title: Orthodontics and enamel demineralization: clinical study of risk factors.
abstract: The appearance of white spots on the vestibular surface of teeth fitted with brackets has been described as one of the potential iatrogenic effects of orthodontic treatment. These enamel demineralizations, more commonly known as "white spot lesions" (WSL), lead in some rare cases to the creation of true cavities, causing both esthetic and functional problems. The aim of our retrospective clinical study was to evaluate the incidence of the appearance of these WSL in a Moroccan orthodontic population and to determine possible associations with a number of risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on intraoral photographs of a pool of 69 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with or without extractions in the DFO unit of the Rabat CCDT (Center for dental consultation and treatment). Patients with prostheses or WSL before the beginning of the study were excluded. Digital start- and end-of-treatment photos for each patient were compared by a single operator looking for the appearance of WSL on the vestibular surfaces of the incisors, canines, premolars and first molars. WSL were classed according to three degrees of severity: slight, severe and cavitation. Data were processed using SPSS 13.0 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the study showed that the prevalence of WSL in the sample was 66.7%, with a highly significant predominance of localization in the premolar/molar segment and in patients with poor oral hygiene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor oral and dental hygiene was identified as the most important risk factor for the development of white spots during multibracket orthodontic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médecine dentaire, Rabat Instituts, BP 6212, Rabat, Morocco; Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Mohamed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco. Electronic address: asmae-benkaddour@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: Asmae
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benkaddour
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Mohamed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Loubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bahije
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Mohamed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Asmae
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahoum
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Mohamed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zaoui
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D015994:Incidence; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000145:classification; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D023861:Photography, Dental / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Enamel demineralization; Orthodontic treatment; Risk factors