title: Environmental risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Over the past several decades, alcohol abuse and cigarette smoke exposure have been identified as risk factors for the development of ARDS. The mechanisms underlying these relationships are complex and remain under investigation but are thought to involve pulmonary immune impairment and alveolar epithelial and endothelial dysfunction. This review summarizes the epidemiologic data supporting links between these exposures and ARDS susceptibility and outcomes and highlights key mechanistic investigations that provide insight into the pathways by which each exposure is linked to ARDS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M1097 Box 0111, San Francisco, CA 94143-0111, USA.
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moazed
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M1097 Box 0111, San Francisco, CA 94143-0111, USA. Electronic address: Carolyn.calfee@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Carolyn S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Calfee
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Alcohol abuse; Cigarette smoking; Epidemiology; Future interventions; Mechanisms; Modifiable risk factors