title: Tocochromanols and carotenoids in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.): diversity and stability to the heat treatment.
abstract: The content and stability (retention) to dry heat in a conventional oven (DHCO) and extrusion of tocochromanols and carotenoids in sorghum genotypes were evaluated. One hundred sorghum genotypes showed high variability in tocochromanol content (280.7-2962.4 μg/100g in wet basis) and 23% of the genotypes were classified as source of vitamin E. The total carotenoid varied from 2.12 to 85.46 μg/100g in one hundred sorghum genotypes. According to the genetic variability for carotenoids and tocochromanols, the 100 genotypes were grouped into 7 groups. The retention of the total tocochromanols and α-tocopherol equivalent decreased after extrusion (69.1-84.8% and 52.4-85.0%, respectively) but increased after DHCO (106.8-114.7% and 109.9-115.8%, respectively). Sorghum carotenoids were sensitive to extrusion (30.7-37.1%) and DHCO (58.6-79.2%). In conclusion, the tocochromanols profile in sorghum varied widely and the genotypes presented high genetic variability for carotenoids and tocochromanols. Sorghum was a source of tocochromanols, which increased after DHCO and decreased after extrusion. The carotenoid content in sorghum decreased after DHCO and extrusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, 35010-177 Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: leandro.cardoso@ufjf.edu.br.
authors.forename: Leandro de Morais
authors.initials: Lde M
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, s/n, Viçosa, 36571-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Soraia Silva
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, s/n, Viçosa, 36571-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia Linhares
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rodovia MG 424, Km 65, Sete Lagoas, 35701-970 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cícero Beserra
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: de Menezes
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Food Technology, Avenida das Américas, 29501, Guaratiba, 23020-470 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Wanderlei Piler
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rodovia MG 424, Km 65, Sete Lagoas, 35701-970 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio Dessaune
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Tardin
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rodovia MG 424, Km 65, Sete Lagoas, 35701-970 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valéria Aparecida Vieira
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Queiroz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, s/n, Viçosa, 36571-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hércia Stampini Duarte
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, s/n, Viçosa, 36571-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helena Maria
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pinheiro-Sant'Ana
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002839:Chromans / Q000737:chemistry*; D003296:Cooking; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006358:Hot Temperature; D045868:Sorghum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; C029141:2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman
keywords: Carotenoid stability; Dry heat in a conventional oven; Extrusion; Lutein (PubChem CID: 5281243); Sorghum bicolor L.; Vitamin E stability; Zeaxanthin (PubChem CID: 53477763); α-Tocopherol (PubChem CID: 14985); α-Tocotrienol (PubChem CID: 5282347); β-Tocopherol (PubChem CID: 6857447); β-Tocotrienol (PubChem CID: 5282348); γ-Tocopherol (PubChem CID: 92729); γ-Tocotrienol (PubChem CID: 5282349); δ-Tocopherol (PubChem CID: 92094); δ-Tocotrienol (PubChem CID: 5282350)