title: Treatment strategies for infraoccluded dental implants.
abstract: Single-tooth implants in the maxillary anterior region have the highest risk of esthetic complications from infrapositioning due to continuing maxillary growth and the eruption of adjacent teeth. Although the placement of anterior single-tooth implants should normally be postponed, particularly girls and young women with a hyperdivergent growth pattern, if an infraposition of an implant is present, then thorough examination and strategic planning are required. According to the severity, the strategic treatment options are as follows: simple retention; adjustment or replacement of the implant restoration, possibly including adjacent teeth; surgical implant repositioning by segmental osteotomy combined with osseodistraction; or submergence or removal of the implant. With the patient presented, an interdisciplinary approach that combined orthodontic alignment, surgical segmental osteotomy, distraction osteogenesis, and restorative features offered the opportunity to realign the adjacent teeth into the arch and to harmonize the gingival contour by means of continuous soft tissue enlargement and adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: n.zitzmann@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Nicola U
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Zitzmann
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Orthodontics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Senior Resident, Department of Orthodontics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Private practice, Haus zur Pyramide, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brusco
authors.affiliation: Private practice, Klinik Pyramide am See, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Albino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Triaca
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Carlalberta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verna
mesh_terms: D003442:Crowns; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000009:adverse effects; D019250:Dental Implants, Single-Tooth / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005890:Gingivectomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult