title: Nonendoscopic management strategies for acute esophagogastric variceal bleeding.
abstract: Acute variceal bleeding is a potentially life-threatening complication of portal hypertension. Management consists of emergent hemostasis, therapy directed at hemodynamic resuscitation, protection of the airway, and prevention and treatment of complications including prophylactic use of antibiotics. Endoscopic treatment remains the mainstay in the management of acute variceal bleeding in combination with pharmacotherapy aimed at reducing portal pressure. This article intends to highlight only the current nonendoscopic treatment approaches for control of acute variceal bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjaya K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Satapathy
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, MCV Box 980341, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA. Electronic address: asanyal@mcvh-vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Arun J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sanyal
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021721:Balloon Occlusion; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006728:Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006728:Hormones; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D013004:Somatostatin
keywords: BRTO; Portal hypertension; Portosytemic shunt; TIPS; Variceal bleeding; Variceal hemorrhage; Varices