title: Enhancing aerobic biodegradation of 1,2-dibromoethane in groundwater using ethane or propane and inorganic nutrients.
abstract: 1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide; EDB) is a probable human carcinogen that was previously used as both a soil fumigant and a scavenger in leaded gasoline. EDB has been observed to persist in soils and groundwater, particularly under oxic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate options to enhance the aerobic degradation of EDB in groundwater, with a particular focus on possible in situ remediation strategies. Propane gas and ethane gas were observed to significantly stimulate the biodegradation of EDB in microcosms constructed with aquifer solids and groundwater from the FS-12 EDB plume at Joint Base Cape Cod (Cape Cod, MA), but only after inorganic nutrients were added. Ethene gas was also effective, but rates were appreciably slower than for ethane and propane. EDB was reduced to <0.02 μg/L, the Massachusetts state Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), in microcosms that received ethane gas and inorganic nutrients. An enrichment culture (BE-3R) that grew on ethane or propane gas but not EDB was obtained from the site materials. The degradation of EDB by this culture was inhibited by acetylene gas, suggesting that degradation is catalyzed by a monooxygenase enzyme. The BE-3R culture was also observed to biodegrade 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA), a compound commonly used in conjunction with EDB as a lead scavenger in gasoline. The data suggest that addition of ethane or propane gas with inorganic nutrients may be a viable option to enhance degradation of EDB in groundwater aquifers to below current state or federal MCL values.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Development and Applications Group, CB&I Federal Services, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States. Electronic address: Paul.hatzinger@cbifederalservices.com.
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Hatzinger
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Development and Applications Group, CB&I Federal Services, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States.
authors.forename: Sheryl H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Streger
authors.affiliation: MT Environmental Restoration, Plymouth, MA 02360, United States.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Begley
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004980:Ethane / Q000378:metabolism*; D015946:Ethylene Dibromide / Q000378:metabolism*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism; D008404:Massachusetts; D011407:Propane / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007287:Inorganic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015946:Ethylene Dibromide; D004980:Ethane; D011407:Propane
keywords: 1,2-Dibromoethane; 1,2-Dichloroethane; Biodegradation; Cometabolism; DCA; EDB; Ethane; Large dilute plumes; Propane