title: Primary care screening for individuals with impaired glucose metabolism with focus on impaired glucose tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the utility of three short questions (the Skövde Form) combined with a random plasma glucose, and HbA1c as alternative tools for detection of individuals with impaired glucose metabolism (IGM), and particularly impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three questions concerning BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2), heredity for type 2 diabetes, and known hypertension were asked in a random population of 573 individuals. All with two positive answers or one positive answer and a random plasma glucose > 7.2 mmol/l were invited for an oral glucose tolerance test and an HbA1c examination. FINDRISC was completed for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The positive predictive value (PPV) for IGM, using the Skövde Form, was 31% while sensitivity and specificity were 59% and 73%, respectively. Corresponding values for IGT were 11%, 50% and 69%. Using HbA1c ≥ 42 mmol/mol, the PPV for IGM was 64% while sensitivity and specificity were 28% and 97%, respectively. The corresponding values for IGT were 15%, 16% and 94%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Skövde Form combined with a random plasma glucose may be used as an alternative tool for detection of individuals with IGM and IGT in particular. HbA1c may be used to identify individuals with type 2 diabetes but fails to detect most individuals with prediabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: margareta.leonardsson-hellgren@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: Margareta I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hellgren
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bledar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Daka
authors.affiliation: Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per-Anders
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindblad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D040941:Heredity; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Impaired glucose metabolism; Primary care; Screening