. The family planning programs should incorporate the responsibility and role of males in the uptake of family planning services.
authors.affiliation: GAMBY College of Medical Sciences, Bahirdar, Ethiopia. mihretiek@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mihretie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kassa
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, P.O. Box: 4006, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. amanuel_alemu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Amanuel Alemu
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abajobir
authors.affiliation: GAMBY College of Medical Sciences, Bahirdar, Ethiopia. mollagedefaw@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Molla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gedefaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003267:Contraception; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005002:Ethiopia; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D045808:Refusal to Participate; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D018454:Spouses