title: Synergistic effect of the interaction between curcumin and diclofenac on the formalin test in rats.
abstract: The association of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with certain plant extracts can increase antinociceptive activity, permitting the use of lower doses and thus limiting side effects. Therefore, the aim objective of the current study was to examine the effects of curcumin on the nociception and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in rats. Antinociception was assessed using the formalin test. Diluted formalin was injected subcutaneously into the dorsal surface of the right hind paw. Nociceptive behavior was quantified as the number of flinches of the injected paw during 60 min after injection, and a reduction in formalin-induced flinching was interpreted as an antinociceptive response. Rats were treated with oral diclofenac (1-31 mg/kg), curcumin (3.1-100 mg/kg) or the diclofenac-curcumin combination (2.4-38.4 mg/kg). To determine the possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction, the oral bioavailability of diclofenac (10 mg/kg) was studied in presence and the absence of curcumin (31 mg/kg). Diclofenac, curcumin, or diclofenac-curcumin combination produced an antinociceptive effect on the formalin test. ED30 values were estimated for the individual drugs, and an isobologram was constructed. The derived theoretical ED30 for the antinociceptive effect (19.2 mg/kg) was significantly different from the observed experimental ED30 value (9.8 mg/kg); hence, the interaction between diclofenac and curcumin that mediates the antinociceptive effect was synergistic. Notwithstanding, the interaction does not appear to involve pharmacokinetic mechanisms, as oral curcumin failed to produce any significant alteration in oral diclofenac bioavailability. Data suggest that the diclofenac-curcumin combination can interact at the systemic level and may have therapeutic advantages for the clinical treatment of inflammatory pain.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: De Paz-Campos
authors.affiliation: Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico; Universidad del Fútbol y Ciencias del Deporte, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Electronic address: mario_i_ortiz@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mario I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología, Sección de Estudios Posgrado e Investigación. Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Aracely E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Chávez Piña
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zazueta-Beltrán
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castañeda-Hernández
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D003474:Curcumin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D004008:Diclofenac; D005557:Formaldehyde; D003474:Curcumin
keywords: Curcumin; Diclofenac; Nociception; Pharmacokinetic; Rats; Synergism