title: Sleep efficiency (but not sleep duration) of healthy school-age children is associated with grades in math and languages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the associations between objective measures of sleep duration and sleep efficiency with the grades obtained by healthy typically developing children in math, language, science, and art while controlling for the potential confounding effects of socioeconomic status (SES), age, and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied healthy typically developing children between 7 and 11 years of age. Sleep was assessed for five week nights using actigraphy, and parents provided their child's most recent report card.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher sleep efficiency (but not sleep duration) was associated with better grades in math, English language, and French as a second language, above and beyond the contributions of age, gender, and SES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep efficiency, but not sleep duration, is associated with academic performance as measured by report-card grades in typically developing school-aged children. The integration of strategies to improve sleep efficiency might represent a successful approach for improving children's readiness and/or performance in math and languages.
authors.affiliation: Attention, Behavior, and Sleep Laboratory, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: reut.gruber@douglas.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Reut
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Riverside School Board, 7525 Chemin de Chambly, Saint-Hubert, Québec J3Y 0N7, Canada.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Somerville
authors.affiliation: Riverside School Board, 7525 Chemin de Chambly, Saint-Hubert, Québec J3Y 0N7, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enros
authors.affiliation: Attention, Behavior, and Sleep Laboratory, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada.
authors.forename: Soukaina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paquin
authors.affiliation: Riverside School Board, 7525 Chemin de Chambly, Saint-Hubert, Québec J3Y 0N7, Canada.
authors.forename: Myra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kestler
authors.affiliation: Riverside School Board, 7525 Chemin de Chambly, Saint-Hubert, Québec J3Y 0N7, Canada.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gillies-Poitras
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D001154:Art; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics / Q000193:education; D012586:Science / Q000193:education; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Academic performance; Actigraphy; Pediatrics; Report cards; School; Sleep duration; Sleep efficiency