title: Protective balance and startle responses to sudden freefall in standing humans.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether or not startle reactions contribute to the whole body postural responses following sudden freefall in standing humans. Nine healthy participants stood atop a moveable platform and received externally-triggered (EXT) and selftriggered (SLF) drop perturbations of the support surface. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded bilaterally over the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), deltoid (DLT), biceps brachii (BIC), medial gastrocnemius (GAS), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. Whole-body kinematics were also recorded with motion analysis. Rapid phasic activation of SCM during the first trial response (FTR) was seen for all participants for EXT and for 56% of subjects for SLF. Reductions in EMG amplitude between the EXT FTR and later trial responses for SCM, DLT, and BIC and reduced arm movement acceleration indicative of habituation occurred and exceeded adaptive reductions for SLF. These findings suggested that a startle reflex contributes to the exaggerated postural FTR observed during externally-triggered whole-body free falls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Ozell P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Savin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Creath
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Electronic address: mrogers@som.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance; D011930:Reaction Time; D013216:Reflex, Startle
keywords: Aging; Balance; Falls; Postural control; Startle