title: Insertion sequence elements in Lactococcus garvieae.
abstract: Insertion sequences are the simplest intracellular Mobile Genetic Elements which can occur in very high numbers in prokaryotic genomes, where they play an important evolutionary role by promoting genome plasticity. As such, the studies on the diversity and distribution of insertion sequences in genomes not yet investigated can contribute to improve the knowledge on a bacterial species and to identify new transposable elements. The present work describes the occurrence of insertion sequences in Lactococcus garvieae, an opportunistic emerging zoonotic and human pathogen, also associated with different food matrices. To date, no insertion elements have been described for L. garvieae in the IS element database. The analysis of the twelve published L. garvieae genomes identified 15 distinct insertion sequences that are members of the IS3, IS982, IS6, IS21 and IS256 families, including five new elements. Most of the insertion sequences in L. garvieae show substantial homology to the Lactococcus lactis elements, suggesting the movement of IS between these two species phylogenetically closely related. ISLL6 elements belonging to IS3 family were most abundant, with several copies distributed in 9 of the 12 genomes analyzed. An alignment analysis of two complete genomes carrying multi-copies of this insertion sequence indicates a possible involvement of ISLL6 in chromosomal rearrangement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: giovanni.eraclio@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eraclio
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: giovanni.ricci@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: grazia.fortina@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fortina
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D017045:Lactococcus / Q000235:genetics*; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements
keywords: Characterization; Diversity; Lactic acid bacteria; Mobile Genetic Elements; Transposase