title: Effectiveness of breakpoint chlorination to reduce accelerated chemical chloramine decay in severely nitrified bulk waters.
abstract: Rectifying the accelerated chloramine decay after the onset of nitrification is a major challenge for water utilities that employ chloramine as a disinfectant. Recently, the evidence of soluble microbial products (SMPs) accelerating chloramine decay beyond traditionally known means was reported. After the onset of nitrification, with an intention to inactivate nitrifying bacteria and thus maintaining disinfectant residuals, breakpoint chlorination followed by re-chloramination is usually practiced by water utilities. However, what actually breakpoint chlorination does beyond known effects is not known, especially in light of the new finding of SMPs. In this study, experiments were conducted using severely nitrified chloraminated water samples (chloramine residuals <0.5 mg Cl2 L−1, nitrite residuals >0.1 mg N L−1 and an order of magnitude higher chloramine decay rate compared to normal decay) obtained from two laboratory scale systems operated by feeding natural organic matter (NOM) containing and NOM free waters. Results showed that the accelerated decay of chloramine as a result of SMPs can be eliminated by spiking higher free chlorine residuals (about 0.92 ± 0.03 to 1.16 ± 0.12 mg Cl2 L−1) than the stoichiometric requirement for breakpoint chlorination and nitrite oxidation. Further, accelerated initial chlorine decay showed chlorine preferentially reacts with nitrite and ammonia before destroying SMPs. This study, clearly demonstrated there is an additional demand from SMPs that needs to be satisfied to effectively recover disinfection residuals in subsequent re-chloramination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Bal Krishna
authors.forename: Arumugam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sathasivan
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kastl
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D002700:Chloramines / Q000378:metabolism*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000378:metabolism*; D054879:Halogenation; D058465:Nitrification; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D009573:Nitrites; D002713:Chlorine; D000641:Ammonia; C030816:chloramine