title: Dose-dependent changes in renal (1)H-/(23)Na MRI after adjuvant radiochemotherapy for gastric cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Combined radiochemotherapy (RCT) for gastric cancer with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) results in ablative doses to the upper left kidney, while image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IG-IMRT) allows kidney sparing despite improved target coverage. Renal function in long-term gastric cancer survivors was evaluated with 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and (23)Na imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five healthy volunteers and 13 patients after radiotherapy were included: 11×IG-IMRT; 1×3D-CRT; 1× "positive control" with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of a metastasis between the spleen/left kidney. Radiation doses were documented for the upper/middle/lower kidney subvolumes. Late toxicity was evaluated based on CTC criteria, questionnaire, and creatinine values. Morphological sequences, DWI images, and (23)Na images were acquired using a (1)H/(23)Na-tuned body-coil before/after intravenous water load (WL). Statistics for [(23)Na] (concentration) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated for upper/middle/lower renal subvolumes. Corticomedullary [(23)Na] gradients and [(23)Na] differences after WL were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major morphological alteration was detected in any patient. Minor scars were observed in the cranial subvolume of the left kidney of the 3D-CRT and the whole kidney of the control SBRT patient. All participants presented a corticomedullary [(23)Na] gradient. After WL, a significant physiological [(23)Na] gradient decrease (p < 0.001) was observed in all HV and IG-IMRT patients. In the cranial left kidney of the 3D-CRT patient and the positive control SBRT patient, the decrease was nonsignificant (p = 0.01, p = 0.02). ADC values were altered nonsignificantly in all renal subvolumes (all participants). Renal subvolumes with doses ≥ 35 Gy showed a reduced change of the [(23)Na] gradient after WL (p = 0.043). No participants showed clinical renal impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional parameters of renal (23)Na MRI after gastric IG-IMRT are identical to those of healthy volunteers, in contrast to renal subvolumes after ablative doses in the control and 3D-CRT patient. While kidney doses to the cortex below 20-25 Gy in fractional doses of ~ 1 Gy in IG-IMRT (combined with intensified chemotherapy) do not seem to cause significant MRI morphological or functional alterations, doses of > 35 Gy in 1.5-2 Gy fractions clearly result in impairment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haneder
authors.forename: Johannes Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Budjan
authors.forename: Stefan Oswald
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Schoenberg
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konstandin
authors.forename: Lothar Rudi
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Schad
authors.forename: Ralf Dieter
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hofheinz
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gramlich
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wenz
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lohr
authors.forename: Judit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boda-Heggemann
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059186:Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011522:Protons; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012975:Sodium Isotopes; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012975:Sodium Isotopes