title: Interleukin 6 alters localization of hMSH3, leading to DNA mismatch repair defects in colorectal cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST) is the most common DNA mismatch repair defect in colorectal cancers, observed in approximately 60% of specimens. This acquired genotype correlates with metastasis and poor outcomes for patients, and is associated with intra-epithelial inflammation and heterogeneous nuclear levels of the mismatch repair protein hMSH3. Inflammation and accompanying oxidative stress can cause hMSH3 to change its intracellular location, but little is known about the source of oxidative stress in cancer cells. We investigated whether cytokines mediate this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed levels of interleukin 6 (IL6) and its receptor (IL6R) in human colon and lung cancer cell lines by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; proteins were localized by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analyses. IL6 signaling was blocked with antibodies against IL6, soluble glycoprotein 130 Fc fragments, and the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 inhibitor NSC74859; a constitutively active form of STAT3 was expressed in colon and lung cancer cell lines to replicate IL6R signaling. EMAST was detected by DNA fragment analysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine levels of IL6 in 20 colorectal tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of colon and lung cancer cell lines with IL6, but not other cytokines, caused hMSH3, but no other mismatch repair proteins, to move from the nucleus to the cytosol after generation of oxidative stress; inhibition of IL6 signaling prevented this shift. Expression of constitutively active STAT3 also caused hMSH3 to translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in cancer cell lines. Incubation of cells with IL6 led to tetranucleotide frameshifts, the signature for EMAST. EMAST-positive colorectal tumors had significantly higher levels of IL6 than EMAST-negative tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL6 signaling disrupts the nuclear localization of hMSH3 and DNA repair, leading to EMAST in cancer cell lines. Inflammatory cytokines might therefore promote genetic alterations in human cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tseng-Rogenski
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamaya
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Daniel Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: jcarethe@umich.edu.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carethers
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D053843:DNA Mismatch Repair / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology*; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D000074081:MutS Homolog 3 Protein; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C078444:MSH3 protein, human; D000074081:MutS Homolog 3 Protein
keywords: CRC; Cytokine; EMAST; Mutation; STAT3; Tetranucleotide Repeat