title: Through the smoke: use of in vivo and in vitro cigarette smoking models to elucidate its effect on female fertility.
abstract: A finite number of oocytes are established within the mammalian ovary prior to birth to form a precious ovarian reserve. Damage to this limited pool of gametes by environmental factors such as cigarette smoke and its constituents therefore represents a significant risk to a woman's reproductive capacity. Although evidence from human studies to date implicates a detrimental effect of cigarette smoking on female fertility, these retrospective studies are limited and present conflicting results. In an effort to more clearly understand the effect of cigarette smoke, and its chemical constituents, on female fertility, a variety of in vivo and in vitro animal models have been developed. This article represents a systematic review of the literature regarding four of experimental model types: 1) direct exposure of ovarian cells and follicles to smoking constituents' in vitro, 2) direct exposure of whole ovarian tissue with smoking constituents in vitro, 3) whole body exposure of animals to smoking constituents and 4) whole body exposure of animals to cigarette smoke. We summarise key findings and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each model system, and link these to the molecular mechanisms identified in smoke-induced fertility changes.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Camlin
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: eileen.mclaughlin@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Eileen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009866:Oogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke
keywords: Animal model; Cigarette smoke; Oocyte; Ovary