title: Staphylococcal enterotoxin burden determines the type of T helper cell response and pathology of the maxillary sinus mucosa in rabbits.
abstract: Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) induces T lymphocyte activation along with nasal allergic inflammation during rhinosinusitis, but it is under debate on which types of T helper (Th) cells respond exclusively or whether they respond synergically. We hypothesize that their responses may vary based on dose of SE. To test this hypothesis, we initiated to determine the nature of the T cell response and pathological feature upon repeated exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) at different doses in the maxillary sinus of rabbits. SEA (0.6 or 60 ng) was instilled daily into the left maxillary sinus of rabbits for 28 days. The right maxillary sinus receiving normal saline was used as control. Mucosal histological changes were examined by hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue staining. Tissue expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA-3) were examined using immunohistochemistry. Mucosal levels of representative pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA. SEA at 60 ng/day induced acute rhinosinusitis, as confirmed by CT scan. Histopathologic examination revealed epithelial disruption, subepithelial edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. MPO and T-bet expression, as well as interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ levels, were up-regulated. However, 0.6 ng/day SEA did not cause discharge. Histological examination revealed prominent eosinophilic infiltration. ECP and GATA-3 expression, as well as IL-4 and IL-5 levels, were increased at this lower dose. In conclusion, SEA induces acute rhinosinusitis associated with a Th1-type immune response at high dose, and a predominantly Th2-biased allergic inflammation at low dose.
authors.forename: Hongqi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Zhengwen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.forename: Xiaofan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zhongsheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D015523:Maxillary Sinusitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D011817:Rabbits; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004768:Enterotoxins; C026066:enterotoxin A, Staphylococcal