title: Increasing intake of essential fatty acids from milk replacer benefits performance, immune responses, and health of preweaned Holstein calves.
abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of feeding increasing amounts of essential fatty acids (FA) in milk replacer (MR) during the first 60 d of life on growth, health, and immunity of Holstein calves. Calves were born from dams fed low concentrations of total and essential FA during the lasT2 mo of pregnancy. Newborn calves were blocked by sex and parity of the dam and assigned randomly to receive 1 of 4 MR treatments (T). Hydrogenated coconut oil and soybean oil were mixed with emulsifier and commercial MR powder to prepare the following 4 MR containing 0.119 and 0.007 (T1), 0.187 and 0.017 (T2), 0.321 and 0.036 (T3), and 0.593 and 0.076 (T4) g of intake per kg of metabolic body weight (BW(0.75)) of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, respectively. At 30 d of life, concentrations of essential FA (linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid) in liver increased, whereas concentrations of C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C20:3n-9 decreased linearly with increasing intake of essential FA. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were optimized when male calves consumed T2, whereas gain by female calves tended to increase linearly with increasing intake of essential FA during the first 30 d of age. However, these responses to treatment were not maintained after initiation of concentrate feeding at 31 d of life. Over the 60-d preweaning period, wither and hip heights were improved in both sexes as intake of essential FA increased up to T3. Some measures of health and immunity were affected by replacing some coconut oil with soybean oil. Severity of diarrhea tended to decrease linearly; plasma concentrations of haptoglobin during diarrhea were lower in T2, T3, and T4; phagocytosis by blood neutrophils tended to peak for calves fed T2; in vitro proliferation of stimulated blood lymphocytes was greater for calves fed T2; in vitro stimulated blood cells produced more IFN-γ (up to T3 for males and T2 for females), concentrations of serum IgG against ovalbumin injections were increased in males fed T2 or T3; and skin-fold thickness increased in response to an intradermal antigen injection of all calves fed up to T4. Across sex and under the conditions of the present study, mean daily intakes of linoleic acid between 3 to 5g/d and intakes of α-linolenic acid between 0.3 and 0.6g/d during the first 30 d of life promoted growth of preweaned Holstein calves, possibly by improving their immune status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schlaefli
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Maunsell
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Thatcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608. Electronic address: chasstap@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: J E P
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Staples
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D000074263:Coconut Oil; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000737:chemistry; D014886:Weaning; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D010938:Plant Oils; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D013024:Soybean Oil; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D000074263:Coconut Oil
keywords: calf; essential fatty acids; growth; immunity