title: Variability of kinematic graphomotor fluency in adults with ADHD.
abstract: Although graphomotor differences and variability of performance have been observed in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), no study has investigated whether this variability manifests in the kinematic graphomotor domain in adults with ADHD. Fourteen ADHD and 20 control participants wrote a novel grapheme and common word on a digitizing tablet 30 times each, with ADHD participants counterbalanced on and off stimulant medication. Variability of graphomotor fluency was significantly greater in ADHD versus control participants only in the novel writing task, both on, F(1,31)=5.988, p=.020, and off stimulant medication, F(1,32)=8.789, p=.006. Results suggest that motor control differences in ADHD are not limited to childhood and extend into adulthood. Given sufficient additional research, variability of kinematic graphomotor fluency may increase the sensitivity/specificity of differential diagnoses and/or represent a biomarker for ADHD.
authors.affiliation: University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.affiliation: University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada. Electronic address: jecasey@uwindsor.ca.
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.affiliation: University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McNevin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001331:Automation; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D000069478:Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C090411:Adderall; D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D000069478:Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate; D003913:Dextroamphetamine
keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Handwriting; Kinematic analysis