title: Active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke in relation to insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function in Japanese subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have suggested that cigarette-smoking affects insulin sensitivity in Western populations. The present study evaluated glucose tolerance, pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in relation to active and passive smoking among the Japanese.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 411 men and 586 women were recruited into a community-based cross-sectional study in Gifu, Japan. Diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were screened for by a 75g oral glucose tolerance test. HOMA and insulinogenic (ΔI0-30/ΔG0-30) indexes were used to estimate insulin secretion and sensitivity. To assess the possible association of self-reported smoking status and parameters of glucose metabolism, logistic regression was applied after adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Currently smoking women were more likely to have diabetes, IGT or IFG compared with never-smoking women (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.05-4.84). Heavy-smoking men (≥25 cigarettes/day) were likely to be in the lowest tertile group of ΔI0-30/ΔG0-30 compared with never-smoking men (OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.05-6.68, Ptrend=0.04). The number of cigarettes/day was borderline significantly associated with diabetes in men. Also with borderline significance, never-smoking women with smoking husbands were more likely to have diabetes, IGT or IFG (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.00-2.62) and significantly more likely to have lower HOMA-β (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.36-3.48) than those without smoking husbands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greater the number of cigarettes smoked per day appears to be associated with diabetes among men whereas, among women, both active and passive smoking appear to be associated with diabetic states, including IGT and IFG. An association between smoking status and insulin secretion is also suggested, whereas no significant association was observed with HOMA-IR in this Japanese subjects, suggesting that the influence of smoking on glucose metabolism may differ among races.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion Research, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami Wako, Saitama, Japan; Department of Prevention for Lifestyle-related Diseases, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan. Electronic address: oba@niph.go.jp.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oba
authors.affiliation: Department of Prevention for Lifestyle-related Diseases, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Health Administration Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012042:Registries; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Diabetes; Insulin secretion; Passive smoking; Racial differences