title: Impact of repeated single-metal and multi-metal pollution events on soil quality.
abstract: Most frequently, soil metal pollution results from the occurrence of repeated single-metal and, above all, multi-metal pollution events, with concomitant adverse consequences for soil quality. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the impact of repeated single-metal and multi-metal (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) pollution events on soil quality, as reflected by the values of a variety of soil microbial parameters with potential as bioindicators of soil functioning. Specifically, parameters of microbial activity (potentially mineralizable nitrogen, β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase activity) and biomass (fungal and bacterial gene abundance by RT-qPCR) were determined, in the artificially metal-polluted soil samples, at regular intervals over a period of 26 weeks. Similarly, we studied the evolution over time of CaCl2-extractable metal fractions, in order to estimate metal bioavailability in soil. Different metals showed different values of bioavailability and relative bioavailability ([metal]bio/[metal]tot) in soil throughout the experiment, under both repeated single-metal and multi-metal pollution events. Both repeated Zn-pollution and multi-metal pollution events led to a significant reduction in the values of acid phosphatase activity, and bacterial and fungal gene abundance, reflecting the negative impact of these repeated events on soil microbial activity and biomass, and, hence, soil quality.
authors.forename: Aritz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burges
authors.forename: Lur
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Epelde
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garbisu
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001682:Biological Availability; D018533:Biomass; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards*; D012988:Soil Microbiology / Q000592:standards*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D009584:Nitrogen