title: Cyclic tensile strain on vocal fold fibroblasts inhibits cigarette smoke-induced inflammation: implications for Reinke edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether patients with Reinke edema are more extrovertive than patients with carcinoma and, whether cyclic tensile strain (CTS) attenuates cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced inflammation in human vocal fold fibroblasts (HVFF).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro and ex vivo study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical investigation and Eysenck personality questionnaire were performed to evaluate the personality and smoking status in individuals among groups. 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay was applied to test the viabilities of cultured HVFF exposed to CSC and/or CTS. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in tissues from Reinke edema, paracancerous site, normal vocal fold, and in HVFF with different treatments were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or western blot, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with either Reinke edema or carcinoma were moderate/heavy smokers; the extraversion score, however, was higher in Reinke edema patients than that in carcinoma patients. CD44 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly higher, whereas, COX-2 and MMP-9 expressions were significantly lower in Reinke edema tissues than those in paracancerous tissues. Treatment of HVFF with CSC led to the decrease in cell viability, the reduction in CD44 expression, but, the increase in COX-2 and MMP-9 expressions and, moreover, administration of CTS inhibited such effects of CSC on HVFF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that Reinke edema patients have more extrovert personality characteristics in comparison to carcinoma patients and, importantly, CTS attenuates CSC-induced inflammation in HVFF. Phonatory vibration may be a mechanism for lower expression of proinflammatory mediators in Reinke edema tissues in spite of cigarette smoke exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, P.R. China; Institute of Eye and ENT, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemotherapy, Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yawei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, P.R. China; Institute of Eye and ENT, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, P.R. China; Institute of Eye and ENT, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhenghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, P.R. China; Institute of Eye and ENT, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jidong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, P.R. China; Institute of Eye and ENT, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan, P.R. China; Institute of Eye and ENT, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China. Electronic address: wang_hb7588@163.com.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: C497483:CD44 protein, human; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Cigarette smoke condensate; Cyclic tensile strain; Fibroblasts; Inflammation; Reinke edema; Vocal fold