title: Intraatrial conduit Fontan procedure: indications, operative techniques, and clinical outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intraatrial conduit (IAC) Fontan procedure is one of the Fontan modifications and is usually not considered the first choice. In this large series, we report our experience of the IAC Fontan procedure for the treatment of a functional single ventricle and review its indications, techniques, and clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2009 and 2013, 101 patients with a functional single ventricle underwent an IAC Fontan procedure. The median surgical age was 44 months and weight was 15 kg. The cardiac malformations included tricuspid atresia in 10, double-inlet left ventricle in 8, double-inlet right ventricle in 15, double-outlet right ventricle in 18, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in 11, complete atrioventricular septal defect in 8; criss-cross in 1, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in 3, Ebstein anomaly in 3, and others in 3. Heterotaxy syndrome was found in 21 patients. An intraatrial polytetrafluoroethylene conduit was implanted to construct the Fontan pathway. In 75 patients, a 2.7-mm to 4.5-mm fenestration was made to reduce the intraconduit pressure. Eighty-three patients had previously undergone a Glenn operation. Median follow-up was 29 months (range, 2 to 60 months). Doppler echocardiography, electrocardiography, and Holter monitoring were used to evaluate hemodynamic performance and arrhythmias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 2 hospital deaths, 1 Fontan takedown, and 3 midterm deaths. Conduit thrombosis developed in 1 patient. Atrial flutter developed in 2 patients, who underwent electrical cardioversion. Junctional bradycardia developed in 2 patients, but they did not require permanent pacemakers. Overall survival was 97.0% at 1 year and 94.1% at 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IAC modification provides excellent operative and midterm outcomes in most patients with a functional single ventricle. However, a longer follow-up time is required to demonstrate its real advantages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhong Qun
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hai Fa
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hui Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: zzqheart@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Hai Bo
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhao Hui
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jing Hao
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guo Cheng
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jing Fen
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000601:surgery