title: Occurrence of perchlorate in indoor dust from the United States and eleven other countries: implications for human exposure.
abstract: Perchlorate is a widespread environmental contaminant and potent thyroid hormone disrupting compound. Despite this, very little is known with regard to the occurrence of this compound in indoor dust and the exposure of humans to perchlorate through dust ingestion. In this study, 366 indoor dust samples were collected from 12 countries, the USA, Colombia, Greece, Romania, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India, Vietnam, and China, during 2010-2014. Dust samples were extracted by 1% (v/v) methylamine in water. Analyte separation was achieved by an ion exchange (AS-21) column and analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The overall concentrations of perchlorate in dust were in the range of 0.02-104μg/g (geometric mean: 0.41μg/g). The indoor dust samples from China contained the highest concentrations (geometric mean: 5.38μg/g). No remarkable differences in perchlorate concentrations in dust were found among various microenvironments (i.e., car, home, office, and laboratory). The estimated median daily intake (EDI) of perchlorate for toddlers through dust ingestion in the USA, Colombia, Greece, Romania, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India, Vietnam, and China was 1.89, 0.37, 1.71, 0.74, 4.90, 7.20, 0.60, 0.80, 1.55, 0.70, 2.15, and 21.3ng/kgbodyweight (bw)/day, respectively. Although high concentrations of perchlorate were measured in some dust samples, the contribution of dust to total perchlorate intake was <5% of the total perchlorate intake in humans. This is the first multinational survey on the occurrence of perchlorate in indoor dust.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; CDC of Changjiang River Administration and Navigational Affairs, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan 430019, China.
authors.forename: Yanjian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Abualnaja
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
authors.forename: Alexandros G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Asimakopoulos
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
authors.affiliation: Environmental Management Program, Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Bondi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gevao
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Chemistry Group, Sede San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Bolívar 130015, Colombia.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnson-Restrepo
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Taha A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kumosani
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Govindan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malarvannan
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Bang
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna 800 005, India.
authors.forename: Ravindra K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Tu Binh
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Minh
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: kkannan@wadsworth.org.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003105:Colombia; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004435:Eating; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D007730:Kuwait; D010154:Pakistan; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000032:analysis*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012383:Romania; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014481:United States; D014744:Vietnam; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D010472:Perchlorates; C494474:perchlorate
keywords: Global survey; Human exposure; Indoor dust; Perchlorate