title: Automatic validation of computational models using pseudo-3D spatio-temporal model checking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computational models play an increasingly important role in systems biology for generating predictions and in synthetic biology as executable prototypes/designs. For real life (clinical) applications there is a need to scale up and build more complex spatio-temporal multiscale models; these could enable investigating how changes at small scales reflect at large scales and viceversa. Results generated by computational models can be applied to real life applications only if the models have been validated first. Traditional in silico model checking techniques only capture how non-dimensional properties (e.g. concentrations) evolve over time and are suitable for small scale systems (e.g. metabolic pathways). The validation of larger scale systems (e.g. multicellular populations) additionally requires capturing how spatial patterns and their properties change over time, which are not considered by traditional non-spatial approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed and implemented a methodology for the automatic validation of computational models with respect to both their spatial and temporal properties. Stochastic biological systems are represented by abstract models which assume a linear structure of time and a pseudo-3D representation of space (2D space plus a density measure). Time series data generated by such models is provided as input to parameterised image processing modules which automatically detect and analyse spatial patterns (e.g. cell) and clusters of such patterns (e.g. cellular population). For capturing how spatial and numeric properties change over time the Probabilistic Bounded Linear Spatial Temporal Logic is introduced. Given a collection of time series data and a formal spatio-temporal specification the model checker Mudi ( http://mudi.modelchecking.org ) determines probabilistically if the formal specification holds for the computational model or not. Mudi is an approximate probabilistic model checking platform which enables users to choose between frequentist and Bayesian, estimate and statistical hypothesis testing based validation approaches. We illustrate the expressivity and efficiency of our approach based on two biological case studies namely phase variation patterning in bacterial colony growth and the chemotactic aggregation of cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The formal methodology implemented in Mudi enables the validation of computational models against spatio-temporal logic properties and is a precursor to the development and validation of more complex multidimensional and multiscale models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, London, UK. ovidiu.parvu@brunel.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ovidiu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pârvu
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, London, UK. david.gilbert@brunel.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012984:Software; D012986:Software Validation; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D013997:Time Factors