title: Diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression in Zambia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To replicate, in Zambia, a recent global study by the WHO, which reported that the odds of depression were not increased in African people with diabetes, and to explore the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 773 control subjects and 157 Zambian patients with diabetes completed the Major Depression Inventory and a list of demographic indicators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with control subjects (mean ± sd Major Depression Inventory score 15.10 ± 9.19), depressive symptoms were significantly more common in patients with diabetes (mean ± sd Major Depression Inventory score 19.12 ± 8.95; P < 0.001). ancova showed that having diabetes [F(1,698) = 16.50, P < 0.001], being female [F(1,698) = 7.35, P < 0.01] and having low socio-economic status (F(1,698) = 13.35, P < 0.001) were positive predictors of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to the WHO study, we found that depression was a common comorbid health problem among Zambian people with diabetes. Clinicians should consider patients' health status, sex and socio-economic status as potential factors predicting depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.|Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hapunda
authors.affiliation: Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.|Centre for Geographic Medicine (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Neuroassessment Unit, Kilifi, Kenya.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abubakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pouwer
authors.affiliation: Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.|Work Well Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.|School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van de Vijver
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D055815:Young Adult; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology