title: Indomethacin for control of ICP.
abstract: Our goal was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the use of indomethacin and its effects on intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with neurological illness. All articles from MEDLINE, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Global Health, Scopus, Cochrane Library, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (inception to July 2014), reference lists of relevant articles, and gray literature were searched. Two reviewers independently identified all manuscripts utilizing the following inclusion and exclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Humans, prospective studies (five or more patients), documented ICP response to indomethacin, and English.
  
  
  METHODS
  non-English, retrospective studies, no documentation of ICP response to indomethacin, and animal studies. A two-tier filter of references was conducted. First, we screened manuscripts by title and abstract. Second, those references passing the first filter were pulled, and the full manuscript was checked to see if it matched the criteria for inclusion. Two reviewers independently extracted data including population characteristics and treatment characteristics. The strength of evidence was adjudicated using both the Oxford and GRADE methodology. Our search strategy produced a total of 208 citations. Twelve original articles, 10 manuscripts, and 2 meeting proceeding, were considered for the review with all utilizing indomethacin, while documenting ICP in neurological patients. All studies were prospective. Across all studies, there were a total of 177 patients studied, with 152 receiving indomethacin and 25 serving as controls in a variety of heterogeneous studies. All but one study documented a decrease in ICP with indomethacin administration, with both bolus and continuous infusions. No significant complications were described. There currently exists Oxford level 2b, GRADE C evidence to support that indomethacin reduces ICP in the severe TBI population. Similar conclusions in other populations cannot be made at this time. Comments on its impact, on patient outcome, and side effects cannot be made given the available data. At this time, indomethacin for ICP control remains experimental and further prospective study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1R9, Canada, nicksader@shaw.ca.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Zeiler
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kazina
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D007213:Indomethacin