title: Activated protein C resistance and antiphospholipid antibodies in recurrent fetal loss: experience of a single referral center in northern iraq.
abstract: The current study was initiated to determine the prevalence of activated protein C (APC) resistance, factor V Leiden and antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) in Iraqi women with recurrent fetal loss (RFL), and evaluate the outcome of intervention in those with such states. For this purpose a total of 103 Iraqi women referred to a major teaching hospital in Northern Iraq with two or more consecutive fetal losses, as well as 100 age matched women with no history of fetal loss and at least one live birth were enrolled. After appropriate clinical evaluation, the enrolled subjects were tested for APA as well as APC resistance. Subjects who were APC resistant were further tested for factor V Leiden mutation using a polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridization. Patients with documented APA and/or with APC resistance, were put on low dose aspirin with or without low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy, and followed for a minimum of 5 years. The results revealed that among patients' group, APA were detected in 19.4 % compared to 1.0 % of the controls (OR 23.9, p = 0.00005). On the other hand, APC resistance was documented in 9.7 % compared to 1.0 % of the controls (OR 10.6, p = 0.01). Factor V Leiden was detected in 3.9 % of patients and 1 % of the controls (p = 0.38). Among 17 patients with APA available for follow up, there were 24 pregnancies, 18 of which ended with live births (75 %). While among the ten patients who had factor V Leiden or were APC resistant non-carriers, there were 13 pregnancies, 12 ended with live births (92.3 %). In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that among the enrolled Iraqi women, APA and APCR and not factor V Leiden were significantly associated with RFL, and that treatment with aspirin (with or without low molecular weight heparin) had lead to live births in 80.6 % of pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, 9 Azadi Hospital Rd, Duhok, 1014AM Iraq.
authors.forename: Nasir A S
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Allawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq.
authors.forename: Maida Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Shamdeen
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Zakho General Hospital, Duhok, Iraq.
authors.forename: Qais O
authors.initials: QO
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Azadi Teaching Hospital, Duhok, Iraq.
authors.forename: Ahmed S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ahmed
keywords: APC resistance; Antiphospholipid antibodies; Iraq; Recurrent fetal loss