title: Small high-density lipoprotein is associated with monocyte subsets in stable coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are heterogeneous in structure and function and the role of HDL subfractions in atherogenesis is not well understood. It has been suggested that small HDL may be dysfunctional in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Monocytes are considered to play a key role in atherosclerotic diseases. Circulating monocytes can be divided into three subtypes according to their surface expression of CD14 and CD16. Our aim was to examine whether monocyte subsets are associated with HDL subfractions in patients with atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 90 patients with angiographically stable CAD. Monocyte subsets were defined as classical monocytes (CD14++CD16-; CM), intermediate monocytes (CD14++CD16+; IM) and non-classical monocytes (CD14+CD16++; NCM). HDL subfractions were measured by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of small HDL correlated with circulating pro-inflammatory NCM and showed an inverse relationship to circulating CM independently from other lipid parameters, risk factors, inflammatory parameters or statin treatment regime, respectively. IM were not associated with small HDL. In particular, patients with small HDL levels in the highest tertile showed dramatically increased levels of NCM (14.7 ± 7% vs. 10.7 ± 5% and 10.8 ± 5%; p = 0.006) and a decreased proportion of CM (79.3 ± 7% vs. 83.7 ± 6% and 83.9 ± 6%; p = 0.004) compared to patients in the two lower tertiles. In contrast, intermediate HDL, large HDL and total HDL were not associated with monocyte subset distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small HDL levels are associated with pro-inflammatory NCM and inversely correlated with CM. This may suggest that small HDL could have dysfunctional anti-inflammatory properties in patients with established CAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Konstantin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Krychtiuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Stefan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kastl
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pfaffenberger
authors.affiliation: Krankenanstalten Dr. Dostal, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pongratz
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Sebastian L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hofbauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wonnerth
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Katharina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Katsaros
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goliasch
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Ludovit
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; 3rd Medical Department, Wilhelminenhospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.affiliation: Krankenanstalten Dr. Dostal, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dostal
authors.affiliation: Krankenanstalten Dr. Dostal, Vienna, Austria; 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oravec
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: johann.wojta@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wojta
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II - Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: walter.speidl@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Walter S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Speidl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D001794:Blood Pressure; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005464:Fluorobenzenes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005464:Fluorobenzenes; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D008055:Lipids; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D016753:Interleukin-10; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium; D000069059:Atorvastatin
keywords: Atherosclerosis; HDL; Inflammation; Monocyte subsets; Monocytes; Small HDL