title: Assessing genital human papillomavirus genoprevalence in young Australian women following the introduction of a national vaccination program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following the implementation of Australia's National HPV Vaccination Program in April 2007, this study evaluated the prevalence of vaccine-targeted human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18) amongst vaccine-eligible young women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 2011 and August 2013, women from Victoria, Australia aged 18-25 were recruited through targeted advertising on the social networking website Facebook. Participants completed an online questionnaire, and sexually active women were asked to provide a self-collected vaginal swab for HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection and genotyping. Samples positive for HPV were genotyped using the Linear Array HPV genotyping test (Roche Diagnostics). Self-reported HPV vaccination details were verified with the National HPV Vaccination Program Register (NHVPR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 431 vaginal swabs, 24.8% were positive for HPV DNA. Vaccine-targeted HPV genotypes were detected in only seven (1.6%) samples; all HPV 16 (of the six HPV 16 positive vaccinated women, all had received the vaccine after sexual debut). There were no cases of HPV 6, 11 or 18 identified. HPV types 51, 59, 73, 84, and 89 were the most prevalent genotypes. Vaccination rates were high, with 77.3% of participants having received all three doses of the vaccine, and there was an 89.8% concordance between self-reported and registry-reported HPV vaccination status. Strong associations were observed between vaccination status, age, language spoken at home and country of birth, as well as between HPV detection and the number of male sexual partners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary data from this study demonstrate a very low prevalence of vaccine-related HPV genotypes amongst vaccine-eligible women from Victoria, Australia. We were able to use Facebook to effectively reach and recruit young women to participate in the assessment of the impact of Australia's HPV vaccination program.
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Regional HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: sarah.osborne@mcri.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Regional HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: sepehr.tabrizi@rch.org.au.
authors.forename: Sepehr N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Tabrizi
authors.affiliation: VCS Incorporated, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: jbrother@vcs.org.au.
authors.forename: Julia M L
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brotherton
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Regional HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: alyssa.cornall@mcri.edu.au.
authors.forename: Alyssa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cornall
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: jdwark@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wark
authors.affiliation: The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: david.wrede@thewomens.org.au.
authors.forename: C David
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wrede
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: yasmin.jayasinghe@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jayasinghe
authors.affiliation: VCS Incorporated, Carlton, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: dgertig@vcs.org.au.
authors.forename: Dorota M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gertig
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, LaTrobe University, Franklin Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: M.Pitts@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Marian K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Pitts
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Regional HPV Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: suzanne.garland@thewomens.org.au.
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Garland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D015995:Prevalence; D060737:Reproductive Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: Cervical cancer; Facebook; Human papillomavirus; Prevalence; Surveillance; Vaginal swab