title: Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-β-D-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of β-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria.
abstract: Thymol is a natural product that exhibits antimicrobial activity in vitro but in vivo results indicate that absorption within the proximal alimentary tract precludes its delivery to the distal gut. Presently, the anti-Campylobacter activity of thymol was compared against that of thymol-β-D-glucopyranoside, the latter being resistant to absorption. When treated with 1 mM thymol, Campylobacter coli and jejuni were reduced during pure or co-culture with a β-glycoside-hydrolysing Parabacteroides distasonis. Thymol-β-D-glucopyranoside treatment (1 mM) did not reduce C. coli and jejuni during pure culture but did during co-culture with P. distasonis or during mixed culture with porcine or bovine faecal microbes possessing β-glycoside-hydrolysing activity. Fermentation acid production was reduced by thymol-β-D-glucopyranoside treatment, indicating that fermentation was inhibited, which may limit its application to just before harvest. Results suggest that thymol-β-D-glucopyranoside or similar β-glycosides may be able to escape absorption within the proximal gut and become activated by bacterial β-glycosidases in the distal gut.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Electronic address: seballin2002@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sharon V R
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Epps
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; Department of Nutrition and Botany, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia. Electronic address: petrujkic@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Branko T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Petrujkić
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia. Electronic address: ivana.sedej@fins.uns.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sedej
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA. Electronic address: nakrueger@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA. Electronic address: roger.harvey@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA. Electronic address: ross.beier@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ross C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Beier
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, KPO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA. Electronic address: thad.stanton@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Thad B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Electronic address: tphillips@cvm.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA. Electronic address: robin.anderson@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA. Electronic address: david.nisbet@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000187:drug effects*; D002417:Cattle; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005285:Fermentation; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D013943:Thymol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006027:Glycosides; D013943:Thymol
keywords: Campylobacter; Foodborne pathogen; Gut bacteria; Thymol; Thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside