title: Influence of maternal depression on household food insecurity for low-income families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether maternal depression predicts future household food insecurity for low-income families.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a secondary data analysis using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). The study cohort consisted of 2917 low-income mothers, defined as <185% federal poverty level, who were food secure at baseline. Maternal data collected when children were 9 and 24 months of age were used. Data at 9 months were considered baseline, and data at 24 months were considered follow-up. Baseline maternal depressive symptoms were measured by a 12-item abbreviated version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Household food insecurity at follow-up was measured by the US Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 16% of mothers were depressed (raw score >9). Most mothers were white, unemployed, and born in the United States. The majority received Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (86%); 39% received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). At follow-up, 11.8% of mothers reported household food insecurity. In multivariable analysis, maternal depression at baseline was significantly associated with food insecurity at follow-up (adjusted odds ratio 1.50; 95% confidence interval 1.06-2.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that maternal depression is an independent risk factor for household food insecurity in low-income families with young children. Multidisciplinary interventions embedded within and outside the pediatric medical home should be developed to identify depressed mothers and link them to community-based mental health and food resources. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to understand and address the complex relationship between poverty, maternal depression, social safety nets, and food insecurity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass. Electronic address: arvin.garg@bmc.org.
authors.forename: Arvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Yorghos
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tripodis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cordella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: WIC; food insecurity; low income; maternal depression