title: Comparison of sleep and other non-motor symptoms between SWEDDs patients and de novo Parkinson's disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  SWEDDs (Scans Without Evidence of Dopaminergic Deficits) was defined from a series of pharmaceutical trials on Parkinson's disease (PD). Non-motor features including sleep-related problems are common even in early-stage PD patients; however, little is known about the burden of the non-motor symptoms in SWEDDs patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Non-motor Symptoms Assessment Scale (NMSS), revised version of the Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS-2), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D) were applied to evaluate 17 SWEDDs patients and 28 de novo PD patients. The presence of clinically probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (cpRBD) was assessed using the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Revised (ICSD-R) criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total NMSS score for the SWEDDs group was significantly lower than for the de novo PD group (p = 0.032). The most distinct difference was in taste or smell change (p < 0.000). Prevalence of cpRBD was higher in de novo PD patients than in SWEDDs patients (p = 0.030), though no significant differences in the PDSS-2 total score (p = 0.496) or the ESS score (p = 0.517) were found. The SWEDDs patients did not significantly differ from the de novo PD patients with regard to quality of life, as measured by the EQ-5D index score (p = 0.177).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients with SWEDDs have less non-motor problems than newly diagnosed untreated PD patients. Given the difficulty distinguishing between SWEDDs and early PD, identifying some of non-motor symptoms, such as RBD or olfactory impairment, could aid clinicians in their work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hui-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Eun
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson's Disease Study Group and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gwanhee
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ehm
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson's Disease Study Group and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Han-Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson's Disease Study Group and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: brain@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Beom Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011788:Quality of Life; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014326:Tropanes
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014326:Tropanes; C087552:2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane; C069723:2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Dopamine transporter imaging; Non-motor symptoms; Parkinson's disease; SWEDDs; Sleep