title: Stimulating in situ denitrification in an aerobic, highly permeable municipal drinking water aquifer.
abstract: A preliminary trial of a cross-injection system (CIS) was designed to stimulate in situ denitrification in an aquifer servicing an urban community in southern Ontario. It was hypothesized that this remedial strategy could be used to reduce groundwater nitrate in the aquifer such that it could remain in use as a municipal supply until the beneficial effects of local reduced nutrient loadings lead to long-term water quality improvement at the wellfield. The CIS application involved injecting a carbon source (acetate) into the subsurface using an injection-extraction well pair positioned perpendicular to the regional flow direction, up-gradient of the water supply wells, with the objective of stimulating native denitrifying bacteria. The pilot remedial strategy was targeted in a high nitrate flux zone within an aerobic and heterogeneous section of the glacial sand and gravel aquifer. Acetate injections were performed at intervals ranging from daily to bi-daily. The carbon additions led to general declines in dissolved oxygen concentrations; decreases in nitrate concentration were localized in aquifer layers where velocities were estimated to be less than 0.5m/day. NO3-(15)N and NO3-(18)O isotope data indicated the nitrate losses were due to denitrification. Relatively little nitrate was removed from groundwater in the more permeable strata, where velocities were estimated to be on the order of 18 m/day or greater. Overall, about 11 percent of the nitrate mass passing through the treatment zone was removed. This work demonstrates that stimulating in situ denitrification in an aerobic, highly conductive aquifer is challenging but achievable. Further work is needed to increase rates of denitrification in the most permeable units of the aquifer.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: kcritchley@golder.com.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: drudolph@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. Electronic address: jfrickdevlin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Devlin
authors.affiliation: Geosyntec, Acton, MA, USA. Electronic address: pschillig@geosyntec.com.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Schillig
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism*; D058440:Denitrification; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D009864:Ontario; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D060766:Drinking Water; D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Groundwater remediation; In situ denitrification; Nitrate; Public supply wells