title: Impact of socioeconomic status and gender on glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes complications in type 1 and 2 diabetes: a population based analysis from a Scottish region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this cross-sectional study, the aims were to investigate the association of the socioeconomic status and gender on the prevalence of type 1 and 2 diabetes, glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk factors plus the complications of diabetes in a population-based analysis in the county of Ayrshire and Arran, Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quality Outcome Framework data was obtained from General Practices in Ayrshire and Arran, Scotland (n=15,351 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In type 1 diabetes, there was an increasing linear trend in HbA1c across deprivation levels (P<0.01). In type 1 diabetes, obesity in women (P<0.01) and increased non-fasting triglyceride levels in both men and women were associated with deprivation (P<0.05). In type 2 diabetes, there was a significant prevalence trend with deprivation for women (P<0.01) but not with glycaemic control (P=0.12). Smoking, ischaemic heart disease and neuropathy (P<0.01) were all associated with increasing deprivation with gender differences. In type 2 diabetes, reduced HDL cholesterol (P<0.01 both genders), and percentage of people on lipid lowering therapy (men P<0.05; women P<0.01) were associated with deprivation. Smoking, ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and neuropathy plus foot ulcers (P<0.05) were all associated with increasing deprivation with gender differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic status and gender are associated with changes in glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk factors plus complication development in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. The mechanisms are unclear but follow-up of these patients should allow greater understanding.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, The Ayr Hospital, NHS Ayrshire & Arran, KA6 6DX, United Kingdom. Electronic address: andrew.collier@aaaht.scot.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.affiliation: AMRI Institute of Diabetes and Hormonal Disorders, 38/1A Gariahat Road, 700029 Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Statistics Consultant, NHS Ayrshire & Arran, KA6 6DX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hair
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Waugh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Diabetes complications; Obesity; Type 1 diabetes; Type 2 diabetes