title: Comprehensive analysis of prokaryotes in environmental water using DNA microarray analysis and whole genome amplification.
abstract: The microflora in environmental water consists of a high density and diversity of bacterial species that form the foundation of the water ecosystem. Because the majority of these species cannot be cultured in vitro, a different approach is needed to identify prokaryotes in environmental water. A novel DNA microarray was developed as a simplified detection protocol. Multiple DNA probes were designed against each of the 97,927 sequences in the DNA Data Bank of Japan and mounted on a glass chip in duplicate. Evaluation of the microarray was performed using the DNA extracted from one liter of environmental water samples collected from seven sites in Japan. The extracted DNA was uniformly amplified using whole genome amplification (WGA), labeled with Cy3-conjugated 16S rRNA specific primers and hybridized to the microarray. The microarray successfully identified soil bacteria and environment-specific bacteria clusters. The DNA microarray described herein can be a useful tool in evaluating the diversity of prokaryotes and assessing environmental changes such as global warming.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan. akama@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akama
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan. akirak@jichi.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan. tanigawa@pharm.teikyo-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan. mhayashi@rs.kagu.tus.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Moyuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan. yishido@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishido
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan. yuqianluo31@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yuqian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Risk Management, Faculty of Risk Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan. ahata@cis.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akihisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Risk Management, Faculty of Risk Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan. nfujitani@cis.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujitani
authors.affiliation: Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan. norishii@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Norihisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan. koichis@nih.go.jp.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki