title: The influence of titania-zirconia-zirconium titanate nanotube characteristics on osteoblast cell adhesion.
abstract: Studies of biomaterial surfaces and their influence on cell behavior provide insights concerning the design of surface physicochemical and topography properties of implant materials. Fabrication of biocompatible metal oxide nanotubes on metallic biomaterials, especially titanium alloys such as Ti50Zr via anodization, alters the surface chemistry as well as surface topography of the alloy. In this study, four groups of TiO2-ZrO2-ZrTiO4 nanotubes that exhibit diverse nanoscale dimensional characteristics (i.e. inner diameter Di, outer diameter Do and wall thicknesses Wt) were fabricated via anodization. The nanotubes were annealed and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and 3-D profilometry. The potential applied during anodization influenced the oxidation rate of titanium and zirconium, thereby resulting in different nanoscale characteristics for the nanotubes. The different oxidation and dissolution rates both led to changes in the surface roughness parameters. The in vitro cell response to the nanotubes with different nanoscale dimensional characteristics was assessed using osteoblast cells (SaOS2). The results of the MTS assay indicated that the nanotubes with inner diameter (Di)≈40nm exhibited the highest percentage of cell adhesion of 41.0%. This result can be compared to (i) 25.9% cell adhesion at Di≈59nm, (ii) 33.1% at Di≈64nm, and (iii) 33.5% at Di≈82nm. The nanotubes with Di≈59nm exhibited the greatest roughness parameter of Sa (mean roughness), leading to the lowest ability to interlock with SaOS2 cells.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minagar
authors.affiliation: Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia.
authors.forename: Yuncang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia. Electronic address: cwen@swin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Cuie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D043942:Nanotubes; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Nanotube; Osteoblast cell response; Titania (TiO(2)); Zirconia (ZrO(2)); Zirconium titanate (ZrTiO(4))