title: Oxidative stress and histological changes following exposure to diamond nanoparticles in the freshwater Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774).
abstract: Recently, the scientific community became aware of the potential ability of nanoparticles to cause toxicity in living organisms. Therefore, many of the implications for aquatic ecosystems and its effects on living organisms are still to be evaluated and fully understood. In this study, the toxicity of nanodiamonds (NDs) was assessed in the freshwater bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) following exposure to different nominal concentrations of NDs (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg l(-1)) throughout 14 days. The NDs were characterized (gravimetry, pH, zeta potential, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy) confirming manufacturer information and showing NDs with a size of 4-6 nm. Oxidative stress enzymes activities (glutathione-S-transferase, catalase) and lipid peroxidation were determined. The results show a trend to increase in GST activities after seven days of exposure in bivalves exposed to NDs concentrations (>0.1 mg l(-1)), while for catalase a significant increase was found in bivalves exposed from 0.01 to 1.0 mg l(-1) following an exposure of 14 days. The histological analysis revealed alterations in digestive gland cells, such as vacuolization and thickening. The lipid peroxidation showed a trend to increase for the different tested NDs concentrations which is compatible with the observed cellular damage.
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnología, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cid
authors.affiliation: LNEG-Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picado
authors.affiliation: LNEG-Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: José Brito
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2825-511 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rúben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2825-511 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Héber
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnología, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2825-511 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caldeira
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2825-511 Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM/FCUL)-Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: António P Alves
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: de Matos
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnología, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. Electronic address: mesd@fct.unl.pt.
authors.forename: Mário S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Diniz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D049874:Corbicula / Q000187:drug effects*; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010316:Particle Size; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon; D018130:Diamond; D002374:Catalase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Corbicula fluminea; Ecotoxicity; Histology; Nanodiamonds; Oxidative stress enzymes