title: Low prevalence of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in northern India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the frequency of islet antibodies in a large cohort of clinic- and community-based patients with Type 2 diabetes in northern India.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies in 618 adults with Type 2 diabetes (378 patients with diabetes attending a hospital clinic, 240 patients diagnosed in a community survey) and in 192 healthy subjects residing in north India. Islet antigen 2 (IA2) antibodies were also studied in a proportion of the patients with diabetes (n = 492) and in a control population (n = 191). GAD and IA2 antibodies were measured by immunoprecipitation of the respective (35) S-labelled recombinant antigen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that GAD antibodies were present in nine (1.5%) patients with diabetes (clinic population: 0.8%, community study: 2.5%), a prevalence similar to that among the subjects without diabetes (n = 2; 1%). IA2 antibodies were detected in seven patients with Type 2 diabetes (1.4%) and in two healthy control subjects (1.0%). The frequency of either GAD or IA2 antibodies was similar in people with and without diabetes (3.2 vs 2.1%). No subject was found to have both antibodies. Insulin requirement was higher among antibody-positive than among antibody-negative patients (GAD antibody: 33 vs 6.3%; P = 0.001; GAD or IA2 antibody: 23.1 vs 6.4%; P = 0.02); however, other clinical features were similar in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present north-Indian population with Type 2 diabetes, the overall prevalence of GAD antibodies and the prevalence of either GAD or IA2 antibodies were considerably lower than those reported in white European populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sachan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Sahu
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Colman
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bhatia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; C096322:ICA512 autoantibody; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase