title: Surface modification of multiwall carbon nanotubes determines the pro-inflammatory outcome in macrophage.
abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used in industry and biomedicine. While several studies have focused on biological matters, attempts to systematically elucidate the toxicity mechanisms of CNTs are limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of raw multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs functionalized with carboxylation (MWCNTs-COOH) or polyethylene glycol (MWCNTs-PEG) in murine macrophages. Our results show that only MWCNTs-COOH and raw MWCNTs alter the oxidative potential of macrophages by increasing reactive oxygen species and the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in both a concentration- and surface coating-dependent manner. The data suggest that compare with raw MWCNTs and MWCNTs-PEG, the MWCNTs-COOH produces a significant increase in ROS generation, interruption of ATP synthesis, and activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which in turn upregulates IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS to trigger cell death. These findings suggest that contributory cellar uptake caused by physicochemical factors rather than residual metal catalysts plays a role in ROS-mediated pro-inflammatory responses in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: zhangting1207@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: tm@seu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: kongluyaoyu@126.com.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China. Electronic address: lihannju@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China. Electronic address: ztnj@nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: yyxue@seu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: yppu@seu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuepu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pu
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D036103:Nanotechnology; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: Macrophages; Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; Pro-inflammatory; Surface-functionalized; Toxic mechanisms