title: Challenges and controversies in fetal diagnosis and treatment: hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
abstract: Today, almost 70% of babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) will survive into adulthood, although significant long-term morbidity and mortality still exists. Prenatal diagnosis of HLHS is increasingly common, allowing improved counseling, and the potential for fetal intervention if indicated. Exciting progress continues to be made in the area of fetal diagnosis and intervention, specifically catheter intervention for intact atrial septum or severe aortic stenosis. Pediatric cardiologists should be keenly aware of the flaws of staged palliation for the treatment of HLHS, and need to keep abreast of the emerging data regarding fetal diagnosis and intervention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA. Electronic address: mfrommelt@chw.org.
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frommelt
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D063126:Balloon Valvuloplasty; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D046128:Fetal Therapies; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D058327:Norwood Procedures; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: Fetal aortic valvuloplasty; Fetal echocardiography; Hypoplastic left heart syndrome; Maternal hyperoxygenation; Norwood operation