title: Facial tissue depths in children with cleft lip and palate.
abstract: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a craniofacial malformation affecting more than seven million people worldwide that results in defects of the hard palate, teeth, maxilla, nasal spine and floor, and maxillodental asymmetry. CLP facial soft-tissue depth (FSTD) values have never been published. The purpose of this research is to report CLP FSTD values and compare them to previously published FSTD values for normal children. Thirty-eight FSTDs were measured on cone beam computed tomography images of CLP children (n = 86; 7-17 years). MANOVA and ANOVA tests determined whether cleft type, age, sex, and bone graft surgical status affect tissue depths. Both cleft type (unilateral/bilateral) and age influence FSTDs. CLP FSTDs exhibit patterns of variation that differ from normal children, particularly around the oronasal regions of the face. These differences should be taken into account when facial reconstructions of children with CLP are created.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Starbuck
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghoneima
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kula
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: cleft lip and cleft palate; cone beam computed tomography; facial reproduction; facial restoration; facial soft-tissue depth; forensic anthropology; forensic facial reconstruction; forensic science