title: Special considerations/technical limitations of blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: In this review, limitations affecting the results of presurgical mapping with blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are discussed. There is a great need to standardize fMRI acquisition and analysis methods and establish guidelines to address quality control issues. Several national and international organizations are formulating guidelines and standards for both clinical and research applications of BOLD fMRI. Consensus regarding management of these issues will likely both improve the clinical standard of care and enhance future research applications of fMRI.
authors.affiliation: Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, Mattarello (TN) 38121, Italy; Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zacà
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Sachin K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gujar
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Haris I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Sair
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Electronic address: jpillai1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Jay J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pillai
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000592:standards; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D038622:Internationality; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Blood-oxygen-level-dependent; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Special considerations; Technical limitations