title: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy associated to nonsurgical periodontal treatment in smokers: microbiological results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies suggest that smokers present more or greater numbers of potential periodontal pathogens than non-smokers. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiologic effects of adjunctive aPDT on nonsurgical periodontal treatment in smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty smokers with CP had two contralateral teeth randomly assigned in a split-mouth design to receive SRP (CG) or SRP + a single episode of aPDT (TG), with a diode laser and a phenothiazine photosensitizer. Levels of 40 subgingival species were measured using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization at baseline and 1, 4 and 12 weeks after periodontal treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 40 bacterial species evaluated were detected in different levels at baseline, with no statistic significant differences between groups. After periodontal treatment, the levels of some bacterial species decreased, while some other species presented an increase. Despite this variation, the statistical analysis was not able to identify significant differences neither at intragroup nor at intergroup comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal treatment with SRP or SRP + aPDT was not able to reduce levels of 40 subgingival species in smokers with CP. These outcomes indicate that smoking impairs periodontal healing after nonsurgical treatment even associated with aPDT.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Av. Valdemar Pedrosa, 1539, 69025-050 Manaus, AM, Brazil. Electronic address: acqueiroz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Adriana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Queiroz
authors.affiliation: Department of Buco-Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: flaviasuaid@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Flávia Adelino
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Suaid
authors.affiliation: Department of Buco-Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: patriciafandrade@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Patrícia Freitas
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Buco-Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: novaesjr@forp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Arthur B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Novaes
authors.affiliation: Department of Buco-Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: mtaba@forp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taba
authors.affiliation: Department of Buco-Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: palioto@forp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Daniela B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Palioto
authors.affiliation: Department of Buco-Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: mgrisi@forp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Márcio F M
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Grisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Buco-Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: scombatti@forp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Sérgio L S
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Souza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D012534:Dental Scaling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents