title: Frequency of contact with non-cohabitating adult children and risk of depression in elderly: a community-based three-year longitudinal study in Korea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study aimed to assess the longitudinal association of frequency of contact with non-cohabitating adult children and risk of depression in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly aged ≥60 years were included from Living Profiles of Older People Survey (LPOPS) in Korea. The baseline assessment, Wave 1, was conducted in 2008, and follow-up assessment, Wave 2, was conducted in 2011. We included participants who completed both waves and excluded those who met the following criteria: no adult children, living with adult children, cognitive impairment at either waves, and depression at baseline (n=4398). We defined infrequent contact as <1 time per month face-to-face contact or <1 time per week phone contact and classified participants into four groups based on contact method and frequency. Depression was measured using the 15-item geriatric depression scales (SGDS-K).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariable logistic regression analysis, infrequent face-to-face and phone contact group had adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.86 (95% CI, 1.44-2.42) when compared with frequent face-to-face and phone contact group. Frequent face-to-face contact with infrequent phone contact group and infrequent face-to-face contact with frequent phone contact group had adjusted OR of 1.49 (95% CI, 1.12-1.98) and 1.44 (95% CI, 1.15-1.80), respectively, when compared with frequent face-to-face and phone contact group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results propose that the risk of subsequent depression in elderly is associated with frequency of contact with non-cohabitating adult children. Moreover, the efficacy of face-to-face contact and that of phone contact were similar, while the group lacking both types of contact demonstrated the highest risk of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Woong
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yunhwan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Hospital, Gangnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Jung
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jinhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Health Insurance Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joung Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Back
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jai Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sjsonpsy@ajou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: antiaging@ajou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chang Hyung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D032721:Adult Children; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012306:Risk
keywords: Adult children; Depression; Elderly; Face-to-face contact; Frequency of contact; Phone contact