title: Transcriptomic analysis of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves after exposure to ultraviolet C irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only a small amount of solar ultraviolet C (UV-C) radiation reaches the Earth's surface. This is because of the filtering effects of the stratospheric ozone layer. Artificial UV-C irradiation is used on leaves and fruits to stimulate different biological processes in plants. Grapes are a major fruit crop and are grown in many parts of the world. Research has shown that UV-C irradiation induces the biosynthesis of phenols in grape leaves. However, few studies have analyzed the overall changes in gene expression in grape leaves exposed to UV-C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, transcriptional responses were investigated in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves before and after exposure to UV-C irradiation (6 W·m-2 for 10 min) using an Affymetrix Vitis vinifera (Grape) Genome Array (15,700 transcripts). A total of 5274 differentially expressed probe sets were defined, including 3564 (67.58%) probe sets that appeared at both 6 and 12 h after exposure to UV-C irradiation but not before exposure. A total of 468 (8.87%) probe sets and 1242 (23.55%) probe sets were specifically expressed at these times. The probe sets were associated with a large number of important traits and biological pathways, including cell rescue (i.e., antioxidant enzymes), protein fate (i.e., HSPs), primary and secondary metabolism, and transcription factors. Interestingly, some of the genes involved in secondary metabolism, such as stilbene synthase, responded intensely to irradiation. Some of the MYB and WRKY family transcription factors, such as VvMYBPA1, VvMYB14, VvMYB4, WRKY57-like, and WRKY 65, were also strongly up-regulated (about 100 to 200 fold).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UV-C irridiation has an important role in some biology processes, especially cell rescue, protein fate, secondary metabolism, and regulation of transcription.These results opened up ways of exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of UV-C irradiation on grape leaves and have great implications for further studies.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Huifen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guotian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R.China.
authors.forename: Nian
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Junfang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R.China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: INRA, ISVV, UMR 1287 EGFV, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
authors.forename: Zhanwu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R.China.
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000528:radiation effects; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D005419:Flavonoids; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013267:Stilbenes; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077185:Resveratrol