title: Prevention of early childhood caries (ECC) through parental toothbrushing training and fluoride varnish application: a 24-month randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effectiveness of hands-on training in parental toothbrushing, with or without semi-annual applications of 5% sodium fluoride varnish in preventing ECC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study was conducted in Hong Kong where water is optimally fluoridated. Children aged 8-23 months were recruited and randomly allocated to one of three groups: Gp 1 - control, one-off oral health education talk to parents; Gp 2 - oral health education talk and parental toothbrushing training, reinforced every 6 months; Gp 3 - semi-annual application of fluoride varnish onto child's teeth in addition to the intervention provided to Gp 2. Clinical examinations of the children and interviews were conducted at baseline and after 24 months to assess the children's dental caries status and toothbrushing behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 450 child-parent dyads recruited at baseline, 415 (92%) remained after 24 months. At baseline, 2% of the children had non-cavitated enamel caries lesions and the mean dmft score was 0.03 ± 0.24. Most of the children did not have daily parental toothbrushing (65-73%) and self toothbrushing (86-90%). At 24-month follow-up, including both non-cavitated and cavitated carious lesions, the incidences of ECC in Gp 1 to Gp 3 were 11.9%, 11.8%, and 17.5%, respectively (p>0.05); and the mean new dmft scores in Gp 1 to Gp 3 were 0.3, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively (p>0.05). Proportions of parents who practiced parental toothbrushing twice daily were 62.7%, 60.4%, and 65.7% in Gp 1 to Gp 3, respectively (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a water fluoridated area, hands-on training in parental toothbrushing, with or without semi-annual application of 5% sodium fluoride varnish may not have additional effect on preventing ECC in young children with low risk of dental caries compared to provision of oral health education to parents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a water fluoridated area, provision of individual oral health education to parents may be sufficient for preventing ECC in young children below age 3. Supplemental training in parental toothbrushing and semi-annual applications of fluoride varnish may not have additional caries prevention effect in young children with low risk of dental caries.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Emily Ming
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: edward-lo@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Edward Chin Man
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Chun Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: May Chun Mei
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000473:pathology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006267:Health Education, Dental / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009909:Oral Health; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000193:education*; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000379:methods*; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; D014100:Toothpastes; D012969:Sodium Fluoride
keywords: Child; Dental caries; Fluoride; Randomized controlled trial; Toothbrushing