title: Surface Structure of Aerobically Oxidized Diamond Nanocrystals.
abstract: We investigate the aerobic oxidation of high-pressure, high-temperature nanodiamonds (5-50 nm dimensions) using a combination of carbon and oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption, wavelength-dependent X-ray photoelectron, and vibrational spectroscopies. Oxidation at 575 °C for 2 h eliminates graphitic carbon contamination (>98%) and produces nanocrystals with hydroxyl functionalized surfaces as well as a minor component (<5%) of carboxylic anhydrides. The low graphitic carbon content and the high crystallinity of HPHT are evident from Raman spectra acquired using visible wavelength excitation (λexcit= 633 nm) as well as carbon K-edge X-ray absorption spectra where the signature of a core-hole exciton is observed. Both spectroscopic features are similar to those of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond but differ significantly from the spectra of detonation nanodiamond. The importance of these findings to the functionalization of nanodiamond surfaces for biological labeling applications is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States ; Diamond Nanotechnologies Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolcott
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States.
authors.forename: Theanne
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schiros
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Trusheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nordlund
authors.affiliation: Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States.
authors.forename: Rosa E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States ; Diamond Nanotechnologies Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States.
authors.forename: Ophir
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gaathon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States ; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Englund
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Applied Physics, and Energy Frontier Research Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States.
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Owen