title: Suitability of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based assay to assess the toxicity of pyrimethanil sprayed soils via surface runoff: comparison with standard aquatic and soil toxicity assays.
abstract: The present study is aimed at evaluating whether a gene expression assay with the microbial eukaryotic model Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be used as a suitable warning tool for the rapid preliminary screening of potential toxic effects on organisms due to scenarios of soil and water contamination with pyrimethanil. The assay consisted of measuring changes in the expression of the selected pyrimethanil-responsive genes ARG3 and ARG5,6 in a standardized yeast population. Evaluation was held by assessing the toxicity of surface runoff, a major route of pesticide exposure in aquatic systems due to non-point-source pollution, which was simulated with a pyrimethanil formulation at a semifield scale mimicking worst-case scenarios of soil contamination (e.g. accident or improper disposal). Yeast cells 2-h exposure to the runoff samples led to a significant 2-fold increase in the expression of both indicator genes. These results were compared with those from assays with organisms relevant for the aquatic and soil compartments, namely the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (reproduction), the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna (survival and reproduction), the benthic midge Chironomus riparius (growth), and the soil invertebrates Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus (survival and reproduction). Under the experimental conditions used to simulate accidental discharges into soil, runoff waters were highly toxic to the standard test organisms, except for C. elegans. Overall, results point out the usefulness of the yeast assay to provide a rapid preview of the toxicity level in preliminary screenings of environmental samples in situations of inadvertent high pesticide contamination. Advantages and limitations of this novel method are discussed.
authors.affiliation: IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fátima N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: IMAR-Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreira-Santos
authors.affiliation: IMAR-Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sónia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chelinho
authors.affiliation: IMAR-Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Feliciano
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jorge H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Leitão
authors.affiliation: IMAR-Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: José P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: IMAR-Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: cristina.viegas@tecnico.ulisboa.pt.
authors.forename: Cristina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Viegas
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C108337:pyrimethanil
keywords: Ecotoxicity; Pyrimethanil; Runoff samples; Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene expression; Semifield simulator; Soil samples