title: Physiological and glycemic responses following acute ingestion of a popular functional drink in patients with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the physiologic and glycemic responses to energy drinks by people with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind randomized comparison of Red Bull, Red Bull Light and a control drink, 16 adults (11 females; average age 31.5 years) with type 1 diabetes and an average glycated hemoglobin (A1C) of 68 mmol/mol were given 750 mL of Red Bull, Red Bull Light and Suso Orange in a random order. During 3 hours, comparisons were made of blood pressure and blood glucose and caffeine levels; 4-choice reaction time (4CRT) and a digit symbol substitution test were used to assess cognitive performance. Mood was measured using the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology mood adjective checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consumption of Red Bull and Suso Orange were associated with an early sustained rise in blood glucose, which was augmented by Red Bull (p=0.02). A transient rise in systolic blood pressure (115.9 mm Hg to 124.5 mm Hg and 115.8 mm Hg to 125.9 mm Hg, respectively, both p<0.01) followed consumption of Red Bull and Red Bull Light. There were less consistent changes in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Consumption of both energy drinks resulted in modest improvement in performance on the digit substitution test but had no effect on 4CRT. Energy arousal and hedonic tone were influenced transiently only, following the consumption of Suso Orange.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of energy drinks can result in a significant carbohydrate load for people with diabetes, and patients must consider the need to adjust their insulin regimens appropriately. Caffeine-containing energy drinks can cause a rise in blood pressure, which may be an important consideration for individuals at risk for diabetes-related complications.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester, United Kingdom. Electronic address: tolulope.olateju@hhft.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Tolulope
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olateju
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Bournemouth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Dorset, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Begley
authors.affiliation: Medical Statistics, Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Bournemouth Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Royal Bournemouth Hospital and Centre of Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002110:Caffeine / Q000097:blood; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004435:Eating; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Mood Adjective Cheklist; blood glucose; blood pressure; boissons sucrées contenant de la caféine; boissons énergétiques; boissons énergétiques sans sucre contenant de la caféine; caffeine-containing carbohydrate drinks; caffeine-containing carbohydrate-free energy drinks; diabète de type 1; digit symbol substitution test; energy drinks; glycémie; mood adjective checklist; pression artérielle; reaction time test; type 1 diabetes; épreuve de substitution de codes; épreuve de temps de réaction