title: Psychometric properties of the Young Children's Participation and Environment Measure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly developed Young Children's Participation and Environment Measure (YC-PEM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected online and by telephone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience and snowball sampling methods were used to survey caregivers of children (N=395, comprising children with [n=93] and without [n=302] developmental disabilities and delays) between the ages of 0 and 5 years (mean age±SD, 35.33±20.29 mo) and residing in North America.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  The YC-PEM includes 3 participation scales and 1 environment scale. Each scale is assessed across 3 settings: home, daycare/preschool, and community. Data were analyzed to derive estimates of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal consistency ranged from .68 to .96 and .92 to .96 for the participation and environment scales, respectively. Test-retest reliability (2-4 wk) ranged from .31 to .93 for participation scales and from .91 to .94 for the environment scale. One of 3 participation scales and the environment scale demonstrated significant group differences by disability status across all 3 settings, and all 4 scales discriminated between disability groups for the daycare/preschool setting. The participation scales exhibited small to moderate positive associations with functional performance scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results lend initial support for the use of the YC-PEM in research to assess the participation of young children with disabilities and delays in terms of (1) home, daycare/preschool, and community participation patterns; (2) perceived environmental supports and barriers to participation; and (3) activity-specific parent strategies to promote participation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Electronic address: mary.khetani@colostate.edu.
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khetani
authors.affiliation: Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Law
authors.affiliation: School of Education, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Rune J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Simeonsson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D002656:Child Day Care Centers / Q000458:organization & administration; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D004777:Environment; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D010988:Play and Playthings; D057766:Policy; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012578:Schools, Nursery / Q000458:organization & administration; D058992:Social Participation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Child; Environment; Infant; Rehabilitation; Social participation