title: Coronary artery calcium and incident cerebrovascular events in an asymptomatic cohort. The MESA Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the predictive value of coronary artery calcium (CAC) score for cerebrovascular events (CVE) in an asymptomatic multiethnic cohort.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The CAC score, a measure of atherosclerotic burden, has been shown to improve prediction of coronary heart disease events. However, the predictive value of CAC for CVE is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  CAC was measured at baseline examination of participants (N = 6,779) of MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) and then followed for an average of 9.5 ± 2.4 years for the diagnosis of incident CVE, defined as all strokes or transient ischemic attacks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up, 234 (3.5%) adjudicated CVE occurred. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, the presence of CAC was associated with a lower CVE event-free survival versus the absence of CAC (log-rank chi-square: 59.8, p < 0.0001). Log-transformed CAC was associated with increased risk for CVE after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, cigarette smoking status, blood pressure medication use, statin use, and interim atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.13 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07 to 1.20], p < 0.0001). The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association-recommended CAC cutoff was also an independent predictor of CVE and strokes (HR: 1.70 [95% CI: 1.24 to 2.35], p = 0.001, and HR: 1.59 [95% CI: 1.11 to 2.27], p = 0.01, respectively). CAC was an independent predictor of CVE when analysis was stratified by sex or race/ethnicity and improved discrimination for CVE when added to the full model (c-statistic: 0.744 vs. 0.755). CAC also improved the discriminative ability of the Framingham stroke risk score for CVE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAC is an independent predictor of CVE and improves the discrimination afforded by current stroke risk factors or the Framingham stroke risk score for incident CVE in an initially asymptomatic multiethnic adult cohort.
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Ashleigh O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blaha
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Martinson K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Arnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Moyses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szklo
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Herrington
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Electronic address: jyeboah@wakehealth.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yeboah
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: cerebrovascular disease; coronary artery calcium score; prevention; risk prediction