title: Development of multicore hybrid particles for drug delivery through the precipitation of CO2 saturated emulsions.
abstract: Hybrid lipid-polymer particles are gaining increasing interest to be applied as drug delivery systems due to their greater stability in biological fluids and enhanced cellular uptake of drugs. However, a major drawback is the fact that these particles are usually produced through techniques that use organic solvents. This work studies the possibility of producing for the first time hybrid particles composed by lipid multicores enveloped in a polymeric layer through Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS(®)), without using organic solvents. An oil-in-water emulsion, composed by Gelucire 43/01™ (GEL) as the discontinuous phase and by an aqueous polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) solution as the continuous phase, was successfully precipitated by PGSS(®). Operating conditions that ensured the stability of the CO2 saturated emulsion were previously evaluated. The resulting PEG-GEL particles present a spherical-like morphology constituted by several lipid cores encapsulated into a polymeric shell. The applicability of these structured particles to be used as drug delivery system (DDS) was studied by using ketoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), as model drug. The particles provided an initial burst release of the drug due to the progressive dissolution of the external layer of PEG, followed by a controlled release of the NSAID from the GEL cores.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: V S S
authors.initials: VSS
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: High Pressure Processes Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Doctor Mergelina, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rojo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: A V M
authors.initials: AVM
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, Instituto de Ciências e Engenharia de Materiais e Superficies, P-1096 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, CENIMAT/I3N, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and CEMOP-UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, CENIMAT/I3N, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and CEMOP-UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fortunato
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2-P3, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: A P Alves
authors.initials: APA
authors.lastname: de Matos
authors.affiliation: High Pressure Processes Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Doctor Mergelina, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cocero
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal. Electronic address: cduarte@itqb.unl.pt.
authors.forename: C M M
authors.initials: CMM
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D010316:Particle Size; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004655:Emulsions; D014280:Triglycerides; C507309:gelucire 43-01; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D007660:Ketoprofen
keywords: Drug delivery systems; Emulsion; Multicore hybrid particles; Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions; Supercritical fluids