title: Ultrastructure of egg activation and cortical reaction in the noble crayfish Astacus astacus.
abstract: Morphological changes in the gamete of female noble crayfish at four developmental stages were studied. Mature ovarian oocytes are enclosed by the first envelope that consists of two layers. Numerous pores are visible on the surface of the outer layer of this envelope and the inner layer contains bottlebrush-shaped objects. Three types of vesicles, including some that are highly and moderately electron-dense and some multi-layered, occur in the cortex of the oocyte. In freshly ovulated eggs, the pores in the outer layer are closed, and the bottlebrush-shaped objects in the inner layer are replaced by a spongiform electron-lucent matrix containing scattered electron-dense vesicles. One hour post-spawning, the first envelope, especially its inner layer, is condensed. The highly and moderately dense vesicles discharge their contents into the perivitelline space, where they combine and form a second envelope around the egg. Twenty-four hours post-ovulation, a second envelope is visible in the perivitelline space and the outer part of egg cortex. The highly and moderately electron-dense vesicles continue to release and combine contents to further construction of the second envelope after 24h post-spawning. The egg attachment stalk is derived from the first envelope. The fertilization coat in the noble crayfish consists of first and second envelopes that are produced by the ovary and the cortical reaction, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budĕjovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: niksirat@frov.jcu.cz.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niksirat
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budĕjovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Antonín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouba
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budĕjovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kozák
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D015388:Organelles / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010060:Ovulation; D013499:Surface Properties; D015053:Zygote / Q000648:ultrastructure*
keywords: Arthropod; Attachment stalk; Egg cortex; Egg envelope; Fertilization coat; Perivitelline space