title: Pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes with in-utero antiepileptic agent exposure. A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess pregnancy outcomes on women exposed to monotherapy with antiepileptic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were sent to women with epilepsy in our practice who were pregnant between 2006 and 2011. 62/86 patients (72%) who responded were on monotherapy. 24 fetuses (63%) were exposed to lamotrigine, 11 (28%) to levetiracetam, 2 (5.2%) to topiramate, 1 (2.6%) to gabapentin, 17 (27%) to carbamazepine, 5 to phenytoin and 2 to valproate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 55 (88%) live births and 7 unsuccessful pregnancies (miscarriages/stillbirths). Unsuccessful pregnancies were reported in 2/24 gestations exposed to lamotrigine, 2/11 to levetiracetam and 3/17 to carbamazepine. Delayed motor development or speech delay requiring therapy and special programming was noted in 2/24 children prenatally exposed to lamotrigine, 3/17 exposed to carbamazepine and 1/2 children exposed to valproate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our pilot study of children exposed to antiepileptic drug monotherapy in-utero demonstrated a favorable trend for successful pregnancy outcomes and developmental trajectory.
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Epilepsy Group, P.A.(®) of United Hospital and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 225 Smith Ave N, # 201, St. Paul, MN 55102, USA. Electronic address: arkdimi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arkilo
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Epilepsy Group, P.A.(®) of United Hospital and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 225 Smith Ave N, # 201, St. Paul, MN 55102, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Epilepsy Group, P.A.(®) of United Hospital and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 225 Smith Ave N, # 201, St. Paul, MN 55102, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dickens
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Epilepsy Group, P.A.(®) of United Hospital and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 225 Smith Ave N, # 201, St. Paul, MN 55102, USA.
authors.forename: Lorna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Justesen
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Epilepsy Group, P.A.(®) of United Hospital and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 225 Smith Ave N, # 201, St. Paul, MN 55102, USA.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brunn
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Epilepsy Group, P.A.(®) of United Hospital and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 225 Smith Ave N, # 201, St. Paul, MN 55102, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Epilepsy Group, P.A.(®) of United Hospital and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 225 Smith Ave N, # 201, St. Paul, MN 55102, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Penovich
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D050497:Stillbirth; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014815:Vitamins; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: Antiepileptic medication; Developmental outcomes; Pregnancy outcomes