title: The protective effect of apocynin on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the protective effect of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin on testicular damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 32 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Controls underwent left scrotal exploration only. The 3 groups with ischemia-reperfusion underwent 4-hour torsion followed by 1-hour detorsion. The ischemia-reperfusion only group underwent left testicular torsion and detorsion. The ischemia-reperfusion plus saline group underwent left testicular torsion, received 10 ml/kg saline intraperitoneally at minute 210 of ischemia and then underwent detorsion. The ischemia-reperfusion plus apocynin group underwent left testicular torsion, received 20 mg/kg apocynin intraperitoneally at minute 210 of ischemia and then underwent detorsion. We determined histopathological findings and performed specific biochemical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ischemia-reperfusion only and the ischemia-reperfusion plus saline groups malondialdehyde, total oxidative capacity and the oxidative stress index were significantly higher. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione were significantly lower. Apocynin significantly decreased malondialdehyde, total oxidative capacity and the oxidative stress index, and significantly increased superoxide dismutase and catalase. There was a significantly increase in the number of giant, degenerated and desquamated cells in the ischemia-reperfusion group. Apocynin significantly improved these histological alterations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These histopathological and biochemical findings show the beneficial effects of apocynin on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey. Electronic address: dr_ozkanozbek@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ozkan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozbek
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ramazan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Altintas
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alaaddin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Histology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nigar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parlakpinar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sagir
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep Rumeysa
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Histology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Azibe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yildiz
mesh_terms: D000098:Acetophenones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000150:complications; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D000098:Acetophenones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C056165:acetovanillone
keywords: acetovanillone; antioxidants; reperfusion injury; spermatic cord torsion; testis