title: Demethylation of neferine in human liver microsomes and formation of quinone methide metabolites mediated by CYP3A4 accentuates its cytotoxicity.
abstract: Neferine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the seed embryos of Nelumbonucifera Gaertn (Lotus) with various potent pharmacological effects. Recently, neferine has attracted attention for its anti-tumor activities. Our study explored its metabolism and cytotoxicity mechanism. Approaches using chemical inhibitors and recombinant human enzymes to characterize the involved enzymes and kinetic studies indicated that the demethylation of neferine by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP3A4 fitted a biphasic kinetic profile. Glutathione (GSH) was used as a trapping agent to identify reactive metabolites of neferine, and four novel GSH conjugates were detected with [M+H](+) ions at m/z 902.4, 916.2, 916.1, and 930.4. Based on its structure containing para-methylene phenol and results from a product ion scan, GSH tends to conjugate with C9' after undergoing oxidative metabolism to form the binding site predominated by CYP3A4. Furthermore, the addition of recombinant human GSTA1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 had little effect on the production of the GSH conjugates. In a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, combined with the GSH modulators l-buthionine sulfoximine or N-acetyl-l-cysteine, neferine treatment of MDCK-hCYP3A4 and HepG2 cells revealed that CYP3A4 expression and cellular GSH content could cause an EC50 shift. Metabolic activation mediated by CYP3A4 and GSH depletion significantly enhanced neferine-induced cytotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Minjuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Huidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Electronic address: zhouhui@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Electronic address: yuls@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lushan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D044182:Benzylisoquinolines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D065727:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 / Q000378:metabolism; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000378:metabolism; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000378:metabolism*; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004285:Dogs; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D045563:Indolequinones / Q000378:metabolism*; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D014217:Troleandomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D044182:Benzylisoquinolines; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D045563:Indolequinones; C068040:quinone methide; C057222:neferine; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D014217:Troleandomycin; C450259:CYP2C8 protein, human; D065727:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D005978:Glutathione; D007654:Ketoconazole; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: Biphasic kinetics; CYP3A4; Cytotoxicity; GSH depletion; Neferine; Quinone methide metabolite