title: Alterations of gut barrier and gut microbiota in food restriction, food deprivation and protein-energy wasting.
abstract: Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota composition is related to changes of gut barrier function including gut permeability and immune function. Gut microbiota is different in obese compared to lean subjects, suggesting that gut microbes are also involved in energy metabolism and subsequent nutritional state. While research on gut microbiota and gut barrier has presently mostly focused on intestinal inflammatory bowel diseases and more recently on obesity and type 2 diabetes, this review aims at summarizing the present knowledge regarding the impact, in vivo, of depleted nutritional states on structure and function of the gut epithelium, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), the gut microbiota and the enteric nervous system. It highlights the complex interactions between the components of gut barrier in depleted states due to food deprivation, food restriction and protein energy wasting and shows that these interactions are multidirectional, implying the existence of feedbacks.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: laurence.genton@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Genton
authors.affiliation: Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cani
authors.affiliation: Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schrenzel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002100:Cachexia / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000382:microbiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005508:Food Deprivation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000382:microbiology; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: Gut barrier; Gut microbiota; Protein energy wasting