title: An observational study of driving distractions on urban roads in Spain.
abstract: The present research investigated the prevalence of driver engagement in secondary tasks and whether there were any differences by age and gender, as well as day of the week and time of the day. Two independent researchers observed 6578 drivers at nine randomly selected urban locations in Girona, Spain. Nearly 20% of the drivers observed were engaged in some type of secondary task, with the most common being: conversing with a passenger (11.1%), smoking (3.7%) and talking on a handheld mobile phone (1.3%). Surprisingly there were no differences by gender, but there were age-related differences with younger drivers being more frequently observed engaged in a number of different types of secondary tasks while driving (i.e. drinking, talking on a handheld mobile phone, and texting or keying numbers). Logistic regression showed that younger drivers, and to a lesser extent middle-age drivers, were significantly more likely to be observed engaged in a technological distraction than older drivers. Conversely, non-technological distractions were significantly predicted by day of the week, time of the day and location. A substantial number of the drivers observed in this study were putting themselves at an increased risk of becoming involved in a crash by engaging in non-driving related tasks at the same time as driving. Furthermore, the higher crash rate among young drivers may be partially accounted for by their more frequent engagement in some types of secondary tasks while driving.
authors.affiliation: Quality of Life Research Institute, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, 17071, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: francesc.prat@udg.edu.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prat
authors.affiliation: Quality of Life Research Institute, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, 17071, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Planes
authors.affiliation: Quality of Life Research Institute, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, 17071, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gras
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Systems, School of Engineering, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: M J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sullman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D040421:Cell Phone; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013030:Spain; D060145:Text Messaging; D013997:Time Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cell phone; Driver characteristics; Driver distraction; Mobile phone; Observational survey