title: Time-dependent stimulations of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on redox reactants and antioxidases in Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67.
abstract: Previously, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Cnmim]Cl) showed time-dependent hormesis on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67). Yet, the underlying mechanism remained unexplored. Currently, the biochemical effects of [Cnmim]Cl in Q67 were studied by ELISA kits. [C2mim]Cl firstly inhibited (0.25h) and then stimulated flavin mononucleotide (FMN), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The stimulations of [C2mim]Cl firstly increased (from 2 to 8h) and then decreased (from 8 to 12h). Positive correlations among FMN, NADH and luminescence indicated the essential role of NADH:FMN reaction in the light production system, and those among SOD, CAT and luminescence indicated a time-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, the maximum stimulations of [C2mim]Cl on FMN and NADH were at 4h, and the stimulations were 184% and 186% higher than the control, respectively, earlier and stronger than those on luminescence. The FMN/NADH ratios were 3.7 at 0.25h and decreased to 1.15 at 12h, without a concentration-dependence. The maximum stimulations of [C4mim]Cl were at 8h and the stimulations were 48.8% and 47.9% higher than the control for FMN and NADH, respectively. Meanwhile, the inductions of [C4mim]Cl on SOD and CAT continuously increased from 2 to 12h. Thus, [C4mim]Cl showed lower stimulation levels and different time-dependences. [Cnmim]Cl (n=6, 8, 12) did not show significant biochemical effects. Therefore, the biochemical effects of [Cnmim]Cl depended on both time and side chain. Our findings demonstrated a common pattern, FMN/NADH stimulations and antioxidant inductions, in the hormesis of ILs, and also called for future mechanisms studies.
authors.affiliation: College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China. Electronic address: ssliuhl@263.net.
authors.forename: Shu-Shen
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005486:Flavin Mononucleotide / Q000378:metabolism; D059165:Hormesis; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D049449:Luminescence; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014733:Vibrio / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D007093:Imidazoles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009243:NAD; D005486:Flavin Mononucleotide; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; Antioxidase; Redox reactant; Stimulation; Time-dependent