title: A 28-day oral toxicity evaluation of small interfering RNAs and a long double-stranded RNA targeting vacuolar ATPase in mice.
abstract: New biotechnology-derived crop traits have been developed utilizing the natural process of RNA interference (RNAi). However, plant-produced double stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are not known to present a hazard to mammals because numerous biological barriers limit uptake and potential for activity. To evaluate this experimentally, dsRNA sequences matching the mouse vATPase gene (an established target for control of corn rootworms) were evaluated in a 28-day toxicity study with mice. Test groups were orally gavaged with escalating doses of either a pool of four 21-mer vATPase small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or a 218-base pair vATPase dsRNA. There were no treatment-related effects on body weight, food consumption, clinical observations, clinical chemistry, hematology, gross pathology, or histopathology endpoints. The highest dose levels tested were considered to be the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for the 21-mer siRNAs (48 mg/kg/day) and the 218 bp dsRNA (64 mg/kg/day). As an additional exploratory endpoint, vATPase gene expression, was evaluated in selected gastrointestinal tract and systemic tissues. The results of this assay did not indicate treatment-related suppression of vATPase. The results of this study indicate that orally ingested dsRNAs, even those targeting a gene in the test species, do not produce adverse health effects in mammals.
authors.affiliation: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, Creve Coeur, MO 63167, USA. Electronic address: jay.s.petrick@monsanto.com.
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Petrick
authors.affiliation: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, Creve Coeur, MO 63167, USA.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, Creve Coeur, MO 63167, USA.
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Heydens
authors.affiliation: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, Creve Coeur, MO 63167, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, Creve Coeur, MO 63167, USA.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.affiliation: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, Creve Coeur, MO 63167, USA.
authors.forename: Shawna L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lemke
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D059551:Toxicity Tests, Subacute; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases
keywords: Biotech crop; Biotechnology-derived crop; GM crop; Gene suppression; Plant incorporated protectant; RNAi; Small RNA; dsRNA; siRNA