title: Hatching, survival and deformities of piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) embryos subjected to different cooling protocols.
abstract: Groups of one hundred Brycon orbignyanus embryos at the stage of blastopore closure were subjected to different cooling protocols. Different combinations and concentrations of cryoprotectants were tested: sucrose, methanol, ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO); at different temperatures (0.0±2.0°C and 8.0±2.0°C) and refrigeration times (6, 10, 24, 72 and 168 h), with the exception of the positive control (incubation without previous cooling). At the end of each refrigeration time, the embryos were acclimatized, rehydrated and incubated to determine hatching, survival and deformity rates. Morphological analysis of embryos was also carried out. The results showed that temperature and refrigeration time are critical factors for embryo survival. No embryos survived after 24, 72 and 168 h of refrigeration. Furthermore, when the refrigeration time increased from 6 to 10h and the temperature decreased from 8.0±2.0°C to 0.0±2.0°C, mortality rates increased significantly. It was also found that in all protocols dead eggs and/or larvae with some degree of deformity were present. The main larval deformities observed were the malformation of the head, tail, yolk sac, vertebral column and eyes.
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Centre of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n., 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mariacfpaes@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Maria do Carmo Faria
authors.initials: Mdo C
authors.lastname: Paes
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Centre of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n., 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: regianesilva_bio@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Regiane Cristina
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Centre of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n., 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: nivaldotec@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Nivaldo Ferreira
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Centre of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n., 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: fer_valentin@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Fernanda Nogueira
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Valentin
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Research and Continental Fish Conservation, CEPTA/ICMBio, Rodovia SP-201, Km 6,5, Mailbox 64, 13.630-970 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: jose.senhorini@icmbio.gov.br.
authors.forename: José Augusto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Senhorini
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Centre of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n., 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: laurankg@fcav.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Laura Satiko Okada
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Nakaghi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000378:metabolism; D005399:Fishes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000432:Methanol / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D013395:Sucrose; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D000432:Methanol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide
keywords: Anomalies; Conservation; Cryobiology; Fish; Reproduction