title: Vascular injuries in the upper extremity in athletes.
abstract: Repetitive, high-stress, or high-impact arm motions can cause upper extremity arterial injuries. The increased functional range of the upper extremity causes increased stresses on the vascular structures. Muscle hypertrophy and fatigue-induced joint translation may incite impingement on critical neurovasculature and can cause vascular damage. A thorough evaluation is essential to establish the diagnosis in a timely fashion as presentation mimics more common musculoskeletal injuries. Conservative treatment includes equipment modification, motion analysis and adjustment, as well as equipment enhancement to limit exposure to blunt trauma or impingement. Surgical options include ligation, primary end-to-end anastomosis for small defects, and grafting.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street South West, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Mooij
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street South West, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Audra A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street South West, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Electronic address: kakar.sanjeev@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakar
mesh_terms: D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D001158:Arteries / Q000293:injuries; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Athlete; Digital ischemia; Hypothenar hammer syndrome; Posterior humeral circumflex injuries; Quadrilateral space syndrome; Thoracic outlet syndrome; Upper extremity; Vascular injury