title: Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), the forerunner of alcohol dependence: a controlled study.
abstract: There are common genetic, neurobiological and psycho-social substrates for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and substance dependence. ODD can be regarded as the mildest and earliest form of disruptive behavioral disorder and also represents the threshold of vulnerability for substance dependence. But it is a less researched area. The aim of this research was to study any possible association between childhood ODD and adult alcohol dependence. Data are presented from a non probability sample of 100 adult alcohol dependent subjects and equal number of biologically unrelated control subjects. Assessment was conducted by the instrument Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism for both the assessment of ODD and alcohol dependence. The results of this study demonstrated significant association between childhood ODD and adult alcohol dependence. The association remained significant even after the exclusion of the possible confounding effects of the presence of conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Our study should encourage further research in this area and is expected to open up an opportunity for preventive research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: ghoshabhishek12@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: savita.pgi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: db_sm2002@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Debasish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Basu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Alcohol dependence; Oppositional defiant disorder