title: Evaluation of the distribution of Paclitaxel by immunohistochemistry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy after the application of a drug-eluting balloon in the porcine ureter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The urothelium represents "the tightest and most impermeable barrier in the body." We investigated the distribution of paclitaxel (PTX) in the ureteral wall after the inflation of a paclitaxel-eluting balloon (PEB) in an attempt to elucidate the possibility of clinical application of PEBs in the ureter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine domestic pigs were used. Nine PEBs and nine conventional percutaneous angioplasty balloons (CB) were inflated in the right and left ureter of each animal, respectively. The ureter treated by CB was the control for the contralateral ureter. Specimens were removed: Immediately after inflation (group A), after 12 hours (group B), and after 24 hours (group C). Two samples were obtained from each ureter of groups A, B and C. One sample was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), the other by histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a specific for PTX polyclonal antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced inflammation was observed in the group B and C samples in comparison with their controls. PTX was distributed mostly in the urothelium and submucosal layer in group A (IHC). The agent was present in the urothelial, submucosal, and muscle layer in groups B and C. The concentration of PTX (NMR) has been reduced in group C compared with the tissue extracts of group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution of PTX includes the urothelial, submucosal, and smooth muscle layers. Inflammation was reduced in the case of drug-eluting balloons.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Aeghio , Aeghio, Greece .
authors.forename: Despoina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liourdi
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kallidonis
authors.forename: Iason
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kyriazis
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsamandas
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karnabatidis
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kitrou
authors.forename: Georgios A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Spyroulias
authors.forename: Ourania N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Kostopoulou
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marousis
authors.forename: Dimitrios L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kalpaxis
authors.forename: Dimitrios S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Goumenos
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liatsikos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004106:Dilatation / Q000295:instrumentation; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D014513:Ureter / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D017239:Paclitaxel