title: Intimate partner violence and human immunodeficiency virus risk among black and Hispanic women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 80% of new HIV infections among U.S. women are among black/African American and Hispanic women. HIV risk may be associated with intimate partner violence (IPV); data regarding IPV for women in high-HIV prevalence areas are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine prevalence and correlates of IPV among women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heterosexual women and their male partners in cities with high HIV prevalence were enrolled. During 2006-2007, participants completed interviews about HIV risk factors and IPV (physical violence or forced sex) experiences. Data were analyzed during 2012-2013 using multivariate logistic regression to identify individual- and partner-level IPV correlates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,011 female respondents, 985 (97.4%) provided risk factor and demographic data. Most were non-Hispanic black/African American (82.7%); living at or below poverty (86.7%); and tested HIV-negative (96.8%). IPV-physical violence was reported by 29.1%, and IPV-forced sex by 13.7%. Being married/living with a partner (AOR=1.60, 95% CI=1.06, 2.40); non-injection drug use (AOR=1.74, 95% CI=1.22, 2.48); and ever discussing male partners' number of current sex partners (AOR=1.60, 95% CI=1.15, 2.24) were associated with IPV-physical violence. Women reporting concurrent sex partners (AOR=1.80, 95% CI=1.04, 3.13) and ever discussing number of male partners' past sex partners (AOR=1.85, 95% CI=1.13, 3.05) were associated with IPV-forced sex. Feeling comfortable asking a male partner to use condoms was associated with decreased IPV-physical violence (AOR=0.32, 95% CI=0.16,0.64) and -forced sex (AOR=0.37, 95% CI=0.16, 0.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevention interventions that enhance women's skills to decrease HIV and IPV risk are important strategies for decreasing racial/ethnic disparities among women.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Mercedes M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Morales-Alemán
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hageman
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; ICF International, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Zaneta J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Gaul
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Binh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paz-Bailey
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: zxa3@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Madeline Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Sutton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D015995:Prevalence; D011902:Rape / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D021841:Safe Sex / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D001741:Black or African American