title: In situ NMR spectroscopy: inulin biomass conversion in ZnCl₂ molten salt hydrate medium-SnCl₄ addition controls product distribution.
abstract: The dehydration of inulin biomass to the platform chemicals, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid (LA), in ZnCl2 molten salt hydrate medium was investigated. The influence of the Lewis acid catalyst, SnCl4, on the product distribution was examined. An in situ(1)H NMR technique was employed to follow the reaction at the molecular level. The experimental results revealed that only 5-HMF was obtained from degradation of inulin biomass in ZnCl2 molten salt hydrate medium, while the LA was gradually becoming the main product when the reaction temperature was increased in the presence of the Lewis acid catalyst SnCl4. In situ NMR spectroscopy could monitor the reaction and give valuable insight.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 South Taoyuan Road, 030001 Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yingxiong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian Marcus
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 South Taoyuan Road, 030001 Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 South Taoyuan Road, 030001 Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tiansheng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 South Taoyuan Road, 030001 Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 27 South Taoyuan Road, 030001 Taiyuan, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: houxl@sxicc.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xianglin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002384:Catalysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D007444:Inulin / Q000737:chemistry*; D007982:Levulinic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D017971:Tin Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D007982:Levulinic Acids; D012492:Salts; D017971:Tin Compounds; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D013395:Sucrose; C041694:stannic chloride; C008046:5-hydroxymethylfurfural; C016837:zinc chloride; D007444:Inulin; D005662:Furaldehyde; C032246:levulinic acid
keywords: 5-HMF; In situ NMR; Inulin biomass; Levulinic acid; Molten salt hydrate medium