title: Bladder tissue engineering: a literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In bladder cancer and neuro-bladder, reconstruction of the bladder requires bowel segment grafting for augmentation cystoplasty or neo-bladder creation. However, even if currently considered as the gold standard, it is associated with potentially severe short- and long-term adverse effects. Thus, bladder tissue engineering is a promising approach to bladder reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the last few years, progress has been made with the development of new biomaterials for bladder tissue replacement and in deciphering the role of stem cells as well as their contribution to bladder scaffold integration and tissue regeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review of recently published articles allows us to forecast the characteristics of efficient and safe bladder biomaterials. However, several factors, such as native bladder traits, the specific involvement of urine, and bladder tissue replacement indications, have to be assessed with caution before including bladder tissue engineering in clinical trials. Many authors agree that these challenging techniques could deliver significant benefits with clinical application, reducing morbidity and global long-term costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lam Van Ba
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Shachar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aharony
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Loutochin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: jcorcos@uro.jgh.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corcos
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: Biomaterial; Bladder; Bladder reconstruction; Scaffold; Tissue engineering