title: Experience and anatomical study of modified lengthening temporalis myoplasty for established facial paralysis.
abstract: Lengthening temporalis myoplasty, reported by Daniel Labbé in 1997, is a unique and definite facial reanimation procedure that involves moving the whole temporal muscle anteroinferiorly and inserting its tendon directly into the nasolabial fold. In the present article, we report our experience in the use of his modified method of the procedure, which preserves the zygomatic arch by transecting the coronoid process through the nasolabial fold incision. We also describe our cadaveric study that aimed to elucidate a secure approach for coronoid process transection. We performed this procedure in five patients with permanent facial paralysis. To improve facial symmetry, we also performed several additional static reconstructions such as T-shaped double-sleeve fascia grafts for lower lip deformities. We were successful in achieving considerable static improvement at rest, immediately after the surgery, and the recovery of facial movement was apparent approximately 3 months after the surgery. With regard to the cadaveric study, we noted that the entry to the buccal fat region, which is also the pathway of the temporal fascia, was a narrow space, and a short transection of the medial upper edge of the masseter fascia would make it easy to locate the coronoid process. Therefore, for a safe and secure access to the coronoid process from the nasolabial fold, we believe that we should first expose the cranial side and continue to dissect along the side and lower edge of the maxilla to locate the medial upper edge of the masseter fascia. By transecting along its edge, we could easily access the coronoid process, located immediately behind it, and widen the pathway of the temporal fascia. This modified method is less invasive and simpler compared to the original procedure, and understanding the detailed anatomy for dissection would help surgeons perform this procedure more confidently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan. Electronic address: ayhayasi@juntendo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ayato
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et Plastique, Caen University Hospital, Avenue coˆte de Nacre, 14 033 Caen, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Labbé
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuhei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Natori
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizuno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000637:transplantation*; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000637:transplantation; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Facial paralysis; Facial reanimation; Fascia graft; Muscle transfer; Temporalis myoplasty