title: Oral antihyperglycemic treatment options for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Table 3 provides an overview of the oral antihyperglycemic drugs reviewed in this article. A 2011 meta-analysis by Bennett and colleagues found low or insufficient quality of evidence favoring an initial choice of metformin, SUs, glinides, TZDs, or (table see text) DPP-4 inhibitors (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, bromocriptine mesylate, and SGLT2 inhibitors were not included in this meta-analysis) with regard to the outcomes measures of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events and mortality, and incidence of microvascular disease (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) in previously healthy individuals with newly diagnosed T2DM. Likewise, the Bennett and colleagues meta-analysis judged these drugs to be of roughly equal efficacy with regard to reduction of HbA1c (1%–1.6%) from the pretreatment baseline. The ADOPT clinical trial of 3 different and, at the time, popular, oral monotherapies for T2DM provides support for the consensus recommendation of metformin as first-line therapy. The ADOPT trial showed slightly superior HbA1c reduction for rosiglitazone compared with metformin, which was in turn superior to glyburide. However, significant adverse events, including edema, weight gain, and fractures, were more common in the rosiglitazone-treated patients. The implication of this trial is that the combination of low cost, low risk, minimal adverse effects, and efficacy of metformin justifies use of this agent as the cornerstone of oral drug treatment of T2DM. Judicious use of metformin in groups formerly thought to be at high risk for lactic acidosis (ie, those with CHF, chronic kidney disease [eGFR >30 mL/min/1.73 m2], and the elderly) may be associated with mortality benefit rather than increased risk. Secondary and tertiary add-on drug therapy should be individualized based on cost, personal preferences, and overall treatment goals, taking into account the wishes and priorities of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, DC043 UMHC, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA. Electronic address: brietzkes@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brietzke
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D008687:Metformin
keywords: Bromocriptine; Colesevelam; Metformin; Sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors); Sulfonylureas; Thiazolidinediones; Type 2 diabetes mellitus