title: Metals and metalloids in fruits of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and their cultivation soils in the Basque Country: concentrations and accumulation trends.
abstract: The concentrations of several elements (Al, Fe, As, Cu, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, and Zn) were measured in soils and the edible part of different vegetables (tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum "Raf") peppers (Capsicum annuum), chards (Betavulgaris var. cicla), artichokes (Cynarascholymus)) and fruits (Raspberries (Rubusidaeus)) from 13 orchards in the Basque Country affected by different pollution sources. Multivariate analysis of data was used to look for possible correlations between metals in soil and metals in the edible part of the plant. Only manganese showed a correlation significantly different from zero. The metal concentrations found in the edible part were always below the upper limits recommended by the European legislation in force. The Bioaccumulation Index was used to investigate how efficient the plant is to uptake an element from the cultivation soil and to preserve its edible part from the element.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. Electronic address: azibar.rodriguez@ehu.es.
authors.forename: Azibar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Iruretagoiena
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Josu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trebolazabala
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Irantzu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martinez-Arkarazo
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Diego
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Madariaga
mesh_terms: D002212:Capsicum / Q000737:chemistry; D031943:Cynara scolymus / Q000737:chemistry; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis; D058955:Metalloids / Q000032:analysis*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D065856:Rubus / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013030:Spain; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D058955:Metalloids; D008670:Metals; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D008345:Manganese
keywords: Cultivation soil; Food safety; Heavy metals; Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum); Trace elements