title: Implications of polluted soil biostimulation and bioaugmentation with spent mushroom substrate (Agaricus bisporus) on the microbial community and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biodegradation.
abstract: Different applications of spent Agaricus bisporus substrate (SAS), a widespread agro-industrial waste, were investigated with respect to the remediation of a historically polluted soil with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). In one treatment, the waste was sterilized (SSAS) prior to its application in order to assess its ability to biostimulate, as an organic amendment, the resident soil microbiota and ensuing contaminant degradation. For the other treatments, two bioaugmentation approaches were investigated; the first involved the use of the waste itself and thus implied the application of A. bisporus and the inherent microbiota of the waste. In the second treatment, SAS was sterilized and inoculated again with the fungus to assess its ability to act as a fungal carrier. All these treatments were compared with natural attenuation in terms of their impact on soil heterotrophic and PAH-degrading bacteria, fungal growth, biodiversity of soil microbiota and ability to affect PAH bioavailability and ensuing degradation and detoxification. Results clearly showed that historically PAH contaminated soil was not amenable to natural attenuation. Conversely, the addition of sterilized spent A. bisporus substrate to the soil stimulated resident soil bacteria with ensuing high removals of 3-ring PAH. Both augmentation treatments were more effective in removing highly condensed PAH, some of which known to possess a significant carcinogenic activity. Regardless of the mode of application, the present results strongly support the adequacy of SAS for environmental remediation purposes and open the way to an attractive recycling option of this waste.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: carlos.garciadelgado@uam.es.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Delgado
authors.affiliation: Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest systems [DIBAF], University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy. Electronic address: dannib@unitus.it.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Annibale
authors.affiliation: Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest systems [DIBAF], University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy. Electronic address: lorena_84@hotmail.it.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pesciaroli
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology and Geochemistry, University Autónoma of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: felipe.yunta@uam.es.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yunta
authors.affiliation: Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest systems [DIBAF], University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy. Electronic address: crognale@unitus.it.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crognale
authors.affiliation: Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest systems [DIBAF], University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy. Electronic address: petrucci@unitus.it.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petruccioli
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: enrique.eymar@uam.es.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eymar
mesh_terms: D000364:Agaricus / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007220:Industrial Waste; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Agricultural waste; Bioavailability; Biodegradation; Ligninolytic enzymes; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons