title: Role of toll-like receptors in multiple myeloma and recent advances.
abstract: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized as an abnormal proliferation and invasion of plasma cells into the bone marrow. Toll-like receptors (ТLRs) connect the innate and adaptive immune responses and represent a significant and potentially linking element between inflammation and cancer. When TLRs bind to their ligands, they trigger two major signaling pathways such that both share overlapping downstream signals: one is a myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent production and activation of nuclear factor-κB, whereas the other is a MyD88-independent production of type-I interferon. Whereas the MyD88 pathway results in proinflammatory cytokine production, the other pathway stimulates cell proliferation. Dysregulations of these pathways may eventually lead to abnormal cell proliferation and MM. Despite recent biomedical advances, MM continues to be an incurable disease. There are an increasing number of TLR-based therapeutic approaches currently being tested in a number of preclinical and clinical studies. We here attempt to outline in detail the currently available information on TLRs in various types of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gauhati Medical College, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Krishan K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gauhati Medical College, Assam, India. Electronic address: nbolshette@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nityanand B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Bolshette
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Haţieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trandafir
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gauhati Medical College, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Vinayak S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Jamdade
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Haţieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Alexandru
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Istrate
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gauhati Medical College, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Ranadeep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gogoi
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Cancer Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cucuianu
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors