title: From Exit to Entry: Long-term Survival and Transmission of Salmonella.
abstract: Salmonella spp. are a leading cause of human infectious disease worldwide and pose a serious health concern. While we have an improving understanding of pathogenesis and the host-pathogen interactions underlying the infection process, comparatively little is known about the survival of pathogenic Salmonella outside their hosts. This review focuses on three areas: (1) in vitro evidence that Salmonella spp. can survive for long periods of time under harsh conditions; (2) observations and conclusions about Salmonella persistence obtained from human outbreaks; and (3) new information revealed by genomic- and population-based studies of Salmonella and related enteric pathogens. We highlight the mechanisms of Salmonella persistence and transmission as an essential part of their lifecycle and a prerequisite for their evolutionary success as human pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada. llw310@mail.usask.ca.
authors.forename: Landon L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Waldner
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada. keith.mackenzie@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada. wolfgang.koester@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Köster
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada. aaron.white@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Aaron P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: White