title: Ternary toxicological interactions of insecticides, herbicides, and a heavy metal on the earthworm Eisenia fetida.
abstract: The combined toxicities of five insecticides (chlorpyrifos, avermectin, imidacloprid, λ-cyhalothrin, and phoxim), two herbicides (atrazine and butachlor), and a heavy metal (cadmium) have been examined using the acute toxicity test on the earthworm. With a concentration of 2.75 mg/kg being lethal for 50% of the organisms, imidacloprid exhibited the highest acute toxicity toward the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Toxicological interactions of these chemicals in ternary mixtures were studied using the combination-index (CI) equation method. Twenty-one ternary mixtures exhibited various interactive effects, in which 11 combinations showed synergistic effects, four led to dual synergistic/additive behaviors, one exhibited an additive effect, and five showed increasing antagonism within the entire range of effects. The CI method was compared with the classical models of concentration addition and independent action, and it was found that the CI method could accurately predict combined toxicity of the chemicals studied. The predicted synergism in the majority of the mixtures, especially at low-effect levels, might have implications in the real terrestrial environment.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: qyzcaas@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Yongzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Xueping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China. Electronic address: qiangwang2003@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000083:Acetanilides / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000083:Acetanilides; D006540:Herbicides; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; C082359:imidacloprid; C003135:phoxim; D007559:Ivermectin; C019264:avermectin; C054409:butachlor; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D001280:Atrazine; C037304:cyhalothrin
keywords: Acute mixture toxicity; Combination index; Eisenia fetida; Heavy metal; Herbicide; Insecticide